A

DICTIONARY OF MODERN WRITTEN ARABIO

HANS WEHR

A DICTIONARYOF

MODERN WRITTEN ARABICEDITEDBYJ

MILTON COWANTHIRD EDITION

Spoken Language

Services, Inc.

r

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Wehr, Hans (Date)

A

dictionary of

modern written

Arabic.

"An enlarged and improved version of 'Arabisches Wrterbuch fr die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart' and includes the Contents of the 'Supplement zum Arabischen Wrterbuch fr dieSchriftsprache der Gegenwart.'1.

"

I.

Cowan,

Arabic language-Dictionaries English. J Milton. II. Title.0-87950-001-8

[PJ6640.W43 1976] 492'.7'321 75-24236

ISBN

Otto Harrauowltz, Wiesbaden 1961, 1066, 1971 Spoken Language Services, Inc. 1976

Spoken LanguageP.O.Ithaca,

Services, Inc.

Box 783 New York 148S0

PrefaceShortly after the publication of Professor Hans Wehr's Arabisches Wrterbuch fr die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart

Committee on Language Programs of the American Council of Learned Societies recognized its excellence and began to explore means of providing an up-to-date English edition. Professor Wehr and I readily reached agreement on a plan to translate, edit, and enlarge the dictionary. This task was considerably lightened and hastened by generous financial support from the American Council of Learned Soin 1952, thecieties,

the Arabian

American Oil Company, and Cornell

University.

Americanare

This dictionary will be welcome not only to English and users, but to orientalists throughout the world who

more

at

home with English than with German.

It is

more

accurate

and much more comprehensive than the original version, which was produced under extremely unfavorable conditions in Germany during the late war years and the earlypostwar period.lthaca,

New

York

J

Milton Cowan

November 1960

Preface to

The Pocket-Book Edition

In Order to meet the enormous increase of interest in Arabic brought about by political, economic and social develop-

ments of the past decade, we have now published our 3rdRevised Edition ofthis

A

Dictionary of

Modern

W ritten Arabic in

handy, comprehensive and unabridged version.

Mnsterlthaca,

Hans WehrYorkJ

New

Milton Cowan

February 1976

Introduction

Thi diotionary presents the vocabulary and phraseology of modern mitten Arabic. It is based an the form of the language wbich, throughout the Arab world from Iraq to Moroooo, is found in the proee of books, newapapers, periodicals, and letters. This form is also empioyed informal public address, over radio and television, and in religious ceremonial, The diotionary willbe most usefuJ to those working with writinga that have appeared aince the turn of the Century.

The morphology and syntaxtriea.

of written Arabio are esaentially the

same

in all

Arab ooun-

Vocabulary differences are limited mainly to the domain of apecialized vocabulary. Thuait

the written language contmnea, aslinguistio unity of the

haa done throughout centuriea of the paat, to ensure theIt provides a

Arab world.

medium

of

oommunicatkm over the vaatit

geographica! area whoee numeroua and widely diverser local dialectait

tranaoends. Indeed,

gives the

Arab people of many

countriea a Bense of identity

and an awarenesa of their common

culturaJ heritage.

Two

powerful and conflioiing forces have affected the development of the modern Arabio

lexicon.

A reform movement originating toward the end of the last Century in Syria and Lebanon haa reawakened and popularized the old conviotion of educated Arabs that the ancient 'arabiya of pre-Islamio times, which became the classical form of the language kl theis

early centuries of Islam,puristic doctrine

better and

more

correct than

any

later form.

Proponenta of this

have held that new vocabulary muat be derived exoluaively in accordance with ancient modela or by aemant extension of older forma. They have insiBted on the replacement of all foreign loanwords with purely Arabio forma and expressiona. The puriatahave had conaiderable influence on the development of modern literary Arabio although there haa been widespread protest againat their extreme point of view. At the same time

and under the inoreaaing influence of Western civization, Arab writers and jouroalists have had to deal with a host of new concepts and ideas previously alien to the Arab way of life. Aa aetual usage demonstrates, the puriats have been unable to eope with the aheerbulk of

new

linguiatic material

whioh has had to be inoorporated into the language to

makeof

it

ourrent with advances in world knowledge.writers, especially in the fields of Bcience

The

result is Been in the

tendency

many

and teohnology, simply

to

adopt foreignthe various

words from the European languagea.colloquial dialects

have

also

found their

Many common, everyday expressions from way into written expression.

From

its

inception, thia diotionary haa been oompiled on acientifio descriptive principlea.

