Hardware Trends and Issues ILS 501: Unit 5. 8/28/2015ILS 501 Dr. Liu2 Hardware: Process Process Input Input Output Output Storage Storage

Hardware Trends Hardware Trends and Issuesand Issues

ILS 501: ILS 501: UnitUnit 55

04/19/2304/19/23 ILS 501 Dr. LiuILS 501 Dr. Liu 22

Hardware:Hardware:

• ProcessProcess

• InputInput

• OutputOutput

• Storage Storage


The System UnitThe System Unit

•The binary system has The binary system has only two digits - 0 and 1only two digits - 0 and 1

•Bit - binary digitBit - binary digit

•Byte - group of 8 bits used Byte - group of 8 bits used to represent one character, to represent one character, digit, or other valuedigit, or other value

The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions


Data and program Data and program representationrepresentation

• Binary systemBinary system• Two common schemesTwo common schemes

– EBCDIC (EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange CodeInterchange Code): ): IBM mainframe; 8-bit coding IBM mainframe; 8-bit coding system. system. Letter “A” : 1100 0001.Letter “A” : 1100 0001.

– ASCIIASCII (American Standard Code for Information (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): commonly used; 8-bit coding system. Interchange): commonly used; 8-bit coding system.

Letter “A”: 0100 0001.Letter “A”: 0100 0001.

• New schemeNew scheme– UnicodeUnicode: 16 bits for each character; handles 65,536 : 16 bits for each character; handles 65,536

character combinations.character combinations.


Capacity• Bit (Bit (bibinary diginary digitt))

– 0s and 1s; the smallest unit0s and 1s; the smallest unit• ByteByte

– 8 bits (one character digit)8 bits (one character digit)• KilobyteKilobyte

– about 1about 1,,000 bytes000 bytes• MegabytesMegabytes

– about 1,000,000 bytesabout 1,000,000 bytes• GigabytesGigabytes

– about 1,000,000,000 bytesabout 1,000,000,000 bytes• TerabytesTerabytes

– About 1,000,000,000,000 bytesAbout 1,000,000,000,000 bytes


ProcessorProcessor

• CPU (Central Processing Unit)CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• Two components:Two components:– Control unitControl unit– Arithmetic/logic unitArithmetic/logic unit


MemoryMemory

• RAM (random access memory)RAM (random access memory)– Holds data for processingHolds data for processing– Holds instructions for processing the Holds instructions for processing the

datadata– Holds data that has been processed, Holds data that has been processed,

ready to send to an output, storage.ready to send to an output, storage.– Temporary; volatile storageTemporary; volatile storage


Types of RAMTypes of RAM

• DRAM (dynamic RAM): consists of DRAM (dynamic RAM): consists of thousands of tiny capacitor elements thousands of tiny capacitor elements that represent the binary 0s and 1s; that represent the binary 0s and 1s; memory refresh.memory refresh.

• SRAM (static RAM): no need to SRAM (static RAM): no need to reenergized periodically; fasterreenergized periodically; faster

• CMOS RAM CMOS RAM


Memory chip that permanently stores dataMemory chip that permanently stores data

• BIOS (Basic input/output system) is BIOS (Basic input/output system) is stored in ROMstored in ROM

– Is an interface, a connector between Is an interface, a connector between hardware and software.hardware and software.

• It contains the code for the power-on-It contains the code for the power-on-self-test (POST) that a PC performs when self-test (POST) that a PC performs when it’s turned on.it’s turned on.

• EPROM (erasable programmable)EPROM (erasable programmable)

• EEPROM (electrically…)EEPROM (electrically…)

• Flash memory Flash memory

ROM (read only ROM (read only memory)memory)


Input systemInput system• That translate data into a form the That translate data into a form the

computer can understand.computer can understand.

• Human readableHuman readable

• Computer readable form: binaryComputer readable form: binary

• Input devicesInput devices – Five basic ones: …..Five basic ones: …..


Output systemOutput system

• That translate information processed That translate information processed by computer into a form that humans by computer into a form that humans can understand.can understand.

