73
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

  • Upload
    kaipo

  • View
    330

  • Download
    1

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER. SYSTEMA CIRCULATORIUS. KLASIFIKASI: SISTEM KARDIOVASKULAR PEMBULUH DARAH JANTUNG SISTEM LIMFATIK NODUS LYMPHATICUS PEMBULUH LIMFE HUBUNGAN STRUKTURAL/FUNGSIONAL: SISTEM KARDIOVASKULAR BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN SISTEM LIMFATIK HISTOLOGI: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Citation preview

Page 1: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 2: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SYSTEMA CIRCULATORIUS

KLASIFIKASI: SISTEM KARDIOVASKULAR

PEMBULUH DARAH JANTUNG

SISTEM LIMFATIK NODUS LYMPHATICUS PEMBULUH LIMFE

HUBUNGAN STRUKTURAL/FUNGSIONAL: SISTEM KARDIOVASKULAR BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN

SISTEM LIMFATIK HISTOLOGI:

SELURUH SISTEM DIBATASI OLEH ENDOTEL

Page 3: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HUBUNGAN TIMBAL BALIK SISTEM LIMFATIK DAN SISTEM KARDIOVASKULER

SISTEM LIMFATIK SISTEM KARDIO-VASKULER DUCTUS THORACICUS ET DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER

BERMUARA DALAM VENA BESAR SEBAGAI BAGIAN SISTEM PEMBULUH DARAH

SISTEM KARDIOVASKULER SISTEM LIMFATIK CAIRAN LIMFE DENGAN LIMFOSIT DALAM VENULA POST-CAPILER

DALAM SETIAP NODUS LYMPHATICUS SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI SISTEM PEMBULUH DARAH, MASUK SISTEM LIMFATIK,

YANG PADA AKHIRNYA DITAMPUNG DALAM KEDUA SALURAN LIMFE BESAR

Page 4: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SYSTEMA CIRCULATORIUS

JANTUNG

ARTERIA BESAR

ARTERIA SEDANG

ARTERIA KECIL

PEMBULUH KAPILER

VENA KECIL

VENA SEDANG

VENA BESAR

SISTEM LIMFATIKA

DUCTUS THORACICUS

SISTEM

KARDIOVASKULAR

Page 5: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SISTEM LIMFATIK

KAPILER LIMFE BUNTU KAPILER LIMFE BUNTU (vasa aferentia) (vasa aferentia)

NODUS LYMPHATICUS NODUS LYMPHATICUS

PEMBULUH LIMFE BESAR

PEMBULUH DARAH VENA

JANTUNG

Vasa eferentia

DUCTUS THORACICUS ET

DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS

DEXTER

Page 6: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ALIRAN CAIRAN LIMFE

CAIRAN LIMFE (CAIRAN JARINGAN) PLASMA LIMFOSIT

PEMBULUH LIMFE DIMULAI DENGAN KAPILER LIMFE BUNTU MENAMPUNG DARI CAIRAN JARINGAN

NODUS LYMPHATICUS MENAMPUNG KAPILER PADA PERMUKAAN CEMBUNG

PEMBULUH LIMFE LEBIH BESAR MENAMPUNG DARI VASA EFERENTIA N. LYMPHATICUS

PEMBULUH LIMFE BESAR MENUJU KE JANTUNG DIAMETER PEMBULUH LIMFE SEMAKIN BESAR DUCTUS THORACICUS V. SUBCLAVIA SINISTRA

DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER V. SUBCLAVIA DEXTRA

Page 7: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ALIRAN CAIRAN LIMFE

NODUS LYMPHATICUS

ARTERI

VENA

Page 8: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SIRKULASI PLASMA DAN LIMFOSIT

SISTEM LIMFESISTEM KARDIO -

VASKULER

Page 9: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

DINDING VASA LYMPHATICA

VASA AFERENTIA MENAMPUNG CAIRAN JARINGAN DIAMETER LEBIH BESAR SEDIKIT DARI KAPILER DARAH SELAPIS SEL ENDOTEL TIPIS TIDAK ADA PERISIT

MASUK KE DALAM SINUS LYMPHATICUS DALAN NODUS LYMPHATICUS

KELUAR DARI HILUS SEBAGAI VASA EFERENTIA STRUKTUR DINDING SAMA DENGAN VASA AFERENTIA MENGANGKUT CAIRAN LIMFE DENGAN LIMFOSIT

VASA LYMPHATICA MENERIMA BEBERAPA VASA EFERENTIA, DIAMETER

BERTAMBAH BESAR DINDING BERTAMBAH TEBAL DI BAGIAN DALAM DILENGKAPI DENGAN VALVULA

DUCTUS THORACICUS DAN DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER

Page 10: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

DINDING VASA LYMPHATICA

VENULA

VALVULA

Page 11: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

VASA LYMPHATICA BESAR

VASA LYMPHATICA BERDIAMETER >0,2 mm DILENGKAPI VALVULA DIBEDAKAN 3 LAPISAN DINDING:

TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA MEDIA

2 LAPISAN SEL-SEL OTOT POLOS TUNICA ADVENTITIA

BANYAK MENGANDUNG SERABUT KOLAGEN DAN ELASTIS DUCTUS THORACICUS ET DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER

(PEMBULUH LIMFE TERBESAR) DILENGKAPI DENGAN VALVULA 3 LAPISAN DINDING YANG KURANG JELAS

TUNICA INTIMA: ENDOTIL DAN SERABUT KOLAGEN & ELAS

TUNICA MEDIA : SEL OTOT POLOS TUNICA ADVENTITIA: SEL-SEL OTOT POLOS MEMANJANG

Page 12: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

VASA LYMPHATICA BESAR

DUCTUS THORACICUS

DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS DEXTER

VENA CAVA SUPERIOR

Page 13: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Arteries Elastic arteries Muscular arteries Arterioles

Capillaries Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal

Veins Veins, venules

Page 14: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vessel Structure - General All vessels same basic structure 3 wall layers (or tunics)

Tunica adventitia (externa) - elastic and laminar fibers

Tunica media thickest layer elastic fibers and smooth muscle

fibers Tunica interna (intima)

endothelium – non-stick layer basement membrane internal elastic lamina

Lumen - opening

Page 15: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of Blood Vessels

Composed of three layers (tunics) Tunica intima – composed of simple squamous

epithelium Tunica media – sheets of smooth muscle

Contraction – vasoconstrictionRelaxation – vasodilation

Tunica externa – composed of connective tissue Lumen

Central blood-filled space of a vessel

Page 16: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 17: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 18: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

Figure 19.1a

Page 19: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries – carry blood away from the heart Capillaries – smallest blood vessels

The site of exchange of molecules between blood and tissue fluid

Veins – carry blood toward the heart

Page 20: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 21: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Arteries

Elastic arteries – the largest arteries Diameters range from 2.5 cm

to 1 cm Includes the aorta and its

major branches Sometimes called

conducting arteries High elastin content dampens

surge of blood pressure Aorta, brachiocephalic,

common carotid, subclavian, vertebral, pulmonary, common iliac

Page 22: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Elastic (conducting) arteries Near heart Thick walls More elastic fiber, less

smooth muscle Lose elasticity with

aging

Vessel Structure – Elastic Arteries

Page 23: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vessel Structure - Elastic Arteries Aorta and elastic arteries

Can vasoconstrict or vasodilate

Large arteries expand, absorb pressure wave then release it with elastic recoil - Windkessel effect

Help to push blood along during diastole

With aging have less expansion and recoil

Page 24: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of ArteriesMuscular (distributing) arteries Lie distal to elastic arteries Capable of grater vasoconstriction and

vaodilation to adjust the blood flow Diameters range from 1 cm to 0.3 mm Includes most named arteries Tunica media is thick, More smooth muscle

Less elastic fibers Many of the arteries anastomose Unique features Internal and external elastic laminae Distribute blood to skeletal muscles &

internal organs Ex: external carotid, brachial, mesenteric,

femoral

Figure 19.2b

Page 25: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.2c

Types of Arteries

Arterioles Smallest arteries Diameters range from 0.3 mm to 10 µm Larger arterioles possess all three tunics Diameter of arterioles controlled by

Local factors in the tissues (02 levels) Sympathetic nervous system hormonal stimulation

Page 26: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Arterioles

Arterioles are small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.

Also have the three layers as an artery. Tunica media 1-2 layers of smooth muscle fibers A change in diameter of arterioles can

significantly affect blood pressure. Through constriction and dilation, arterioles

assume a key role in regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries and in altering arterial blood pressure.

Page 27: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vessel Structure - Capillaries

Allow exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue

Capillary structure - simple Basal lamina - connective tissue Endothelial cells

Structure/function

Page 28: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Arteriole: structure

1. Metarteriole2. Arteriole3. CapillaryActivity 3

Page 29: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels Diameter from 8–10 µm

Red blood cells pass through single file

Site-specific functions of capillariesLungs – oxygen enters blood,

carbon dioxide leaves Small intestines – receive digested

nutrientsEndocrine glands – pick up

hormonesKidneys – removal of nitrogenous

wastes

Page 30: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillaries

Tempat pertukaran material nutrien antara darah dan jaringan.

Tempat terjadinya mikrosirkulasi:aliran darah dari arteriole menuju venule malaui kapiler.

capiller tidak berpori (continuous Capillaries) dan berpori ( fenestrated).

