HISTORY OF NURSING

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONExperimentation with herbs and plantsIllness attributed to evil spiritsMedicine men uses black and white magicAncient Nurse- act as domestic servants

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (ca 3000 BC)Built irrigation canal and granaries for storage of foodPractice of prophylaxis by the medicine man and high priestEmphasis on personal hygiene, cleanliness within & outside the bodySanitation measures ( removal of refuse and crude fumigation in times of epidemics– reached an advance stage of knowledge.- custom of embalming (mummification)- recognized 250 different diseases- developed drugs and procedures (surgery)- 480 B.C. (neurosurgery)

Hammurabi -the sixth king of Babylon. He became the first king of the Babylonian Empire. He is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code,

one of the first written codes of law in recorded history.

Imhotep is credited with being the founder of Egyptian medicine and with being the author of a medical treatise remarkable for being devoid of magical thinking, the Edwin Smith papyrus containing anatomical observations, ailments, and cures attributed to his works. Imhotep was considered the inventor of healing, two thousand years after his death, his status was raised to that of a deity. He became the god of medicine and healing.

Xenodochium – house for the sick

Hebrews (c.a. 1400 BC)Founders of public hygieneMoses “Father of Sanitation”Mosaic Health Code pertained to every aspect of individual, family & community hygiene, included: a. Principles of personal hygiene (rest, sleep, hours of work, cleanliness)

b. Environmental sanitation 1. Inspection of food 2. Methods of disposal of excreta 3. Detecting and reporting diseases 4. Practice of isolation, quarantine, fumigation and disinfection 5. Detailed instructions on the correct way of hand washing

Ancient Greeks Asclepius - god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology.

Asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts.

Hygieia was a daughter of Asclepius. She was the goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation and afterwards, the moon. She also played an important part in her father's cult. While her father was more directly associated with healing, she was associated with the prevention of sickness and the continuation of good health.

Panacea was the goddess of healing. She was the daughter of Asclepius, god of medicine, and the granddaughter of Apollo, god of healing. Panacea was said to have a poultice or potion with which she healed the sick. This brought about the concept of the panacea in medicine.The panacea was supposed to be a remedy that would cureall diseases and prolong life indefinitely. It was sought by the alchemists as a connection to the elixir of life and the philosopher's stone, a mythical substance which would enable the transmutation of common metals into gold.

Hippocrates – “Father of Medicine” exponent of the science of preventive medicineintroduced the philosophy of the interrelationship

between physical and mental health ( “A healthy mind dwells in a healthy body”)

treat patient as a wholechanged magic of medicine into science of medicinetaught physicians to use eyes and earsThe Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical practice of medicine.

Two Kinds of Refuge for the SickSecular- directed by physicians – spas and resortsReligious – sanctuaries of godsAttendants – were basket bearers who looked after the sick.

Romans * Contributed to the field of sanitation (building of Aqueducts, purification of water supply) * Appointing of public health medical officers * Establishment of hospitals which emphasized both preventive and curative aspects of care

Romans invented numerous surgical instruments, including the first instruments unique to women, as well as the surgical uses of forceps, scalpel, cautery, cross-bladed scissors, surgical needle, sound, and specula. Romans were also pioneers in the cataract surgery.

EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIODChristian church expressed succor to orphans, poor, travelers and the sick.Deaconesses (given to women with good social standing) visited the sick.Order of Deaconesses- organized visiting of the sick

- called visiting nurses- forerunner of CHN- endeavored to practice the corporal works of mercy (feeding the hungry, caring for the sick, burying the dead)

Phoebe - a friend of St Paul and the first Deaconess and first visiting nurse.

Fabiola - A Roman matron of rank, died 27 December, 399 or 400. She was one of the company of noble Roman women who, under the influence of St. Jerome, gave up all earthly pleasures and devoted themselves to the practice of Christian asceticism and to charitable work.

Fabiola renounced all that the world had to offer her, and devoted her immense wealth to the needs of the poor and the sick. She erected a fine hospital at Rome, and waited on the inmates herself, not even shunning those afflicted with repulsive wounds and sores. Besides this she gave large sums to the churches and religious communities at Rome, and at other places in Italy. All her interests were centered on the needs of the Church and the care of the poor and suffering.