• Binary Binary ((words, sounds, pictureswords, sounds, pictures))

• Output devices…..Output devices…..– Printer (hardcopy), Monitor (softcopy) Printer (hardcopy), Monitor (softcopy)

andand any others? any others?


Storage (Primary & Storage (Primary & secondary)secondary)• Hard drive (various sizeHard drive (various size, internal/external, internal/external))

• Floppy disk (1.44M)Floppy disk (1.44M)

• Magnetic tape (120M-?)Magnetic tape (120M-?)

• Zip disk (100M-750M)Zip disk (100M-750M)

• CD-RCD-R, , CD-RW (700M-800M)CD-RW (700M-800M)

• DDVDVD ( (4.7-9.4 GB4.7-9.4 GB))

• Blu–ray Disk (BD) (?? GB)Blu–ray Disk (BD) (?? GB)

• Flash drive/card (up to 32 GB or higher?)Flash drive/card (up to 32 GB or higher?)

• External hard drive (20 GB – 1 TB or higher?)External hard drive (20 GB – 1 TB or higher?)

• Smart cardsSmart cards


Hard Disks – Primary Hard Disks – Primary storagestorage

•Nonremovable hard disks - housed in a Nonremovable hard disks - housed in a microcomputer system unit and used to store nearly microcomputer system unit and used to store nearly all programs and most data filesall programs and most data files


Hard DisksHard Disks

•Hard disks - thin Hard disks - thin but rigid metal, but rigid metal, glass, or ceramic glass, or ceramic platters covered platters covered with a substance with a substance that allows data to that allows data to be held in the form be held in the form of magnetized of magnetized spotsspots


Hard DisksHard Disks•Removable hard Removable hard disks - one or two disks - one or two platters enclosed platters enclosed along with read/write along with read/write heads in a hard heads in a hard plastic case, which is plastic case, which is inserted into a inserted into a microcomputer’s microcomputer’s cartridge drivecartridge drive

Bits on disk - dark stripes are 0 bits and bright stripes are

1 bits


Secondary StorageSecondary Storage

•Floppy disk - a Floppy disk - a removable flat piece of removable flat piece of mylar plastic packaged mylar plastic packaged in a 3.5-inch plastic in a 3.5-inch plastic casecase

Floppy Disks


Floppy-Disk CartridgesFloppy-Disk Cartridges

•3.5-inch floppy 3.5-inch floppy disks – 1.44 disks – 1.44 megabytesmegabytes

•Zip disks – 100, Zip disks – 100, 250, or 750 250, or 750 megabytesmegabytes

Zipdisk

Floppydisk


Optical Disks: CDs & DVDsOptical Disks: CDs & DVDs

•Optical disk - a Optical disk - a removable disk removable disk on which data is on which data is written and read written and read through the use through the use of laser beams.of laser beams.


Optical Disks: CDsOptical Disks: CDs

•CD-ROM - CD-ROM - read only. For read only. For pre-recorded pre-recorded text, graphics, text, graphics, and soundand sound

•CD-R - for CD-R - for recording on recording on onceonce

•CD-RW - for CD-RW - for rewriting many rewriting many timestimes


Optical Disks: DVDsOptical Disks: DVDs & & Blu-ray Blu-ray DiscDisc

•DVD-ROM - for reading onlyDVD-ROM - for reading only at 4.7 GBat 4.7 GB•DVD-R - for recording on onceDVD-R - for recording on once•For rewritingFor rewriting/recording/recording many times: many times:

– DVD-RWDVD-RW– DVD+RWDVD+RW

•SiSingle-layer Blu-ray Discngle-layer Blu-ray Disc–A single layer Blu-ray Disc can store 25 A single layer Blu-ray Disc can store 25 gigabytes (GB), over five times the size of a gigabytes (GB), over five times the size of a single layer DVD. single layer DVD. –A dual layer Blu-ray Disc can store 50 GB A dual layer Blu-ray Disc can store 50 GB


