Heavy Metals Concentration in Roadside Soil in Katsina City · Heavy Metals Concentration in Roadside Soil in Katsina City Lawal Abdulrashid Department of Geography, Umaru Musa Yar’adua

Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS) Vol. 3 No. 1 June 2017

407

Heavy Metals Concentration in Roadside

Soil in Katsina City

Lawal Abdulrashid Department of Geography,

Umaru Musa Yar’adua University,

Katsina, Nigeria

Abdu Yaro Department of Geography,


Katsina, Nigeria

Yusuf Ibrahim El-Ladan Department of Geography,


Katsina, Nigeria

Abstract

nalysis was conducted on the soil sample collected along five major roads in Katsina city to

determine the level of concentration of heavy metals. The samples were collected at 0-15cm and 0-

1meter away from the roads. The heavy metals assessed (Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn ) in the

digested samples were determine using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. T-test was used to compare the

mean values; standard deviation and coefficient of variability were used to test the significance differences of

the heavy metals accumulation between different sampling points. The result shows high level concentration

of Fe and Zn, 203mg/kg and 97mg/kg respectively along Ibrahim Babangida Way. While Cd and Ni had the

lowest values and the mean concentration were in the order of Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Pb. Cd and Ni were not

found along the five major roads and the control site. The results indicate that all the heavy metals were

within the maximum permissible limit approved by some international organisations such as World Health

Organisation, and the European Union. However, their continuous accumulation in the long run may pose

serious threat to the people.

Keywords: heavy metals; Katsina city; major roads; soil; pollution

A


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Introduction

Heavy metals contamination of roadside soils arises from various sources, including industrial and

residential emissions, corrosion of building materials, and vehicular traffic including particulates

from wear and tear of tires, automobile bodies, and brake linings (Akhter and Madany, 1993).

According to Zakir, et al. (2014), areas within a distance of 150m from heavy-traffic roads exhibit

highest contamination with re-suspended particles from roadside soils. In Nigeria, roadside soils in

the city of Kaduna were found to contain high concentrations of the toxic metals Pb and Cd (

Okunola, et al., 2008).

It has been established in Nigeria that both human beings and animals are unnecessarily over

exposed to numerous environmental hazards, often as a result of gross inefficiencies and negligence

(Baba et al., 2014). These poor environmental conditions have resulted in increasingly deteriorating

health condition as well as drastic reduction in life expectancy, contrary to what obtains in the

developed world (Baij et al., 2009).

Heavy metals have so many health implications, since they are non-essential metals that are

required for any function either by plants or animals. These metals are released during different

operations of road transport process such as combustion, component wear, fluid leakage and

corrosion of metals. Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) are the major metal

pollutants of the roadside environments and are released from fuel burning, wear out of tyres,

leakage of oils and corrosion of batteries and metallic parts (Dolan, et al., 2006). Elevated

concentrations of trace metal as a result of human activities have been recorded since ancient times

(Nriagu, 1996). The majority of the heavy metals are toxic to living organisms and even those

considered as essential can be toxic if present in excess. Heavy metals can impair important

biochemical processes, posing a threat to human health, plant growth and animal life ( Silva, et al,

2005). Studies have shown that such pollutants can be harmful to the roadside vegetation, wild life,

and the neighbouring human settlements (e.g. Tong and Lam, 2000). Thus, Katsina may not be an

exception of the foregoing trace metals concentration problem, especially along roadside soils as

there is presence of several human activities beside those activities that may send heavy metals into

the environment.

Okunlona, et al., (2007) observed that in most developing countries like Nigeria, improved road

accessibility creates a variety of ancillary employment which range from vehicle repairs,

vulcanizing and welding to auto electrification, battery charging, as well as sales of vehicles spare

parts. These activities help in the discharge of heavy metal elements into air, water and soil which

finally becomes bio-available to people in various ways.

