Sep. 24, 2009
Heat Pump Technology
Development in Japan
Naoki Shikazono
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Collaborative Research Center for Energy Engineering (CEE)
The University of Tokyo
shika@feslab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
http://www.feslab.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index.html
Sep. 24, 2009
Contents
Topics on heat pump system development in
Japan
CO2 heat pump
Extremely high COP / APF
Technological needs for future development
Low pressure drop cycle
Heat transfer enhancement
Sep. 24, 2009 TEPCO HP http://www.mof.go.jp/singikai/zaisanfollow_up/siryou/20080515/tepco.pdf
CO2 Emission Reduction Potential of Heat Pump in Japan
Drying
Temp. rise
AC
Hot water
AC
Hot water
Heating
Commercial
Total ▲130 Mt-CO2
Civilian ▲100 Mt-CO2,
Industrial ▲30 Mt-CO2
100 Mt-CO2
Civilian
130 Mt-CO2
Total
Total CO2 emission
1261 Mt-CO2 @ 1990
Industrial + Civilian
Residential
Industrial
Transport
Others
104 t-CO2
104 t-CO2
Sep. 24, 2009
Expected Share of Residential Hot Water Heater
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
S
to
c
k
(
1
0
0
0
u
n
it
s)
Heat pump
Latent heat recovery boiler
Fuel cell
Electric heater
Conventional boiler
Sep. 24, 2009
Cost vs. Amount of CO2 Reduction
地球温暖化問題に関する懇談会，中期目標検討委員会（第７回）資料より作成
http://202.232.58.50/jp/singi/tikyuu/kaisai/dai07tyuuki/07gijisidai.html
-2,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Total CO2 reduction 10
4
t-CO2
C
os
t
(B
il
li
o
n
Y
e
n
)
Wind power
PV
Air conditioning
Business use
hot water system
Household hot water system
Solar heat
IT Network
Household wall insulation
Display
Top runner appliances
Next gen. automobiles
Industrial enegy saving
BEMS
Sep. 24, 2009
Gas Boiler vs. Heat pump
Corona CHP-D456A CTU-DH3026A2 (300L)
・ Capacity Q = 4.5kW
・ Catalogue price ¥787,500
・ Market price C ≒ ¥400,000－subsidy ¥41,000
・ ΔT ≒ 10℃
・ Q/ΔT ≒ 450 W/℃
・ C/Q ≒ 80,000 ¥/kW
・ Weight W = 59 + 81 = 140 kg
・ C/W ≒ 2,500 ¥/kg
Rinnai RUF-A2400AG
・ Capacity Q ≒ 40kW
・ Catalogue price ¥359,520
・ Market price C ≒ ¥130,000
・ ΔT ≒ 1,500℃
・ Q/ΔT ≒ 30 W/℃
・ C/Q ≒ 3,250¥/kW
・ Weight = 29.5 kg
・ C/W ≒ 4,500 ¥/kg
650×820×300
59kg
1635×1090×450
81kg
510×600×240
29.5kg
http://www.corona.co.jp/question/index_catalog_dl.htmlhttp://rinnai.jp/catalog_download/
Sep. 24, 2009
CO2 & R410A
CO2
R410A
Sep. 24, 2009
CO2 Heat Pump
(90 ℃-20 ℃)×460 kg×4.179 kJ/kg℃=134.6 MJ 134.6 MJ / (8 h × 3600 sec/h) = 4.7 kW
90 ℃ 460 L
4.5 kW
http://www.corona.co.jp/question/catalog_dl/juusetsu/catalog/0909ecocute.pdf
Sep. 24, 2009
Midnight Power Demand
CO2 Heat pump cumulative shipment
電気事業連合会，（社）日本冷凍空調工業会，（財）ヒートポンプ・蓄熱センター
TEPCO Shin Takasegawa
Pumped Hydropower
1.28×106kW
（財）日本ダム協会HP
http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jdf/
1.8×106 units @Jul. 2009
Energy consumption ≒ 1 kW/unit
9×106 units@2020
→ 9×106 kW midnight power consumption
Sep. 24, 2009
Adequate Capacity
Electric 1 kW + Heat 1.3 kW
200 L tank + Gas boiler4.5 kW 460 L
PEFCCO2 Heat pump
Sep. 24, 2009
Daikin “Altherma”
www.daikinaltherma.com
Sep. 24, 2009
Improvement of COP (Residential)
全国地球温暖化防止活動推進センターウェブサイト（http://www.jccca.org/）より
Heating
Cooling
To
p
ru
nn
er
p
ro
gr
am
Sep. 24, 2009
Improvement of Components
C
om
pr
es
so
r m
ot
or
e
ff.