Magnetic TapeMagnetic Tape

•Magnetic tape - thin Magnetic tape - thin plastic tape coated with a plastic tape coated with a substance that can be substance that can be magnetized (for 1s) or left magnetized (for 1s) or left non-magnetized (for 0s)non-magnetized (for 0s)

•Tape cartridges - Tape cartridges - modules resembling modules resembling audio cassettes that audio cassettes that contain tape in contain tape in rectangular, plastic rectangular, plastic housingshousings

Magnetic tape

Tape cartridge


Smart CardsSmart Cards

•Smart card - looks Smart card - looks like a credit card but like a credit card but contains a contains a microprocessor microprocessor embedded in the cardembedded in the card

•Optical card - Optical card - plastic, laser-plastic, laser-recordable, wallet-recordable, wallet-type card used with type card used with an optical-card readeran optical-card reader

Smart card


Flash Memory CardsFlash Memory Cards

•Flash memory card - circuitry Flash memory card - circuitry on credit-card-size PC card that on credit-card-size PC card that can be inserted into slots can be inserted into slots connecting to the motherboard connecting to the motherboard on notebook computerson notebook computers


Ports & CablesPorts & Cables• A port is a connecting socket or jack A port is a connecting socket or jack

on the outside of the system unit into on the outside of the system unit into which are plugged different kinds of which are plugged different kinds of cables.cables.

1.1. Serial port - sends bits one at a time, one after Serial port - sends bits one at a time, one after another another

2.2. Parallel portParallel port3.3. SCSI portSCSI port4.4. USB portUSB port5.5. FireWire portFireWire port6.6. Dedicated portDedicated port7.7. Infrared portInfrared port8.8. Blue toothBlue tooth


1.1. Serial port Serial port

2.2. Parallel port - Parallel port - transmits 8 bits transmits 8 bits simultaneouslysimultaneously

3.3. SCSI portSCSI port

4.4. USB portUSB port

5.5. FireWire portFireWire port

6.6. Dedicated portDedicated port

7.7. Infrared portInfrared portThe back of a Macintosh machine



2.2. Parallel portParallel port

3.3.SCSI port - SCSI port - allows data to allows data to be be transmitted in transmitted in a “daisy a “daisy chain” to up chain” to up to 7 devicesto 7 devices

4.4. USB portUSB port



7.7. Infrared portInfrared port



2.2. Parallel portParallel port

3.3. SCSI port SCSI port

4.4. USB port - can USB port - can theoretically theoretically connect up to connect up to 127 peripheral 127 peripheral devices daisy-devices daisy-chained to one chained to one general-purpose general-purpose portport



7.7. Infrared portInfrared port

USB port and connector


1.1. Serial port Serial port 2.2. Parallel portParallel port3.3. SCSI port SCSI port 4.4. USB portUSB port5.5. FireWire port – for camcorders, FireWire port – for camcorders,

DVD players, and TVsDVD players, and TVs6.6. Dedicated port Dedicated port 7.7. Infrared portInfrared port


1.1.Serial port Serial port 2.2.Parallel portParallel port3.3.SCSI port SCSI port 4.4.USB portUSB port5.5.FireWire portFireWire port6.6.Dedicated Dedicated

port - port - special-special-purpose purpose portsports

7.7.Infrared portInfrared portDedicated ports: mouse port, modem port, and keyboard

port


Ports & CablesPorts & Cables1.1.Serial port Serial port 2.2.Parallel portParallel port3.3.SCSI port SCSI port 4.4.USBUSB5.5.FireWire portFireWire port6.6.Dedicated port Dedicated port 7.7.Infrared port - allows a computer to make a cableless connection with infrared-capable devicesInfrared port - allows a computer to make a cableless connection with infrared-capable devices

InfraredInfrared

• The IrDA Standard is intended to The IrDA Standard is intended to facilitate the point-to-point or point-facilitate the point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication between to-multipoint communication between electronic devices (e.g. computers, electronic devices (e.g. computers, mobile phones, peripherals) using mobile phones, peripherals) using directed infrared communications directed infrared communications links through free space. links through free space.