One of the most charming old hospitals in France, and one quite typical of hospitals established in medieval times, is the Hotel-Dieu of Beaune. It is reputed to be the oldest existing hospital which has continuously occupied its original building. Set in the midst of the ancient walled city of Beaune, in the heart of Burgundy’s Cote d’Or, some 250 miles southeast of Paris, this hospital has a history as colorful as its steep, gabled roofs.

MIDDLE AGES (1100-1300)

Charitable institutions or sanctuaries intended for the aged, sickly and poor.Nursing during the Medieval Ages was either done by charitable religious orders or by the poor who worked for the rich.Nuns or sisters in a cloistered order made up the nursing staff in hospitals.Caregivers are not required to have any formal training.During the late middle ages (1000-1500) because of crowding and poor sanitation in the monasteries nurses went into the community. During this era hospitals were built and the number of medical schools increase.During the Byzantine Empire nursing was a separate occupation practiced primarily by men. In the New Testament, the Good Samaritan paid the innkeeper to provide care for an injured man. No one thought it odd that a man should by paid to provide nursing care.In every plague that swept Europe men risked their lives to provide nursing care. A group of men, the Parabolani, in 300 AD started a hospital and provided nursing care during the Black Plague epidemic.

Influence of the Crusades in Nursing Crusades – Christian military expeditions to recapture the Holy Land from Moslems.In 1244- there are approximately 19,000 hospital in Western EuropeThere is spread of leprosyThousand years after Jesus Christ there was no attempt to organized nursing.

Three (3) Types of Organization 1. Military2. Religious3. Secular

1. Military OrderKnight Hospitalers – men who went to battle and them retired to nurse the sick. Knight of St. John – also known as Knights Hospitaller, a Christian organization that began as an Amalfitan hospital founded in Jerusalem in 1080 to provide care for poor, sick or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. After the Western Christian conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade it became a religious/military order under its own charter, and was charged with the care and defense of the Holy Land.Two patron saints of nurses stem from this period. St. John of God and St. Camillus de Lellis both started out as soldiers, and later turned to nursing. St Camillus started the sign of the red cross which is still used today, and developed the first ambulance service.

The Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem originated in a leper hospital run by hospitaller brothers, founded in the twelfth century by the crusaders of the Latin Kingdom. It was originally established to treat virulent diseases such as leprosy.

2. Religious OrderInstitutions were managed by the clergy, and throughout the dark and middle ages the hospital and nursing systems were connected with religious bodies. Nurses were provided by the male and female monastic orders.Names of the oldest foundations which still survive, such as the Hotel Dieu in Paris, St Thomas's and St Bartholomew's in London, the order of St Augustine, and (in the form of a modern revival) that of St John of Jerusalem, sufficiently indicate the original religious connexion.Sisters advanced from probations to wearing white rob to wearing hood.Nurses wore regular clothes- no uniformCare of the sick- done by volunteers like St. Catherine of Sienna, her lamp represented the sick at Sienna

3. Secular OrderThe Third Order of Saint Francis (Francis of Assisi) was a secular order whose members devoted their time and energy to enhancing the lives of their friends and neighbors in the communities where they lived. Caring for the sick was one of the order's important activities, with both men and women serving as nurses.There were many Catholic orders caring for the sick during the Middle Ages. Even the secular orders were associated with the Church. Educated by apprenticeship, lacking knowledge of hygienic measures, and practicing under very primitive conditions, the care provided was, none the less, humane and caring.Order of St. Vincent de PaulSisters of Charity

RENAISSANCE PERIOD (A.D. 1400-1550)Interests in arts and science emerged, rise of progress in arts & culture but NOT in moral & religious valuesGeographic explorations by EuropeansBubonic Plague epidemic, killing 25 to 50% Europe’s populationsociety was filled with thieves due to social deprivationscare of the sick was entrusted to those who were proven guilty of a crime or theftcaretakers were not given humane facilities like food & quarters, so all the more they got buried into evil deeds like stealing the patient’s foods, accepting bribes, etc.Need for care of sick and poor escalatedHospitals were for the weak, aged, contagious disease, physically and mentally ill.A fee was charged for the hospitalization

Forerunners of Medical Development

Thomas Syndenham- physician recognized as a founder of clinical medicine and epidemiology. Because he emphasized detailed observations of patients and maintained accurate records, he has been called “the English Hippocrates.”- First person to set an example of true clinical methodology.- Sydenham preached that a doctor must rely on his own observation and clinical experience and he appeared to have practiced largely common sense medicine.

