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History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensing David R. Williams William G. Allyn Professor of Medical Optics Center for Visual Science University of Rochester

History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

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Page 1: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensing

David R. WilliamsWilliam G. Allyn Professor of Medical Optics

Center for Visual ScienceUniversity of Rochester

Page 2: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Commercial Relationship:Bausch and Lomb

Funding:Bausch and Lomb

NSF Science and TechnologyCenter for Adaptive Optics

DOENEI

Page 3: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

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Page 4: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)“Thus vision is brought about by a picture of the thing seen being formed on the concave surface of the retina. That which is to the right outside is depicted on the left on the retina, that to the left on the right, that above below, and that below above.” Ad Vitellionem paralipomena (1604)

Page 5: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Christoph Scheiner(1573-1650)

The First Wavefront Sensor

1619

Page 6: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Scheiner’s Disc (1619):“Make a number of perforations with a small needle in a piece of pasteboard, not more distant from one another than the diameter of the pupil of the eye... if it is held close to one eye, while the other is shut, as many images of a distant object will be seen as there are holes in the pasteboard... at a certain distance, objects do notappear multiplied when they are viewed in this manner.”

Page 7: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Principle of Scheiner’s Discfor a Myopic Eye

Double Image

Page 8: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Principle of Scheiner’s Discfor a Myopic Eye

Double Image

Page 9: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Principle of Scheiner’s DiscPrinciple of Scheiner’s Disc

for a Myopic EyeSingle Image

Page 10: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

A Subjective Alignment Wavefront SensorBased on the Scheiner Principle

α

Page 11: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Scheiner’s Disc

Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors

Young (1801)Volkmann (1846)

Ivanoff (1946)Smirnov (1961)*

Van den Brink (1962)Campbell and Simonet (1990)

Spatially-Resolved RefractometerWebb, Penney and Thompson, 1992

Page 12: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Scheiner’s Disc

Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors

Young (1801)Volkmann (1846)

Ivanoff (1946)Smirnov (1961)*

Van den Brink (1962)Campbell and Simonet (1990)

Spatially-Resolved RefractometerWebb, Penney and Thompson, 1992

Objective Wavefront SensorsLaser Ray TracersNavarro & Losada, 1997

Molebny et al., 1997

Page 13: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Scheiner’s Disc

Serial Wavefront

Sensors

Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors

Laser Ray Tracers

Parallel Wavefront

Sensors

Tscherning Aberroscope (1894)

Page 14: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

The Tscherning Aberroscope

Tscherning M (1894). Die monochromatischen Aberrationen des menschlichen Auges. Zur Physiologischen Psychologie der Sinnesorgane, 6:456-471

Page 15: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Scheiner’s Disc

Serial Wavefront

Sensors

Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors

Laser Ray Tracers

Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Howland and Howland, 1977)

Parallel Wavefront

Sensors

Tscherning Aberroscope (1894)

Page 16: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Scheiner’s Disc

Serial Wavefront

Sensors

Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors

Laser Ray Tracers

Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Howland and Howland, 1977)

Objective Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Walsh, Charman, and Howland, 1984)

Parallel Wavefront

Sensors

Tscherning Aberroscope (1894)

Page 17: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Scheiner’s Disc

Serial Wavefront

Sensors

Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors

Laser Ray Tracers

Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Howland and Howland, 1977)

Objective Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Walsh, Charman, and Howland, 1984)

Objective Tscherning Aberroscope(Mierdel, Kaemmerer, Mrochen,

Krinke, and Seiler, 2000)

Parallel Wavefront

Sensors

Tscherning Aberroscope (1894)

Page 18: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Walsh G, Charman WN, and Howland HC (1984). Objective technique for the determination of monochromatic aberrations of the human eye. J Opt Soc Am A, 1: 987:992.

Page 19: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Shack-Hartmann Wavefront SensorLiang, Grimm, Goelz, and Bille (1994)Liang and Williams (1997)

Junzhong Liang

Page 20: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Modern Microlens Arrays Make More Efficient Use of Light than Hartmann’s Plates

Hartmann J (1904).Objektivuntersuchungen.Zeitschrift fuer Instrumentenkunde, 24, 1-32.