Precappilary sphincters mengatur aliran darah melalui capillaries.

Pada liver berupa sinusoid

Page 31: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillaries

Capillary walls are made of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane. They have no tunica media or tunica externa.

Body tissues with high metabolic requirements, such as muscles, kidneys, liver and nervous system, have an extensive network of capillaries.

Tissues with low metabolic requirements have fewer capillaries-tendons and ligaments.

All covering and lining epithelia, cornea and lens of the eye-lack capillaries.

Page 32: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Capillaries

True capillaries:emerge from arterioles and metarterioles.

Continuous capillaries-found in skeletal and smooth muscle, connective tissues and the lungs.

Fenestrated capillaries-kidneys, villi os the SI, choroid plexuses in brain, ciliary process, endocrine glands.

Sinusoids:are wider and more winding than other capillaries. Present in liver, red bone marrow, pleen, ant.pit. Gland, and parathyroid glands.

Page 33: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RBCs in a Capillary

Figure 19.3

Page 34: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillary Beds

Network of capillaries running through tissues Precapillary sphincters

Regulate the flow of blood to tissues Tendons and ligaments – poorly vascularized Epithelia and cartilage – avascular

Receive nutrients from nearby CT

Page 35: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillary Beds

Figure 19.4a

Page 36: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillary Beds

Figure 19.4b

Page 37: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 38: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Local control of blood vessels

Sphincters contract or relax based on demand for: nutrients (AA, glucose, fatty

acids) Dissolved gases (O2, CO2 load,

lactic acid) Additional capillaries grow in

to area to satisfy increased energy demands

Page 39: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillary Permeabillity

Endothelial cells – held together by tight junctions and desmosomes

Intercellular clefts – gaps of unjoined membrane Small molecules can enter and exit

Two types of capillary Continuous – most common Fenestrated – have pores

Sinusoid

Page 40: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Capillaries

3 types of capillaries

1. Continuous capillaries continuous endothelial

cells except for cleft between cells

tight junctions between endothelial cells prevent most things from leaving caps

most capillaries in body

Page 41: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of Capillaries – Cross Section

Figure 19.5a

Page 42: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Capillaries

2. Fenestrated capillaries fenestrations (slits) allow for

filtration of small substances glomerular capillaries in

kidney

Page 43: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structure of Capillaries – Cross Section

Figure 19.5b

Page 44: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Routes of Capillary Permeability

Four routes into and out of capillaries Direct diffusion Through intercellular clefts Through cytoplasmic vesicles Through fenestrations

Page 45: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Low Permeability Capillaries

Blood-brain barrier Capillaries have complete tight junctions No intercellular clefts are present Vital molecules pass through

Highly selective transport mechanisms Not a barrier against

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some anesthetics

Page 46: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Capillaries

3. Sinusoid capillaries wider gaps between

endothelial cells allowing RBC’s to exit the caps

found in liver

Page 47: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sinusoids

Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs Usually fenestrated Intercellular clefts are wide open

Occur in bone marrow and spleen Sinusoids have a large diameter and twisted course

Page 48: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sinusoids

Figure 19.5c

Page 49: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Veins

Conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries Smallest veins – called venules

Diameters from 8 – 100 µm Smallest venules – called postcapillary venules

Venules join to form veins Tunica externa is the thickest tunic in veins

Page 50: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vessel Structure – Veins Veins

Interna thicker than arteries

Media thinner, less muscle

Externa thick Valves Pressure low High compliance -

change volume easily with small change in pressure

Varicose veins

Page 51: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

CIRI MENGANGKUT DARAH KE JANTUNG JUMLAH LEBIH BESAR DARIPADA ARTERIA MENDEKATI JANTUNG DIAMETER MAKIN BESAR BIASANYA BERADA DI DEKAT ARTERINYA KETEBALAN DINDING LEBIH TIPIS DENGAN VALVULA BIASANYA PADA SEDIAAN DALAM KONDISI KOLAPS

KLASIFIKASI: VENA BESAR VENA SEDANG VENA KECIL = VENULA

DINDING TUNICA INTIMA TUNICA MEDIA TUNICA ADVENTITIA

VENA

Page 52: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

VENA BESAR

MIKROSKOPIS TUNICA INTIMA ( 45 m - 68 m)

ENDOTEL JARINGAN PENGIKAT SANGAT TIPIS

TUNICA MEDIA TIDAK BERKEMBANG DENGAN BAIK SERINGKALI TIDAK ADA

TUNICA ADVENTITIA MERUPAKAN BAGIAN UTAMA DARI DINDING JARINGAN PENGIKAT: SERABUT ELASTIS DAN

SERABUT KOLAGEN YANG MEMANJANG TERUTAMA MENGANDUNG SERABUT OTOT POLOS

MEMANJANGCONTOH: VENA CAVA, VENA PORTAE, V. LIENALIS.

