History of doping in athletics

First author: Vlad Robert-Alexandru, Second author: Popescu Gabriel CosminCoordinator: Lecturer Hancu Gabriel, PhD

University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Tîrgu Mures, Faculty of Pharmacy

Definition: “the use of a substance not normally present in the body or of any physiological agent when introduced in:

- abnormal additional quantities; - abnormal route;

- abnormal manner; Purpose: increasing the performance of that individual

during the period of competition”

(first definition of doping adopted in 1963 by the Council of Europe Committee for Out-of-School Education)

What does doping mean?

Athletics – King of sportsTrack and field

Other definitions for Doping - the occurrence of the following anti-doping

rule violations: - presence of prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers in an athlete’s sample; - use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or prohibited method; - refusal to submit to sample collection after notification as authorised in applicable anti-doping rules, or otherwise evade sample collection; - tampering with any part of doping control; - possession of a prohibited substance or prohibited method; - trafficking any prohibited substance or prohibited method; http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping -

UPDATED 05 SEPTEMBER 2013

Short history of doping

Ancient History• Greece – enhancing the

performance using drugs necessary;

• Use of mushrooms;• Roman Empire: feeding

horses with various mixtures to make them run faster.

Doping in modern sports

• Doping was reported since the second half of the 19th Century.

• 1904 - St. Louis marathon, Tom Hicks collapsed, the Doctors proved strychnine and cognac intake before the race.

• 1928 - International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) became - 1st International Sport Federation to ban doping in track and field events.

• 1960s - Drug testing programs have been implemented

• 1967 - runner Dick Howard (heroin overdose) died.

http://www.doping-prevention.sp.tum.de/doping-in-general/history-of-doping.html

- 19 APRIL 2014

The anti-doping initiatives• The 1st anti-doping legislation -> France -1963;• National and international authorities implemented anti-

doping initiatives throughout the late 1960s and 1970s;• In the 1970s, parallel to anabolic steroids use, the blood

doping became quite popular; • 1983 introduction of gas chromatography and mass

spectrometry allowed a more effective drug testing;• The IOC banned blood doping as a prohibited method in

1986. • November 10th 1999 - (WADA) • Erythropoietin (EPO) - banned by the IOC in 1990. A

detection test was applied for the first time at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000.

http://www.doping-prevention.sp.tum.de/doping-in-general/history-of-doping.html

- 19 APRIL 2014

Prohibited substances S0. NON-APPROVED SUBSTANCES

Drugs withdrawn from the market: Sibutramine

Designer substances: Tetrahydrogestrinone

Drugs used in veterinary medicinal products

S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS a. Exogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) : 1-androstenediol, gestrinone.

b. Endogenous AAS when administered exogenously: dihydrotestosterone, testosterone

c. Other Anabolic Agents: tibolone, zeranol, zilpaterol.

S2. PEPTIDE HORMONES, GROWTH FACTORS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES

Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents: Erythropoietin, darbepoetin

Chorionic Gonadotrophin (CG) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in males;

Corticotrophins , Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 ,

S3. BETA-2 AGONISTS Salbutamol– 1600 μg /24h

Formoterol- 54 μg/24h Clenbuterol

S4. HORMONE AND METABOLIC MODULATORS

Aromatase inhibitors : Aminoglutethimide, testolactone

Metabolic modulators: Insulins,Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor

S5. DIURETICS AND OTHER MASKING AGENTS

Masking agents: Diuretics, plasma expanders : glycerol

Diuretics: Acetazolamide, furosemide, indapamide

Prohibited substances S6. STIMULANTS a: Non-Specified Stimulants:

amfepramone, norfenfluramine

b: Specified Stimulants: Adrenaline , ephedrine , pseudoephedrine

S7. NARCOTICS Buprenorphine, dextromoramide, fentanyl ;

methadone, morphine, oxycodone;

S8. CANNABINOIDS Natural : cannabis, hashish, marijuana

Synthetic: tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabimimetics

S9. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS Cortisone,hydrocortisone Prednisone, methylprednisolone

Ref.: http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping - Prohibited list- updated on 14 FEB 2014

Prohibited methodsM1. MANIPULATION OF BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS

The administration of red blood cell products of any origin into the circulatory system.

