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K ey Poi n ts :

Concept, Aim s & Scope of Spor ts M edicine

Spor ts I njur ies: -Classifications, Causes & Pr eventive M easur es

Fir st Aid- Aim s & Objectives

M anagem ent of I njur ies

Spor ts m edi ci n e

Spor ts m edicine is a br anch of healthcar e. I t deals w ith the diagnosis, tr eatm ent and

pr evention of I njur ies r elated to par ticipation in spor ts and / or ex er cise.

Scope of spor ts m edi ci n e

I n the field of physical education and spor ts, the fields of var ious sub-disciplines of spor ts

m edicine ar e uti lize. W ithout the k now ledge of scope of spor ts m edicine it is difficult to car r y

a spor tsper son per for m ance at apex level. T her e ar e follow ing scope of spor ts m edicine:

a) Spor ts and fir st aid

b) H um an anatom y and physiology

c) Fem ale and spor ts

d) Study of optim al load for differ ent age gr oups

e) Scientific pr om otion of gam es and spor ts

f) Spor ts injur y r ehabilitation

g) F itness for gam es and spor ts.

A i m s of spor ts m edi ci n e

HEM SHEELA MODEL SCHOOL DURGAPUR

CLASS 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATIONREVISION NOTES

BYSOURABH LAHIRI & ANJAN KR BISWAS

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a) T o pr ovide infor m ation to athletes about injur ies.

b) T o pr ovide k now ledge about the causes of injur ies.

c) T o pr ovide m eans or tr eatm ent for spor ts injur ies and for r ehabilitation of injur ies.

d) T o pr ovide k now ledge about the pr eventive m easur es of spor ts injur ies.

d. T o aw ar e the spor ts per son & athlete about the differ ent k inds of injur y in r espect of

differ ent gam es.

e. T o concentr ate on the causes of injur y

Con cept of Spor ts m edi ci n e

B io-m echanics r elated to spor ts

E ffect of attitude on endur ance per for m ance

Psychological aspect per for m ance

Nutr ition & m etabolism in r elation to com petition & per for m ance

R ecom m endations of F I SM (the I nter national Feder ation of Spor ts M edicine at w or ld

level)

Car dio-r espir ator y function in r elation to per for m ance

E x er cise in Car dio-V ascular disease pr evention & r ehabilitation

Pr ev en ti on of Spor ts I n ju r i es :

Pr e-par ticipation of m edical check up

Pr oper conditioning

Avoid dehydr ation

Pr otective Spor ts equipm ent & Gear s

Adequate & effectively m aintained faci lities

Spor ts per son’s psychological conditions & envir onm ent

Adequate r ehabilitation/I njur y m anagem ent

Pr oper use of r ight techniques

B alanced diet & adequate r est

Use of pr oper sk i lls

W ar m ing up & cooling dow n

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I m pa ct of su r f a ce on a th l etes

T her e ar e tw o types of sur faces used in any indoor or outdoor gam es. T hese ar e natur al and

ar tificial sur faces. Natur al sur faces is the sur faces that ar e pr epar ed thr ough pr oper

com bination of natur al elem ents lik e soil and gr ass. On the other hand, ar tificial sur faces ar e

m or e lik e car pets w hich ar e m ade fr om ar tificial com ponents lik e r ubber , synthetic fiber etc.

T hese sur faces im pact per for m ance of athletes differ ently . I n m any contact gam es lik e

football, cr ick et, r unning and K abaddi natur al sur faces ar e pr efer r ed because they pr ovide

m or e fam iliar ity , gr ip and avoid sever e injur ies. On the other hand, ar tificial sur faces

pr ovide m or e oppor tunities for pr actice because their use need not be stopped for

m aintenance. Also, w ith innovation in technology, ar tificial sur faces ar e becom ing m or e user

fr iendly. R isk s of injur ies ar e r educing in ar tificial sur faces also now adays.

