Herbal Therapies and Social-Health Policies: Indigenous ... · ResearchArticle Herbal Therapies and Social-Health Policies: Indigenous Ati Negrito Women’s Dilemma and Reproductive

Research ArticleHerbal Therapies and Social-Health Policies Indigenous AtiNegrito Womenrsquos Dilemma and Reproductive HealthcareTransitions in the Philippines

Homervergel G Ong and Young-Dong Kim

Department of Life Science Hallym University 8310 Life Science Building Hallymdaehak-Gil 1Chuncheon City 200-702 Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Young-Dong Kim ydkimhallymackr

Received 22 April 2015 Revised 1 July 2015 Accepted 16 July 2015

Academic Editor Tieraona L Dog

Copyright copy 2015 H G Ong and Y-D Kim This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The high maternal mortality in the Philippines in the past decades prompted intervention strategies to curb unwanted deaths ofmothers and improve health and social conditions of women Such introductions however have begun to challenge traditionalreproductive health practices creating confusion among practitioners and incipient transitions in healthcare Our aim in this studywas to document the herbal therapies practiced by indigenous Ati Negrito women and discuss the implications of social andconventional healthcare intervention programs on reproductive healthcare traditions by conducting semistructured interviewsFidelity Level index was used to determine culturally important plants (ie the most preferred) Review of related studies onmost preferred plants and therapies was further carried out to provide information regarding their safetyefficacy (or otherwise)Determination of informantsrsquo traditionalmedicinal knowledgewas done usingMann-WhitneyU andKruskal-Wallis tests A total of49medicinal plants used in treating female reproductive health-related syndromes across four categories were recorded Significantdifferences in traditional medicinal knowledge were recorded when informants were grouped according to age education andnumber of children Issues discussed in this research could hopefully raise awareness on changes in healthcare practices inindigenous cultures and on medical safety especially when traditional and conventional medications interact

1 Introduction

Cultural traditions of healthcare among women during preg-nancy birth postpartum and neonatal periods are commonin Southeast Asia These traditions in many rural areas inthis region form the core of womenrsquos primary healthcare [1]because women are the most frequent users of complemen-tary and alternativemedicine (CAM) andherbal preparations[2] In particular traditional herbal therapies for womenrsquosreproductive health are numerous in this developing regionand have been recorded in previous ethnographic studies [3ndash5]

In the Philippines one of the many ethnic minoritieswith rich traditional knowledge about the use of medicinalplants and herbal medications are the Ati Negrito people ofGuimaras Island [6] The Negritos (Spanish for ldquolittle blackpeoplerdquo) wherein the Ati is a subgroup were the first to

inhabit the Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of otherethnic tribes from mainland Asia and of the Spanish colo-nizers Even today the Ati Negrito people (Ati hereafter) stillsubsist on the hunting and gathering of forest products whichare at times supplemented by occasional subsistence farmingandwage labor [7]The ethnic group from central Philippineshowever is more particularly recognized for having goodknowledge of traditional medicine (TM) and as peddlers(ambulant vendors) and traders of materia medica [8 9]This implies that Ati traditional medications even thoughclassified as noncodified are being practiced not only by thewomen within the group but also by non-Ati locals whopatronize Ati crude herbal products According to the BeijingDeclaration (during the WHO Congress on TraditionalMedicine) TM when adopted by other populations outsideits indigenous or traditional culture is often called CAM [10]

Hindawi Publishing CorporationEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2015 Article ID 491209 13 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015491209

2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Katikati clubsclubs

Guimaras IslandPhilippines

Iloilo City

N

Lininguan

Figure 1 The study sites (clubs) and the neighboring area for plant trade (e)

However the use of CAM although it is common amongwomen of reproductive age still has unresolved underlyingmechanisms behind its effects if not lacking strong evidenceof effectiveness [11] Further the wide use of traditionalremedies especially fromnoncodified pharmacopoeia leavesmany questions unanswered (eg safety concerns relationto major health issues and sustainability of supply) [12]A shift in knowledge from traditional toward a pluralisticmedical system that incorporates both traditional and con-ventional medicine is also promoted with the introduction ofbiomedicine In a more unfortunate case it may involve theloss of traditional knowledge and even its practitioners [13]

Various factors may have spurred the changes in womenrsquostraditional healthcare practices in the Philippines The maindriver for this cultural transition is maternal mortalityStudies in the past decades reported high maternal mortalityespecially for women in rural areas indicating poor repro-ductive health services and suggesting the need for moreefficient intervention strategies to reach the underservedsubgroups [14 15] Through the UN Millennium Develop-ment Goals 5 (MDGs5) the country began to strengthenits commitments in reducing maternal mortality ratio whichsince then dropped from 170 (per 100000 live births) in1990 to 99 deaths in 2010 [16] In early 2014 a year beforethe MDGs5 target deadline the country approved its firstever reproductive health (RH) bill giving a way to improvewomenrsquos healthcare by introducing modern methods offamily planning and medical care Similarly social welfareprojects like the conditional cash transfer (CCT) programencourage the formation of self-help attitude among poorfamilies to improve their own health education and eco-nomic conditions in return for financial aid Beneficiaries ofthe program (parents and pregnant women as representa-tives) are required to participate in the development sessionsespecially regarding health and family planning [17]

The conditions of having low socioeconomic statushighly qualify ethnic minorities such as the Ati women

of Guimaras Island to these modern healthcare and socialwelfare programs which we think are challenging and grad-ually transforming ethnomedicinal traditions These factorsmotivated us to conduct this research with the specific aims(1) to document the herbal therapies for female reproductivehealthcare and their cultural importance (2) to evaluate theinformantsrsquo traditional medicinal knowledge in this aspectand (3) to raise issues about the implications of social-health policies on indigenous womenrsquos health and traditionalhealthcare practices

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Site and Informants The study was conducted intwo Ati communities of about 80 households The commu-nities are officially recognized as indigenous by the NationalCommission for Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) Region 6-7 theagency which protects the welfare of indigenous and ethnicminorities in central Philippines including those in the studyarea Guimaras Island The island province lies between10∘2510158400010158401015840 and 10∘4610158400910158401015840 north latitude and 122∘281015840209910158401015840and 122∘281015840405310158401015840 east longitude with a great part of its landarea about 100 meters above the mean sea level The doctorto population ratio on the island is over than the standard of1 20000 while the rural health midwife ratio of 1 2520 islower than the standard of 1 5000 indicating that there aremore than enough midwives to handle deliveries and birth[18] Both communities are located near (within 2 kilometers)elementary and high schools and hospital or health centersThe research area is commercially close to the capital of theregion Iloilo City where themajority of Ati herbal medicinesare sold by Ati vendors and traders Figure 1 shows the mapof the study sites and the neighboring area for plant trade

A total of 36 Ati women each one representing a singlehousehold aged 18 to 80 years were selected as informantsSamples were grouped according to age educational level

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

Table 1 Demographic data of the informants

Information 119899 ()Education

None to complete elementary 18 (50)Secondary to tertiary 18 (50)

Age18 to 29 12 (3333)30 to 48 12 (3333)49 and above 12 (3333)

Number of children0 to 2 15 (4167)3 to 5 11 (3056)6 and above 10 (2778)

and number of children for statistical comparability and com-putation Approximately 67 of the women are subscribed tothe national insurance service (or covered by the short-termlocal insurance program) while about 56 are beneficiariesof government financial assistance The data presented herewere drawn from the first authorrsquos masterrsquos thesis which wasconducted from 2013 to 2014 [6] The research followed legalprocedures set by the NCIP and regulations by the tribecouncil following mutually agreed terms

Only informants who accepted the request for interviewbecame part of the study and were asked using semistruc-tured questionnaires in a local language which the Atipeoplemore commonly use and the primary authorrsquosmothertongue Interviews were conducted separately to minimizethe possibility of one informantrsquos answer directly influencinganotherrsquos Only the informantsrsquo personal experiences in thedirect application or assistance in herbal preparations wererecorded It was unfortunate however that none of theinformants was a traditional midwife (ldquohilotrdquo) since the lastpractitioner had died a few years before the research wasconducted Nevertheless we were able to interview elevenkey informants (119899 = 11) who were either medicinal plantgatherers or were involved in the preparation and sellingof herbal medicine The remaining twenty-five participantsrepresented different sociocultural roles and occupationssuch as weavers housekeepers and students (119899 = 25) Table 1presents the informantsrsquo demographic data

Plant specimens were collected together with the keyinformants or when possible with the nonexpert participantsthemselves for identification purposes Pictures (and videos)on how some plants are prepared into crude herbal productsand on how some therapies are administered were also takenwhen given consent Local names of plants and indigenousterms of their uses were also documented by the firstauthor during the data collection period which requireddirect community observation and participation Samples ofplants were pressed dried and brought to South Korea fortaxonomic documentation in compliance with phytosanitaryrequirements After plant scientific names were determinedspecimens were deposited as vouchers at the Herbarium ofHallym University (HHU)

22 Quantitative Data Analyses To evaluate and compareinformantsrsquo knowledge about medicinal plants and phy-totherapies use-reports were computed and analyzed usingPASW Statistics 18 software [19] Nonparametric inferentialstatistics Mann-Whitney 119880 and Kruskal-Wallis tests wereused to determine significant difference(s) involving two andthree related groups respectively All statistics were set at 005level significance

To determine the relative cultural importance of plantsand herbal therapies Fidelity Level (FL) was utilized FL is aquantitative ethnobotanical index based on informant con-sensus methodThis index assumes that citation frequency isan indicator of importance and effectiveness of phytothera-pies It is the ratio between the number of informants whosuggested the use of a plant for a particular purpose (hereintermed as use-mention) and the total number of informantswho mentioned the use of plant for any purpose [20] It iscalculated using the following formula FL () = (119868

119901119868119906) times

100 where 119868119901is the number of informants who independently

suggested the use of a plant for a particular purpose and 119868119906is

the total number of informants who mentioned the plant forany purpose

23 Reproductive Health-Related Categories To facilitate thecomputation of relative cultural importance of medicinalplants and phytotherapies we established four categoriesbased on the reported reproductive health-related syndromesfound below

231 Menstruation-Related Category Plant therapies reportedin this category are used to treat (a) dysmenorrhea and(b) delayed menstruation syndromes Dysmenorrhea is acondition characterized by pain during menstruation whiledelayed menstruation syndromes such as amenorrhea aredisorders associated with changes in the length of menstrualcycle [21] In this category some symptoms of delayedmenstruation (eg abdominal pains) may overlap with thoseof dysmenorrhea

232 BirthDelivery-Related Category Plants and therapiesused in this category are employed as (a) delivery inducers oras (b) tools during birth Health conditions similar to the lat-ter are categorized by the WHO International Classificationof Diseases 10 as factors influencing health status and contactwith health services [22] People with low socioeconomicconditions are believed to rely more on traditional therapiesbecause of inaccessibility to healthcare services [23]

233 Postpartum-Related Category Phytotherapies in thiscategory are employed to stop bleeding after childbirth andcleanse the womb from unwanted blood and impuritiesamong other perceived symptoms The subcategories arepostpartum-related (a) abdominal pain (b) headache (c)hemorrhage (d) postpartum relapse a setback that occursduring period of health progress and (e) postpartum washapplications

234 Neonatal Care-Related Category Plant therapies in thiscategory are applied as (a) galactagogues substances that


increase the production or flow ofmilk and (b) newborn babycare applications Some herbal therapies for neonatal careinclude remedies to expulse infantrsquos swallowed dischargesduring delivery and other perceived illnesses or as infantwash preparations Therapies administered during growthfrom infanthood to babyhood are not discussed here