Infrared ProtocolInfrared Protocol


BluetoothBluetooth

• It is a technology providing wireless It is a technology providing wireless personal area networks (WPANs) personal area networks (WPANs) for small devices as cellphones or for small devices as cellphones or PDAs. It operates on the unlicensed PDAs. It operates on the unlicensed 2.4-GHz industrial-scientific-2.4-GHz industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) band, and has medical (ISM) band, and has essentially been established by essentially been established by Ericsson. Ericsson.


BluetoothBluetooth


Bluetooth vs. Infrared - A Bluetooth vs. Infrared - A ComparisonComparison

• The complementary of Bluetooth is the The complementary of Bluetooth is the Infrared device of the Infrared Data Infrared device of the Infrared Data Association (IrDA). Association (IrDA).

• Bluetooth has been invented as an Bluetooth has been invented as an enhancementenhancement of Infrared, especially in terms of Infrared, especially in terms of low cost, small volume, low power, and the of low cost, small volume, low power, and the accomplishment of Infrared's limitations, such accomplishment of Infrared's limitations, such as the its unidirectional connections, the as the its unidirectional connections, the connectivity range of only meter or its connectivity range of only meter or its limitation to point-to-point connections. limitation to point-to-point connections.


Bluetooth vs. Infrared - A Bluetooth vs. Infrared - A ComparisonComparison

• Basically, a Bluetooth device consists Basically, a Bluetooth device consists of a radio unit, a link control unit, and of a radio unit, a link control unit, and a support unit, where the link a support unit, where the link management takes place.management takes place.

• The interface of a BT device is formed The interface of a BT device is formed by the Radio and Baseband Layer, by the Radio and Baseband Layer, and the Link Manager Protocol. and the Link Manager Protocol.


What Are "Mobile What Are "Mobile Devices"?Devices"?

•The term "mobile devices" includes The term "mobile devices" includes more than just laptops and PDAs - it more than just laptops and PDAs - it also includes email devices such as also includes email devices such as Blackberries, mobile phones, digital Blackberries, mobile phones, digital recorders and USB devices as well recorders and USB devices as well as the backup disks and CDs that as the backup disks and CDs that you might carry with you. you might carry with you.


What are major trends What are major trends with respect to with respect to

computer hardware?computer hardware?


Four MegaTrendsFour MegaTrends

• SmallerSmaller

• FasterFaster

• CheaperCheaper

• Higher Storage CapacityHigher Storage Capacity


First generationFirst generation

ENIAC I (Electrical Numerical Integrator ENIAC I (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator) Computer, 1946And Calculator) Computer, 1946

ENIAC with 17,468 tubes -Inventors of ENIAC with 17,468 tubes -Inventors of the Modern Computer by Bellisthe Modern Computer by Bellis


1. 1. Smaller-ComparisonsSmaller-Comparisons

Compare to ENIAC with 17,468 tubesCompare to ENIAC with 17,468 tubes

vs. Pentium with 3.2 million magnetic vs. Pentium with 3.2 million magnetic transistorstransistors

vs. Pentium Pro with 7 million vs. Pentium Pro with 7 million transistorstransistors

vs. G4 with 50 million transistorsvs. G4 with 50 million transistors

vs. Laptops with various (10-80) million vs. Laptops with various (10-80) million transistors transistors


Microsoft unveils 'Origami,' a small mobile Microsoft unveils 'Origami,' a small mobile PCPCUltracompact computer comes with touchscreen, wireless Ultracompact computer comes with touchscreen, wireless abilityability


2. 2. Faster-ComparisonsFaster-Comparisons• Moore’s Law: Capacity and speed Moore’s Law: Capacity and speed

doubles every 18 (or 9?) months.doubles every 18 (or 9?) months. – ENIAC @ 1K calculations per secondENIAC @ 1K calculations per second– 8086 @ 4.77 MHz or 4,770,000 per second8086 @ 4.77 MHz or 4,770,000 per second– Pentium Pro @ 350 MHzPentium Pro @ 350 MHz– G4 @ 600 MHzG4 @ 600 MHz– Pentium V @ 2,000 MHz or 2GHzPentium V @ 2,000 MHz or 2GHz– Intel Core, Intel Core 2, Core 2 Duo… 3-Intel Core, Intel Core 2, Core 2 Duo… 3-

