High and Late Middle Ages1050-1450

Chapter 8

Royal Power Grows

Section 1

William the Conqueror

• Who: King of England• What: conquered England & set out to control

the land• Where: England (Normandy, France) • When: 1028-1087; 1066*• Why: he conquered England to defeat his

cousin & became king; change the power of England to the Normans

William the Conq (wksht)

• King of England- Edward- died w/o an heir• His brother Harold inherited it• But William said it was his• = conquer England to take the throne• = Anglo-Saxons gone- Normans are in charge

Common Law

• Who: Royal courts, Henry II• What: a legal system based on customs & court

rulings • Where: England• When: 1154 AD• Why: unlike local feudal laws, this applied to all of

England instead of just local; ppl brought disputes to royal courts instead of church; centralized the law

Henry II (workbook)

• Inherited the throne in England• Claimed rights to rule clergy (church officials)

& the royal courts—• He developed common law & a jury system-

unifying the legal system under one power• - no longer local law but one central law

Jury

• Who: group of men that spoke the truth, Henry II• What: group of men determined what cases

would be brought to trial • Where: England• When: 1154• Why: this was an early form of today’s Grand

Jury; this led to trial jury- an accused person is judged by 12 of his neighbors

King John

• Who: son of Henry II, King of England• What: a clever, cruel, & untrustworthy ruler• Where: Enlgand • When: 1205• Why: lost a war = lost land & popularity;

argued w. the Pope over his choices; angered his nobles w. oppressive taxes & abuses = Magna Carta (limited his power)

King John (workbook)

• He abused power & overtaxed his nobles• = ppl unhappy• =Magna Carta = limited royal power

Magna Carta

• Who: King John, groups of rebellious barons (nobles)• What: a document that limited the king’s power due to

his abuses• Where: England• When: 1215*• Why: this shaped the future of English government--

this said nobles had rights (eventually given to all ppl not just nobles), made it so that the monarch had to obey the law; also introduced due process of law & Habeas Corpus

Due Process of Law

• Who: King John, townspeople• What: a clause that prpotected freemen from

arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, &other legal actions

• WherE: England• When: 1215• Why: formed the basis of the rights we know

&have today- we have rights even when being arrested

Habeas Corpus

• Who: citizens, people that are arrested• What: a right that no person can be held in prison

without first being charged with a specific crime• Where: England, WE• When: 1215-today• Why: this right was later confirmed in the

Petition of Right & is still around today protecting citizens from unjust arrest

Parliament

• Who:• What:• Where:• When:• Why:

The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

Section 2

Holy Roman Empire

• Who: Charlemagne; Otto I• What: empire that ruled throughout WE from

Germany to Italy• Where: Central & Eastern Europe (Germany, Italy)• When: 1077-• Why: The Pope was the most powerful man on

earth = he gave power of this Empire to the most trustworthy leaders (the Empire was “Holy”) ; largest Empire in Europe since the fall of Rome

Henry IV

• Who: King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor• What: leader of the HRE; was excommunicated by

Pope in 1076 b.c. not following rules of Gregory VII• Where: Germany, HRE, WE• When: 1054-• Why: Henry fought w Pope Gregory VII; was

excommunicated; later repented & was forgiven but he led an army to Rome to force Pope into Exile (fought about Lay Investiture)

Henry IV (Workbook)

• Actions: fought w. Pope Gregory VII about Lay Investiture; later repented but led an army to Rome to kick the Pope out

• Effects: he was excommunicated by the Pope but later brought back into church; he signed the Concordat of Worms= took away his power to appoint religious leaders (= Pope more powerful)

Gregory VII

• Who: Pope• What: Pope that instituted many church reforms

such as banning Lay Invest. • Where: Rome, Italy (WE)• When: 1054-1077• Why: he banned the practice of Lay Investiture

which caused an issue w. Henry IV; his policies created hatred & contempt b.c. ppl wanted to be independent from the church (secular)