3 Results and Discussion

31 Reproductive Health Herbal Therapies In this partwe present the plants and phytotherapies which recordedthe highest consensus from informants (by counting use-mentions) discuss their cultural importance and presentrelated studies supporting (or refuting) their claimed effec-tiveness or safety in treating reproductive health-relatedsyndromes Implications of social and healthcare policieson informantsrsquo traditional healthcare practices are also dis-cussed

311 Plants and Phytotherapies for Menstruation-RelatedSyndromes A total of 7 plant species for treating (a) dys-menorrhea and (b) delayed menstruation syndromes werereported in this category The plants which recorded thehighest informant consensus are discussed as follows

(a)Catharanthus roseus administered as leaf decoction intreating dysmenorrhea showed the highest informant con-sensusThe analgesic properties of C roseus are probably dueto its alkaloids and chemotherapeutic agents which are alsoknown for their anticancer pain-relieving properties [24]According to Oats and Abraham [21] plants with analgesiceffects can provide temporary relief from dysmenorrhea aswell as other aches like abdominal back pelvic and evensevere labor pains

(b) Lunasia amara bark infused in local rum and orallyadministered to treat delayed menstruation syndromesincluding abdominal pain a common reported symptomrecorded the highest use-mention According to Bowman etal [25] Lunasia species contain quinoline alkaloids whichpossess pain-relieving qualities Quinoline alkaloids (from aLunasia related genus) have shown to possess characteristicsof estrogenic activity (eg causing the uterus to hydratechangingmenstrual cycle) in an animal study inmature intactrat [26] Animal and clinical studies are therefore necessary toconfirm if similar properties of these compounds found in Lamara also show estrogenic properties

It is highly probable however that plants used formenstruation-related syndromes possess muscle-relaxingcharacteristics These plants were found to be uterine spas-molytics which alleviate uterine cramps and uterine spasmo-genics which ease menstrual pains by inducing the menses[27] Plants that disrupt the estrous cycle have also showncontraceptive effects and many plants that are used forthe treatment of amenorrhea or those that function asemmenagogues are more likely taken as early-stage aborti-facients [1] Harlow and Campbell [28] reported that thereare indications that emmenagogues are commonly used totreat dysmenorrhea in low-income countries where properfacilities to determine pregnancy are most often lacking

There is high possibility that most reported plants in thiscategory can cause abortion since all applications are takenorally some in pure concentration others infused in liquorswith high alcohol content The use of these potential herbalabortifacients should be carefully considered because mostoften this leads to serious consequences for women About13 of maternal deaths are attributed to unsafe abortions inSoutheast Asia [29] and hospitalization of women due toinduced abortion in the Philippines was estimated at 473400in 2000 with numbers for the central region (where Atimateria medica is sold) showing an increase by 63 [30]

During our interview participants willingly disclosed theplants used in treating menstruation-related syndromes butthey became hesitant to answer when asked if the same plantswere also used as contraceptives or abortifacients becauseassisting or participating in abortion is illegal (nonethe-less practiced) in predominantly Catholic Philippines Someadmitted that plants and oral remedies with bitter taste aretaken as contraceptives but could trigger abortion whentaken in high dosage The same informants however clarifiedthat the therapy is not being practiced by Christianized Atiwomen

The implementation of theRHbill is also seen to influencehowAti women and couples plan the number of children theydesire as education on contraception options and contracep-tives like pills are provided in government health centers freeof chargeThese provisions however are seen to have negativeimplications on the use of TM and related herbal therapiesnot to mention the dangers when uninformed practitionerscombine conventional medications with traditional herbaltreatments According to Lai et al [31] many women do notdisclose their complementary therapies to their physiciansand since treatment plans are often not coordinated the riskof adverse events during interactions of complementary withconventional therapies is high

312 Plants and Phytotherapies for ChildbirthDelivery Only3 medicinal plants used as (a) delivery inducers or as (b)tools during birth were reported in this category and are alldiscussed below

(a) Mucuna pruriens believed to hasten delivery isadministered by applying its scraped bark and stem ontothe patientrsquos abdomen Related studies reported that culturesfromM pruriens have been shown to accumulate high levelsof L-DOPA a precursor substance to catecholamines likedopamine norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline)[32] According to Odent [33] increased levels of cate-cholamines activate the fetal ejection response during child-birth

Corchorus olitorius is similarly believed to hasten child-birth when slippery components of its crushed leaves arerubbed on the gestating patient who is about to give birthIn Nigeria however the leaves of C olitorius are takenorally to treat delayed and prolonged labor [34] This impliesthat properties in the leaves may have effects on musclecontraction and relaxation as clinical experiments using itssister species C depressus showed direct relaxing effect onrabbit smooth muscle [35]


The slimy properties of parts of M pruriens and Colitorius used to speed up labor are without doubt the reasonwhy participants have preferred these plants as remediesUnlike other partus preparatorswhich are administered orallyand taken from a few days to a month before the suspecteddue date [36] applications of M pruriens and C olitoriusare externally administered and applied only at the time oflabor This leaves questions on whether agent compoundsenter the bloodstream and facilitate delivery The attributionof their therapeutic powers is more probably in accordancewith the ideas found in the Doctrine of Signatures a theoryin old natural philosophy and not science Further trialsshould therefore be conducted to determine whether chemi-cal constituents contain properties that augment labor duringdelivery

(b) Schizostachyum lumampao is the only plant used asan instrument in cutting the umbilical cord that connects themother and infant Accordingly it was commonly used asa tool by traditional birth attendants during home birthingservices especially in the past when government healthfacilities were not accessible to Ati communities The use ofthis plant as tool is similarly practiced by other indigenousgroups in the Philippines [37]

These days however young Ati women and mothersprefer the hospital as a place to give birth for convenience andsafety reasons If residence is rather remote during labor thepatient has the option to ask for services of amedically trainedmidwife (ldquopalterardquo) who is most often non-Ati Pregnantwomen who are beneficiaries of the government financialaid program however are strictly required to give birth inhospitals or birthing centers and to undergo prenatal andpostnatal checkups [38] Although this policy was imple-mented to lessen maternal mortality during childbirth thesame regulation may also be gradually undermining the pro-fession of traditional birth attendants in ethnic communitiesEfforts to integrate traditional healthworkers to formal healthservice force or at least encourage their cooperation shouldtherefore be discussed

313 Plants and Phytotherapies for Postpartum-Related Syn-dromes A total of 31 medicinal plants for the treatment ofpostpartum-related syndromes such as (a) abdominal pain(b) headaches (c) hemorrhage (d) postpartum relapse or (e)postpartum wash applications were reported in this categoryThe plants which recorded the highest informant preferenceare discussed below

(a) Blumea balsamifera leaves externally administered ashot compress recorded the highest number of use-mentionin treating postpartum abdominal pain B balsamifera hasalso been recorded as one of the main ingredients inhotbedsteam bath for postpartum recovery therapy in Laos[39] Adding B balsamifera to bath could have conferredsome antibacterial and antifungal effects due to the presenceof these properties in the essential oils and extracts of thisplant [40]

(b) Canarium asperum on the other hand recordedthe highest use-mention in treating postpartum-relatedheadaches when its bark resin is administered either inaromatherapy or taken as decoction Members of genus

Canarium are known for the use of their essential oil-containing resin [41] which is perhaps the factor why theplant is similarly used as cure for headaches by other ethnicgroups in the Philippines [42]

In applications like steam baths hot compress or aromatherapies essential oils can be absorbed through the skinor by aromatic inhalation where they travel through thebloodstream stimulate brain functions and promote whole-body healing [43] Potential safety concerns however mayarise when oil extracts fromplants are not well diluted conse-quently causing skin irritations Reports have supported thenegative interaction with conventional medicine of these oilsboth ingested and applied to the skin [44]

(c) Ixora philippinensis and Ardisia elliptica equallyrecorded the same number of use-mentions and are bothtaken as decoction in treating postpartum hemorrhage(PPH) Genus Ixora members have shown to have antiul-cer and anti-inflammatory activity and are also used forhemorrhage treatments in Indian TM [45 46] A ellipticacomponents on the contrary were observed to have inhibit-ing effects on platelet aggregation [47] Although informantscould not further elaborate the relation of both plants in treat-ing PPH the seemingly contrasting effects of the two implytheir balancingcounteracting effects as both are usuallyadministered at the same time but in separate preparationsThe use of these plants in treating postpartum bleeding musttherefore be carefully examined since PPH is still the mostcommon cause of maternal death that accounts for 35 indeveloping regions [48] and nearly 25 worldwide [49]

(d) Uvaria grandiflora recorded the highest use-mentionwhen its chopped stems are boiled and administered ashot compress in treating postpartum relapse (ldquobughatrdquo) Themedical condition (or perhaps a Filipino medicoculturalconcept) is described by locals as a sudden feeling of sicknessoccurring after perceived recovery It is usually triggeredwhen the patient exerts force or is exposed to cold elementswhile still recuperating This condition may include generalsymptoms (eg fever headache and body pains) observedwhen the patient is sick or is recuperating during early periodof recovery Assays of U grandiflora showed that flavonoidsmay be responsible for the strong antibacterial activity ofethanol extracts found in its bark [50]

(e) Bambusa vulgaris on the other hand recorded thehighest use-mention when its leaves are boiled and appliedas wash or hot compress Its common distribution andavailability throughout the year and the antimicrobial activityof its leaves [51] may have been the factor for its highpreference Ati postpartumwash phytotherapy is prepared byboiling 7 pieces of a particular plant part (usually the leaves)taken from 7 different plant species (see Table 2)The numberis a significant figure for Ati people when preparing generalremedies and is also being practiced by other indigenouscultures in the Philippines [52]

We have observed that reported herbal therapies for post-partum relapse and preparations for postpartum wash haveoverlapping perceived efficacy For example hot compressand wash applications drawn from different plant candidatesand prepared as mixture are also administered to preventthe occurrence of postpartum relapse The substitution of

6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa

ble2AtiN

egritomedicinalplantsandph

ytotherapies

forfem

aler

eprodu

ctiveh

ealth

care

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame

Preparationandadministratio

nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

Menstr

uatio

nsynd

romes

(a)D

ysmenorrhea

Catharanthus

roseus

(L)GDon

(Apo

cynaceae)

Rosasd

ebaybayon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

19100

SwieteniamahoganiL

(M

eliaceae)

Mahogani

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedseed

11100

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

bark

inlocalrum

1050

Alsto

niascholaris

(L)R

Br

(Apo

cynaceae)

Bita

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedbark

9100

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

dried

stem

inalcoho

l6

375

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

(b)D

elayed

menstr

uatio

n

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

bark

with

Aflava

inalcoho

l10

50

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

stem

with

Lam

arain

alcoho

l10

625

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

Tinosporacrisp

a(L)Hoo

kfamp

Thom

son

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Manun

ggal

Oralapp

licationof

fresh

stem

extract

5100

Birthdeliveryuses

(a)D

eliveryindu

cer

Mucun

aprurien

s(L)D

C(Fabaceae)

Nipay

Topicalapp

licationof

scrapedbark

andste

mmixed

with

coconu

toil

3100

Corchoruso

litoriusL

(M

alvaceae)

Tugabang

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

2100

(b)D

eliverytool

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Stem

used

astoolin

cutting

umbilicalcord

177391

Postp

artum

synd

romes

(a)A

bdom

inalpain

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon

Externalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

215385

Salacia

sp

(Celastraceae)

Mon

tawi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m11

100

Rauvolfia

amsoniifolia

ADC

(Apo

cynaceae)