Reformation Period (1550’s)The religious upheaval led by Martin Luther destroyed the unity of Christian faith.

The wrath of Protestantism swept away everything connected with Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages and hospitals. Properties of hospitals and schools were confiscated. Nurses fled for their lives. In England, hundreds of hospitals were closed. There were no provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick. Nursing became the work of the least desirable of women – women who took bribes from patients, stole the patient’s food and used alcohol as a tranquilizer. They worked seven days a week, slept in cubbyhole near the hospital ward or patient and ate scraps of food when they could find them.Nursing sank to its lowest levelMedical instruction continued along primitive lines.

Women’s Movement (1848)Women not considered equal to menno right to vote or be educatedWomen’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY signaling the beginning of social unrestwith suffrage, rights of women were advocated and nursing profession advance1900’s women were accepted to colleges and universities

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1700’S-1800’S)The growing pains of the Reformation forced thinkers and philosophers to reevaluate their ideas and values. During the four hundred years that living was nearly unbearable, some scholars, reformers and inventors were paving the way for a new world order. It arrived with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. This was a time of free thought, individualism, and the beginning of capitalism and democratic forms of government.The Industrial Revolution gradually brought forth a more equitable living style for the people. However, it was not without its own growing pains. Capitalists were protected by law in his exploitation of workers. There were child labor and sweatshops where disease and accidents were the norm. Hospitals remained places where the poor went to die.Oppression of womenMother Mary Catherine McAuley, founded the Sisters of Mercy, religious order emphasizing in nursing the poor and sick.Emancipation of women-fight for human right- a step in developing nursing into a professionProliferation of factories with introduction of technology

France - barbers functioned as surgeons-leeching, giving enemas and tooth extraction-women make beds, scrubs floors and bathe the poor in alms houses.-factory workers endured long hours of work.-Medical schools were founded – Royal College of Surgeon in London (1800)-End of 18th Century- no standards for nurses working in the hospitals

20th Century – Machine Ageincreased povertyworkers are exploitedindustrial revolution caused economic, political and philosophical development that nurtured the growth of all healing arts.development of other nursing services aside form hospital service: private duty, public health, school, gov’t , maternal)

A. Age of SpecializationCollege & Post graduate nursing education programs

B. Standards are Set1913-1937standard curriculumtextbooks

C. World War INurse were assisted by the National Red Cross

D. The Great DepressionOctober 29, 1929 (Black Friday)Financial crisis – unemployed nursesMilitary Nurses

Period of Contemporary NursingThe period began at the end of World War II. This period includes scientific and technological developments and many of the social changes occurring since 1945.World Health Organization –established by the United Nations to assist in fighting disease by providing health information and improving the nutrition, living standard and environmental conditions of all people.Trends:scientific and technical research use of Atomic Energy for medical diagnosis and treatment utilization of computers for collecting data, teaching, obtaining information, establishing a diagnosis, maintaining a perpetual inventory, making up payroll and paychecks, record keeping and billing. Use of more sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.

Ex: heart-lung machines, use of prostheses for defective tissues, transplantation of living tissues and organs, hemodialysis, pacemakers for heart muscle, etc.

The advent of space medicine also brought about the development of aerospace nursing.Colonel Pearl E. Tucker – developed a comprehensive one-year course to prepare nurses for aerospace nursing at Cape KennedySince health was perceived as a fundamental right, laws were legislated to provide such right. Ex: Medicare and Social Security laws.Nursing involvement in community health is greatly emphasized to support Primary Health Care.Technologic efficiency has relieved nurses from a numerous tedious task. Ex: Use of disposable, pre-packed and pre-prepared hospital equipments.The nurse of the modern times is constantly assuming responsibilities of patient care that were formerly the sole prerogative of the physician.