Gregory VII (Workbook)

• Actions: caused controversy when he banned Lay Invest. ; excommunicated Henry IV for arguing about it

• Effects: he wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers so he banned Lay Invest- making him the most powerful b.c. he now appointed all religious officials

Lay Investiture

• Who: Gregory VII vs. Henry IV• What: a church practice where an Emperor or lay

person (not relig) vested a person as a religious official or presented bishops w. rings that symbolized their office

• Where: Rome, Italy, (WE)• When: 1054-1077• Why: this caused conflict b.n Greg VII & Henry IV which

led to Henry’s excommunication; ppl were mad about Gregory VII banned this- they rebelled

Frederick Barbarossa• Who: Holy Roman Emperor, known as “Red Beard” ,

ambitious German ruler• What: fought to bring cities into Italy under his control so he

joined w. the Pope to have more control; he wanted to expand his Empire

• Where: Germany, Italy• When: 1100-1200 • Why: he wanted to build an Empire from Baltic to Adriatic

Seas ; he succeeds in expanding his Empire through marriage = German Emp. Are more deeply involved in Italian affairs

Frederick Barbarossa (workbook)

• Actions: he fought to expand his Empire & succeeded in bringing Northern Italy under his power

• Effects: b.c. of his expansion Germany was more deeply involved in Italian affairs

Pope Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (Workbook)

The Crusades

Section 3

Crusades• Who: European Christians vs. Muslims • What: a series of wars where Christians battled the

Muslims over control of the Holy Land in the Middle East (ME)

• Where: Middle East (ME)• When: 1096-1296• Why: they learned that the world was larger than they

thought & these encounters outside of Europe accelerated change w.in Europe – expand their economies (new goods); monarchs become more powerful;

Crusades

• Who: Christians vs. Muslims• What: a series of religious wars over control of the

“Holy Land” for control of the Middle East • Where: Middle East (ME)• When: 1096-1291• Why: European Christians found the world was much

larger than they thought & their encounters outside of Europe accelerated change IN Europe- economies expand (new goods), monarchs increase in power

Crusades

• Who: European Christians vs. Muslim Turks• What: a series of religious wars fought over control of

the Holy Land • Where: Middle East (ME)• When: 1096- 1291• Why: Christians battled for control of land in the Middle

East, West. Europeans learned the world was much larger than they thought & their encounters out of Europe accelerated change @ home- economies expand (new goods); the power of the monarchs increases

Holy Land

• Who: Muslims vs Christians• What: the land that Christians believed Jesus was

from so it was the origin of their religion; Muslims believed it was the origin of theirs

• Where: Jerusalem & Palestine (ME)• When: 1071• Why: Muslims groups controlled this region which

prevented Christians from being together; This land was fought over in the Crusades

Holy Land

• Who: Christians, Muslims• What: land in the Middle East where Christians believed

Jesus lived & preached meaning it was the origin of their religious; Muslims felt the same about Muhammad here

• Where: Jerusalem & Palestine, ME• When: 1071• Why: this land was the start of both Muslim & Christian

religions = Muslims had control here = Christians were prevented from being here = Crusades (war)

Holy Land

• Who: Muslim Turks vs. European Christians• What: loaction in the Middle East where Christians

believed Jesus preached so it was their Holy Land; Muslim founder Muhammad was from here so it was theirs also

• Where: Jerusalem & Palestine, ME • When: 1071• Why: Muslims controlled this land= Christians couldn’t

go here = Crusades (war) for control of the land

Pope Urban II (3rd) • Who: Pope• What: got bishops & nobles to fight against the

Muslim Turks for control of the Holy Land• Where: Rome, Italy, WE• When: 1095-1291• Why: he wanted Christians to stop fighting each

other & fight Muslims instead; he hoped this would increase his power; & he wanted to heal the split b.n the 2 churches (Orthodox & Catholic)

Pope Urban II (6th)