AgoparitM

agop

arit

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m7

100

Chrysophyllum

cainito

L(Sapotaceae)

Star

apol


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

650

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

650

Tabernaemontana

pand

acaqui

Lam

(Apo

cynaceae)

Alib

otbo

tTo

picalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

onabdo

men

aspo

ultice

6100

Cajanu

scajan

(L)Millsp

(Fabaceae)

Kadios

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

aspo

ultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)H

eadache

Canariu

masperum

Benth

(Burseraceae)

Salong

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

mresin

2450


arom

atherapy

bybu

rning

driedste

mresin

2450

Justicia

gend

arussa

Burm

F

(Acanthaceae)

Bunlaw


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

with

Selliptica

15100

Scheffleraelliptica(Blume)Harms

(Araliaceae)

Kamoy-

kamoyKalangkang


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

andste

msw

ithJgend

arussa

10100

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

with

Fpseudopalm

a7

1795

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlanco

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

msw

ithB

balsa

mifera

750

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

63333

(Moraceae)

Vitextrifolia

subsplitoralisSteenis

(Lam

iaceae)

Lagu

ndi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

4100

(c)H

emorrhage

Ardisia

ellipticaTh

unb

(Prim

ulaceae)

Tagp

o-bayi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Ixoraphilippinensis

Merr

(Rub

iaceae)

Tagp

o-laki

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Caesalpiniasappan

L(Fabaceae)

Sibu

kaw

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

3100

(d)P

ostpartum

relapse

Uvariagrandiflora

Roxb

(Ann

onaceae)

Saging

-saging

Kalansaging


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

16100

Cymbopogonschoenanthus

(L)Spreng

(Poaceae)

Tang

lad


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

who

leplant

11100

UvariarufaBlum

e(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

52632

Prem

naodorataBlanco

(Lam

iaceae)

AdgawA

gdaw


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gleaves

4100

Coryphautan

Lam

(Arecaceae)

Buri


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gyoun

gshoo

ts3

100

Embelia

whitfordiiM

err

(Prim

ulaceae)

Malaumau

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

msa

ndleaves

3100

Smila

xbracteataCPresl

(Smilacaceae)

Banagan

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

1mdash


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(e)P

ostpartum

wash

Bambu

savulga

risSchradlowast

(Poaceae)

Kawayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

24100

Gliricid

iasepium

(Jacq)Walp

(Fabaceae)

Madre

cacao

Externalapplicationby

sittin

gon

heated

leaves

toremoved

ischarges

22100

Citru

smaxim

a(Burm)Osbecklowast

(Rutaceae)

Kabu

gao


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

19100

UvariarufaBlum

elowast(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

147368

Pitto

sporum

pentandrum

(Blanco)

Merrlowast

(Pittospo

raceae)

Balin

gkaw

ayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

12100

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlancolowast

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

750

Antid

esmabunius

(L)Srenglowast

(Phyllanthaceae)

Bugn

ayEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

6100

Leucaena

leucocephala(Lam

)de

Witlowast

(Fabaceae)

Agh

oEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

4100

ArecacatechuL

(Arecaceae)

Bung

aEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

3100

LantanacamaraLlowast

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

32308

Morinda

citrifoliaLlowast

(Rub

iaceae)

Anino


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

3100

Neonatalcareu

ses

(a)G

alactagogu

e

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

(Moraceae)

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

126667

Moringa

oleiferaL

(Moringaceae)

Balung

gay

Con

sumed

after

boiling

leaves

(som

etim

eswith

youn

gC

papaya

fruit)

8100

MusabalbisianaColla

(Musaceae)

Saging

(sab-a)

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e6

100

Caric

apapaya

L(C

aricaceae)

Kapayas

Con

sumed

after

boiling

youn

gfruit(sometim

eswith

Moleifer

aleaves)

4100

Ipom

oeabatatas(L)P

oir

(Con

volvulaceae)

Kamote(pu

la)

Con

sumed

after

steam

ingyoun

gleaves

3100

Manihotesculen

taCr

antz

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Balin

ghoy

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)N

ewbo

rnbaby

care

Physalisangulata

L(Solanaceae)

Tino

-tino

Topicalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

oninfant

stomachas

poultic

e22

100

Citru

stimesmicrocarpa

Bung

e(Rutaceae)

Suha


infant

washaft

erbo

iling

leaves

10100

Mom

ordica

charantia

L(Cucurbitaceae)

Margoso

Internalapplicationof

leafextracttoexpu

lsesw

allowed

lochia

8100

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr

(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Topicalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntstem

62609

Pand

anus

tectoriusP

arkinson

exDu

Roi

(Pandanaceae)

Pand

anTo

picalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntd

riedleaves

1mdash

lowast

Prepared

incombinatio

nwith

6otherp

lants


a particular plant for another may imply that the replacedplant has little (or no) therapeutic properties and may havebeen selected only due to its accessibility in the first placeThese signs of merely having placebo-like effects of therapiesconcerning womenrsquos reproductive health are occurring evenin codified TM [53 54] and may not far be the case ofsome applications in this investigationWhat is clear howeveris that some phytotherapies presented here are complexand have attached cultural and spiritual meanings only theparticipants could understand According to Moerman andJonas [55] botanical medicinal effectiveness across culturesis some varying combination of pharmacology and symbolicmeaning

In comparison with other Southeast Asian postpartumtherapies [4 56] those by the Ati seem less elaborateRecuperation after childbirth only takes 9 days and perhapsshorter among the past generationsThis relatively shortenedperiod of recovery is seen as a characteristic of the oncenomadic people who would constantly move from place toplace to hunt and forage Elderly informants during our inter-view however expressed concerns about the gradual transi-tion of traditional postpartumpractices tomodern healthcaremedication because young mothers these days consider thetherapies troublesome and lengthy Government regulationshave also been encouraging all pregnantwomen regardless ofthe ethnicity to give birth in hospitals or at least in birthingcenters [57] These policies seem to have led indigenouswomen to a dilemma a difficult situation in which a choicebetween conventional or traditional medications is made

314 Plants and Phytotherapies for Neonatal Care A totalof 11 plants used as (a) galactagogues or used for (b) new-born baby care were reported in this category The plantsthat recorded the highest consensus from informants arediscussed below

(a) Ficus nota stem decoction administered orally asmilkproduction enhancer recorded the highest use-mention Arecent review of traditional remedies for womenrsquos health-care in Southeast Asia has also documented the preferencefor Ficus species as galactagogues [1] Systematic reviewsof published studies however found lack of evidence forherbal galactagogue effectiveness including those found inpharmaceutical literatures [58 59] Informant consensus inselecting F nota as galactagogue appears to be due to themilky white latex found in its stems (and many of its organs)The selection of the plant and its application seem to bebased on the Doctrine of Signatures which has recently beendescribed only as post hoc attributions and mnemonics [60]

(b) Physalis angulata recorded the highest use-mentionwhen its heated leaves are applied on infant stomach aspoultice to treat the neonatersquos greenish diarrhea (ldquobalaudrdquo)technically termed meconium Meconium is the newborndark green viscous first stool a collection of debris consistingof desquamated cells amniotic fluid and various intestinalsecretions [61] Meconium passage in newborns is a normalprogrammed event after birth indicating that the use of Pangulata may not exactly have antidiarrheal qualities [62]However its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory proper-ties which reduce sensitivity to painful stimuli [63 64] may

have the analgesic-like effect to the neonate suffering fromdigestive problems Nevertheless the use of any plant extractas neonatal emetic should be carefully considered better yetdiscouraged as in the application ofMomordica charantia toremove a newbornrsquos swallowed lochia Potential fatal reactionleading to hypoglycemic coma after ingestion of its leaf andstem extracts were reported even in 3- and 4-year old children[65]

As an effort to lessen neonatal death in the Philippineschildren (up to 5 years old) from families that are beneficiariesof the conditional cash transfer program are required toundergo regular health checkups and to get vaccinated Inreturn the families receive financial assistance (about 11 to32 USD) for health nutrition and education per monthdepending on the number of eligible children per household[17] This strategy is seen to significantly lower neonatalinfant and under-five mortality rates in the Philippineswhich was 14 24 and 29 deaths per 1000 live birthsrespectively as those of 2013 [66]

32 Characteristics of Plants and Herbal Preparations Overall this study was able to identify 49 plant taxa used in4 categories concerning Ati womenrsquos reproductive healthsyndromes The most frequently used plant parts were theleaves (49) stems (38) and barks (6) perhaps dueto the availability of these aerial organs all year round intropical Philippines Botanically most leaves stems andbarks contain phytochemicals which act as toxins protectingthe plant from herbivores but we humans economicallyutilize them asmedicines External administration (52) wasslightly preferred to internal one (48) more likely due tosafety concerns and ease of preparation

A total of 37 plant taxa recorded 100 FL valuesindicating the importance and therapeutic effectiveness ofthese plants The species which recorded the highest use-mentions were Canarium asperum (24) Bambusa vulgaris(24) Gliricidia sepium (22) Physalis angulata (22) andBlumea balsamifera (21) FL for plants reported by onlya single participant was not computed due to the lack ofconsensus High FL values are obtained for plants for whichalmost all use-mentions refer to the same purpose that isthe plants (and their use in therapies) were most preferredimplying the effectiveness of herbal remedy Table 2 presentsthe taxonomic information preparation and administrationand relative cultural value of all reported plants

33 Traditional Medicinal Knowledge When groupedaccording to education descriptive and inferential statisticsrevealed that informants with lower level (none to completeelementary) of education (119872119889 = 14 119899 = 18) recordedhigher concordance in the use of herbal therapies thaninformants with higher level (secondary to tertiary) ofeducation (119872119889 = 750 119899 = 18) as shown in Mann-Whitney119880 test (119880 = 77 119901 lt 001) The findings imply that the lattergroup is more likely exposed to conventional medicine andinformation about bioscience as these are formally taught inschools A rather more agreeable explanation is that all theinterviewed key informants (herbalists and experts in AtiTM) belong to the group with lower educational level


When grouped according to age results revealed thatinformants from the age group of 49 years and above (119872119889 =1650 119899 = 12) showed the highest concordance in the useof phytotherapies as compared to informants from the agegroups of 30 to 48 years (119872119889 = 11 119899 = 12) and 18 to 29 years(119872119889 = 2 119899 = 12) as shown in Kruskal-Wallis test (1199092 (2119899 = 36) = 2399 119901 lt 0001) The findings as we expectedwere due to the degree of experience as informants increase inage in addition to varying generational social and culturalexperiences which have most probably influenced not onlytraditional medicinal knowledge but also attitudes

When grouped according to the number of childrenstatistics revealed that informants with 6 and more children(119872119889 = 1850 119899 = 10) recorded the highest concordancein herbal applications as compared to groups with 3 to 5(119872119889 = 11 119899 = 11) and none to 2 children (119872119889 = 2119899 = 15) as shown in Kruskal-Wallis test (1199092 (2 119899 = 36) =1787 119901 lt 0001) Women with more children have hadmore direct experience in giving birth and therefore havemore practical knowledge in related medications As in mostcultures Ati mothers are also the ones expected to take careof sick children or assist other women who are about to givebirth It is also worthmentioning that the number of childrenis directly related to the age of informants and either age ornumber of children could explain the significant differencesin traditional knowledge when grouped accordingly

Statistical limitations of the analyses discussed abovehowever are acknowledged by the authors First since theinterview of indigenous people was bound by free and priorinformed consent ethics random sampling could not beapplied Second the inferences made on informantsrsquo knowl-edge in TM do not attempt to decontextualize their deeperunderstanding of culturally established phytotherapies Theinterpretations however may aid concerned organizations increating programs to protect ethnomedicinal traditions