It oontains only

worda and expressiona which were found in context during the course of

wide reading in literature of every kind or which, on the basis of other evidence, can be shownto be unqueationably a part of the present-day vocabulary. It ia a faithful record of the language ae attested by usage rather than a normative presentation of what theoretically

ought to occur. Consequently,torical style aideit

it

not only

liste claasical

words and phrasea of elegant rhe-

by

side with

new

coinages that confonn to the

demands of the

puriata,

but

also oontains neologiama, loan tranalations, foreign loans,

and colloquialiama which may not

be to the linguistio taste ofterials

manyia

educated Arabs. But since they occur in the corpus of mabased, they are inoluded here.

on which the diotionary

Introduction

VIII

loxicographer dealing with preaent-day Arabio. knowledge, especially those which have developed outside the Arab world, no generally accepted terminology has yet emerged, it is evident that a practicalSince for

A number of special problems oonfront themanyfields of

dictionary can only approximate the degree of completeneas found in comparable dictionaries

of Western languages. Local terminology, especially fortitles,

many

public institutions, offices,

and administrativeis

diotionary

has developed in the several Arab countries. Although the based mainly on usage in the countries bordering on the eastern Mediterranean,affairs,

and administrative terms have been included for all Arab countries, but not with equal thoroughness. Colloquialisms and dialect expreasions that have gained ourrenoy in written fonn also vary from country to country. Certainly no attempt at completeneas canlooal official

be made here, and the user working with materials having a maxked regional flavor will be well advised to refer to an appropriate dialeot diotionary or glossary. As a rule, items derived fromlocal dialecte or limited to looal use

have been so designated with appropriate abbreviations.

normalized journalistio style has evolved for faotual reporting of news or discussion of mattere of political and topical interest over the radio and in the press. Thia style, whichoften betrays Western influences, is remarkably uniform throughout the

A

Arab world.

It

reaches large sections of the population daily

and

constitutes to

them almost the only stylistiohence easily covered in a

norm.

Its

vocabulary

is

relatively small

and

fairly Btandardized,

dictionary.

standardized.

The vocabulary of scientific and teohnological writingB, on the other hand, is by no means The impact of Western oivilization has confronted the Arab world with theproblem of expressing a vast and ever-inoreasing number of new conceptsin

serious linguistiofor

which no words

Arabic exist. The creation of a

soientifio

and technological terminology

is still

a major intellectual ohallenge. Reluctance to borrow wholesale from European languages

has spurred efforts to coin terms according to productive Arabic patterns. In recent decades innumerable such words have been suggested in various periodioals and in special publications.Relatively few of these have gained acceptance in

common

usage. Specialists in

all fields

keep coining new terms that are either not understood by other specialists in the sameor are rejeoted in favor of other, equally short-lived, private fabrications.

field

to a lesser eztent, the Iraqi

The Academy of the Arabio Language in Gairo especially, the Damascus Aoademy, and, Academy have produoed and continue to publish vast numbersall fields

of technical terms for almost

of knowledge.

underestimated the

difficulties of artificial regulation ofit

The aoademies have, however, greatly a language. The problem lies not so

much

in inventing terms as

does in assuring that they gain acceptance. In some instances

neologisms have quickly become part of the stook of the language;are a largein

among these, fortunately, number of the terms proposed by academies or by professional specialists. However, many fields, suoh as modern Unguis tics, existential philosophy, or nuclear physics, it isnot possible for professional people from the different Arab states to discuas details of

still

The Bituation is further complioated by the fact that the purists and the aoademies demand the translation into Arabio even of those Oreek and Latin techtheir disoipline in Arabio.nical

terms which make possible international understanding among

specialists.

Thus while

considerable progress has been

made

in recent decades toward the standardization of Arabicall fit

terminology, several technical terms which

one definition

may

still

be current, or a

given scientific term

may have

dferent meanings for different experts.

Those teohnical terms which appear with considerable frequency in published works, orwhich are familir tospecialists in various fields

and are considered by them to be stand-

XX

Introduotion

ardized terminology, presented no partioular problem. Nevertheless it has not always been oountry, possible to aBoertain the terms in general acceptance with the experta of merely one

Symbol. A desoripall. Doubtful caseB are entered and marked with a special suoh as thi has no poom for the mumerable academio coinages which experiin the enoe has shown are by no means assured of adoption. Only those that are attestedlet

alone those of

tive diotionary

literature

have been included.

Classioisms are a further special problem.

Arab authors, Bteeped

in classioal tradition,

Ages. The can and do frequently draw upon words whioh were already archaic in the Middle Arohaisms may orop up in use of classioal patterns is by no means limited to belles-lettres.effect is intendthe middle of a spirited newspaper article. Wherever an aesthetio or rhetorioal imparting information, ed, wherever the language aims more at expressiveness than atstylistio authors tend to weave in ancient Arabio and olassioal idioms. They are artistio and passages of devioes of the first Order. They awaken in the reader images from memorized

Koran or anoient literature and contribute to his aesthetio enjoyment. Quotations from the from classioal literature, whose origins and connotations may well elude the Western reader, arereadily recognized

by Arabs who have had a

traditional eduoation

wealth of anoient souroes. In former yearsoiting lexical rarities culled

many

writers strove to display their eruditionoollections of Synonyms.

and who have memorized a byAs oftenas

from ancient diotionaries and

not the author had to explain such nawdir in footnotes, sinoe nobody eise would understand recent them. This pedantic mannerism is going out of fashion and there is a trend in moreliterature

toward smoothness and readability init is

style.