3 I m pa ct of Su r f a ces a n d E n v i r on m en t on A th l etes

9.4A . Spor ts I n ju r y

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I n tr i n si c R i sk F a ctor E x tr i n si c R i sk F a ctor

Physical Pr epar ation

L ack of pr oper tr aining

Fitness label

I m pr oper w ar m ing up & cooling Dow n

Over use of m uscles

M uscles im balance

I n di v i du a l v a r i a bl es: -

a. Gender and Age

b. Nutr ition

c. Fatigue

d. Postur e defor m ities

Coa ch i n g

a. Poor techniques

b. L ack of k now ledge

Sk ill

R ules & R egulations

Sur r ounding

E nvir onm ent

E quipm ent

Facilities

E n v i r on m en ta l

Factor s

a. Clim ate

b. Playing Sur face

c. Pr eventive sur faces

d. M edical faci lities

Cl i m a ti c con di ti on s a f f ect th e per f or m a n ce

E nvir onm ental conditions, such as ex cessively high or low tem per atur es, have the potential

to have a negative im pact on an athlete‘s w ell-be ing. An athletes‘ ability to use a num ber of

ther m or egulation techniques helps in r egulating body tem per atur e.

Spor ts injur ies ar e those w hich ar e com m on in the field of gam es and spor ts. Dur ing

tr aining, com petition or pr actice, any player can be injur ed. Per haps ther e w ill not be any

player w ho has not been injur ed dur ing his car eer .

Str a i n is also a m uscle injur y. A str ain is caused by tw isting or pulling a m uscle or tendon. A

sudden str ain is caused by a r ecent injur y, l i fting heavy objects or r ods in w r ong w ay and

over str essing the m uscles. Chr onic str ain ar e usually caused by m oving the m uscles and

tendons in r epetition.

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Spr a i n is a ligam ent injur y. I t m ay occur due to over str etching or tear ing of ligam ents. M any

things can cause spr ain. Falling, tw isting, or getting hit can for ce a point out of its nor m al

position. T his can cause ligam ents ar oung the joints to tear .Gener ally , Spr ain occur s at w r ist

and ank le joints.

Pr ev en ti on of spr a i n a n d str a i n

a) Conditioning should be per for m ed dur ing the pr epar ator y per iod.

b) Spor ts equipm ents m ust be of good quality .

c) Play cour ts should be sm ooth and clean.

d) T he scientific k now ledge of gam es should be m ust for pr eventing sr ain.

e) Player should discontinue dur ing the condition of fatigue.

f) Good officiating is essential for pr eventing such injur y.

g) Player s should be car eful and aler t dur ing pr actice, tr aining and com petition.

Abr a si on is a k ey injur y gener ally occur s due to fr iction w ith cer tain equipm ents or a fall

over the ar ea w her e bone is ver y close to sk in. I t m ay be caused by a fall on har d sur face. As

som eone falls or slides on the gr ound, fr iction causes layer s of the sk in to r ub off.

B r u i ses ar e not clear ly seen as upper sk in r em ains undam aged and inner blood vessels ar e

dam aged and collect beneath the sk in. A fr esh br uise m ay actually be r eddish and after a few

hour s it tur ns to blue or dar k pur ple.

A l a cer a ti on is a w ound that is pr oduced by tear ing of soft body tissue.

Con tu si on is a m uscle injur y. A dir ect hit w ith or w ithout any spor ts equipm ent can be the

m ain cause of contusion. Contusion can also be due to m inor accidents to the sk in such as

falling, bum ping into som ething or being hit or k ick ed. I n contusion blood vessels in m uscles

ar e br ok en and som etim es bleeding m ay occur in the m uscles w hich m ay cause

br uise.Stiffnes and sw elling ar e com m on featur es at the site of contusion.

M a n a gem en t:

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Cold com pr ession should be used im m ediately . I ce or cold w ater should not be used

for m or e than 40 m inutes per sistently .

T he cold com pr ession should be per for m ed 5 to 6 tim es daily .

I f ther e is m or e sw elling at the sight of contusion, the anti-inflam m ator y m edicine

should be given.

I f the sw elling per sists, consult the Doctor im m ediately .

For the pur pose of r ehabilitation, flex ibility ex er cises should be per for m ed.