4 Conclusions

This research not only presents the diversity of medicinalplants used by the Ati women in traditional herbal medicinebut also emphasizes the cultural importance of plants andphytotherapies used for womenrsquos reproductive health Reviewof related studies on medicinal plants which recorded thehighest informant consensus was also carried out to provideadditional information regarding their botanical efficacysafety andmechanism of actionwhen availableWe hope thatthe study could stimulate social and cultural interests aboutthe implications of changes happening in indigenous peoplesrsquotraditional healthcare practices and more importantly raiseawareness on safety concerns when TM is applied togetherwith conventionalmedicine Nevertheless we believe that theneed for improvement on health services for the safety ofwomen during menstruation pregnancy delivery and post-partum periods should be the first priority especially to theseemingly underserved indigenous cultures in the country

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors give their sincerest appreciation to the infor-mants for participating and sharing their knowledge Theresearchers are also grateful to NCIP Region 6-7 and thelocal government of Guimaras Island and DA Region 6 forfacilitating the conduct of this study and assistance in theprocessing of necessary permitsThis research was supportedby Hallym University Research Fund (HRF-201501-013)

References

[1] H J De Boer and C Cotingting ldquoMedicinal plants for womenrsquoshealthcare in southeast Asia a meta-analysis of their tradi-tional use chemical constituents and pharmacologyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 151 no 2 pp 747ndash767 2014

[2] P A Murphy F Kronenberg and C Wade ldquoComplementaryand alternative medicine in womenrsquos health developing aresearch agendardquo Journal of Nurse-Midwifery vol 44 no 3 pp192ndash204 1999

[3] S-A Chithtalath and B Earth ldquoFrom the forest to the clinicchanging birth practice among the Katang Laordquo ReproductiveHealth Matters vol 9 no 18 pp 99ndash104 2001

[4] W Liulan W Nanakorn and K Fukui ldquoFood and medicinalplants used for childbirth among Yunnanese Chinese in North-ern Thailandrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology vol 23 no 2 pp 209ndash226 2003

[5] H de Boer and V Lamxay ldquoPlants used during pregnancychildbirth and postpartum healthcare in lao PDR a compara-tive study of the Brou Saek and Kry ethnic groupsrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 5 article 25 2009

[6] H G Ong Ethnobotany of the medicinal plants used by theAti Negrito indigenous group in Guimaras Island Philippinesa quantitative approach [MS thesis] Life Science DepartmentHallym University Chuncheon Republic of Korea 2014

[7] T Stewart ldquoLand-use options to encourage forest conservationon a tribal reservation in the Philippinesrdquo Agroforestry Systemsvol 18 no 3 pp 225ndash244 1992

[8] C N Zayas ldquoTrade and patronage of Ati materia medica inthe Visayasrdquo in Ginhawa Kapalaran Dalamhati Essays onWell Being OpportunityDestiny and Anguish C J Paz EdUniversity of the Philippines Quezon City Philippines 2008

[9] L De la Pena ldquoThe power to influence and to protect inter-connectedness of the human bodiesrdquo Liceo Journal of HigherEducation Research vol 6 no 1 pp 25ndash36 2009

[10] WHOBeijingDeclaration 2008 httpwwwwhointmedicinesareastraditionalTRM BeijingDeclarationENpdf

[11] X Wu E H Y Ng E Stener-Victorin and R S LegroldquoEffects and mechanisms of complementary and alternativemedicine during the reproductive processrdquo Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2014 Article ID698921 2 pages 2014

[12] R W Bussmann W Applequist and N Paniagua-ZambranaldquoTraditionalmedicine in a global environmentrdquoEvidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2014 Article ID326895 1 page 2014


[13] V Smith-Oka ldquoPlants used for reproductive health by Nahuawomen in northern Veracruz Mexicordquo Economic Botany vol62 no 4 pp 604ndash614 2008

[14] C S Acuin J Javellana A C Balis et al ldquoThe role oftraditional health-care practitioners in the delivery of healthcaremdasha secondary analysis of NDS-SMS 1993 datardquo PhilippinePopulation Journal vol 10 pp 113ndash128 1994

[15] S B Westley and A Kantner ldquoWho uses reproductive healthservices in the Philippines (and who doesnrsquot)rdquo Asia-PacificPopulation and Policy no 37 pp 1ndash4 1996

[16] T Yamashita S A Suplido C Ladines-Llave et al ldquoA cross-sectional analytic study of postpartum health care serviceutilization in the Philippinesrdquo PLoS ONE vol 9 no 1 ArticleID e85627 2014

[17] L Fernandez and R Olfindo ldquoOverview of the Philippinesrsquoconditional cash transfer program the Pantawid PamilyangPilipino Program (Pantawid Pamilya)rdquo Philippine Social Pro-tection Note 2 World Bank and Australian Government AidProgram 2011

[18] Province of Guimaras Province of Guimaras ProvincialDevelopment and Physical Framework Plan 2008ndash2013 2008httpwwwscribdcomdoc70628621Guimaras-Provincial-Development-and-Physical-Framework-Plan-2008-2013

[19] SPSS PASW Statistics for Windows Version 180 SPSS ChicagoIll USA 2009

[20] J Friedman Z YanivADafni andD Palewitch ldquoApreliminaryclassification of the healing potential of medicinal plantsbased on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological fieldsurvey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert Israelrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 16 no 2-3 pp 275ndash287 1986

[21] J Oats and S Abraham Llewellyn-Jones Fundamentals ofObstetrics and Gynaecology Mosby Elsevier Edinburgh UK9th edition 2010

[22] World Health Organization International Statistical Classifi-cation of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revi-sion WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data GenevaSwitzerland 2011

[23] B Gaitonde and P Kurup ldquoRegional overview south-east Asiaregionrdquo in WHO Global Atlas of Traditional Complementaryand Alternative Medicine G Bodeker C Ong C Grundy et alEds World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland 2005

[24] C Govindasamy and R Srinivasan ldquoIn vitro antibacterialactivity and phytochemical analysis of Catharanthus roseus(Linn) G Donrdquo Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicinevol 2 no 1 pp S155ndashS158 2012

[25] R M Bowman G A Gray and M F Grundon ldquoQuinolinealkaloids Part XV Reactions of a quinoline isoprenyl epoxidewith hydride reagents Asymmetric synthesis and stereochem-istry of lunacridine and related Lunasia alkaloidsrdquo Journal of theChemical Society Perkin Transactions 1 pp 1051ndash1055 1973

[26] S S Nazrullaev I A Bessonova andK S AkhmedkhodzhaevaldquoEstrogenic activity as a function of chemical structure inHaplophyllum quinoline alkaloidsrdquo Chemistry of Natural Com-pounds vol 37 no 6 pp 551ndash555 2001

[27] T Van Andel H J De Boer J Barnes and I VandebroekldquoMedicinal plants used for menstrual disorders in Latin Amer-ica the Caribbean sub-Saharan Africa South and South-east Asia and their uterine properties a reviewrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 2 pp 992ndash1000 2014

[28] S D Harlow and O M R Campbell ldquoEpidemiology of men-strual disorders in developing countries a systematic reviewrdquoBJOG vol 111 no 1 pp 6ndash16 2004

[29] World Health Organization Unsafe Abortion Incidence andMortality Global and Regional Levels in 2008 and Trends during1990ndash2008 WHO Department of Reproductive Health andResearch Geneva Switzerland 2012

[30] F Juarez J Cabigon S Singh and R Hussain ldquoThe incidenceof induced abortion in the Philippines current level and recenttrendsrdquo International Family Planning Perspectives vol 31 no 3pp 140ndash149 2005

[31] J N Lai P C Chen J D Wang T C Wu and V ChungldquoIntegrative gynecology and womenrsquos healthcarerdquo Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015Article ID 852615 2 pages 2015

[32] K R Brain ldquoAccumulation of L-DOPA in cultures fromMucuna pruriensrdquo Plant Science Letters vol 7 no 3 pp 157ndash1611976

[33] M Odent ldquoThe fetus ejection reflexrdquo inTheNature of Birth andBreastfeeding M Odent Ed Bergin amp Garvey South HadleyMass USA 1992

[34] T I Borokini D A Ighere M Clement et al ldquoEthnobiologicalsurvey of traditional medicine practices in Oyo Staterdquo Journalof Medicinal Plants vol 1 no 5 pp 1ndash16 2013

[35] S Kataria D Kaur S K Rao and R K Khajuria ldquoIn vitro andin vivo aphrodisiac properties of Corchorus depressus Linn onrabbit corpus cavernosum smoothmuscle relaxation and sexualbehavior of normal male ratsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 148 no 1 pp 210ndash217 2013

[36] T Low Dog ldquoThe use of botanicals during pregnancy andlactationrdquo Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine vol 15no 1 pp 54ndash58 2009

[37] T P Banwa and M C C Bawer ldquoSchizostachyum lumampao(byuyu) its diverse ethno-botanical uses by Lubuangan subtribeof Kalinga in North Luzon Philippinesrdquo European ScientificJournal vol 4 pp 490ndash499 2013

[38] C M Reyes and A D Tabuga ldquoConditional cash transferprogram in the Philippines is it reaching the extremely poorrdquoPhilippine Institute for Development Studies 2012-42 2012

[39] V Lamxay H J de Boer and L Bjork ldquoTraditions and plantuse during pregnancy childbirth and postpartum recovery bythe Kry ethnic group in Lao PDRrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology andEthnomedicine vol 7 article 14 15 pages 2011

[40] U Sakee S Maneerat T P T Cushnie and W De-EknamkulldquoAntimicrobial activity of Blumea balsamifera (Lin) DCextracts and essential oilrdquoNatural Product Research vol 25 no19 pp 1849ndash1856 2011

[41] R Mogana and C Wiart ldquoCanarium L a phytochemical andpharmacological reviewrdquo Journal of Pharmacy Research vol 4no 8 pp 2482ndash2489 2011

[42] G Langenberger V Prigge K Martin B Belonias and JSauerborn ldquoEthnobotanical knowledge of Philippine lowlandfarmers and its application in agroforestryrdquo Agroforestry Sys-tems vol 76 no 1 pp 173ndash194 2009

[43] V Gaware R Nagare K B Dhamak et al ldquoAromatherapy artor sciencerdquo International Journal of Biomedical Research vol 4no 2 pp 74ndash83 2013

[44] J Valnet and R Tisserand The Practice of Aromatherapy AClassic Compendium of Plant Medicines and Their HealingProperties Healing Arts Press Randolph Vt USA 1990

[45] C P Khare Indian Medicinal Plants An Illustrated DictionarySpringer New York NY USA 2007

[46] A R Kharat V V Nambiar Y S Tarkasband and R R PujarildquoA review on phytochemical and pharmacological activity of


genus Ixorardquo International Journal of Research in Pharmacy andChemistry vol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013

[47] J Ching T-K Chua L-C Chin et al ldquoBeta-amyrin fromArdisia ellipticaThunb is more potent than aspirin in inhibitingcollagen-induced platelet aggregationrdquo Indian Journal of Exper-imental Biology vol 48 no 3 pp 275ndash279 2010

[48] United Nations The Millennium Development Goals Report2010 United Nations New York NY USA 2010

[49] World Health Organization Recommendations for the Preven-tion of PostpartumHaemorrhage WHODepartment ofMakingPregnancy Safer Geneva Switzerland 2007