Nevertheless

it is

olear

from the

foregoing thatAll archaic

not possible toin

make

a Sharp distinction between living and obsolete usage.

words foundit is

the source material have, therefore, been inoluded in this diotionary,

sometimes evident that they no longer form a part of the living lexioon and forms are aro used only by a small group of well-read literary oonnoisseurs. Suoh included modern but a small sample of what the user is likely to encounter in the writings of a few who authors; the impossibility of inoluding the entire anoient vocabulary is obvious. The user even thoughencountere an old Arabio word whioh he does not understand will have to oonsult a lexioon older of the 'arablya. Finally, some modern authors will ocoasionally take great liberties with

sages. Items of this kind

words, so that even highly eduoated Arabs are unable to understand the sense of certain pashave not been entered. They would contribute nothing to a diosoope in times

tionary whose scope did not permit inclusion of source references. The vocabulary of modern Arabic, then, is by no means standardized,diffioult to delimit.

its

a These results emerge from the very character of modern Arabio written language, powerfully influenced by traditional norms, which nevertheless is required distribto express a multitude of new foreign concepts, not for one oountry only, but for many

uted over a vaat geographical area. Arabic phonology, morphology, and syntax have remained relatively unohanged from earliest times, as has muoh of the vooabulary. Here traditional adherence to anoient linguistio

norms and to the modeis of olassioal literature,

especially

the Koran, has had the effect of preserving the language intaot over the centuries. But as vocabulary and phraseology mUBt adapt to the new and ever-changing requirementsof externa]

ciroumstanoes,

these areits

more prone to ohange.peculiar vocabulary,

Striotly

speaking,

every

epoch of Arab history has hadin a separate diotionary.

own

whioh should be

set forth

But

as

we have

seen, the vocabulary of

modern Arabio

con-

fronts the lexicographer

who

aims at completeness with more than a

fair Bhare of Prob-

lems and

difficulties.

Introduction

In the presentation of the entries in the dictionary,ly in only a

homonymous roots are given

separate-

few especially clear instances. The arrangement of word entriea under a given root does not necessarily imply etymological relationship. Consistent Separation of such roots

was dispensed with because the user of a praotioal dictionary of modern Arabio will not generally be concerned with Semitio etymology. In confonnity with the practice customaryin bilingual diotionaries of modern European languages, where the material is treated in purely synchronic fashion, the origin of older loanwords and foreign terms is not indicated. For reoent loans, however, the source and the foreign word are usually given. Personal

are generally omitted, but large

names numbers of geographical names are included; the niaba

adjectivea of these can be formed at will, hence are not entered unless some peouliarity such as a broken plural is involved. In transliteration, while the ending of nisba adjectivea regularly appears as -i (e.g., janbi, dirsi, mklet), the same ending is shown as -iy for nominal forms of roots with a weak third radioal, i.e., where the third radical is containedin the

ending

(e.g.,

qasiy, sabiy,

mahmly, mabniy). This

distinetion, not present in Arabic Script,

may prove valuable to the user of the dictionary. Because of a distinetion which retains importance in quantitative metrics, the third person Singular masculine Suffix is transcribed with a long vowel (-h, -M) following Short syllables and with a Short vowel (-Au, -hi) after long syllables. In any bilingual dictionary, the listing of isolated words with one or moreisolated translationsis, striotly epeaking, an inadmissible abstraction. In Order to provide the syntactical Information to be expected in a dictionary of this size, a liberal selection of kiiomatic phrases and sentences illustrating usage has been added. Symbols

showing thetrans-

aecraative and prepositional government of verbs are also supplied.lations

Synonyms and

have been included in large numbers in Order to delineate as accurately as possible the semantie ranges within which a given entry can be used.

The materialcollected

for the dictionary was gathered in several stages. The major portion was between 1940 and 1944 with the co-operation of several German orientalists. The

entire work was set in type, but only one set of galleys survived the war. The author resumed the collection of material in the years 1946 through 1948 and added a considerable number

of entries.

The German

edition of the dictionary, Arabisches Wrterbuch fr die Schriftsprache

der Gegenwart,

in 19S2, was based on a corpus of appnnrimately 45,000 slips containing oitations ftom Arabic sources. The primary source materials consisted of selected

which appeared

works by Th Husain,al-Manfalti,

Muhammad Husain Haikai, Tauflq al-Haklm, Mahmud Taimr, Juhrn Kalil Jubrn, and Amin ar-Raihani. Further, numerous Egyptian newspapers and periodicals, the Egyptian State almanac, taqwim misr, for 1935 and itsIraqi counterpart, datil al-'irq, for 1937, as well as a nurober of specialized Egyptian

handbooks wore thoroughlyedition were

sifted.

the

first

edition

of

The secondary sources used in preparation of the German Leon Bercher's Lexiqut arabe-francais (1938), which

provides material fron the Tunisian press in the form of a Supplement to J. B. Belot's Vocabulaire arabe-jrancais, G. S. Colin's Pour lire la presse arabe (1937), the third edition of E. A. Elias' comprehensive Modern Dictionary Arabic- English (1929), and the glossary of the modem Arabic chrestomathy by C. V. Ode-Vassilieva (1929). Items in the secondary sourcesfor which there were attestations in the primary sources were, of oourse, included. All other items in the secondary sources were carefully worked over, in part with the help of Dr. Tahir Khemiri. Words known to him, or already included in older dictionaries, were incorporated.