Artificially enhancing the uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen

M2. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION

Tampering in order to alter the integrity and validity of Samples collected during Doping Control

Intravenous infusions and/or injections of more than 50 mL per 6 hour period

M3. GENE DOPING The transfer of polymers of nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogues

The use of normal or genetically modified cells.

http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping - Prohibited list- updated on 14 FEB 2014

IAAF Historical Anti-Doping StatisticsYear Doped athletes in and out of competition

2000 29102001 29152002 30182003 33932004 29982005 34042006 29142007 32772008 34972009 36802010 37062011 37042012 2814*

*figure not including In-Competition tests conducted during the Games of the XXX-th Olympiad, London ,Ref.: http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping -

Testing statistics - updated 10 FEBRUARY 2014

IAAF Historical Anti-Doping Statistics

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

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Doping Controls at IAAF World Athletics Championships, by year

City Year Total tests Blood tests Positive

Helsinki 1983 214 0 0

Rome 1987 196 0 1

Tokyo 1991 216 0 2

Stuttgart 1993 218 0 4

Goteborg 1995 275 0 0

Athens 1997 378 0 5

Seville 1999 298 0 4

Edmonton 2001 440 50 9

Paris 2003 460 55 5

Helsinki 2005 885 507 9

Osaka 2007 1132 531 0

Berlin 2009 1190 656 3

Daegu 2011 2296 1856 3

Moscow 2013 2589 1919 7

Ref.: http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/documents/anti-doping - Testing statistics - updated 10 FEBRUARY 2014

Numbers of doped athletes during World Athletic Championships

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150

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Romanian athletes caught on doping• ANDREI Natalia, SILAI Ileana - anabolic steroids – 8 months ban –

1979;• FIDATOV Elena – nandrolone – 2 year ban – 1998-2000;• BOTEZAN Mihaela – chlorthalidon – 2 year ban, 2007-2009;• POPESCU Liliana – EPO – 2 year ban, 2008-2010;• ALESTAR Andrei – oxandrolone- 2 year ban, until 21 oct. 2014;• BÎRCĂ Roxana – methasterone – 2 year ban – until 3 sept. 2015;• CHIRIŢĂ Rodica – stanozolol – life ban – repeated offense; • DUMBRĂVEAN Corina – EPO - refusal/tampering – life ban –

repeated offense; • MACOVEI Ilie Bogdan – hCG - 2 year ban – until 6 aug 2014;• MAXIM Simona– evasion – 4 year ban – 7 aug 2017; • VARGA Sebastian - metabolites of methandienone - 8 year ban –

until 2 sep. 2017

World class athletes caught on doping

Ben Johnson – 1988stanozolol

Katrin Krabbe – 1992clenbuterol

http://blogs.afp.com/correspondent/?post/25-years-on-Ben-Johnson-returns-to-Seoul-Olympic-stadium http://blogs.20minutos.es/quefuede/2013/07/01/que-fue-de-katri

n-krabbe/

World class athletes caught on doping

Tim Montgomery – 2004HGH (human growth hormone)

Marion Jones – 2006EPO, THG (self – admitted)

BALCO caseThe Clearhttp://www.isteroids.com/blog/tim-montgomery-finall

y-admits-he-took-steroids-and-hgh/ http://intuitiveathlete.blogspot.ro/2013/04/marion-jones-crossfit-fresh-start-in.html

World class athletes caught on doping

Asafa Powell – 2013oxilofrine

Tyson Gay - 2013

http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/worlds-leading-sprinters-tyson-gay-and-asafa-powell-found-positive-in-doping-test-1373980413-1

Conclusions• The fight against doping continues, even though the profile

agencies will be a step before the new molecules which increase the concentration capacity or their physical skills;

• “Unfortunately” new molecules are discovered frequently;• 90 % of the doping methods are well know, the only methods

which could be a problem for antidoping agencies is gene doping which could represent a real challenge;

• “ Be a sport, don’t take enhancing drugs, may the best athlete win! “

Snail-Before doping

Snail, after doping

That snail is so damn good!!!

Catch me if you can, Usain!!