[50] A Aminimoghadamfarouj A Nematollahi and C WiartldquoAnti-bacterial antioxidant activity and phytochemical studyof Uvaria grandiflora a rare species of Annonaceaerdquo Journal ofPharmacy Research vol 4 no 4 pp 954ndash955 2011

[51] E Rajeshwari ldquoEvaluation of anti-microbial activity of Bam-busa vulgaris leavesrdquo International Journal of PhytotherapyResearch vol 2 no 2 pp 36ndash39 2012

[52] N E Lagunday and V G Cabana ldquoTaxonomy of ethnomedici-nal botanicals and documentation of ethnomedicinal practicestraditionally used by three selected ethnolinguistic communi-ties in Mindanao Philippinesrdquo Asian Journal of Health vol 3no 1 2014

[53] L L L Yeh J-Y Liu K-S Lin et al ldquoA randomised placebo-controlled trial of a traditional Chinese herbal formula in thetreatment of primary dysmenorrhoeardquo PLoS ONE vol 2 no 8article e719 pp 1ndash11 2007

[54] E W S So E H Y Ng Y Y Wong E Y L Lau W S BYeung and P C Ho ldquoA randomized double blind comparisonof real and placebo acupuncture in IVF treatmentrdquo HumanReproduction vol 24 no 2 pp 341ndash348 2009

[55] D E Moerman and W B Jonas ldquoDeconstructing the placeboeffect and finding the meaning responserdquo Annals of InternalMedicine vol 136 no 6 pp 471ndash476 2002

[56] H J DeBoer V Lamxay andL Bjork ldquoSteam sauna andmotherroasting in Lao PDR practices and chemical constituents ofessential oils of plant species used in postpartum recoveryrdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 11 no 128pp 1ndash10 2011

[57] Philippine Department of Health MNCHN Manual of Opera-tions Department of Health Manila Philippines 2nd edition2011

[58] K Budzynska Z E Gardner J-J Dugoua T Low Dog andP Gardiner ldquoSystematic review of breastfeeding and herbsrdquoBreastfeeding Medicine vol 7 no 6 pp 489ndash503 2012

[59] P O Anderson andV Valdes ldquoA critical review of pharmaceuti-cal galactagoguesrdquo BreastfeedingMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 229ndash242 2007

[60] B C Bennett ldquoDoctrine of signatures an explanation ofmedicinal plant discovery or dissemination of knowledgerdquoEconomic Botany vol 61 no 3 pp 246ndash255 2007

[61] T C Kwong and R M Ryan ldquoDetection of intrauterine illicitdrug exposure by newborn drug testingrdquo Clinical Chemistryvol 43 no 1 pp 235ndash242 1997

[62] S N Ahanya J Lakshmanan B L G Morgan and M G RossldquoMeconium passage in utero mechanisms consequences andmanagementrdquoObstetrical and Gynecological Survey vol 60 no1 pp 45ndash56 2005

[63] E-M Choi and J-K Hwang ldquoInvestigations of anti-inflam-matory and antinociceptive activities of Piper cubeba Physalisangulata and Rosa hybridardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol89 no 1 pp 171ndash175 2003

[64] G N T Bastos A R S Santos V M M Ferreira et alldquoAntinociceptive effect of the aqueous extract obtained fromroots of Physalis angulata L on micerdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 103 no 2 pp 241ndash245 2006

[65] A Hulin M Wavelet and J M Desbordes ldquoAcute Momordicacharantia (sorrossi) poisoning Report of two casesrdquo Semainedes Hopitaux vol 64 no 44 pp 2847ndash2848 1988

[66] UNICEF Levels and Trends in Child MortalitymdashReport 2014UN Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNIGME) 2014 httpwwwdatauniceforgfckimagesuploads1410869227 Child Mortality Report 2014pdf


Katikati clubsclubs

Guimaras IslandPhilippines

Iloilo City

N

Lininguan

Figure 1 The study sites (clubs) and the neighboring area for plant trade (e)

However the use of CAM although it is common amongwomen of reproductive age still has unresolved underlyingmechanisms behind its effects if not lacking strong evidenceof effectiveness [11] Further the wide use of traditionalremedies especially fromnoncodified pharmacopoeia leavesmany questions unanswered (eg safety concerns relationto major health issues and sustainability of supply) [12]A shift in knowledge from traditional toward a pluralisticmedical system that incorporates both traditional and con-ventional medicine is also promoted with the introduction ofbiomedicine In a more unfortunate case it may involve theloss of traditional knowledge and even its practitioners [13]

Various factors may have spurred the changes in womenrsquostraditional healthcare practices in the Philippines The maindriver for this cultural transition is maternal mortalityStudies in the past decades reported high maternal mortalityespecially for women in rural areas indicating poor repro-ductive health services and suggesting the need for moreefficient intervention strategies to reach the underservedsubgroups [14 15] Through the UN Millennium Develop-ment Goals 5 (MDGs5) the country began to strengthenits commitments in reducing maternal mortality ratio whichsince then dropped from 170 (per 100000 live births) in1990 to 99 deaths in 2010 [16] In early 2014 a year beforethe MDGs5 target deadline the country approved its firstever reproductive health (RH) bill giving a way to improvewomenrsquos healthcare by introducing modern methods offamily planning and medical care Similarly social welfareprojects like the conditional cash transfer (CCT) programencourage the formation of self-help attitude among poorfamilies to improve their own health education and eco-nomic conditions in return for financial aid Beneficiaries ofthe program (parents and pregnant women as representa-tives) are required to participate in the development sessionsespecially regarding health and family planning [17]

The conditions of having low socioeconomic statushighly qualify ethnic minorities such as the Ati women

of Guimaras Island to these modern healthcare and socialwelfare programs which we think are challenging and grad-ually transforming ethnomedicinal traditions These factorsmotivated us to conduct this research with the specific aims(1) to document the herbal therapies for female reproductivehealthcare and their cultural importance (2) to evaluate theinformantsrsquo traditional medicinal knowledge in this aspectand (3) to raise issues about the implications of social-health policies on indigenous womenrsquos health and traditionalhealthcare practices

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Site and Informants The study was conducted intwo Ati communities of about 80 households The commu-nities are officially recognized as indigenous by the NationalCommission for Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) Region 6-7 theagency which protects the welfare of indigenous and ethnicminorities in central Philippines including those in the studyarea Guimaras Island The island province lies between10∘2510158400010158401015840 and 10∘4610158400910158401015840 north latitude and 122∘281015840209910158401015840and 122∘281015840405310158401015840 east longitude with a great part of its landarea about 100 meters above the mean sea level The doctorto population ratio on the island is over than the standard of1 20000 while the rural health midwife ratio of 1 2520 islower than the standard of 1 5000 indicating that there aremore than enough midwives to handle deliveries and birth[18] Both communities are located near (within 2 kilometers)elementary and high schools and hospital or health centersThe research area is commercially close to the capital of theregion Iloilo City where themajority of Ati herbal medicinesare sold by Ati vendors and traders Figure 1 shows the mapof the study sites and the neighboring area for plant trade

A total of 36 Ati women each one representing a singlehousehold aged 18 to 80 years were selected as informantsSamples were grouped according to age educational level












119901119868119906) times





































ble2AtiN


ytotherapies

forfem

aler

eprodu

ctiveh

ealth

care

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

Menstr

uatio

nsynd

romes

(a)D

ysmenorrhea

Catharanthus

roseus

(L)GDon

(Apo

cynaceae)

Rosasd

ebaybayon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

19100

SwieteniamahoganiL

(M

eliaceae)

Mahogani

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedseed

11100

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

bark

inlocalrum

1050

Alsto

niascholaris

(L)R

Br

(Apo

cynaceae)

Bita

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedbark

9100

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

dried

stem

inalcoho

l6

375

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

(b)D

elayed

menstr

uatio

n

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

bark

with

Aflava

inalcoho

l10

50

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

stem

with

Lam

arain

alcoho

l10

625

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

Tinosporacrisp

a(L)Hoo

kfamp

Thom

son

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Manun

ggal

Oralapp

licationof

fresh

stem

extract

5100

Birthdeliveryuses

(a)D

eliveryindu

cer

Mucun

aprurien

s(L)D

C(Fabaceae)

Nipay

Topicalapp

licationof

scrapedbark

andste

mmixed

with

coconu

toil

3100

Corchoruso

litoriusL

(M

alvaceae)

Tugabang

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

2100

(b)D

eliverytool

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Stem

used

astoolin

cutting

umbilicalcord

177391

Postp

artum

synd

romes

(a)A

bdom

inalpain

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

215385

Salacia

sp

(Celastraceae)

Mon

tawi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m11

100

Rauvolfia

amsoniifolia

ADC

(Apo

cynaceae)

AgoparitM

agop

arit

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m7

100

Chrysophyllum

cainito

L(Sapotaceae)

Star

apol


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

650

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

650

Tabernaemontana

pand

acaqui

Lam

(Apo

cynaceae)

Alib

otbo

tTo

picalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

onabdo

men

aspo

ultice

6100

Cajanu

scajan

(L)Millsp

(Fabaceae)

Kadios

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

aspo

ultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)H

eadache

Canariu

masperum

Benth

(Burseraceae)

Salong

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

mresin

2450


arom

atherapy

bybu

rning

driedste

mresin

2450

Justicia

gend

arussa

Burm

F

(Acanthaceae)

Bunlaw


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

with

Selliptica

15100


(Araliaceae)

Kamoy-

kamoyKalangkang


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

andste

msw

ithJgend

arussa

10100

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

with

Fpseudopalm

a7

1795

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlanco

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

msw

ithB

balsa

mifera

750

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

63333

(Moraceae)

Vitextrifolia


(Lam

iaceae)

Lagu

ndi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

4100

(c)H

emorrhage

Ardisia

ellipticaTh

unb

(Prim

ulaceae)

Tagp

o-bayi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Ixoraphilippinensis

Merr

(Rub

iaceae)

Tagp

o-laki

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Caesalpiniasappan

L(Fabaceae)

Sibu

kaw

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

3100

(d)P

ostpartum

relapse

Uvariagrandiflora

Roxb

(Ann

onaceae)

Saging

-saging

Kalansaging


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

16100


(L)Spreng

(Poaceae)

Tang

lad


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

who

leplant

11100

UvariarufaBlum

e(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

52632

Prem

naodorataBlanco

(Lam

iaceae)

AdgawA

gdaw


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gleaves

4100

Coryphautan

Lam

(Arecaceae)

Buri


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gyoun

gshoo

ts3

100

Embelia

whitfordiiM

err

(Prim

ulaceae)

Malaumau

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

msa

ndleaves

3100

Smila

xbracteataCPresl

(Smilacaceae)

Banagan

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

1mdash


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(e)P

ostpartum

wash

Bambu

savulga

risSchradlowast

(Poaceae)

Kawayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

24100

Gliricid

iasepium

(Jacq)Walp

(Fabaceae)

Madre

cacao


sittin

gon

heated

leaves

toremoved

ischarges

22100

Citru

smaxim

a(Burm)Osbecklowast

(Rutaceae)

Kabu

gao


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

19100

UvariarufaBlum

elowast(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

147368

Pitto

sporum

pentandrum

(Blanco)

Merrlowast

(Pittospo

raceae)

Balin

gkaw

ayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

12100

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlancolowast

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

750

Antid

esmabunius

(L)Srenglowast

(Phyllanthaceae)

Bugn

ayEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

6100

Leucaena

leucocephala(Lam

)de

Witlowast

(Fabaceae)

Agh

oEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

4100

ArecacatechuL

(Arecaceae)