Studies on heavy metal contamination of roadside soils revealed that concentrations were

influenced by factors such as traffic volume (Chen, et al., 2010), highway characteristics (Bai, et al.,

2009), road and roadside terrain (Saeedi, et al., 2009), roadside distance, wind direction (Jaradat and

Momani, 1999), rainfall (Chen, et al., 2010), local economy (Li, et al., 2001). Chen, et al., (2010), further


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submitted that high traffic volume results in increased level of heavy metal content in the roadside

soils.

Like any other city, Katsina city developed over the years in a steady progress of economic

activities, increasing population and traffic density (Ministry of Land and Surveys, Katsina State,

2005). With the growth in population, economic activities have increased leading to use of more

automobiles. Due to the rapid urbanisation, large number of people in Katsina city lives close to

busy roads, where they become exposed to heavy metal pollution from various activities along the

roads. This study attempts to investigate levels of heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils of

some selected roads in Katsina city.

Research Methodology

The Study Area

Figure 2.1: Locations of Sampling Sites in Urban Katsina Area


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Reconnaissance Survey

A reconnaissance survey was carried out in January 2015 in different part of the Katsina city to

identify suitable sites for collection of soil samples. Following the survey, fifteen locations along five

selected major roads in Katsina city were identified as suitable sites for top soil sample collection,

while one composite soil sample was identified as control outside the city.

Table 1: Characteristics of the study roads

ROADS

Length

Mechanic

sites and

spare

parts

shops

Vulcanizing

sites

Filling

stations

Wielding

sites/local

metal

works

Scrap

metal

deposition

depots

Vehicles

parking

&

stations

Car

wash

sites

Total

Yahaya

Madaki way

6 km 20 37 7 25 11 40 11 151

Dutsimma

Road

12 km 27 62 17 21 13 36 8 151

IBB Way 10km 23 34 14 27 9 41 11 159

K.Marusa 4km 15 15 11 23 9 21 5 80

K. Guga 4km 17 23 3 18 8 19 15 103

Total 36 102 171 52 114 50 157 50 644

Source: Field work (2015)

Soil Samples Collection

Soil sample collections were made in February (2015) during the dry season to avoid possible wash

away or leaching of the heavy metals if collected in the rainy season and were also collected within

two consecutive days to minimises temporal changes as demonstrated by Abechi, et al., (2010). Soil

samples were collected at different locations along the busy roads within Katsina city, Nigeria.

Each road is divided into three (3) segments. At each segments, fourteen (14) soil samples were

collected at random, seven (7) at either sides of the road to make a one composite soil sample

representing that segment. Therefore, at each road, three (3) composite soil samples were collected

making fifteen (15) samples in all the five selected roads as demonstrated by Qasem, et al. ,(1999).

All the samples were collected at depth of 0-15 cm, and 0-1 metre away from the road using hand-

driven stainless steel auger as demonstrated by Akan, et al., (2013); Mmolawa, et al., (2011) and

Olukanni, et al., (2012).

The samples collected were placed in clean polythene bags to minimize sample contamination and

labelled immediately at the point of collection for proper identification (Baba et al., 2009). The

collected soil sample was transported to Bayero University Soil and Water laboratory, Kano for

analysis. The hand driven auger is washed with soap and rinsed with distilled water after each

sampling as demonstrated by (Awofolu, 2005). Samples were collected at either side of the road,

because it was concluded in a previous research by Zupancic, (1997) in one high way (Lubljana –

Obrezje) in Slovenia that prevailing wind direction as well as the traffic direction and consequently

the side of road have little effect on the contamination pattern. Areas with obvious signs of


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disturbance, such as animal burrowing and landfills were avoided. Sampling spots were cleared of

debris before actual sampling started ( Mmolawa, et al., 2011).

Soil Sample Preparation

All the soil samples collected were air dried and grounded, using pestle and mortar, to ensure

homogeneity. The samples were sieved through 2mm mesh sieve and then placed in a clean plastic

bags and sealed pending digestion and analysis.

Samples Digestion

All bottles and glass wares used were cleaned by soaking with 10% (v/v) HNO3 for at least 24hrs

and rinsed abundantly in de-ionized water before use. The reagents used were of analytical grade.