• Who: Roman Pope• What: gave Christian knights to the Byzantine

Empire to help fight against Muslims in the Holy Land

• Where: Rome, Italy, WE• When: 1095• Why: he wanted to increase his power; he hoped to

heal the schism (split) of the church & he wanted Christians to fight Muslims not other Christians

Pope Urban II (7th)

• Who: Pope• What: gathered Christian knights to fight for

Christianity against the Muslim Turks• Where: Rome, Italy, WE; ME• When: 1095-1145• Why: He hoped to increase his power in Europe;

heal the schism (split) in the Byzantine & WE Christian churches; set the Crusades to fight Muslims instead of other Christians

Reconquista (2nd )

• Who: Christian kingdoms• What: a campaign to drive Muslims from the Iberian

peninsula (Spain) • Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain• When: 1085-1491• Why: the Christians sought out to take over Muslim

lands- by 1300 Christians controlled the whole peninsula, Muslim influence remained strong; Ferdinand &Isabella completed the Recon. By making Spain all Christian

Reconquista (6th)

• Who: Christians vs. Muslims• What: the Christians strove to drive the Muslims from

the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) and make it all Christian

• Where: Iberian Peninsula, Spain, WE• When: 1085-1492• Why: The Christian kingdoms wanted to push the

Muslims out of Spain & they succeed- Ferdinand & Isabella complete the Recon. By getting rid of the Muslims

Reconquista (7th)

• Who: Christians vs. Muslims• What: Christians drive the Muslims off the

Iberian peninsula to make it all Christian• Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE • When: 1085-1492• Why: Christians drove most of the Muslims

out of Spain, they conquered most of Spain & tried converting them to Christianity

Ferdinand & Isabella

• Who: Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile• What: they married & unified Spain; pushed the

Muslims out of Granada & completed the Reconquista• Where: Spain• When: 1469-1492• Why: The Christians wanted to take over Muslim lands

in Spain & end religious tolerance of other religions- Isabella wanted to convert everyone to Christianity– “Inquisition”; wanted to bring political & religious unity to Spain

Ferdinand & Isabella (6th)

• Who: King Ferdinand of Aragon; Queen Isabella of Castile

• What: they married & unified Spain under 1 political power; they completed the Reconquista

• WherE: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE• When: 1469-1492• Why: their marriage unified Spain; they pushed

the Muslims out in the Reconquista & Inquisition

Ferdinand & Isabella (7th)

• Who: King Ferdinand of Aragon; Queen Isabella of Castile

• What: they married & created a unified country called Spain

• Where: Iberian peninsula, Spain, WE• When: 1469-1492• Why: their marriage unified Spain; they pushed back

Muslim Grenada which fell & completed the Reconquista; They led the Inquisition (they wanted to unify politically and religiously)

Inquisition

• Who: non- Christians & Muslims; Ferdinand & Isabella• What: a church court set up to try people accused of

heresy (against the church) • Where: Spain• When: 1492-• Why: Jews & Muslims were forced to convert to

Christianity or else they were tried by the Inquisition- many who refused were burned at the stake or expelled from Spain; 150000 fled- Spain suffered

Inquisition (6th)

• Who: Queen Isabella of Spain, Non-Christians (Jews & Muslims)

• What: the church court that was set up to try people of heresy (going against the church)

• Where: Spain• When: 1469-1492• Why: the Christian church in Spain accused all non-

Christians of heresy & punished them with death by burning at the stake OR they were expelled- 150000 non Christians fled Spain

Inquisition (7th)

• Who: Ferdinand & Isabella; non-Christians (Muslims & Jews)

• What: a church court that was set up to try people of heresy (against the Christian church)

• Where: Spain• When: 1469-1492• Why: if you were non-christian (heretic)= punished by

burning at the stake or being expelled; expelled all Jews & Muslims if they didn’t convert to Christianity- 150000 fled Spain

Causes of the Crusades(worksheet for the top 4 bubbles)