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCESThe strong influence of religions on the developments of nursing started in India (800-600 B.C.) and flourished in Greece and Ireland in 3 B.C. with male-nurse priests.Theodor Fliedner – revived the Church Order of Deaconesses (1836) to care for those in a hospital he had founded. He had profound influence in nursing because Florence Nightingale her training at the Kaiserswerth Institute.Deaconesses of Keiserwerth became famous because they were the only ones formally trained in nursing.Father Bassil Moreau- Founded the Nursing Sisters of the Holy Cross in LeMans, France in 1841.Father Sorin – brought four sisters to Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana in 1841, these sister established St. Mary’s Academy. In 1855, the school was moved to Notre Dame and became known as St. Mary’s College, which became influential on the emerging role of women

WAR PERIODWars have accentuated the need for nurses

American Civil War (1861–1865)Women played a major role in nursing and sanitation efforts during the Civil War, paving the way for their entry into the nursing profession in greater numbers after the war, as well as paving the way for further professionalization of the nursing field.

World War I (1914-1918)The duties of the army nurses were much more varied than would have been the case in the civilian nursing profession. They were often forced to improvise, using what limited and under-resourced supplies and equipment they had. They needed to be decisive and quick-thinking when determining treatment, cleaning wounds and attending to minor surgery. Physical strength and a high level of efficiency were required. They endured an excessive workload and a lack of staff to meet the demands.The conditions made life even more difficult for the nurses. The burden of understaffing resulted in exhaustion and they experienced shock and terror on the occasions when they came under fire. They were also at risk of contracting contagious diseases such as influenza from the sick soldiers. The nurses also experienced many of the same hardships as the soldiers. The harsh, foreign climate, inadequate basic necessities and consequent dysentery were all endured by the female nurses as well.Progress in healthcare occurred, particularly in the field of surgery.There were advancements in the use of anesthetic agents, infection control, blood typing and prosthetics.

World War II (1939-1945)WWII casualties created an acute shortage of caregivers.The Cadet Nurse Corps was established in response to a marked shortage of nurses.Auxiliary health care workers became prominent.Practical nurses, aides, and technicians provided much of actual nursing care under the instruction and supervision of better prepared nurses.Medical specialties also arose at that time to meet the needs of hospitalized clients.

American Civil War

World War I

NURSING PIONEERS

Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross, c. 1820 – 10 March 1913) was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the U.S. Civil War. After escaping from captivity, she made thirteen missions to rescue over seventy slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.Known as “The Moses of Her People”

Sojourner Truth (1797–November 26, 1883) was the self-given name, from 1843, of Isabella Baumfree, anAmerican abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York. Her best-known speech, Ain't I a Woman?, was delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio.

Dorothea Lynde Dix (April 4, 1802 – July 17, 1887) was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses.

Clarissa Harlowe Barton (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was a pioneer American teacher, nurse, and humanitarian. She has been described as having a "strong and independent spirit"and is best remembered for organizing the American

Red Cross.

Lillian D. Wald (1867–1940) was a nurse, social worker, public health official, teacher, author, editor, publisher, women's rights activist, and the founder of American community nursing. The founder of visiting nursing in the United States and Canada.- Provide nursing care to indigent- first community health nurse- Established Henry Street Settlement Service in New York- Supported education for the mentally challenged- Advocate more lenient immigration laws

Isabel Adams Hampton Robb (1860–1910) Was one of the founders of modern American nursing theory and one of the most important leaders in the history of nursing.She graduated from the Bellevue Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1883.In her time as head of the nursing program there she implemented an array of reforms that set standards for nursing education. Most of these standards are still followed today.One of her most notable contributions to the system of nursing education was the implementation of a grading policy for nursing students. Students would need to prove their competency in order to receive qualifications.President of American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses (now known as National League for Nursing), and of the organization that became the American Nurses Association. She was also one of the founders of the American Journal of Nursing.