Bung

aEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

3100


(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

32308

Morinda

citrifoliaLlowast

(Rub

iaceae)

Anino


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

3100

Neonatalcareu

ses

(a)G

alactagogu

e

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

(Moraceae)

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

126667

Moringa

oleiferaL

(Moringaceae)

Balung

gay

Con

sumed

after

boiling

leaves

(som

etim

eswith

youn

gC

papaya

fruit)

8100

MusabalbisianaColla

(Musaceae)

Saging

(sab-a)

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e6

100

Caric

apapaya

L(C

aricaceae)

Kapayas

Con

sumed

after

boiling

youn

gfruit(sometim

eswith

Moleifer

aleaves)

4100

Ipom

oeabatatas(L)P

oir

(Con

volvulaceae)

Kamote(pu

la)

Con

sumed

after

steam

ingyoun

gleaves

3100

Manihotesculen

taCr

antz

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Balin

ghoy

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)N

ewbo

rnbaby

care

Physalisangulata

L(Solanaceae)

Tino

-tino

Topicalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

oninfant

stomachas

poultic

e22

100

Citru

stimesmicrocarpa

Bung

e(Rutaceae)

Suha


infant

washaft

erbo

iling

leaves

10100

Mom

ordica

charantia

L(Cucurbitaceae)

Margoso


leafextracttoexpu

lsesw

allowed

lochia

8100

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr

(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Topicalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntstem

62609

Pand

anus

tectoriusP

arkinson

exDu

Roi

(Pandanaceae)

Pand

anTo

picalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntd

riedleaves

1mdash

lowast

Prepared

incombinatio

nwith

6otherp

lants
















4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References

















































































119901119868119906) times





































ble2AtiN


ytotherapies

forfem

aler

eprodu

ctiveh

ealth

care

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

Menstr

uatio

nsynd

romes

(a)D

ysmenorrhea

Catharanthus

roseus

(L)GDon

(Apo

cynaceae)

Rosasd

ebaybayon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

19100

SwieteniamahoganiL

(M

eliaceae)

Mahogani

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedseed

11100

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

bark

inlocalrum

1050

Alsto

niascholaris

(L)R

Br

(Apo

cynaceae)

Bita

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedbark

9100

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

dried

stem

inalcoho

l6

375

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

(b)D

elayed

menstr

uatio

n

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

bark

with

Aflava

inalcoho

l10

50

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

stem

with

Lam

arain

alcoho

l10

625

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

Tinosporacrisp

a(L)Hoo

kfamp

Thom

son

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Manun

ggal

Oralapp

licationof

fresh

stem

extract

5100

Birthdeliveryuses

(a)D

eliveryindu

cer

Mucun

aprurien

s(L)D

C(Fabaceae)

Nipay

Topicalapp

licationof

scrapedbark

andste

mmixed

with

coconu

toil

3100

Corchoruso

litoriusL

(M

alvaceae)

Tugabang

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

2100

(b)D

eliverytool

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Stem

used

astoolin

cutting

umbilicalcord

177391

Postp

artum

synd

romes

(a)A

bdom

inalpain

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

215385

Salacia

sp

(Celastraceae)

Mon

tawi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m11

100

Rauvolfia

amsoniifolia

ADC

(Apo

cynaceae)

AgoparitM

agop

arit

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m7

100

Chrysophyllum

cainito

L(Sapotaceae)

Star

apol


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

650

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

650

Tabernaemontana

pand

acaqui

Lam

(Apo

cynaceae)

Alib

otbo

tTo

picalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

onabdo

men

aspo

ultice

6100

Cajanu

scajan

(L)Millsp

(Fabaceae)

Kadios

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

aspo

ultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)H

eadache

Canariu

masperum

Benth

(Burseraceae)

Salong

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

mresin

2450


arom

atherapy

bybu

rning

driedste

mresin

2450

Justicia

gend

arussa

Burm

F

(Acanthaceae)

Bunlaw


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

with

Selliptica

15100


(Araliaceae)

Kamoy-

kamoyKalangkang


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

andste

msw

ithJgend

arussa

10100

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

with

Fpseudopalm

a7

1795

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlanco

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

msw

ithB

balsa

mifera

750

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

63333

(Moraceae)

Vitextrifolia


(Lam

iaceae)

Lagu

ndi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

4100

(c)H

emorrhage

Ardisia

ellipticaTh

unb

(Prim

ulaceae)

Tagp

o-bayi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Ixoraphilippinensis

Merr

(Rub

iaceae)

Tagp

o-laki

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Caesalpiniasappan

L(Fabaceae)

Sibu

kaw

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

3100

(d)P

ostpartum

relapse

Uvariagrandiflora

Roxb

(Ann

onaceae)

Saging

-saging

Kalansaging


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

16100


(L)Spreng

(Poaceae)

Tang

lad


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

who

leplant

11100

UvariarufaBlum

e(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

52632

Prem

naodorataBlanco

(Lam

iaceae)

AdgawA

gdaw


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gleaves

4100

Coryphautan

Lam

(Arecaceae)

Buri


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gyoun

gshoo

ts3

100

Embelia

whitfordiiM

err

(Prim

ulaceae)

Malaumau

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

msa

ndleaves

3100

Smila

xbracteataCPresl

(Smilacaceae)

Banagan

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

1mdash


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(e)P

ostpartum

wash

Bambu

savulga

risSchradlowast

(Poaceae)

Kawayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

24100

Gliricid

iasepium

(Jacq)Walp

(Fabaceae)

Madre

cacao


sittin

gon

heated

leaves

toremoved

ischarges

22100

Citru

smaxim

a(Burm)Osbecklowast

(Rutaceae)

Kabu

gao


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

19100

UvariarufaBlum

elowast(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

147368

Pitto

sporum

pentandrum

(Blanco)

Merrlowast

(Pittospo

raceae)

Balin

gkaw

ayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

12100

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlancolowast

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

750

Antid

esmabunius

(L)Srenglowast

(Phyllanthaceae)

Bugn

ayEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

6100

Leucaena

leucocephala(Lam

)de

Witlowast

(Fabaceae)

Agh

oEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

4100

ArecacatechuL

(Arecaceae)

Bung

aEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

3100


(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

32308

Morinda

citrifoliaLlowast

(Rub

iaceae)

Anino


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

3100

Neonatalcareu

ses

(a)G

alactagogu

e

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

(Moraceae)

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

126667

Moringa

oleiferaL

(Moringaceae)

Balung

gay

Con

sumed

after

boiling

leaves

(som

etim

eswith

youn

gC

papaya

fruit)

8100

MusabalbisianaColla

(Musaceae)

Saging

(sab-a)

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e6

100

Caric

apapaya

L(C

aricaceae)

Kapayas

Con

sumed

after

boiling

youn

gfruit(sometim

eswith

Moleifer

aleaves)

4100

Ipom

oeabatatas(L)P

oir

(Con

volvulaceae)

Kamote(pu

la)

Con

sumed

after

steam

ingyoun

gleaves

3100

Manihotesculen

taCr

antz

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Balin

ghoy

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)N

ewbo

rnbaby

care

Physalisangulata

L(Solanaceae)

Tino

-tino

Topicalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

oninfant

stomachas

poultic

e22

100

Citru

stimesmicrocarpa

Bung

e(Rutaceae)

Suha


infant

washaft

erbo

iling

leaves

10100

Mom

ordica

charantia

L(Cucurbitaceae)

Margoso


leafextracttoexpu

lsesw

allowed

lochia

8100

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr

(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Topicalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntstem

62609

Pand

anus

tectoriusP

arkinson

exDu

Roi

(Pandanaceae)

Pand

anTo

picalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntd

riedleaves

1mdash

lowast

Prepared

incombinatio

nwith

6otherp

lants
















4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References


































































































ble2AtiN


ytotherapies

forfem

aler

eprodu

ctiveh

ealth

care

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

Menstr

uatio

nsynd

romes

(a)D

ysmenorrhea

Catharanthus

roseus

(L)GDon

(Apo

cynaceae)

Rosasd

ebaybayon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

19100

SwieteniamahoganiL

(M

eliaceae)

Mahogani

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedseed

11100

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

bark

inlocalrum

1050

Alsto

niascholaris

(L)R

Br

(Apo

cynaceae)

Bita

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedbark

9100

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

dried

stem

inalcoho

l6

375

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

(b)D

elayed

menstr

uatio

n

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

bark

with

Aflava

inalcoho

l10

50

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

stem

with

Lam

arain

alcoho

l10

625

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

Tinosporacrisp

a(L)Hoo

kfamp

Thom

son

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Manun

ggal

Oralapp

licationof

fresh

stem

extract

5100

Birthdeliveryuses

(a)D

eliveryindu

cer

Mucun

aprurien

s(L)D

C(Fabaceae)

Nipay

Topicalapp

licationof

scrapedbark

andste

mmixed

with

coconu

toil

3100

Corchoruso

litoriusL

(M

alvaceae)

Tugabang

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

2100

(b)D

eliverytool

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Stem

used

astoolin

cutting

umbilicalcord

177391

Postp

artum

synd

romes

(a)A

bdom

inalpain

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

215385

Salacia

sp

(Celastraceae)

Mon

tawi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m11

100

Rauvolfia

amsoniifolia

ADC

(Apo

cynaceae)

AgoparitM

agop

arit

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m7

100

Chrysophyllum

cainito

L(Sapotaceae)

Star

apol


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

650

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

650

Tabernaemontana

pand

acaqui

Lam

(Apo

cynaceae)

Alib

otbo

tTo

picalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

onabdo

men

aspo

ultice

6100

Cajanu

scajan

(L)Millsp

(Fabaceae)

Kadios

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

aspo

ultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)H

eadache

Canariu

masperum

Benth

(Burseraceae)

Salong

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

mresin

2450


arom

atherapy

bybu

rning

driedste

mresin

2450

Justicia

gend

arussa

Burm

F

(Acanthaceae)

Bunlaw


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

with

Selliptica

15100


(Araliaceae)

Kamoy-

kamoyKalangkang


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

andste

msw

ithJgend

arussa

10100

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

with

Fpseudopalm

a7

1795

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlanco

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

msw

ithB

balsa

mifera

750

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

63333

(Moraceae)

Vitextrifolia


(Lam

iaceae)

Lagu

ndi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

4100

(c)H

emorrhage

Ardisia

ellipticaTh

unb

(Prim

ulaceae)

Tagp

o-bayi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Ixoraphilippinensis

Merr

(Rub

iaceae)

Tagp

o-laki

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Caesalpiniasappan

L(Fabaceae)

Sibu

kaw

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

3100

(d)P

ostpartum

relapse

Uvariagrandiflora

Roxb

(Ann

onaceae)

Saging

-saging

Kalansaging


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

16100


(L)Spreng

(Poaceae)

Tang

lad


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

who

leplant

11100

UvariarufaBlum

e(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

52632

Prem

naodorataBlanco

(Lam

iaceae)

AdgawA

gdaw


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gleaves

4100

Coryphautan

Lam

(Arecaceae)

Buri


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gyoun

gshoo

ts3

100

Embelia

whitfordiiM

err

(Prim

ulaceae)

Malaumau

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

msa

ndleaves

3100

Smila

xbracteataCPresl

(Smilacaceae)

Banagan

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

1mdash


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(e)P

ostpartum

wash

Bambu

savulga

risSchradlowast

(Poaceae)

Kawayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

24100

Gliricid

iasepium

(Jacq)Walp

(Fabaceae)

Madre

cacao


sittin

gon

heated

leaves

toremoved

ischarges

22100

Citru

smaxim

a(Burm)Osbecklowast

(Rutaceae)