Apart from the primary and secondary sources, the author had, of oourse, to consult a number of reference works in European languages, encyclopedias, leiicons, glossaries, teohnical

XIandspecialized literature

Introduotion

dictionaries,

on the most diverse subjeots

in Order to ascertain the

correct translation of

many teohnioal terms. For

older Arabio forma, the available indioes and

(both Islam and Eastern Churoh), collections of Arabio terminology in the flelds of religion othere were very helpful. These jurisprudence, philosophy, Arabio grammar, botany, and en bloc into the dictionary, collections were, however, not simply aooepted and incorporated

modern meanings aotually attested but used only to sharpen the definition of terms in thein the

primary source materialB.

After publication of the

German

edition the author oontinued coUecting

and presented

new

material, together with oorrections of the

main work,

in Supplement

contains the results of extensive oolleofcion MikS'il Nu'aima, andcountries, as well ae

Wrterbuch fr die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart, which appeared in 1959. from the writings of 'AbdassalSm

tum arabischen The Supplemental-'Ujaill,

Karam Malham Karam, from newspapers and

periodicals of

aU Arab

from Syrian and Lebanese textbooks and apecialized literature. In the Arabio beoame available postwar years several lexicographioal works dealing with modern the fourth edition of Elias (1947), to the author: the second edition of Beroher (1944), MiUtn Arabi'Ibri (1947), Charles D. Neustadt and P. Sohusser's Arabio-Hebrew diotionary, oomprehensive Arabic-Russian diotionary, Pellat's Uarabe. vivant (1962), and C. K. Baranov'sthese with Arabsko-Buaskiy Slovar (1957). In preparing the Supplement, the author oompared own work but was reluotant to inoorporate items which he could not find attested incontext, and which would merely increase thesources.

his

number

of entries derived from secondary

they The author is indebted to Dr. Andreas Jaoobi and Mr. Heinrich Becker who, until in oollecting and were caUed up for military Service in 1943, rendered valuable assistanoe manusoript. A concoUating the vast materials of the German edition and in preparing thesiderable

amount of material was contributed by a number of

Arabists.

The author wishes

Prof. Werner Caskel, Dr. Hans Kinderto express his gratitude for such contributions to Riohard Sohmidt, mann, Dr. Hedwig Klein, Dr. Kurt Munzel, Prof. Annemarie Schimmel, Dr.

amount of exoeUent and especiaUy to Prof. Wolfram von Soden, who contributed a large many entries from newsmaterial. I am deeply gratefnl to Dr. Munzel, who contributed Muhammad Saftf. I papers of the postwar period and likewise to his coUeague Dr.appreciate having been able to disouas

of Dr. Tahir Khemiri was especially useful.

many difficult items with them. The He contributed 1,500 very valuable

assistanoe

items and,

until 1944, his advice to the author during the colleotion

upon many dubious

cases. Prof.

greatly appreoiated advice.

and sifting of material shed light Anton Spitaler likewise provided valuable observations and Contributions to the Supplement were supplied by Dr. Eberhard

Kuhnt, Dr. Gtz Schregle, and Mr. Karl Stowasser. Moreover, in the oourse of two its to writers, and proa number of Arab countries, many Arab contributors, students, scholars, infonnation and counsel. fessional people too numerous to mention generously provided usefulHere, as in the prefaces to the

German

edition of the diotionary

and the Supplement, thecontributed to the

author wishes to express his sinoere thanks to all thosesuocess of this undertaking.

who have

This English edition includes

all

the material oontained in the

German

edition of the

dictionary and in the Supplement, as well as afor

number of

additions

and oorrections the needhave been

wl ich became obvious only

after the publication of the Supplement. Additions

inserted in the proof almost

number of contributions

up to the prsent made by Dr. Walter

time. It was therefore possible to inolude aJesser in Alexandria.

The number of

cross-

:

Introduction

XII

A new type fnt was introduced for the Arabic. The second edition of Webster' b New International Dictionary was used as a Standard reference for spelling and for certain definitions. On the Suggestion of the editor, three changesreferences has been conaiderably inoreased.

were made in the System of transliteration used in the German edition, namely,

;

for

r

,

%

for ,

and g

for

. Also, following hia preferenoe, proper namea were transiiterated withoutis

oapital letters, Bince theretion

no

capitalization in Arabic soript.