Ten gram of each sample was air-dried in circulating air to a constant weight and passed through a

2mm sieve. Twenty gram of the sieved soil samples were weighed, ground to powder and digested

in 5ml mixture of concentrated Nitric acid (HNO3) and perchloric acid (HClO4) at 105◦C for 1hr. The

digest was allowed to cool and then filtered through Whatman Filter paper No. 42 and diluted up to

25ml with double-distilled water. The digest was allowed to cool and filtered using a 0.45 mm

Millipore filter kit.

Triplicate digestions of each sample together with a blank were also carried out. Blank samples

were prepared from only reagents without sample to check for background contamination by the

reagents used. The nitric acid and perchloric acid used in the digestion of the soil and plant samples

were of analytical grade and were manufactured by Merck Kga A (Darmstadt, Germany) and BDH

Ltd (Poole, UK), respectively. Quality control was implemented through the use of three replicate

samples, a reagent blank, spiking and the use of an international soil reference sample (SRM 989,

The Netherlands).

Quality control measures were carried out to assess contamination and reliability of the results. The

recovery and reproducibility of the method were checked by spiking and homogenising several

already analysed samples with varying amounts of standard solutions. Soil Samples Analyses

Analytical reagent grade (Analar) chemical and distilled water were used throughout the work. All

glassware and plastic containers were washed with detergent, 20% nitric acid and then rinsed with

tap water and finally with distilled water. The concentrations of the heavy metals considered (Cd,

Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in the digested samples were determined using a flame atomic

absorption spectrophotometer (210 VGP, Buck Scientific, Inc., East Norwalk, USA) after calibrating

the equipment with different standard concentrations. The calibration curves were prepared from

standards by dissolving appropriate amounts of the metal salts in purified nitric acid, diluting with

deionised water and storing as stock solutions in a quartz flask. For the determination, two

solutions were prepared for each sample and three separate readings were made for each solution.

Fresh working solutions were obtained by serial dilution of stock solutions. Measurements were

made using the hollow cathode lamps for every metal at the proper wavelength and the slit width

was adjusted.


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Statistical analysis

The geochemical data obtained from roadside soils were analyzed and presented using simple

descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Mean concentrations of each metal along roadside soil

were determined. Also histograms were used to show on chat/graph, the level of each metal in the

various sampling location and mean concentration of heavy metal in all the roads. Standard

Deviation (S.D) and Co-efficient of Variability (C.V. %) were used to test the significant differences

of the heavy metal accumulation between different sampling points and roads. While Pearson

Product Moment Correlation is used in determining the associations among the metals considered.

All tests were performed at p< 0.05 and 0.01 significance level as demonstrated by Joseph et al.,

2013; Mmolawa,et al.,(2011); Baba, et a.l ,(2009). Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version

17 was used in results analysis.

Results and Discussion

The results of the analysis are presented in Figures and Tables which shows the concentration of

heavy metals at various locations sampled for the analysis. The values are reported in Mg/kg.

0

50

100

150

200

250

Pb Zn Fe Cu Cd Ni Mn

IBB Way

Dutsimma RD

Kofar Marusa Way

Kofar Guga Way

Yahaya Madaki Way

Control site

Figure 1: Mean concentration of Heavy metals across selected roads in urban Katsina

Figure 1 summarised the mean concentration of heavy metals across selected roads in urban

Katsina as compared with control site. This figure clearly indicates that Fe and Zn have the highest

mean concentrations, while Ni, Cd, and Pb have lowest concentrations in all the selected roads.

Figures 2 to 6 indicate mean concentration of each metal at each selected roads compared with

control. In all the roads investigated, the mean values of the selected metals are higher than that of

the control.


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Yahaya Madaki way (Road A).

Mean concentration of heavy metal in roadside soil along Yahaya Madaki way were in the order of

Fe > Zn >Mn> Cu >Pb> Cd > Ni. The mean concentration of each metal found along Yahaya

Madaki soil samples appear to be higher than those found in soil of control site as shown in Fig. 2.