Page 53: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

VENA BESAR

OTOT POLOS

OTOT POLOS

TUNICA MEDIA CUKUP TEBAL

Page 54: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

VENA SEDANG (2 - 9 mm)

MIKROSKOPIS TUNICA INTIMA (TIPIS)

SEL ENDOTEL JARINGAN PENGIKAT TIPIS SEDIKIT SERABUT ELASTIS

TUNICA MEDIA (LEBIH TIPIS DARIPADA ARTERI SEDANG) TERUTAMA SEL OTOT POLOS SIRKULER OTOT POLOS DIPISAHKAN SER. KOLAGEN MEMANJANG SEDIKIT FIBROBLAS

TUNICA ADVENTITIA (LEBIH TEBAL DARIPADA TUNICA MEDIA) JARINGAN PENGIKAT LONGGAR DENGAN BERKAS TEBAL

SERABUT KOLAGEN MEMANJANG DAN ANYAMAN SERABUT ELASTIS

BAGIAN DALAM SERING ADA BERKAS SEL-SEL OTOT POLOS MEMANJANG

Page 55: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

VENA SEDANG (2 - 9 mm)

Page 56: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PERBANDINGAN STRUKTUR DINDING ARTERIA SEDANG DAN VENA SEDANG

ARTERIA SEDANG

VENA SEDANG

Page 57: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

VENULA (15 m - 200 m)

MENERIMA DARAH DARI KAPILER DINDING:

TUNICA INTIMA ENDOTEL JARINGAN PENGIKAT, BEBERAPA SEL OTOT POLOS,

MAKIN BESAR DIAMETER: SEL-SEL MAKIN RAPAT TUNICA MEDIA

1 ATAU BEBERAPA LAPIS SEL-SEL OTOT POLOS TUNICA ADVENTITIA

FIBROBLAS DAN SERABUT TIPIS ELASTIS DAN KOLAGEN MEMANJANG

SIFAT: PERMEABILITAS CUKUP TINGGI

Page 58: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

VENULA DENGAN KATUP (15 m - 200 m)

KATUP

KATUP

Page 59: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ARTERIOLA DAN VENULA

MEMBRANA ELASTICA INTERNA

Page 60: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.6

Mechanisms to Counteract Low Venous Pressure

Valves in some veins Particularly in limbs

Skeletal muscle pump Muscles press against

thin-walled veins force blood back to

heart valves prevent back

flow

Page 61: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vascular Anastomoses

Vessels interconnect to form vascular anastomoses Organs receive blood from more than one arterial

source Neighboring arteries form arterial anastomoses

Provide collateral channels Veins anastomose more frequently than arteries

Page 62: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vasa Vasorum

Tunica externa of large vessels have Tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins

Vasa vasorum vessels of vessels Nourish outer region of large vessels

Inner half of large vessels receive nutrients from luminal blood

Page 63: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Arteries

Sympathetic fibers of the ANS innervate vascular smooth muscle. An inc. in sympathetic stimulation typically stimulates the smooth muscle to contract-vasoconstriction.

When sympathetic stimulation decreases, or in presence of certain chemicals-NO, K+, H+ and lactic acid, they relax-vasodilation.

Page 64: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vessel Structure - Function

Capillary Function Site of exchange between blood and tissues Delivery of nutrients and removal of wastes Slow flow allows time for exchange

Mechanisms of nutrient exchange Diffusion - O2, CO2, glucose, AA's, hormones

diffuse down [ ] gradients If lipid soluble, can travel through cell If water soluble, between cells

Page 65: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillary Fluid Exchange

Forces driving the movement of fluid Hydrostatic pressure capillary (HPc) Hydrostatic pressure interstitial fluid (HPif) Osmotic pressure capillary(OPc) Osmotic pressure interstitial fluid (OPif)

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is a sum of all

Fluid movement Fluid filtered and

reabsorbed across capillary wall

Starling’s law of the capillaries

Page 66: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Capillary Fluid Exchange

On average 85% of fluid filtered at arteriole end is reabsorbed at venular end

Page 67: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Normal Coronary Artery Cross Section

Page 68: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

60% Narrowing of Coronary Artery

Page 69: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

90% Blockage of Coronary Artery

calcified arearemaining lumen

Page 70: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Atherosclerotic Plaque Histology

cholesterol crystal (cleft) foam cells

Page 71: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Thrombus Causing MI

“Needle-Like” white spots are cholesterol crystals

Thrombus ocluding artery Likely site of plaque rupture

Page 72: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Myocardial Infarction Histology

necrosed muscle cells red blood cells

Page 73: HISTOLOGI KARDIOVASKULER

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Myocardial Infarction Histology

normal muscle cells remaining macrophages and the beginnings of scar tissue