The author followed a Sugges(Language 30 174,:

made by

Prof. Charles A. Ferguson in hia review of the dictionary

1954) to transcribe feminine endings of roots having a

weak

third.radical

(l\-)

with the pausal

form -A instead of

dt.

Also following Dr. Ferguson' s advice, the author has transcribedletters e,c, 9, o, ,

manywhichfor

more

foreign

words than in the German edition. Thein classioal Arabio,

g, v,

and

p,

have no counterpart

have been added. The system of transcriptionis

Arabic word throughout the diotionaryforeign word

simply a transliteration of the Arabic

script.

Foris

and Arabic

dialeot words, however, the usual transliteration of the Arabic

inadequate to indicate the pronunoiation. In order to avoid diacrepancy between spelling andpronunciation, the author, in his

German

edition,

would oftenrefrain from giving any tranas a

scription at all, but merely enter the foreign

word

rough guide to pronunciation. In the(e.g.,

present edition practicallyviz, vEt)

all

foreign words

have been transcribed

diblmsi, hikoptar,

with the help of the added

letters.

Arab studenta

at the University of Mnster were

consulted for the approzimately corract pronunoiation. Nevertheless, inforeign source

many

instances the

word

is

also entered becauae pronunoiation variea considerably from Speaker to

Speaker, depending on the dialeot and the degree of assimilation.

One

other deviation from

a

striot transliteration of

the Arabic was

made

for certain foreign

words in order to provide

a oloser approximation to the usual pronunoiation. In writing European words with Arabicletters,I

,

j

,

^

are,

contrary to regulr praotice in Arabic, frequently used to indicate shortis

vowels.iljU'li

Where

thi

the case,

we have transoribed accordingly

(e.g.,

J^kPj'

otomliki,

danmark).

Finally, the author wishes to erpreea his Bincere gratitude to the editor, Prof.

J Milton

Gowan, thanks to whoseappreciated

initiative

and energy

this English edition

can

now be

presented to

the public. Hia generoua expenditure of time and effort on this project has been greatly

by

all

involved.

To Theodora Ronayne, who performedCowan

the exacting taak of

preparing a meticulously accurate typescript, thereby conaiderably lightening our Iabors,

we

are indeed grateful. Professor

Stowasser, whose quite remarkable

unusual

abilities as

a lexicographer

joine me in recording our special thanks to Mr. Karl oommand of the three languages involved and whose proved indispensable. He has devoted his untiring efforts

to this enterprise for the past four years, oo-ordinating the work of editor and author across

the Atlantic.

The bulk of the

translationin

was oompleted

in 1967-1958, while

he was

in

Ithaca. During the past

two years

Mnster he has oompleted the incorporation of the

Supplement into the body of the dictionary and assisted the author in seeing the work throughthe press.

The

following paragraphs describe the arrangement of entries and explain the use of

Symbols and abbreviationsArabio words are arranged aocording to Arabicalphabetical order.'oota.j\j

Foreign words are listed in straight.

by

the letters of the

word

(cf.

^

bris Paris, jitf kdir cadre)

Arabi-

XIII

Introduction

often with the root if they olearly fit under the roots, are entered both wayB, entry giving a reference to the alphabetical listing (cf. jj\i qnn law, ii'jy naizak spear). Two or more homonymous roots may be entored as separate items, inclnding foreigncized loanwords,

words treatcd as Arabic formsFrench word crime;reader that thecf.

(e.g.,

e

karim under the Arabic rootcombinationk-r-k).

'^f nd

'(.'

tlle

also the consonantletters occursis

In Order to indicate to the

same Order of

more than once and that he should not confineprecedcd by a small raised numeralis

his search to the first listing,

each entry

(cf.

jj,

_,>).

Under a givenstein, ifit

root the sequencc of entries

as follows.

The verb

in

the perfeet of the baseis

exists,

oomes

first

with the transliteration indicating the vowcling. Itin parenthesos, the verbal

followed

by the vowel of the imperfect and,the derived stems, indicated

nouns or mafdir. Then comethrough X. For Arab usersthe corresponding

by boldface Roman immeralsused by Western

II

unaccustomed to

this dcsignation genorally

orientalists,

stem forms are: II JjJ ja"aU, III Jeti jula, IV Jil afala, V Jxil tafa'ala, VI J*U3 lajaala, VII Jxl infu'ala, VIII J=il ifta'alu, IX Jjl ifalla, X JjiJ isiafula. Whcrever of there is any irregularity, for the rare stems XI through XV, and for the derived stemsquadriliteral verbs the Arabic

form is entered and translitcrated

(cf.

y

VII, i*~j VIII, ^**- XII,

-Ulm III). Then come nominal forms arranged aecording to their length. Verbal nouns of the and all active and passive partieiplcs follow at the end. The latter are stems II through

X

listed as separate

items only

when

their

meaning

is

not immediately obvious from the verb,is

particularly where a substantival or adjeetival translation

possible

(cf.