Kabu

gao


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

19100

UvariarufaBlum

elowast(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

147368

Pitto

sporum

pentandrum

(Blanco)

Merrlowast

(Pittospo

raceae)

Balin

gkaw

ayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

12100

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlancolowast

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

750

Antid

esmabunius

(L)Srenglowast

(Phyllanthaceae)

Bugn

ayEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

6100

Leucaena

leucocephala(Lam

)de

Witlowast

(Fabaceae)

Agh

oEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

4100

ArecacatechuL

(Arecaceae)

Bung

aEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

3100


(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

32308

Morinda

citrifoliaLlowast

(Rub

iaceae)

Anino


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

3100

Neonatalcareu

ses

(a)G

alactagogu

e

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

(Moraceae)

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

126667

Moringa

oleiferaL

(Moringaceae)

Balung

gay

Con

sumed

after

boiling

leaves

(som

etim

eswith

youn

gC

papaya

fruit)

8100

MusabalbisianaColla

(Musaceae)

Saging

(sab-a)

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e6

100

Caric

apapaya

L(C

aricaceae)

Kapayas

Con

sumed

after

boiling

youn

gfruit(sometim

eswith

Moleifer

aleaves)

4100

Ipom

oeabatatas(L)P

oir

(Con

volvulaceae)

Kamote(pu

la)

Con

sumed

after

steam

ingyoun

gleaves

3100

Manihotesculen

taCr

antz

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Balin

ghoy

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)N

ewbo

rnbaby

care

Physalisangulata

L(Solanaceae)

Tino

-tino

Topicalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

oninfant

stomachas

poultic

e22

100

Citru

stimesmicrocarpa

Bung

e(Rutaceae)

Suha


infant

washaft

erbo

iling

leaves

10100

Mom

ordica

charantia

L(Cucurbitaceae)

Margoso


leafextracttoexpu

lsesw

allowed

lochia

8100

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr

(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Topicalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntstem

62609

Pand

anus

tectoriusP

arkinson

exDu

Roi

(Pandanaceae)

Pand

anTo

picalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntd

riedleaves

1mdash

lowast

Prepared

incombinatio

nwith

6otherp

lants
















4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References




















































































ble2AtiN


ytotherapies

forfem

aler

eprodu

ctiveh

ealth

care

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

Menstr

uatio

nsynd

romes

(a)D

ysmenorrhea

Catharanthus

roseus

(L)GDon

(Apo

cynaceae)

Rosasd

ebaybayon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

19100

SwieteniamahoganiL

(M

eliaceae)

Mahogani

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedseed

11100

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

bark

inlocalrum

1050

Alsto

niascholaris

(L)R

Br

(Apo

cynaceae)

Bita

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedbark

9100

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

dried

stem

inalcoho

l6

375

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

(b)D

elayed

menstr

uatio

n

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

bark

with

Aflava

inalcoho

l10

50

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

stem

with

Lam

arain

alcoho

l10

625

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

Tinosporacrisp

a(L)Hoo

kfamp

Thom

son

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Manun

ggal

Oralapp

licationof

fresh

stem

extract

5100

Birthdeliveryuses

(a)D

eliveryindu

cer

Mucun

aprurien

s(L)D

C(Fabaceae)

Nipay

Topicalapp

licationof

scrapedbark

andste

mmixed

with

coconu

toil

3100

Corchoruso

litoriusL

(M

alvaceae)

Tugabang

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

2100

(b)D

eliverytool

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Stem

used

astoolin

cutting

umbilicalcord

177391

Postp

artum

synd

romes

(a)A

bdom

inalpain

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

215385

Salacia

sp

(Celastraceae)

Mon

tawi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m11

100

Rauvolfia

amsoniifolia

ADC

(Apo

cynaceae)

AgoparitM

agop

arit

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m7

100

Chrysophyllum

cainito

L(Sapotaceae)

Star

apol


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

650

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

650

Tabernaemontana

pand

acaqui

Lam

(Apo

cynaceae)

Alib

otbo

tTo

picalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

onabdo

men

aspo

ultice

6100

Cajanu

scajan

(L)Millsp

(Fabaceae)

Kadios

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

aspo

ultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)H

eadache

Canariu

masperum

Benth

(Burseraceae)

Salong

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

mresin

2450


arom

atherapy

bybu

rning

driedste

mresin

2450

Justicia

gend

arussa

Burm

F

(Acanthaceae)

Bunlaw


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

with

Selliptica

15100


(Araliaceae)

Kamoy-

kamoyKalangkang


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

andste

msw

ithJgend

arussa

10100

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

with

Fpseudopalm

a7

1795

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlanco

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

msw

ithB

balsa

mifera

750

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

63333

(Moraceae)

Vitextrifolia


(Lam

iaceae)

Lagu

ndi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

4100

(c)H

emorrhage

Ardisia

ellipticaTh

unb

(Prim

ulaceae)

Tagp

o-bayi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Ixoraphilippinensis

Merr

(Rub

iaceae)

Tagp

o-laki

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Caesalpiniasappan

L(Fabaceae)

Sibu

kaw

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

3100

(d)P

ostpartum

relapse

Uvariagrandiflora

Roxb

(Ann

onaceae)

Saging

-saging

Kalansaging


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

16100


(L)Spreng

(Poaceae)

Tang

lad


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

who

leplant

11100

UvariarufaBlum

e(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

52632

Prem

naodorataBlanco

(Lam

iaceae)

AdgawA

gdaw


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gleaves

4100

Coryphautan

Lam

(Arecaceae)

Buri


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gyoun

gshoo

ts3

100

Embelia

whitfordiiM

err

(Prim

ulaceae)

Malaumau

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

msa

ndleaves

3100

Smila

xbracteataCPresl

(Smilacaceae)

Banagan

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

1mdash


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(e)P

ostpartum

wash

Bambu

savulga

risSchradlowast

(Poaceae)

Kawayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

24100

Gliricid

iasepium

(Jacq)Walp

(Fabaceae)

Madre

cacao


sittin

gon

heated

leaves

toremoved

ischarges

22100

Citru

smaxim

a(Burm)Osbecklowast

(Rutaceae)

Kabu

gao


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

19100

UvariarufaBlum

elowast(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

147368

Pitto

sporum

pentandrum

(Blanco)

Merrlowast

(Pittospo

raceae)

Balin

gkaw

ayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

12100

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlancolowast

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

750

Antid

esmabunius

(L)Srenglowast

(Phyllanthaceae)

Bugn

ayEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

6100

Leucaena

leucocephala(Lam

)de

Witlowast

(Fabaceae)

Agh

oEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

4100

ArecacatechuL

(Arecaceae)

Bung

aEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

3100


(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

32308

Morinda

citrifoliaLlowast

(Rub

iaceae)

Anino


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

3100

Neonatalcareu

ses

(a)G

alactagogu

e

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

(Moraceae)

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

126667

Moringa

oleiferaL

(Moringaceae)

Balung

gay

Con

sumed

after

boiling

leaves

(som

etim

eswith

youn

gC

papaya

fruit)

8100

MusabalbisianaColla

(Musaceae)

Saging

(sab-a)

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e6

100

Caric

apapaya

L(C

aricaceae)

Kapayas

Con

sumed

after

boiling

youn

gfruit(sometim

eswith

Moleifer

aleaves)

4100

Ipom

oeabatatas(L)P

oir

(Con

volvulaceae)

Kamote(pu

la)

Con

sumed

after

steam

ingyoun

gleaves

3100

Manihotesculen

taCr

antz

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Balin

ghoy

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)N

ewbo

rnbaby

care

Physalisangulata

L(Solanaceae)

Tino

-tino

Topicalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

oninfant

stomachas

poultic

e22

100

Citru

stimesmicrocarpa

Bung

e(Rutaceae)

Suha


infant

washaft

erbo

iling

leaves

10100

Mom

ordica

charantia

L(Cucurbitaceae)

Margoso


leafextracttoexpu

lsesw

allowed

lochia

8100

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr

(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Topicalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntstem

62609

Pand

anus

tectoriusP

arkinson

exDu

Roi

(Pandanaceae)

Pand

anTo

picalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntd

riedleaves

1mdash

lowast

Prepared

incombinatio

nwith

6otherp

lants
















4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References







































































ble2AtiN


ytotherapies

forfem

aler

eprodu

ctiveh

ealth

care

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

Menstr

uatio

nsynd

romes

(a)D

ysmenorrhea

Catharanthus

roseus

(L)GDon

(Apo

cynaceae)

Rosasd

ebaybayon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

19100

SwieteniamahoganiL

(M

eliaceae)

Mahogani

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedseed

11100

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

bark

inlocalrum

1050

Alsto

niascholaris

(L)R

Br

(Apo

cynaceae)

Bita

Oralapp

licationaft

erpo

wderin

gdriedbark

9100

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationas

tonica

fterinfusionof

dried

stem

inalcoho

l6

375

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

(b)D

elayed

menstr

uatio

n

Luna

siaam

araBlanco

(Rutaceae)

Kamias

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

bark

with

Aflava

inalcoho

l10

50

Arcangelisia

flava

(L)Merr

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Albutra

Oralapp

licationaft

erinfusio

nof

stem

with

Lam

arain

alcoho

l10

625

LantanacamaraL

(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaf

53846

Tinosporacrisp

a(L)Hoo

kfamp

Thom

son

(Menisp

ermaceae)

Manun

ggal

Oralapp

licationof

fresh

stem

extract

5100

Birthdeliveryuses

(a)D

eliveryindu

cer

Mucun

aprurien

s(L)D

C(Fabaceae)

Nipay

Topicalapp

licationof

scrapedbark

andste

mmixed

with

coconu

toil

3100

Corchoruso

litoriusL

(M

alvaceae)

Tugabang

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

2100

(b)D

eliverytool

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Stem

used

astoolin

cutting

umbilicalcord

177391

Postp

artum

synd

romes

(a)A

bdom

inalpain

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

215385

Salacia

sp

(Celastraceae)

Mon

tawi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m11

100

Rauvolfia

amsoniifolia

ADC

(Apo

cynaceae)

AgoparitM

agop

arit

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

m7

100

Chrysophyllum

cainito

L(Sapotaceae)

Star

apol


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

650

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

650

Tabernaemontana

pand

acaqui

Lam

(Apo

cynaceae)

Alib

otbo

tTo

picalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

onabdo

men

aspo

ultice

6100

Cajanu

scajan

(L)Millsp

(Fabaceae)

Kadios

Topicalapp

licationof

crushedleaves

aspo

ultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)H

eadache

Canariu

masperum

Benth

(Burseraceae)

Salong

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

mresin

2450


arom

atherapy

bybu

rning

driedste

mresin

2450

Justicia

gend

arussa

Burm

F

(Acanthaceae)

Bunlaw


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

with

Selliptica

15100


(Araliaceae)

Kamoy-

kamoyKalangkang


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

andste

msw

ithJgend

arussa

10100

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

with

Fpseudopalm

a7

1795

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlanco

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

msw

ithB

balsa

mifera

750

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

63333

(Moraceae)

Vitextrifolia


(Lam

iaceae)

Lagu

ndi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

4100

(c)H

emorrhage

Ardisia

ellipticaTh

unb

(Prim

ulaceae)

Tagp

o-bayi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Ixoraphilippinensis

Merr

(Rub

iaceae)

Tagp

o-laki

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Caesalpiniasappan

L(Fabaceae)

Sibu

kaw

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

3100

(d)P

ostpartum

relapse

Uvariagrandiflora

Roxb

(Ann

onaceae)