Jane Arminda Delano, born March 13, 1862 in Montour Falls, New York, United States – died April 15, 1919 in Savenay, Loire-Atlantique, France. Studied nursing at the Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing in New York City where she graduated in 1886.She started work in 1887 at a Jacksonville, Florida hospital treating victims of a yellow fever epidemic. There, she demonstrated her superior executive and administrative skills and developed innovative nursing procedures for the patients under her care. A leading pioneer of the modern nursing profession, Delano almost single-handedly created American Red Cross Nursing when she united the work of the American Nurses Association, the Army Nurse Corps, and the American Red Cross. Through her efforts, emergency response teams were organized for disaster relief and over 8,000 registered nurses were trained and ready for duty by the time the United States entered World War I. During the course of the War, more than 20,000 of her nurses played vital roles with the United States military.

Mary Breckinridge (February 17, 1881-May 19, 1965) was an American nurse-midwife and the founder of the Frontier Nursing Service. She also was known as Mary Carson Breckinridge. Mary Breckinridge introduced a model rural health care system into the United States in 1925. To provide professional services to neglected people of a thousand square mile area in southeastern Kentucky, she created a decentralized system of nurse-midwives, district nursing centers, and hospital facilities. Originally called the Kentucky Committee for Mothers and Babies, later the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), the system lowered the rate of death in childbirth in Leslie County, Kentucky, from the highest in the nation to substantially below the national average. Thanks to FNS, nurse-midwives were no more than six miles away from any patients. Providing both preventive and curative nursing, FNS continues to serve this region.

Florence Nightingale, (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910), who came to be known as "The Lady with the Lamp", was a pioneer of modern nursing, a writer and a noted statistician.

She was born into a rich, upper-class well-connected British family at the Villa Colombaia, Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister was named Parthenope. Her parents were William Edward Nightingale (1794–1875) and Frances Nightingale née Smith (1789–1880). William Nightingale was born William Edward Shore. His mother Mary née Evans was the niece of one Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William Shore not only inherited his estate Lea Hurst in Derbyshire, but also assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist William Smith.Inspired by what she took as a Christian divine calling, experienced first in 1837 at Embley Park and later throughout Florence's life, she committed herself to nursing (though discouraged by her parents). This demonstrated a passion on her part, and also a rebellion against the expected role for a woman of her status, which was to become a wife and mother. In those days, nursing was a career with a poor reputation, filled mostly by poorer women.Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports began to filter back to Britain about the horrific conditions for the wounded.By 1859, she set up the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas' Hospital on 9 July 1860. The first trained Nightingale nurses began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. She also campaigned and raised funds for the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury, near her family home.

Nightingale’s BeliefsHolistic framework inclusive of illness and healthNeed for theoretical basisLiberal Education as foundation for nursing practiceImportance of creating an environment that promotes healingNeed for the body of nursing knowledge distinct from medical knowledgeNightingale’s ConceptHaving systematic method of assessing patientIndividualized care on the basis of patients needs and preferencesMaintaining confidentialityNurses should be formally educated and function as client advocate

Environmental factors affecting health Adequate ventilation has also been regarded as a factor contributing to changes of the patient's process of illness recovery. Defined in her environmental theory are the following factors present in the patient's environment:Pure or fresh air Pure water Sufficient food supplies Efficient drainage Cleanliness Light (especially direct sunlight) Any deficiency in one or more of these factors could lead to impaired functioning of life processes or diminished health status.

Mary Eliza Mahoney (b. May 7, 1845 – d. January 4, 1926) was the first African-American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States, graduating in 1879. In 1908, she co-founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN). The NACGN eventually merged with the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1951. She is commemorated by the biennial Mary Mahoney Award of the ANA for significant contributions in advancing equal opportunities in nursing for members of minority groups. She encouraged respect for cultural diversity.

Adah Belle Samuels Thoms (January 12, 1870 – February 21, 1943) was an African American nurse who cofounded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses, was acting director of the Lincoln School for Nurses (New York), and fought for African Americans to serve as army nurses during World War I. She was among the first nurses inducted into the American Nurses Association Hall of Fame when it was established in 1976.Thoms served as president of the NACGN from 1916-1923, and played a critical role in lobbying for the rights of African American women to serve in the United States military during World War I. During World War I, Thoms campaigned the American Red Cross permit black nurses to enroll.