4GHz4GHz


Intel CoreIntel CoreIntel Core Microarchitecture Intel Core Microarchitecture

– Not Pentium 5, Virtualization, EM64 T, SSSE3Not Pentium 5, Virtualization, EM64 T, SSSE3

• Core Duo (Intel, Jan 2007 in market, 2 Core Duo (Intel, Jan 2007 in market, 2 MiB 1.2)MiB 1.2)

• Intel Core 2 (Intel, 8 Generation of X86)Intel Core 2 (Intel, 8 Generation of X86)

• Core 2 DuoCore 2 Duo (AMD, Virtualization tech)(AMD, Virtualization tech)

• Pentium Dual Core (Intel, June 2007 in Pentium Dual Core (Intel, June 2007 in market, no Virtualization tech)market, no Virtualization tech)


3. 3. Cheaper-Comparisons:Cheaper-Comparisons:Used to say 35% less expensive every Used to say 35% less expensive every

year.year.

The cost of buying a megabyte of hard The cost of buying a megabyte of hard disk storage has disk storage has declineddeclined dramatically. dramatically.

1988 $11.541988 $11.54

1998 $.041998 $.04

1999 $.021999 $.02

Now Now $.00 $.001(?)1(?)

Now 100 gig hard drive is under $Now 100 gig hard drive is under $1100.00.


4. 4. Higher Capacity--Higher Capacity--ComparisonsComparisons

• 20 MB in 8086 computer 20 MB in 8086 computer 19831983

• 750 MB in Pentium I750 MB in Pentium I

• 80,000 MB or 80 GB in 80,000 MB or 80 GB in Pentium IVPentium IV

• 500GB or more in Intel Core500GB or more in Intel Core


Reasons for This Progress --Reasons for This Progress --

Improved Improved microprocessors:microprocessors:

CISC to RISC, copper replacing CISC to RISC, copper replacing aluminum, and stackable gates aluminum, and stackable gates mean we can get more and faster mean we can get more and faster 0s/1s per integrated circuit.0s/1s per integrated circuit.

Parallel Processing can use 9,000 or Parallel Processing can use 9,000 or more microprocessors, more microprocessors, thus heralding thus heralding the shift from MHz to MIPS (Millions of the shift from MHz to MIPS (Millions of instructions per second). Current cutting instructions per second). Current cutting edge processors can perform 1-3 instructions edge processors can perform 1-3 instructions per clock cycle.per clock cycle.



Faster memory :Faster memory :• RAM RAM

– A typical PC sold A typical PC sold usuallyusually have 128, 256, 512 Meg have 128, 256, 512 Meg

of Ramof Ram, , today today it it might havemight have 1-4 Gigabytes1-4 Gigabytes

• CacheCache– special high speed memory area that processor special high speed memory area that processor

can access quickly. A bridge between processor can access quickly. A bridge between processor and RAMand RAM



Faster secondary storage:Faster secondary storage:Hard drives-primary & secondaryHard drives-primary & secondary

Removable storage (Zip, TapeRemovable storage (Zip, Tape, , Flash card/drive, External hard Flash card/drive, External hard drivedrive))

Optical storage (MagOptical, CDRW Optical storage (MagOptical, CDRW and DVD, Blu-ray Discand DVD, Blu-ray Disc..) )



High quality of monitors:High quality of monitors:Three characteristics determine screen Three characteristics determine screen

clarity:clarity:

1.1. Resolution-Resolution-Clarity of display based on density of Clarity of display based on density of pixels per square inch. The more pixels the sharper the pixels per square inch. The more pixels the sharper the

picture.picture.

2.2. Dot Pitch-Dot Pitch-The amount of space between the pixels. The amount of space between the pixels.

Closer pixels mean crisper imagesCloser pixels mean crisper images..3.3. Refresh-Refresh-The number of times per second the pixels The number of times per second the pixels

are recharged. The higher the rate the better the image.are recharged. The higher the rate the better the image.