0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00

Pb

Zn

Fe

Cu

Cd

Ni

Mn

Control site

Yahaya Madaki Way

Fig. 2 Mean heavy metals concentration in roadside soil of YahayaMadaki Way

Dutsinma Road (Road B).

The mean concentration of heavy metals along Dutsinma road were in the order of Fe > Zn >Mn>

Cu >Pb> Cd > Ni. Also the concentration of heavy metals along Dutsinma road is higher than the

control as seen in Fig. 3

0 50 100 150 200

Pb

Zn

Fe

Cu

Cd

Ni

Mn

Control site

Dutsimma RD

Fig. 3 : Mean heavy metals concentration in roadside soil of Dutsinma Road

IBB Way Road (Road C).

Mean concentration along IBB is presented in fig 4 indicating that, the concentration of all the

metals are higher than that of the control. The concentration were in the order of Fe > Zn >Mn> Cu

>Pb> Cd > Ni.


414

0 50 100 150 200 250

Pb

Zn

Fe

Cu

Cd

Ni

Mn

Control site

IBB Way

Fig. 4: Mean heavy metals concentration in roadside soil of IBB Way

Kofar-Marusa Road (Road D).

The Concentration in Kofar Marusa Road is in this order, Fe > Zn >Mn> Cu >Pb> Ni > Cd, as it can

be seen in the Fig. 5 where all the metals investigated are higher than the concentration in the

control.

0 50 100 150 200

Pb

Zn

Fe

Cu

Cd

Ni

Mn

Control site

Kofar Marusa Way

Fig. 5 : Mean heavy metals concentration in roadside soil of Kofar Marusa Way


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4.1.5 Kofar-Guga Road (Road E).

The concentration of the heavy metal along Kofar Guga is presented in this order (Figure 6) Fe > Zn

>Mn> Cu >Pb> Ni > Cd.

0 50 100 150

Pb

Zn

Fe

Cu

Cd

Ni

Mn

Control site

Kofar Guga Way

Fig. 6: Mean heavy metals concentration in roadside soil of K/Guga Way

Coefficient of variation (CV%) was used to determine the variation in heavy metal contents along

points of the same road and between the roads as indicated in table 2 and 3, the concentration of

each metal were compared among the roads to determine variation of the metals between the roads

(table 2), Cu and Mn have a least variation, Pb, Zn, Fe and Cd have a moderate variation, while Ni

has a high variation based on Aweto, (1982) variability rating.

Table 2: Mean concentration of Heavy Metals along Selected Roads in Katsina ` City

Sample Sites Pb Zn Fe Cu Cd Ni Mn

Yahaya MD 2.55 65.49 114.22 4.83 1.01 0.35 6.87

Dutsinma RD 5.95 97.28 151.06 7.18 0.59 0.52 9.33

IBB Way 5.59 97.89 203.6 6.35 1 0.3 8.04

K ofar MRS 5.66 66.67 183.12 6.97 0.6 0.96 8.06

KofarGuGa 3.97 68.87 125.51 5.86 0.74 1.03 8.3

Mean 4.74 79.24 155.50 6.24 0.79 0.63 8.12

STDEV. 1.45 16.79 37.75 0.94 0.21 0.34 0.88

CV% 30.39 21.19 24.28 15.06 26.58 53.97 10.84

Source: Field work (2015)

Lead (Pb)

Among the roads understudy, Dutsin-ma road appeared to have the highest level of Pb, followed

by Kofar Marusa road, IBB Way, Kofar Guga and Yahaya Madaki Road According to the World


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Health Organization, maximum permissible limit of Pb for urban soil is 10 mg/kg (Devi et al., 2014).

None of the sampling sites exceeds this limit.

But the mean levels of Lead obtained from the all fifteen (15) locations in the study (4.74 mg/kg)

were significantly greater than the concentration in the control (c) (0.67 mg/kg). This indicates a

definite contamination, contributed by vehicular emissions to the soil.

Zinc (Zn)

IBB Way and Dutsin-ma roads have the highest levels of Zinc, followed by Kofar Guga, Yahaya

Madaki,). However, the mean values in this study were higher than the reported values of 56.72

mg/kg (Pranjal 2014); 57.0 mg/kg (Pagotto, et al., 2001) and 3.68 mg/kg (Uwah, 2014).

