Historical Influences – Chpt. Historical Influences – Chpt. 1212

►Writers presume that today’s Writers presume that today’s educational system, although not educational system, although not perfect, is better than it has ever been.perfect, is better than it has ever been.

►This reflects many of the biases of the This reflects many of the biases of the majority of Americans who are white majority of Americans who are white and of European descent. and of European descent.

►Our schools derive many of their Our schools derive many of their practices from Europe. Have we practices from Europe. Have we adequately responded to the needs of adequately responded to the needs of young people from ethnic and cultural young people from ethnic and cultural minorities? (Native Americans, minorities? (Native Americans, Hispanic, African, Asian) Hispanic, African, Asian)

European BeliefsEuropean Beliefs

► U.S. practices evolved from European U.S. practices evolved from European ideas that were developed over the ideas that were developed over the centuries.centuries.

► GreeksGreeks – idea that knowledge could be – idea that knowledge could be divided into individual subject areas.divided into individual subject areas.

► AtheniansAthenians – Wanted education for its adult – Wanted education for its adult citizens who could then more fully citizens who could then more fully participate in democratic decision making.participate in democratic decision making.

► ReformationReformation – Church leaders felt the bible – Church leaders felt the bible held all wisdom, thus all should be taught to held all wisdom, thus all should be taught to read so all Christians could have access to read so all Christians could have access to these truths.these truths.

► John Amos ComeniusJohn Amos Comenius (1592-1670) (1592-1670) Idea of organizing learning into sequential, Idea of organizing learning into sequential,

graded schools.graded schools.. . Johann PestalozziJohann Pestalozzi (1746-1827) (1746-1827)

Idea that education could be used as an Idea that education could be used as an agent to improve society (radical idea)agent to improve society (radical idea)

Teachers should be provided special training.Teachers should be provided special training.. . Johann F. HerbartJohann F. Herbart (1776-1841) (1776-1841) Developed a standardized format for lesson Developed a standardized format for lesson

planning.planning.By the end of the 1800sBy the end of the 1800s, mandatory public , mandatory public schooling had been adopted as public policy schooling had been adopted as public policy throughout much of the continent.throughout much of the continent.

The New England The New England Colonies:Colonies: (COLONIAL PERIOD TO 1800)(COLONIAL PERIOD TO 1800)

Saw the Church of England as the religious arm of the Saw the Church of England as the religious arm of the government.government.

Puritans - Religion/Bible dominatedPuritans - Religion/Bible dominated

Local Control of education, but no separation of church and state.Local Control of education, but no separation of church and state. 1642 – General court of Mass. Law1642 – General court of Mass. Law

Required that children attend school. First attempt to make Required that children attend school. First attempt to make education compulsory. education compulsory. Children in Illinois must attend school Children in Illinois must attend school until age ???until age ???

1647 Old Deluder Satan Act1647 Old Deluder Satan Act

Required every town of 50 families to hire a teacher of reading or Required every town of 50 families to hire a teacher of reading or writing. Established public responsibility for education.writing. Established public responsibility for education.

Schools controlled by religious leadersSchools controlled by religious leaders Dame schools / Blab SchoolsDame schools / Blab Schools Rote memorizations & RecitationRote memorizations & Recitation

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies (COLONIAL PERIOD TO 1800)(COLONIAL PERIOD TO 1800)

► Made of more diverse group of emigrants. Came Made of more diverse group of emigrants. Came from different parts of England than the Puritans.from different parts of England than the Puritans.

► Quaker Schools taught to a diverse group of Quaker Schools taught to a diverse group of learners (Native Americans, African Americans and learners (Native Americans, African Americans and others)others)

► Franklin Academy offered students a choice in their Franklin Academy offered students a choice in their course of study free of all religious ties (traditional course of study free of all religious ties (traditional subjects including navigation, math, surveying, subjects including navigation, math, surveying, bookkeeping). “Real world” classesbookkeeping). “Real world” classes

► Secondary level education had a placeSecondary level education had a place► Precedents included practical (hands on) rather Precedents included practical (hands on) rather

than intellectual course work, nonsectarian (public) than intellectual course work, nonsectarian (public) schools, and much diversity offered in course work.schools, and much diversity offered in course work.

The Southern ColoniesThe Southern Colonies (COLONIAL PERIOD TO 1800)(COLONIAL PERIOD TO 1800)

King Charles I was executed. Those loyal to King Charles I was executed. Those loyal to him, mostly from Southwestern England, him, mostly from Southwestern England, settled in the Southern Colonies along rivers.settled in the Southern Colonies along rivers.

Difficult for a lot of the children to attend Difficult for a lot of the children to attend school because of few towns and great school because of few towns and great distances between landowners.distances between landowners.

► Education was left to the wealthy landowners Education was left to the wealthy landowners (Traveling tutors) Many sent sons to England (Traveling tutors) Many sent sons to England to be educated in English schools.to be educated in English schools.

► Education for slaves was nonexistent – Education for slaves was nonexistent – educating a slave could be a felony before educating a slave could be a felony before the civil war.the civil war.

FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE CIVIL FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE CIVIL WARWAR Land Ordinance – 1785 – Northwest Land Ordinance – 1785 – Northwest

Ordinance:Ordinance: Thirty-six sections in a township – Thirty-six sections in a township – Section (block) no. 16 was the center of the Section (block) no. 16 was the center of the township and designated as a site for a school.township and designated as a site for a school.

Few educational interventions were introduced. Few educational interventions were introduced. Unskilled workers were needed for growing Unskilled workers were needed for growing industries including farming.industries including farming.

Horace MannHorace Mann, Mass. Legislator, believed in , Mass. Legislator, believed in having taxpayers help finance public education. having taxpayers help finance public education. Wanted a public school for all. Wanted a public school for all.Education for women /Felt Women were better Education for women /Felt Women were better suited to teach the young / In 1839, first suited to teach the young / In 1839, first Normal School set up to prepare people for Normal School set up to prepare people for careers as teachers. ISU would later come careers as teachers. ISU would later come from this idea.from this idea.

CIVIL WAR TO 1900CIVIL WAR TO 1900

► Unparalleled industrial growthUnparalleled industrial growth► Technological innovations – need skilled Technological innovations – need skilled

workers – interest in vocational education.workers – interest in vocational education.► Huge numbers of immigrants enter – Schools Huge numbers of immigrants enter – Schools

eager to “Americanize? new students.eager to “Americanize? new students.► Kalamazoo CaseKalamazoo Case – ruled the state – ruled the state

legislature had the right to levy taxes to legislature had the right to levy taxes to support both elementary & secondary support both elementary & secondary schools.schools.

► Organizational activity among teachers Organizational activity among teachers increased.increased.

1900 to World War II1900 to World War II John Dewey:John Dewey: A philosopher – founded the A philosopher – founded the

laboratory school at the University of Chicago. laboratory school at the University of Chicago. Believed that for democracy to work, citizens had Believed that for democracy to work, citizens had

to be educated to understand and share in the to be educated to understand and share in the duties and responsibilities of society.duties and responsibilities of society.

Believed learners needed to master the Scientific Believed learners needed to master the Scientific Problem Solving methodProblem Solving method

Recognized individual differences among Recognized individual differences among childrenchildren

The first junior high school established in Berkeley, The first junior high school established in Berkeley, Cal. In 1909. Developed a format of 6-3-3.Cal. In 1909. Developed a format of 6-3-3.

Alfred Binet (France) developed an IQ test in 1905. Alfred Binet (France) developed an IQ test in 1905. U.S. used it.U.S. used it.

Cultural biasCultural bias built into the test. Minorities today built into the test. Minorities today challenge the validity of the results of these challenge the validity of the results of these paper & pencil IQ tests.paper & pencil IQ tests.

THE SEVEN CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF THE SEVEN CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONEDUCATIONA SHIFT FROM A COLLEGE PREPARATORY HIGH SCHOOL A SHIFT FROM A COLLEGE PREPARATORY HIGH SCHOOL

TO ATO ACOMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL (1918)COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL (1918)

School’s curriculum be organized around these School’s curriculum be organized around these principles.principles.

► Health Health ► Command of Fundamental ProcessesCommand of Fundamental Processes► Worthy Home MembershipWorthy Home Membership► CitizenshipCitizenship► Worthy Use of Leisure TimeWorthy Use of Leisure Time► Ethical CharacterEthical Character► Vocational PreparationVocational PreparationDuring this time, During this time, compulsory-attendance lawscompulsory-attendance laws

became common. Learners required to stay in became common. Learners required to stay in school until age ??school until age ??

World War II to the 21World War II to the 21stst CenturyCentury 1958 – National Defense Education Act1958 – National Defense Education Act

– – SputnikSputnik led to funding in science, math, led to funding in science, math, foreign language (training & materials)foreign language (training & materials)

Modifications fell well short of expectations. Few teachers participated; Modifications fell well short of expectations. Few teachers participated; reading level of materials too difficult. Most teaching went on as reading level of materials too difficult. Most teaching went on as usual.usual.

1983 – Nation at Risk1983 – Nation at Risk – science and math – science and math Japanese and German economies flourish – Japanese and German economies flourish – led to competency testing for teachers.led to competency testing for teachers.

Goals 2000 (Educate America Act)Goals 2000 (Educate America Act) – – States working together on curriculum – States working together on curriculum – stepping toward national content standards.stepping toward national content standards.

No Child Left Behind Act (2001)No Child Left Behind Act (2001) – All – All states must have curriculum standards, states must have curriculum standards, assess learner’s performance, and provide assess learner’s performance, and provide interventions.interventions.

Questions Unanswered?Questions Unanswered?• How do we get & retain the best minds?How do we get & retain the best minds?• Should principals be business managers Should principals be business managers

or instructional leaders first?or instructional leaders first?• Should we increase the school day, Should we increase the school day,

week, or year as other countries are week, or year as other countries are doing?doing?

• Should we provide parents with more Should we provide parents with more choices regarding how and where their choices regarding how and where their children are educated?children are educated?

• Do we increase school – business Do we increase school – business partnerships?partnerships?