^rU-

hjib

under

^JC, J^-U shil under J#). The sequence under a given root is not determined by historical considorations. Thus, a verb derived from a foreign Word is plaeed at the head of the entiresection(cf.

l aqlama,

2

t\j II).definitions are separated

Essentially

synonymous

by commas.

A

semicolon marks the

beginning of a definition in a different semantic rnge.

The

syntaotic markings

accompanying the

definitions of a verb are

a

for the aecusative

of a person, * for the aecusative of a thing,

U

for the feminine of

animate beings,is

f

for a

group of persona. from right toare expressedleft

It should

be noted that the Arabic included in parentheses(cf.

to be readin

evens.o.

if

separated by the word "or"s.th.

^ji, ^ij).

Verb objeetso.s.

English

by

(someone) and

(something), the reflexive by

(onesclf).

A

verbal noun, or inholds forall

dash oecurring within a section indicates that the following form of a plural or of a some instances the introduction of a new voweling of the main entry.following meanings in the section evenall

if

theso are not

synonymous and arefollowing defini-

separated by semicolons. This dash invalidates

previously given verbal nouns, imperfectall

vowels, plurals, and othor data qualifying the main entry. It indicates thattions apply only to this Iatest

sub-entry

(cf.

Ji^- ka\aqu, J.U 'adala).

In the transcription, which indicates the voweling of the unpointed Arabic, nouns are given in pausal form without tanwin. Only nouns derived from vorbs with a weak thirdradical are transcribed with nunnation(e.g.,

^\j

qdin,

^1mit is

muqladan,

Ju matan

in

contrast with

Sj^.

1

&uir).

Ais

raised

z

following the transcription of a

noun

indicates that

a diptote. This indication

often omitted from Western geographical terms and other recent non-Arabic properis

names

because the inflected endingonly theoretical value(cf.

practically never2

pronounced and the marking would haveabrll).in

^^O -'in

Mokholm,

Jj.,1

The Symbol

O

precedes newly coined technical terms, chiefly

the fields of technology,

which were repeatedly found

context but whose general aeeeptance

among

specialista could

Introduction

XIV(cf.

not be established with certainty heating installation).

jUlJ tfz television

aet,

^j*- hads Intuition,

j-

miharr

The symbol

D

precedes thoae dialect words for which the Arabic Bpelling suggests a(cf.

colloquial pronunciation

jLu- haddf, 'Ja*-

II).

Dialect words areeto.).

marked with abbreviations

in lower-case lottere (e.g., syr., leb., saud.-ar., in the sources of a particular(cf.

These are also used to inrlicate words which were found only

area, This doesjrr,

^

not neceBsarily mean that a word or meaning

is

confined to that area

j jjU-

baffia,

oUJLt Silmn).

The same

abbreviations, but with capital letters,

mark(cf.

entries as the generally accepted

technioal terms or the official designations for public officee, institutions, administrative

departments, and the

like,Isl.

of the country in question

i

_r-Lf

majlis,

i& mahkama).(cf.

Thehadat,

abbreviation

Law marks

the traditional terminology of Islamic fiqh

i-ujuris-

U

li'n,

mi'bar needlecase; pack needlez jljT

place);

u to roam in a state of

wildnesa, run wild, be shy, shy away, run

br see Ji

awayors.th.)

(animal, game) II to

make

laating(*

*--/'

abraMya and i~Zjj\

abrSiya

pl.

-l

permanent,

perpetuato,

eternize

diocese, biahopric (Chr.); parish (CAr.)

Vor

to

be

porpetuated,

becomey

ifrriz

pure gold

g-ij\ ibrisam, ibrisim silkjt_j\ ibriq pl.

*i\

abaha and abiha a (abk) to pay attention(J, also 1>T

bf

m. and

f.

armpit

of address.u-

and

of a priest (Chr).

jjl(

abaqa

%

(jLl

ibq) to escape,

nin away

^p LI aban 'an jaddin handcds.th. inherited

downfrom

a slave from his master)

from father to son, asforefathers;j-.

y\ ab

su'n;

marabou;J>^'

^1

abaq a kind of hempr>-"pl.

y.

'

^

-"*

pppy

y.

'

jiJ biq

JLI ubbq runaway, escaped;

ab l-havl the Sphinx;l-yaqzn rooster, oock

llJI

y\ ab

a fugitive1

Jjl ibil (coli.)

cameis

y\

vbwa fatherhood, patemity

jjil abawi patemal, fatherly

ULI ibla, ibbla bndle, bale-w_jil

ebonite

>LI^j-Jj I

ibliz alluvial

deposits (of the Nile)*J_jjI

(Fr.

abonni) abnik

pl. -t subscription;

iblUP

pl.