Linda Richards (July27, 1841-April 16,1930) was the first professionally trained American nurse. She established nursing training programs in the United States and Japan, and created the first system for keeping individual medical records for hospitalized patients. Richards pioneered the founding and superintending of nursing training schools across the nation. In 1885 she helped to establish Japan's first nurses-training program. She supervised the school at the Doshisha Hospital in Kyoto for five years. When she returned to the United States in 1890, she worked as a nurse for another twenty years while helping to establish special institutions for those with mental illnesses. She was elected as the first president of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools, and served as head of the Philadelphia Visiting Nurses Society. She retired from nursing in 1911, at the age of seventy.

Margaret Higgins Sanger (September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966) was an American birth control activist, an advocate of negative eugenics, and the founder of the American Birth Control League (which eventually became Planned Parenthood). Initially met with fierce opposition to her ideas, Sanger gradually won some support, both in the public as well as the courts, for a woman's choice to decide how and when, if ever, she will bear children. In her drive to open the way to universal access to birth control, Sanger was ahead of her time.

Lavinia Lloyd Dock (1858-1956)Nurse and social reformer, born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA. Born into a prosperous family, she chose to train as a nurse at New York City's Bellevue Hospital (1884–6), and after serving as a visiting nurse among the poor, she compiled the first, and long most important, manual of drugs for nurses, Materia Medica for Nurses (1890). Working closely with Lillian Wald, she strove not only to improve the health of the poor but also to improve the profession of nursing through her teaching, lecturing, and writing. She played a major role as a contributing editor to the American Journal of Nursing and she linked American nurses' goals to similar efforts in England. She also did most of the work for A History of Nursing (4 vols, 1907–12, later revised and abridged). Although she gave up nursing as a practice around the age of 50, she dedicated her energies to outspoken activism on controversial social issues of the day, such as improved working conditions, the elimination of prostitution and venereal diseases, and women's rights, especially women's right to vote.

Shirley Titus (1892-1967) Nurse, Educator, Administrator- advocated improved economic security of nurses.Working through the state nurses associations and the American Nurses Association (ANA), Shirley Carew Titus championed nursing's responsibility to improve the economic security through collective bargaining, insurance plans, recommendations on salaries, benefits, and job responsibilities, consultation to private duty registries, and extending ANA's Professional Counseling and Placement Service into state and district offices. Her 1943 article, Economic Security Is Not Too Much to Ask, asserted that as employed professionals, nurses need the protection of, and the legal right to, collective bargaining.

HISTORY OF NURSING

Philippines

Early Beliefs, Practices and Care of the SickEarly Filipinos subscribed to superstitious belief and practices in relation to health and sicknessDiseases, their causes and treatment were associated with mysticism and superstitionsCause of disease was caused by another person (an enemy of witch) or evil spiritsPersons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed bewitched by “mangkukulam”Difficult childbirth were attributed to “nonos”Evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demonsBelief in special Gods of healing: priest-physician, word doctors, herbolarios/herb doctors

Early Hospitals during the Spanish Regime –

Religious orders exerted efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in different parts of the Philippines:

The Earliest Hospitals Established were the following:

a. Hospital Real de Manila (1577)-It was established mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians. Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande

b. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) – built exclusively for patients with leprosy. Founded by Brother Juan Clemente

c. Hospital de Indio (1586) –Established by the Franciscan Order; Service was in general supported by alms and contribution from charitable persons.

d. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590)-Established in Laguna, near a medicinal spring, Founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order.

e. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596) - Founded by the Brotherhood de Misericordia and support was derived from alms and rents. Rendered general health service to the public.

San Lazaro Hospital (SLH) SLH was founded in 1577 as a dispensary clinic in Intramuros by Spanish Frey Juan Clemente. It became a hospital in 1578 for patient suffering from leprosy and other diseases.In 1784, SLH was relocated to Hacienda Mayhaligue,

the present site, through a Royal Decree from the King of Spain. A chapel was built and its premises enclosed with stone walls by Frey Felix Huerta in 1859.The American run the hospital in 1898 as a contagious disease hospital, after 320 years of Spanish governance.It was only in 1918 that Filipinos started operating the hospital. From 1930-31, insane patients were transferred to National Mental Hospital ( National Center for Mental Health). In 1949, patients with leprosy were located to Tala Leprosarium, now Jose N. Rodriquez Memorial Hospital.Present San Lazaro HospitalSLH is a referral facility for Infectious/ Communicable Diseases. It is one of the retained special tertiary hospital of the Department of Health (DOH) which is subsidized by the national government.