The WHO maximum permissible limit for zinc is 2000 mg/kg and for EU is 300 mg/kg (Devi et al.,

2014). Findings in this study were within the permissible limits. But from the table 1, it is clear that

Zn concentration in all the fifteen (15) sites were higher than the concentrations in the control site

(C), indicating soil contamination.

Iron (Fe):

IBB Way has the highest concentration of Fe followed by Kofar Marusa way, Dutsin-ma road, Kofar

Guga way and Yahaya Madaki way in this order. Iron was found to be a dominant metal when

compared with other heavy metals in the study sites. Iron is vital for almost all living organisms, in

a wide variety of metabolic processes, including oxygen and electron transport, as well as DNA

synthesis. It is known that adequate iron in human diet is very important for decreasing the

incidences of anemia. Despite its importance, however, it has a limit within which it is useful.

Results of Fe levels in this study appeared somehow outrageous when compared with control site.

Fe appeared to be the highest metal among all the trace metals found, with a range of 106.41mg/kg

(A2) to 210.41 mg/kg (C2) and a mean of 155.50 mg/kg. The concentration of Fe appeared higher

than those recorded in soil samples of Zuzhou, China (3.38 mg/kg),( Cheng, et al.,1999 )

Copper (Cu)

Dutsin-ma road have the highest level of Cu, followed by Kofar Marusa, IBB Way Kofar Guga and

Yahaya Madaki had the lowest concentration. It is known that Cu is an essential element, yet, it may

be toxic to both humans and animals when its concentration exceeds the safe limits and its

concentration in some human tissues like the thyroid can change, depending on the tissue state. The

range of copper concentration in the present study is from 4.34 mg/kg (A2) to 8.32 mg/kg (B2) with

an average value of 6.24 mg/kg, which is similar to a reported study from Ilorin (6.26 mg/kg) by

Baba,et al.,

Though the copper concentrations in all the sampling sites were lower than the maximum

permissible limits for Cu set up by EU, which 140 mg/kg (Devi et al., 2014), all the sampling sites

exceeded the background level (control (c)). Thus, it may be asserted that contaminants were

increasing in the roadsides soil in comparison with the control site (c). The most probable source of

copper in roadside soils is corrosion of metallic parts, wear and tear of car engines, and spillage of

lubricants.


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Cadmium (Cd)

Cadmium is encountered in cadmium-nickel battery production, although it continues to be used in

paints as well as in plastic productions where it is an effective stabilising agent. Long term

Cadmium toxicity can produce itai-itai disease, in which individual suffer from bone fractures,

severe pains, proteinuria, and severe osteomalacia (Lee, et al., 2005). The concentration ranges from

0.00 mg/kg (D3& E1) to 1.19 mg/kg (C1) with an average of 0.79 mg/kg which is almost similar to

0.75 mg/kg reported by Jaradat and Momani, (1999)

Levels in the roadside soil of urban Katsina were still in the safe zone, compared with the maximum

permissible limits of WHO (10mg/kg); FEPA (3-6 mg/kg) and EU (3 mg/kg) (Devi, et al., 2014). The

control sample had zero level of Cd contamination. Increasing trend of Cd in soil may cause threat

to human and animals in the near future. Although the wear and tear of tyres may be recognised as

a major source of Cd alongside road ways, this study suggest that the combustion of fuel (especially

diesel) and oil/lubricants, which were known to contain trace levels of cadmium, may be a

significant source as found in road side soil within the present study. Cadmium and Zinc are found

in lubricating oils as part of many additives. Yahaya Madaki and IBB Way had the highest level of

Cd, this might be as a result of high traffic densities and other anthropogenic activities along

roadsides.