ULI

ablisa

devil,

Satana deijl

subscription card

(e.g.,

for public convey-

ances, a concert season, etc.)*j.I

II

to celebrate, praise, eulogize

(

ceased person), deliver a funeral oration(

ab a

(.LI

ib\

l.LI

ib'a)reject,

to

refuse,dis|

in praise of s.o.)4iil

decline; to turn

down,

scom,

ubna passive pederastyibbn

dain (* s.th.); to deny (* J*luij

s.o. s.th.)

l

VI

l_^

muiin, muwtin favorable, pro-

pitious, opportune, convenient, suitableiil

wind up, conclude, terminate, bringatta

to a close (J* a.th.); to destroy, annihilate,

u

i

a

(LjI atta)

to be luxuriant, grow

wipe out (J* s.th.); to eliminate, carry away, sweep away (J* B.th.), doeradicate,

profusely (hair, plante) II to fix up, prepare(a

s.th.);

to

furnish

(*

an

apartment)

away (J*detail

with); to use up, exhauat (also

V to be

or

become

rieh, wealthy, to prosper;

a subject), prcsent exhauatively, in great(J*ass.th.),

to be furnishedi>ljl

Jl

li"

elaborate (J* on s.th.) follows; *_^T Jl (kirihi)

att furniture,

|

furnishings

(of

an

Jp

apartment, of a room)ti~uu ta'tit furnishing* -Wdah) to destroytjI

Lr' *'*'

(

a '*

and !jjjL

it

(kalima)

s.th.

completely; j\ J,(its)

proverb

j

(also fi itrihi)

on bis

track, at

Mb

jja

mu'air

affecting,

acting

upon;

heels, after

bim; immediately afterwards,

affective ;

impressive ;(pl. -t)

moving,

toucbing,factor,in-

presently, thereupon;

y^l J immediately

pathetic;flnence

influencing

afterwards, presently

*j$\

look

up

alphabeticallyJiLjI:

i-j-l

ajabtya horologium (Copt.-Chr.)ajara

LjI

ulfiya pl.

atfin trivet, tripod (in

^-1

u

(ajr)

to

reward, recompense,II to let for rent, let

ancient times

any one of the three stonesfiie)|

remunerate

( s.o.)

supporting a cooking pot near thejIj ViJIj

out, hire out, rent, lease (* s.th.) ; (with na/*

that which rounds out a number,

sah) to hire

o.s.

out IV to

let for rent, let;

caps

s.th.,

puts the lid on

s.th.,

the crowning

out, hire out, rent, lease (* s.th.)hire, lease,

to rent,s.th.),

touchJJI

hold under a lease (*

take a lease (* on) ; to hire, engage, takeatala i

torieh

consolidate, strengthen II to

become

V to be

onConsolidated,

( s.o.),

engage the Services

be

(

of

s.o.)

Xa

Btrengthened ; to become riehJ?l atlpl.

to rent, hire, lease, hold under a lease

(*s.th.), take a lease (* on); to charter {*JjjI utl (coli.;(bot.)

n. un.

,

pl,

vessel); to hire, engage,

take on

( b.o.),

atall)

tamariskatil

engage the Servicesj*1

{1

of

s.o.)

JJI

and JJj* mv'attal deep-rooted;

ajr

pl.

jy-

ujr

wages,

pay,re-

of noble origin, highbornjrl

honorarium, recompense, emolument,to sin, err,

alima a (um, atam,slipo.b.,

A* ma'tam)shun

muneration; price, rate, fee|

jj-Jl jj*~\

V

to eschew sin,

u. as-aafar faresevil; to restrainlj>-\

hold back

ujra hire, rent, rental; price, rate,|

r\ itm pl. *\j\

tm

sin, offense,

misdeed,

fee; fiied rate, (official) charge; postage

crime

4jj"pl.

Vr

1

postage; JiJl

lj>-\

u. an-naql

f U ma'tam

r

transport charges, freight(age), carriage,L.

ma'tim*

sin, offense,

cartage_r>-l

misdeed, crimeajxr

-j ta'fim sin, offense, misdeed, crimes-TLei

pl.

I_^-I

ujar* 2

hireling;

workraan, laborer, day laborer; employeetimpl. xl

atama and Jl a^tm

pl.

utam' 1

sinful, criminai,

wicked, ev;

j*?\girl,

ajira

working

woman,

factory

sinnerXc1

female laborer;

woman employee

tjnutZ

antimony

j*-t ta'jir letting, leasing, hiring out,

lottingon lease ; lease |yl*Vlj j^r^l_r*l

fjA*

a/ir ether

(i'ra)

Lend- Lease Act

Lul atin AthensLj^JI atybiy EthiopiaJ^~ji

jL

employed; employee;

m* ujj

bitter, salty

water

mercenary, venal, hired, bribedj*rj* mu'ajjir pl.