The hospital has a 500-bed capacity that provides free health care delivery service particularly among the depressed, underserved and underprivileged sectors of the society. Since 1986, cases of HIV/AIDS were admitted to this hospital.

Nursing During the Philippine Revolution

The prominent persons involved in the nursing works were: a. Josephine Bracken – wife of Jose Rizal. Installed a field hospital in an estate house in

Tejeros.Provided nursing care to the wounded night and day.

b. Rosa Sevilla De Alvero – converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldier, during the Philippine-American war that broke out in 1899.

c. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo – Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; Organized the Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration of Apolinario Mabini.

d. Dona Maria de Aguinaldo- second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo.Provided nursing care for the Filipino soldier during the revolution. President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.

e. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) – Nurse the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food.

f. Captain Salome – A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat.

g. Agueda Kahabagan – Revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing services to her troop.

h. Trinidad Tecson – “Ina ng Biac na Bato”, stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded soldier.

Hospitals and Nursing Schools

1.Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906)Ø It was ran by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America.Ø Miss Rose Nicolet, a graduate of New England Hospital for woman and children in Boston,

Massachusetts, was the first superintendent.Ø Miss Flora Ernst, an American nurse, took charge of the school in 1942.

2. St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)Ø The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, The Most Reverend Jeremiah Harty, under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres.Ø It was located in Intramuros and it provided general hospital services.

3. Philippine general Hospital School of Nursing (1907)Ø In 1907, with the support of the Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health and among others, she opened classes in nursing under the auspices of the Bureau of Education.Ø Anastacia Giron-Tupas, was the first Filipino to occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent in the Philippines, succeeded her.

4. St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)Ø The Hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 1907, the school opened with three Filipino girls admitted.Ø Mrs. Vitiliana Beltran was the first Filipino superintendent of nurses.

5. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)Ø It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida)Ø It was called Bethany Dispensary and was founded by the Methodist Mission.Ø Miss Librada Javelera was the first Filipino director of the school.

6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute School of Nursing.

The United Christian Missionary of Indianapolis, operated Three schools of Nursing:

1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte,1903)

2. Mary Chiles Hospital school of Nursing (Manila, 1911)

3. Frank Dunn Memorial hospital

7. San Juan de Dios hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)

8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz,1913)

9. Southern Island Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu,1918)

Ø The hospital was established under the Bureau of Health with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer.

The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines

Ø University of Santo Tomas .College of Nursing (1946)

Ø Manila Central University College of Nursing (1948)

Ø University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948). Ms.Julita Sotejo was its first Dean

Nursing Leaders in the Philippines

Anastacia Giron-Tupas – First Filipino nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse Superintendent; Founder of PNA

(Philippine Nursing association)

Cesaria Tan – First Filipino to receive a master’s degree abroad

Socorro Sirilan – Pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the Chief Nurse.

Rosa Militar – Pioneered in School Health Education

Sor Ricarda Mendoza – Pioneer in nursing education

Socorro Diaz – First editor of the PNA magazine called “The Message”

Conchita Ruiz – First full-time editor of the PNA magazine called “The Filipino Nurse”.

Loreta Tupaz – Dean of the Philippine Nursing; regarded as the Florence Nightingale of Iloilo

1909 – 3 female graduated as “qualified medical-surgical nurses”

1920 – 1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of 93.5%-Anna Dahlgren

- theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library.

1921 – Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the National Organization Of Filipino NursesPNA:

1st President – Rosario DelgadoFounder – Anastacia Giron-Tupas

1919 – The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and December of each year.

1953 –Republic Act 877, known as the “Nursing Practice Law” was approved.

2002- Philippine Nursing Act of 2002” • RA 9173

Research and Compiled by:

Calimlim, Fedelis MaeFerrol, KernielJavier, Rica JoyRoyo,ZarahVergara, Romeo Jr.

Presented to:Ms. Aurea Celino, RN, MANClinical Instructor

26 May 2008