• Christians fought Muslims for control of the Holy Land

• Seljuk Turks (Muslim) invaded the Byzantine Empire = prevented Christians from traveling to the Holy Land

• Religious zeal- really excited about Christianity & fighting for it

• Muslims continually sought to destroy Christian states = Christians defended them

Causes of the Crusades(top 4 bubbles on wksht)

• The Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for Christian knights to help fight off the Muslim Turks who were invading the Byzantine Empire

• Christian men were encouraged to fight in the name of Christ for control of the Holy Land for the Christians

• Christian knights had not been allowed to enter the Holy Land, went to fight for their right to be in the Holy Land

• The Muslims repeatedly sought to destroy the Christians states which caused the Europeans to fight against them

Causes of the Crusades (top 4 bubbles) 7th

• Christian knights wanted to fight Muslim Turks for control of the Holy Land

• Pope Urban & monarchs wanted to increase the power in WE

Effects of the Crusades(bottom 5 bubbles on wksht)

• Christians failed in the Crusades & did not succeed in taking over the Holy Land (Muslims had control of Holy Land)

• There was a bitter legacy of religious hatred. Both Christians & Muslims committed atrocities in the name of their religion- massacring other religions

• Christians learned the world was larger than they thought = curious about the rest of the world = traveling

• Economy expanded & improved= Christians were exposed to new goods from ME = trade increased

• Monarchs’ power increased back in Europe

Effects of the Crusades(bottom 5 bubbles)

• Encouraged the growth of the Economy b.c. the Lords allowed peasants to pay w. $

• Monarchs’ power increased• Crusaders experienced ME = other culture = curiosity

about the world = travel• People had religious hatred towards each other=

atrocities against other religions = massacres of other faiths

• Helped accelerated/speed up the pace of things in Europe = ppl are encouraged by other cultures

Learning & Culture

Section 4

The Universities (Cause, workbook)

• The church wanted better educated clergy• Wealthy townspeople sons hoped to qualify

for higher church positions• Royal leaders needed literate men for the

growing bureaucracies

Scholarship (wksht)

• Muslim scholars had translated the works of Aristotle & other Greek philosophers into Arabic- these works reached Europe & initiated a revolution in the world of learning

• Christian scholars studied the works of the Muslim philosophers& were influenced to create their own philosophical works

Scholasticism (3rd)

• Who: Christian philosophers• What: they tried to resolve conflict by using a

combination of Reason & Christian beliefs• Where: Europe• When: 1100s• Why: this method of learning & thinking was

used to explain Christian beliefs in the Middle Ages- it was also used to resolve conflict- this use of Reason led to learning in Universities

Scholasticism (6th)

• Who: Christian Scholars• What: a method of studying; a method used

to solve conflict of science & religion; a mixture of Christian beliefs and Reason

• Where: WE• When: 1100s• Why:

Thomas Aquinas (3rd)

• Who: a famous scholastic• What: he wrote “Summa Theologica”• Where: Europe• When:1100s• Why: he wrote Summa Theologica which

stated that faith & reason exist in harmony; brought together Christian faith & Greek philosophy

Thomas Aquinas (6th)

• Who: the most famous Scholastic• What: wrote a book “Summ Theologica” to

prove that faith & reason exist in harmony; believed in Scholasticism

• Where: WE• When: 1100s• Why: he brought together Christian faith &

classical Greek philosohy

Thomas Aquinas (7th )• Who: a famous scholastic• What: concluded that faith & reason existed in

harmony- both lead to the same truth- God rules over an orderly universe; wrote “Summ Theologica”

• Where: WE• When: 1100s• Why: he brought together Christian faith &

Greek philosophy

Literature (wksht)

• The Vernacular (everyday language) captured the spirit of the Middle Ages- literature written in this led to many ppl reading

• People began writing down oral traditions in the vernacular- gave tales about the Middle Ages

Vernacular (3rd)

• Who: scholars & churchmen; ordinary people• What: an everyday language of ordinary people- local

language of an area (Spanish, French, Italian, English)• Where: Europe• When: 1100s• Why: writings captured the spirit of the High and Late