Saging

-saging

Kalansaging


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

16100


(L)Spreng

(Poaceae)

Tang

lad


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

who

leplant

11100

UvariarufaBlum

e(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

52632

Prem

naodorataBlanco

(Lam

iaceae)

AdgawA

gdaw


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gleaves

4100

Coryphautan

Lam

(Arecaceae)

Buri


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gyoun

gshoo

ts3

100

Embelia

whitfordiiM

err

(Prim

ulaceae)

Malaumau

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

msa

ndleaves

3100

Smila

xbracteataCPresl

(Smilacaceae)

Banagan

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

1mdash


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(e)P

ostpartum

wash

Bambu

savulga

risSchradlowast

(Poaceae)

Kawayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

24100

Gliricid

iasepium

(Jacq)Walp

(Fabaceae)

Madre

cacao


sittin

gon

heated

leaves

toremoved

ischarges

22100

Citru

smaxim

a(Burm)Osbecklowast

(Rutaceae)

Kabu

gao


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

19100

UvariarufaBlum

elowast(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

147368

Pitto

sporum

pentandrum

(Blanco)

Merrlowast

(Pittospo

raceae)

Balin

gkaw

ayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

12100

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlancolowast

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

750

Antid

esmabunius

(L)Srenglowast

(Phyllanthaceae)

Bugn

ayEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

6100

Leucaena

leucocephala(Lam

)de

Witlowast

(Fabaceae)

Agh

oEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

4100

ArecacatechuL

(Arecaceae)

Bung

aEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

3100


(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

32308

Morinda

citrifoliaLlowast

(Rub

iaceae)

Anino


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

3100

Neonatalcareu

ses

(a)G

alactagogu

e

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

(Moraceae)

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

126667

Moringa

oleiferaL

(Moringaceae)

Balung

gay

Con

sumed

after

boiling

leaves

(som

etim

eswith

youn

gC

papaya

fruit)

8100

MusabalbisianaColla

(Musaceae)

Saging

(sab-a)

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e6

100

Caric

apapaya

L(C

aricaceae)

Kapayas

Con

sumed

after

boiling

youn

gfruit(sometim

eswith

Moleifer

aleaves)

4100

Ipom

oeabatatas(L)P

oir

(Con

volvulaceae)

Kamote(pu

la)

Con

sumed

after

steam

ingyoun

gleaves

3100

Manihotesculen

taCr

antz

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Balin

ghoy

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)N

ewbo

rnbaby

care

Physalisangulata

L(Solanaceae)

Tino

-tino

Topicalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

oninfant

stomachas

poultic

e22

100

Citru

stimesmicrocarpa

Bung

e(Rutaceae)

Suha


infant

washaft

erbo

iling

leaves

10100

Mom

ordica

charantia

L(Cucurbitaceae)

Margoso


leafextracttoexpu

lsesw

allowed

lochia

8100

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr

(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Topicalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntstem

62609

Pand

anus

tectoriusP

arkinson

exDu

Roi

(Pandanaceae)

Pand

anTo

picalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntd

riedleaves

1mdash

lowast

Prepared

incombinatio

nwith

6otherp

lants
















4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References







































































Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)H

eadache

Canariu

masperum

Benth

(Burseraceae)

Salong

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

mresin

2450


arom

atherapy

bybu

rning

driedste

mresin

2450

Justicia

gend

arussa

Burm

F

(Acanthaceae)

Bunlaw


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

with

Selliptica

15100


(Araliaceae)

Kamoy-

kamoyKalangkang


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

andste

msw

ithJgend

arussa

10100

Blum

eabalsa

mifera

(L)DC

(Aste

raceae)

Alib

hon

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

with

Fpseudopalm

a7

1795

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlanco

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

msw

ithB

balsa

mifera

750

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

63333

(Moraceae)

Vitextrifolia


(Lam

iaceae)

Lagu

ndi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingleaves

4100

(c)H

emorrhage

Ardisia

ellipticaTh

unb

(Prim

ulaceae)

Tagp

o-bayi

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Ixoraphilippinensis

Merr

(Rub

iaceae)

Tagp

o-laki

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

8100

Caesalpiniasappan

L(Fabaceae)

Sibu

kaw

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

3100

(d)P

ostpartum

relapse

Uvariagrandiflora

Roxb

(Ann

onaceae)

Saging

-saging

Kalansaging


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

16100


(L)Spreng

(Poaceae)

Tang

lad


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

who

leplant

11100

UvariarufaBlum

e(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

ms

52632

Prem

naodorataBlanco

(Lam

iaceae)

AdgawA

gdaw


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gleaves

4100

Coryphautan

Lam

(Arecaceae)

Buri


hotcom

pressa

fterb

oilin

gyoun

gshoo

ts3

100

Embelia

whitfordiiM

err

(Prim

ulaceae)

Malaumau

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingdriedste

msa

ndleaves

3100

Smila

xbracteataCPresl

(Smilacaceae)

Banagan

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

1mdash


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(e)P

ostpartum

wash

Bambu

savulga

risSchradlowast

(Poaceae)

Kawayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

24100

Gliricid

iasepium

(Jacq)Walp

(Fabaceae)

Madre

cacao


sittin

gon

heated

leaves

toremoved

ischarges

22100

Citru

smaxim

a(Burm)Osbecklowast

(Rutaceae)

Kabu

gao


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

19100

UvariarufaBlum

elowast(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

147368

Pitto

sporum

pentandrum

(Blanco)

Merrlowast

(Pittospo

raceae)

Balin

gkaw

ayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

12100

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlancolowast

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

750

Antid

esmabunius

(L)Srenglowast

(Phyllanthaceae)

Bugn

ayEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

6100

Leucaena

leucocephala(Lam

)de

Witlowast

(Fabaceae)

Agh

oEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

4100

ArecacatechuL

(Arecaceae)

Bung

aEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

3100


(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

32308

Morinda

citrifoliaLlowast

(Rub

iaceae)

Anino


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

3100

Neonatalcareu

ses

(a)G

alactagogu

e

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

(Moraceae)

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

126667

Moringa

oleiferaL

(Moringaceae)

Balung

gay

Con

sumed

after

boiling

leaves

(som

etim

eswith

youn

gC

papaya

fruit)

8100

MusabalbisianaColla

(Musaceae)

Saging

(sab-a)

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e6

100

Caric

apapaya

L(C

aricaceae)

Kapayas

Con

sumed

after

boiling

youn

gfruit(sometim

eswith

Moleifer

aleaves)

4100

Ipom

oeabatatas(L)P

oir

(Con

volvulaceae)

Kamote(pu

la)

Con

sumed

after

steam

ingyoun

gleaves

3100

Manihotesculen

taCr

antz

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Balin

ghoy

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)N

ewbo

rnbaby

care

Physalisangulata

L(Solanaceae)

Tino

-tino

Topicalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

oninfant

stomachas

poultic

e22

100

Citru

stimesmicrocarpa

Bung

e(Rutaceae)

Suha


infant

washaft

erbo

iling

leaves

10100

Mom

ordica

charantia

L(Cucurbitaceae)

Margoso


leafextracttoexpu

lsesw

allowed

lochia

8100

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr

(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Topicalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntstem

62609

Pand

anus

tectoriusP

arkinson

exDu

Roi

(Pandanaceae)

Pand

anTo

picalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntd

riedleaves

1mdash

lowast

Prepared

incombinatio

nwith

6otherp

lants
















4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References







































































Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(e)P

ostpartum

wash

Bambu

savulga

risSchradlowast

(Poaceae)

Kawayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

24100

Gliricid

iasepium

(Jacq)Walp

(Fabaceae)

Madre

cacao


sittin

gon

heated

leaves

toremoved

ischarges

22100

Citru

smaxim

a(Burm)Osbecklowast

(Rutaceae)

Kabu

gao


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

19100

UvariarufaBlum

elowast(A

nnon

aceae)

Banawak


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

147368

Pitto

sporum

pentandrum

(Blanco)

Merrlowast

(Pittospo

raceae)

Balin

gkaw

ayan


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

12100

Ficusp

seud

opalmaBlancolowast

(Moraceae)

Sulamyog


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

stems

750

Antid

esmabunius

(L)Srenglowast

(Phyllanthaceae)

Bugn

ayEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

6100

Leucaena

leucocephala(Lam

)de

Witlowast

(Fabaceae)

Agh

oEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

4100

ArecacatechuL

(Arecaceae)

Bung

aEx

ternalapplicationas

washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

3100


(Verbenaceae)

Haroy-haroy


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

leaves

32308

Morinda

citrifoliaLlowast

(Rub

iaceae)

Anino


washor

hotcom

pressa

fter

boiling

driedste

ms

3100

Neonatalcareu

ses

(a)G

alactagogu

e

Ficusn

ota(Blanco)

Merr

(Moraceae)

Tabu

yog

Oralapp

licationaft

erdecoctingste

ms

126667

Moringa

oleiferaL

(Moringaceae)

Balung

gay

Con

sumed

after

boiling

leaves

(som

etim

eswith

youn

gC

papaya

fruit)

8100

MusabalbisianaColla

(Musaceae)

Saging

(sab-a)

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e6

100

Caric

apapaya

L(C

aricaceae)

Kapayas

Con

sumed

after

boiling

youn

gfruit(sometim

eswith

Moleifer

aleaves)

4100

Ipom

oeabatatas(L)P

oir

(Con

volvulaceae)

Kamote(pu

la)

Con

sumed

after

steam

ingyoun

gleaves

3100

Manihotesculen

taCr

antz

(Eup

horbiaceae)

Balin

ghoy

Topicalapp

licationof

youn

gleaves

onbreastas

poultic

e3

100


Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)N

ewbo

rnbaby

care

Physalisangulata

L(Solanaceae)

Tino

-tino

Topicalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

oninfant

stomachas

poultic

e22

100

Citru

stimesmicrocarpa

Bung

e(Rutaceae)

Suha


infant

washaft

erbo

iling

leaves

10100

Mom

ordica

charantia

L(Cucurbitaceae)

Margoso


leafextracttoexpu

lsesw

allowed

lochia

8100

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr

(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Topicalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntstem

62609

Pand

anus

tectoriusP

arkinson

exDu

Roi

(Pandanaceae)

Pand

anTo

picalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntd

riedleaves

1mdash

lowast

Prepared

incombinatio

nwith

6otherp

lants
















4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References







































































Table2Con

tinued

Reprod

uctiv

ehealth

category

Plantscientifi

c(andfamily)n

ame

Localn

ame


nUse-m

entio

nFL

()

(b)N

ewbo

rnbaby

care

Physalisangulata

L(Solanaceae)

Tino

-tino

Topicalapp

licationof

heated

leaves

oninfant

stomachas

poultic

e22

100

Citru

stimesmicrocarpa

Bung

e(Rutaceae)

Suha


infant

washaft

erbo

iling

leaves

10100

Mom

ordica

charantia

L(Cucurbitaceae)

Margoso


leafextracttoexpu

lsesw

allowed

lochia

8100

Schizosta

chyum

lumam

pao(Blanco)

Merr

(Poaceae)

Bagakay

Topicalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntstem

62609

Pand

anus

tectoriusP

arkinson

exDu

Roi

(Pandanaceae)

Pand

anTo

picalapp

licationon

infantrsquosfre

shly-cut

navelof

ashfro

mbu

rntd

riedleaves

1mdash

lowast

Prepared

incombinatio

nwith

6otherp

lants
















4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References





















































































4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References










































































4 Conclusions




Acknowledgments


References





















































































































































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