Screen clarityScreen clarity1. Screen Resolutions1. Screen Resolutions

Standard screen resolutionsStandard screen resolutions


Screen clarityScreen clarity

2. Dot Pitch 2. Dot Pitch – Closer the pixels, the crisper the Closer the pixels, the crisper the

imageimage– Less than .31 mm provides clear Less than .31 mm provides clear

viewingviewing– Multimedia and desktop publishing Multimedia and desktop publishing

monitors often use .25 mm pitchmonitors often use .25 mm pitch


Screen clarityScreen clarity

3. Refresh Rate 3. Refresh Rate Refresh rate should be at least 72 Hz Refresh rate should be at least 72 Hz

to avoid eye fatigueto avoid eye fatigue


What are about $What are about $151500 for a 00 for a PC?PC?

• Look at several sites before Look at several sites before buyingbuying– http://www.computershopper.comhttp://www.computershopper.com– http://www.cdw.comhttp://www.cdw.com– http://www.cnet.com/hardwarehttp://www.cnet.com/hardware– http://www.zdnet.comhttp://www.zdnet.com– plus the manufacturer’s sites for plus the manufacturer’s sites for

descriptions and specificationsdescriptions and specifications

Dell Desktop Precision Dell Desktop Precision T3500 T3500 • Genuine Windows® 7 Professional BonusGenuine Windows® 7 Professional Bonus

• Dell E Series E2210 22in Wide Monitor, VGA/ DVI Dell E Series E2210 22in Wide Monitor, VGA/ DVI

• 16X DVD+/-RW w/ Cyberlink PowerDVD™ and Roxio 16X DVD+/-RW w/ Cyberlink PowerDVD™ and Roxio Creator™ Dell Ed Creator™ Dell Ed

• 3GB, 1066MHz, DDR3 SDRAM, NECC (3 DIMMS) 3GB, 1066MHz, DDR3 SDRAM, NECC (3 DIMMS)

• 320GB320GB22 SATA 3.0Gb/s with NCQ and 16MB DataBurst SATA 3.0Gb/s with NCQ and 16MB DataBurst Cache™ Cache™

• 256MB ATI FirePro™ V3750, DUAL MON, 2 DP & 1 DVI 256MB ATI FirePro™ V3750, DUAL MON, 2 DP & 1 DVI

• Resource DVD - contains Diagnostics and Drivers Resource DVD - contains Diagnostics and Drivers

• 3 Year Basic Limited Warranty3 Year Basic Limited Warranty33 & 3 Year NBD On-Site & 3 Year NBD On-Site ServiceService44 (2009) (2009)


Dell LaptopDell Laptop

• • • Intel® Core™2 Duo ProcessorIntel® Core™2 Duo Processor• Genuine Windows® 7 Professional• Genuine Windows® 7 Professional• 4GB* Memory* & 320GB* Hard Drive • 4GB* Memory* & 320GB* Hard Drive • Integrated 1.3MP Webcam and Video • Integrated 1.3MP Webcam and Video Chat SoftwareChat Software• Norton Internet Security™ 2009 — • Norton Internet Security™ 2009 — 15-Month Subscription*15-Month Subscription*

• $569, OFFER EXPIRES 11/11/09$569, OFFER EXPIRES 11/11/09



Questions to think aboutQuestions to think about

• What do the trends toward smaller, What do the trends toward smaller, faster, cheaper technologies mean for faster, cheaper technologies mean for libraries? libraries?

• Is it important for a library professional Is it important for a library professional to know how much RAM they have or to know how much RAM they have or how fast their processor is? If so, why? how fast their processor is? If so, why?

• How can anyone keep up with all this? How can anyone keep up with all this?


Questions?

Documents

Hardware Trends and Issues ILS 501: Unit 5. 8/28/2015ILS 501 Dr. Liu2 Hardware: Process Process Input Input Output Output Storage Storage