Middle Ages; Medieval literature included epics or long narrative poems that were written in this- made them more popular to the common people= more ppl learn to read

Vernacular (6th)

• Who: ordinary local Europeans • What: language for everyday use, local

language (French, German, Spanish, English) • Where: WE• When: Middle Ages

Dante Alighieri (3rd)

• Who: an Italian poet• What: wrote “The Divine Comedy” * a story about

a journey through heaven, hell, and purgatory• Where: Italy, Europe• When: early 1300s• Why: he was part of the huge literature increase in

WE; his story summarized Christian ethics & told us about the Middle Ages & what they believed about the afterlife

Geoffrey Chaucer (3rd)

• Who: an English writer• What: wrote the “Canterbury Tales”*

describing traveling pilgrims• Where: England• When: 1300s• Why: his book depicts Medieval life through

the stories of the characters traveling; his literature tells us about Medieval life today

Geoffrey Chaucer (6th)

• Who: an English writer• What: wrote the “Canterbury Tales” * describing

a group of travelers such as a knight, plowman, merchant, miller, monk, and nun

• Where: England, WE• When: Late Middle Ages, 1300s• Why: each tale adds to our picture of the

Medieval life

Arts (wkbook)

• Churches are built, stone masons carved sculptures of biblical figures, & scenes from the bible depicted lives of the saints- educate the illerate

• Architecture & stone churches reflected Roman influences of the past- motivate ppl to remember that culture

• Paintings symbolized religious ideas, Cathedrals served as symbols of their wealth & religious devotion – focus in the Late Middle Ages

Gothic Style (3rd)

• Who: Abbot Suger (guy who built them)• What: a new style of architecture that would “shine with

wonderful & uninterrupted light” ; grand architecture that was to reflect their love of God & heaven

• Where: St. Denis, Paris; all over W. Europe• When: 1140-1300s• Why: new style of church that reflected their love of

religion- bigger windows, stained glass, thinner wAlls, higher ceilings; paintings in stained glass; pointed to the sky/heavens (gargoyles-to ward off evil); Flying buttresses

Flying Buttresses (3rd)

• Who: Abbot Sugar (guy who built Gothic style)• What: stone supports outside of the church • Where: WE; St. Denis, Paris• When: 1140-1300s• Why: most important feature of Gothic style-

allowed builders to construct higher, thinner walls & leave space for large stained glass windows; they carried the weight of the roof so thick walls weren’t needed

Flying Buttresses (6th)

• Who: Abbot Sugar (guy who came up with Gothic style) Europeans

• What: stone supports that stood outside the church to support the roof of the cathedral

• Where: WE, France• When: 1140-1300s• Why: this allowed builders to build thinner & higher

walls because it supported the roof of the catherdral; most important feature of Gothic style- allowed for extra space for the stained glass windows

Illumination (3rd)

• Who: skilled artisans• What: Gothic artistic style of decorating books

with intricate designs & paintings of bible scenes • Where: WE• When: 1300-1400s • Why: this way of decorating books symbolized

religious ideas; was decorated in brilliant colors & detail; this was a key type of art during the Medieval Ages

Illumination (6th)

• Who: monks, nuns, & other skilled artisans• What: decorative books designed in detail to

show life in the MA• Where: WE• When: 1300s-1400• Why: this decoration of books illuminated books

with intricate designs & paintings, biblical scenes & daily life; this was a key type of art during the MA

Black Death • Who: Europeans, Asians• What: a disease that was spread around the world by fleas

that bit rats that had the disease then gave it to people• Where: Came from Asia, spread to Europe, Africa, & all over

Asia• When: 1347-1353• Why: it killed 1/3 of the pop- more than 25 million people; a

death rate worse than any war in history; Economy suffers b.c. ppl are dying; normal life changes b.c they feared death & didn’t live normal life; people doubt the church b.c of all the death