(%
)
C
om
pr
es
so
r
ad
. e
ff.
(%
)
Fa
n
m
ot
or
e
ff.
(%
)
総合資源エネルギー調査会省エネルギー基準部会エアーコンディショナー判断基準小委員会
Sep. 24, 2009
COP Improvement
R410A
A B
COP = A／B
Sep. 24, 2009
Increase of HEX Area
and Air flow rate
～1985 Mid 90’s Late 90’s Present
日経ものづくり,2004.08日経メカニカル,537,44, 1999
Early 00’s
大塚,2008
Sep. 24, 2009
Heat Load and Rated Capacity
2.8kW Air conditionerDistrict Cooling
田中，2003 井上，エネルギー･資源, 25-5, 2004, pp.321-324.
R
at
ed
Load
H
ou
rs
[h
/y
ea
r]
C
um
ul
at
iv
e
ho
ur
s
[h
]
Cumulative
Cooling
Cumulative
Electric power
H
ou
rs
[h
/y
ea
r]
Heating
Cooling
C
om
pr
es
so
r e
ff.
[
%
]
Compressor
efficiency
Sep. 24, 2009
H
ea
t L
oa
d
(k
W
h)
Outdoor Temperature (℃)
Heating load
Cooling load
nConsumptioEnergyTotal
DurationLoad
APF eTemperatur
∑ ×
=
Rated Operation
(Heating) Rated Operation(Cooling)
Annual Performance Factor (APF)
Sep. 24, 2009
Comparison of Target Levels
エネルギー白書2008より
Australia
China
Thailand
USA,Can. Korea
Japan
3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0
Capacity kW
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
1.0
A
P
F
or
C
O
P
Sep. 24, 2009
COP Improvement
R410A
A B
COP = A／B
Sep. 24, 2009
冷房運転時圧力測定点
凝縮器
膨張弁
液
室外機
ガス
圧
室内機
ｻｰﾋﾞｽﾊﾞﾙﾌﾞ
P1
P2
接続配管
５ｍ
調整絞
Gas bypass cycle
Indoor Unit Outdoor Unit
Cooling
Evaporator
Condenser
Comp.
Liquid
Gas
Gas Liquid Separator
Sep. 24, 2009
Principle of Gas-Liquid Separation Using Surface Tension
Contracted section
Expanded section
Expanded section： Only liquid phase remains inside the grooves
Contracted section：Introduce both gas and liquid phases into the grooves
Sep. 24, 2009
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Gas Weber number Weg
Dimensionless Separation Limit
R
e f*
=
R
e f
13
0.
0l
n
Bo (
)+
56
.3
D
im
en
si
on
le
ss
L
iq
ui
d
Fl
ow
R
at
e
Dimensionless Gas Flow Rate
σ
ρ bj
We ggg
2
≡
b: Groove width
Sameshima, Shikazono & Iwata, 2008
Sep. 24, 2009
R410A prototype
Two phase flow inlet
D Introducing
guide
Micro
Grooves
Liquid outlet
L
Separating plate
of gas and liquid
Gas outlet
A A
A-A Cross section
(4kW Class)
φD L Volume
This Study 25.40 62 31.4cc
Volume: 1/7 of conventional gas liquid
separator
25.4mm
Sep. 24, 2009
φ45φ38.1φ35φ25.4
4kW 8kW 12.5kW 16kW
Capacity variation
Sep. 24, 2009
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Flow Rate G （kg/s)
g
L
/
G
L
（
％
）
16kW8kW4kW
Cooling g L (kg/s) : Liquid flow rate in gas outlet
G L (kg/s) : Total Liquid flow rate
×１０ｰ３
Gas Bypass Ratio = 60%
Standard flow rate
Performance in R410A cycle
Amount of entrained liquid in the gas exit
Sep. 24, 2009
冷房運転時圧力測定点
凝縮器
膨張弁
液
室外機
ガス
圧
室内機
ｻｰﾋﾞｽﾊﾞﾙﾌﾞ
P1
P2
接続配管
５ｍ
調整絞
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
20 25 30 35
室内機吸込空気温度（℃）
低
圧
側
圧
力
損
失
（
M
P
a）
前歴
（気液分離器無）
気液分離器付き
圧力損失低減効果
Pressure Drop Reduction
Indo