Ca u ses of spor ts i n ju r i es

T o effectively diagnose, r ehabilitate and ultim ately pr event subsequent injur ies, a spor t

ther apist

Anatom ical Factor s: T hese ar e r elated to m ak e up of the body. L eg length differ ences

a n d cause injur ies to ank le, hip and back .

Age r elated causes As the body ages, it changes. I t is less able to pr oduce for ce,

r ecover s slow er and soft tissues lose the ability to str etch. T her efor e it is m or e pr one

to injur y.

T r aining r elated cause’s E x cessive r epetitive loading of the tissues is needed for

successive adaptation. H ow ever w ithout suitable r ecover y, tissues never have the

chance to adapt and can fai l .

E quipm ent selection factor s T hese ar e r elated to the suitability of equipm ent. An

instance is incor r ect footw ear , w hich w ill not pr otect the foot and ank le adequately . I t

also w ill not distr ibute for ces effectively . T hus it incr eases the r isk of injur y.

I m pact and contact causes I m pact or contact can be w ith objects, sur faces or other

people. T hese injur ies ar e com m on in contact spor ts lik e football, r ugby, hock ey etc.

Also they ar e com m on in m or e danger ous spor ts lik e m otor r acing, box ing and sk i ing.

Joi n t i n ju r i es & i ts ty pes

A har d blow to a joint, a fall , a for ceful thr ow ing, li fting or hitting m ay cause dislocation.

I nfact it is dislocation of sur face of bones.

T y pes of di s l oca ti on

a) Dislocation of low er jaw : it occur s w hen the chin str ik es to any other object. I t m ay occur i f

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m outh is opened ex cessively .

b) Dislocation of shoulder joint: dislocation of shoulder joint m ay occur due to a sudden jer k

or a fall over a har d sur face. T he end of the hum er ous com es out fr om the sock et. I n face

w hen your shoulder dislocates, a str ong for ce, such as a sudden blow to your shoulder . Pulls

the bones in your shoulder out of place.

c) Dislocation of hip joint: B y putting m ax im um str ength spontaneously m ay cause

dislocation of hip joint. T he end of the fem ur is displaced fr om the sock et.

d) Dislocation of w r ist: A spor tsper son w ho par ticipates in a spor ts or gam e in w hich he m ay

fall, r uns the r isk of getting a dislocated w r ist. A m iscalculated landing can also cause a

dislocated w r ist. I nfact, it gener ally occur s to the per son w ho use his hand to br eak his fall .

Pr ev en ti on s:

a) Adequate w ar m ing-up should be per for m ed pr ior to any activ ity .

b) Pr oper conditioning should be per for m ed dur ing pr epar ator y per iod.

c) Str etching ex er cises should be include in w ar m -up

d) Player s should be car eful dur ing tr aining and com petition.

e) Pr otective equipm ents should be used

f) Player s should have good anticipation and concentr ation pow er

g) Alw ays obey the r ules and r egulations.

h) Per for m r egular ex er cise ar ound your shoulder , hip, and w r ist joints etc.

i ) Avoid falls or hits as far as possible.

Ca u ses of f r a ctu r e

Fr actur e usually occur s due to a high im pact on the bone. I t can be causes by over use. T he

m ost com m on causes of fr actur e ar e:

a) I n such spor ts event w her e ther e is a high im pact.

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b) T r aum atic, for ceful and unnatur al m ovem ents.

c) Pr olonged long distance w alk ing or r unning.

d) Sudden fall on har d sur face.

e) Dir ect str ik e or hit w ith any solid spor ts equipm ent.

f) Osteopor osis.

M a n a gem en t of F r a ctu r e

a) E levate the ex tr em ity and r est w hile bone heals itself.

b) Apply ice to the affected par t for 24 to 48 hr s

c) I f pain per sists, give paink iller s.

d) I f ther e is any need of im m obilization to the affected par t, use a slint

e) After r em oval of sw elling begin to put par tial w eight on the affected ar ea.

f) Cr utches or w alk ing stick m ay be used in the beginning. After tw o w eek s star t putting

nor m al w eight.

g) For 6 to 8 w eek s, avoid the activ ity that caused str ess fr actur e. T hen star t doing the

activ ity slow ly.