Nickel (Ni)

Nickel has many common industrial uses due to its unique chemical properties. Carcinogenic nickel

exposure is greatest through the inhalation of nickel containing particulates. The burning of fossil

fuels as well as the refining of metals such as copper introduces considerable amount of nickel into

the atmosphere (Lee, et al., 2005). Nickel concentration ranges from 0.00 mg/kg (B1&C2) to 1.15

mg/kg (D2) with an average of 0.66 mg/kg which is lower than the concentrations recorded from

studies in the United State (2.4 mg/kg (Schacklette and Boerngen, 1984 respectively. Levels of

Nickel in all samples were within the maximum permissible range set up by EU, which is 75 mg/kg

(Devi, et al., 2012)

Compared with the control site (c), it has been observed that roadside samples were contaminated

with nickel, while the control site has zero level. Kofar Guga and Kofar Marusa roads have the

highest levels of the metal, which might have resulted from high traffic congestion and other

human activities along the roads. Nickel in this study was found to be the least in terms of quantity.

Manganese (Mn)

The deficiency of manganese in the human body can produce severe skeletal and reproductive

abnormalities. High doses of manganese produce adverse effects primarily in the lungs and the

brain. Mn concentrations ranges from 6.48 mg/kg (A3) to 10.21 mg/kg (D1) with an average of 8.13

mg/kg which is higher than the range value reported from Jos, Plateau State, by Abechi, et al., 2010

(5.51 – 9.61 mg/kg)

The highest Mn concentration in the roadside soil samples was observed at the D1site, followed by

B3both of which were located on a heavy traffic area. The lowest Mn concentration was detected at

the A3site, where the traffic is relatively low. The maximum allowable concentrations of Mn by


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FAO/WHO are 2000 mg/kg (Devi et al., 2014). The levels of Mn in all the samples in this study

were far below this limit.

Correlation of Heavy metals among the selected roads

The heavy metals were correlated to find out association between them as summarized in Table 3

There were correlations among few of the metals investigated. This result corroborated the finding

of Ano, (1994) that there was a strong relationship among these heavy metals in plants and soil in

areas affected by human activities.

Table 3: Correlation of heavy metals in the sampled soils in Katsina city

Pb

Pb Zn Fe Cu Cd Ni Mn

1 .372 .6169* .824** -.360 -.085 .346

Zn 1 .249 .300 -.198 -.443 .407

Fe 1 .647** .263 -.132 .203

Cu 1 -.160 .210 .437

Cd 1 -.050 -.116

Ni 1 .070

zzMn 1

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level. ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.

There is strong positive correlation between Pb and Fe (0.616, p<0.05), Pb and Cu (0.824, p<0.01), as

well as Fe and Cu, (0.647, p<0.01) indicating that the metals likely originated from a common

source. This result corroborated the findings of Mbah, et al., (2010); Mmolawa, et al., (2011) and

Pranjal, et al., (2014). The weak correlations between the other metals indicate that they are most

likely from the varied sources of pollution like auto traffic, filling stations, roadside deposition of

engine oil(lubricating and gear oils), battery wastes and tyres, as well as the presence of local

industries along roadside including Iron benders, Welders, Vulcanizers, Auto mechanics and

Electricians discharging metal scraps into the environment. Thus, increase in the concentration of

one metal appeared independent of other.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed the presence of the selected heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Ni and Mn) in the

roadside soils of the selected roads in urban Katsina. The heavy metals may likely originated from

many sources like, motor vehicles, filling stations, roadside spilling of engine oil, battery wastes

and car tyre as well as the presence of local industries along roadside (such as iron bending,

welding, vulcanizing, mechanics and electricians discharging metal scraps into the environment).

Heavy metals mean concentrations in roadside soil samples were higher than those in the control

side. Though the level of contaminants are still within the maximum permissible limits set by some

international organisations like WHO, EU, FAO, etc, but may create problem in the near future.

Elevated levels of heavy metals poses risk to human and animal life as it is reported by earlier

researchers across the world which support our findings. So there is the need for constant

monitoring of these heavy metals as their levels may likely increase in the future.


419

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Heavy Metals Concentration in Roadside Soil in Katsina City · Heavy Metals Concentration in Roadside Soil in Katsina City Lawal Abdulrashid Department of Geography, Umaru Musa Yar’adua