Shack & Platt (1971) Production and use of a lenticular Hartmannscreen. JOSA 61, 656.

Page 21: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Moreno-Barriuso E, Marcos S, Navarro R, and Burns SA (2001). Comparing Laser Ray Tracing, the Spatially Resolved Refractometer, and the Hartmann-Shack Sensor to Measure the Ocular Wave Aberration. Optometry and Vision Science, 78(3):152-156

Salmon TO, Thibos LN, and Bradley A (1998). Comparison of the eye’s wave-front aberration measured psychophysically and with the Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor. J Opt Soc Am A, 15:2457-2465

Page 22: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Smirnov, M.S. (1961). "Measurement of the wave aberration of the human eye," Biophysics 6, 687-703.

“The method applied in the present work of determining the wave aberration is quite laborious; although the measurements can be taken in 1-2 hours, the calculations take 10-12 hours… Therefore, it is unlikely that such detailed measurements will ever be adopted by practitioner-ophthalmologists.”

Page 23: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Smirnov, M.S. (1961). "Measurement of the wave aberration of the human eye," Biophysics 6, 687-703.

“The method applied in the present work of determining the wave aberration is quite laborious; although the measurements can be taken in 1-2 hours, the calculations take 10-12 hours… Therefore, it is unlikely that such detailed measurements will ever be adopted by practitioner-ophthalmologists.”

Fully-Automated, Real-Time Wavefront Sensors:Hofer, Artal, Singer, Aragón, Williams, D.R. (2001) Dynamics of the eye’s wave aberration,J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 18, 497-506.

Page 24: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

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Why the Exponential Growth in

Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensing?

1. Development of Rapid and Robust Wavefront Sensors

Page 25: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

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Why the Exponential Growth in

Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensing?

1. Development of Rapid and Robust Wavefront Sensors

2. Development of Methods to Correct Higher Order Aberrations

Page 26: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

The Inventor of Spectacles ? (~1300 AD?)

Discovery of Astigmatism (Young, 1801)

Smirnov, M.S. (1961). "Measurement of the wave aberration of the human eye," Biophysics 6, 687-703.

“In principle, it is possible to manufacture a lens compensating the wave aberration of the eye… The lenses must obviously be contact ones.

Page 27: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Methods to Correct the Wave Aberration

Adaptive Optics In Astronomy:

Horace Babcock (1953)

Page 28: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Methods to Correct the Wave Aberration

First Use of a Deformable Mirror In the Eye:

A. W. Dreher, J. F. Bille, R. N. Weinreb, (1989) "Active optical depth resolution improvement of the laser tomographic scanner," Appl. Opt. 24, 804-808.

Page 29: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

Adaptive Optics In the Eye:

Liang, J., Williams, D.R., and Miller, D.T. (1997) Supernormal vision and high resolution retinal imaging through adaptive optics. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 14, 2884-2892.

First Use of WavefrontSensing to CorrectHigher Order Aberrations

First Demonstration ofVision ImprovementBy Correcting HigherOrder Aberrations

Page 30: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

First Use of Wavefront Sensing in Refractive Surgery

Mrochen, M. Kaemmerer, M., and Seiler, T. (2000) Wavefront-Guided Laser in situ Keratomileusis: Early Results in Three Eyes. J. Refract. Surg. 16, 116-121.

Page 31: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

What does the future hold in store? Increasingly Robust and Accurate Wavefront SensorsCustomized Refractive SurgeryCustomized Contact LensesCustomized Intraocular LensesHigh Resolution Retinal ImagingAO Surgical MicroscopesWavefront Sensing AutorefractorsAdaptive Optics Phoropters

Page 32: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

How Can I Ride the Next Wave of Technology?

Page 33: History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensingvoi.opt.uh.edu/VOI/WavefrontCongress/2003/presentations...Commercial Relationship: Bausch and Lomb Funding: Bausch and Lomb NSF Science and Technology

How Can I Ride the Next Wave of Technology?

Listen to astronomers