^U-l ajjj burning, blazing, hotjv^U. mvta'ajjij burning, blazing, flam-

-n landlord, lesaorleaseholder,lessee,

j>r^* tenant; employer

mwta'jir

a

_^.T jurr (n. un. 5)

baked brick

jr'jr'

wa.o.

to do

s.th.);

to enjoin, impose (_>

tivatea the heart, a fascinating, thrilling

ona.o.

s.o. H.th.);

to take

away

(*

Je froms.o.

thing; ^Lll

L'i>-I

(mataru)-U-i

we got caught(bi-7ipirihi)

s.th.), strip,off,

deprive {* Jes.o.

of),

in the rain;

*j~*\^>

to

cut

bar (* Je(*

from); to reproach,to hold against

help

s.o.,

stand

by

s.o.,

take care of

s.o.,

blames.o.

Je

s.o.

for);

look after s.o.;

*klpJI

-U-i .U-l

{nafasah) toto take s.o.'s

(Je) that... (Ol), fix the blame fjes.o., jl for

draw breath;breath

the fact that); to obligateto learn (Je orj*.

away;

.U-l

(7iaum).U-1

sleep

J*

s.o. to);

from

overwhelmed him;to helps.o.,

.u

(6t-yadiAt)

s.o.,

* s.th.), acquires.o.),

from

te

i*l'

-i>-l

knowledge (Je or j*. (Jilm) to studyi_>

stand by

s.o. II

to lay underIII to

a spell, enchant, bewitchcensure, blame(>_>,o

( s.o.)

unders.th.s.th.),

s.o.;

to begin, start (j orfoll.

with

Je

s.o. for s.th.);

to

or s.th., with

imperf.: to

do>_>

punish

(>_>,

Je

s.o.(),

for); to

hold

s.th.

prepare, set out, be about (j ors.th.)|

(Je) against s.o.s.o.)|

resent (J* s.th.

in

to

do

*u>\ -U-l (uhbatah) to

make

!j.U-1jJ

V

l tu'kidnl offense, I(*

pardon me!.ucl

preparations,"5 -U-t-i*-'

prepare

o.s.,

get

ready;

forgive

me! no

hope! VIII

(makad) to adopt the samefollow s.o.'s example;s.o.,

ittakada to take

s.th.);

to take on,

course as

s.o. eise,

assume

(* s.th.);

to take up, occupy (*(* e.g., a resolution);

IJU-l* *l* l*-\

to seize

take possession-U-l

s.th.); to pass,

adopt

of

a.o. (a

Sensation, or the like); \jttits

to take, single out, have ins.o.

mind

(**, >s.th.),e.g.,

(majrhu) to take

course;

\

-U-l

{ukida r-ra'yu) the matteri-jL-L ^l {bi-asbbi)

^Jl^il

&\

to take

up new po-

was put to a vote;

sitions (troops).U-l

to embrace, adopt s.th., e.g.,ijjj*yi SjUi-1

vV"^ -^

akd acceptance, reception;

seizure;|

(hadra) to adopt Euro\*-\

taking out, taking away, removal, etc.

kira

l-

from

which

one

takesoutlet

source

amri eventuay,all; jj}\ _^-TL-jJl

finally, in

the end, after

O

wall

socket,

adoption,

kira d-dahri forever; _^-T

borrowing, loan ; manner of acting,

mode

.

az-zamn time atis

which the

of procedura, approach; pl. -U sourcereferencea, bibliography (in booka); rep-

Day

of

Judgment

to be expected, the

end of the world;

'>' J* to the

last,

rehensible points, faults, flaws, defects,

down

to the grass roots, entirely, com-

shortcomingseasiest

|

^>Vl;

o-tU the simplest,

pletely, e.g., j*-T

j* _^i {dummira) to

approach

-Ulli

^^

eaay

to

be completely destroyed, be wiped off the

handle or to use; aee also akada (middleof paragraph)irf-lj,

map

;

j>-\^l

and ;>^l the hereafter i>^l jUl\

^-U

ta'kir

delay,

deferment,

post-

the abode in the hereafter, the everlasting

ponement; obstruction, retardation; putting back, temporary shelving

abode;

_^-T J(

il

kirihi

and

,;

j*\i taakkur delay, lag, retardation;hesitation, tarrying, lingering; slowneas,

~tjj\

akawya brotherhood

(as a re-

ligious association)

tardinesa;

backwardness, underdevelop-

U-

1

ik' ,

j>-

1

ukwa

brotherhood

ment

(of

a country)

brotherliness, fratemityjl*-l

j*-j*

mu'akkar rear part, tau, end;;

ilcxua

fratemization, fraternity,

stern (of a ship)

remainder, balance (of\j*-$*

brotherlinessi-t ta'kin fratemizationj_j>-l

a sum, to be paid later);

mu'akka

ran recently, lately, the other day; atlast, finally,

eventuallyrear, rear

ajcr barn, stablebefall, affct ( s.o.)

j-j*

mu'akkararear

guardlines

(of

anjl

adda ut toil j*l

army)

;

positions

or

(m.) ;

stern (of a ship) _^l^4 muta'akkir delayed, belated, late;

amr

idd a terrible, evil, horrible

thing occurring later (je than); behind, behind.ol

aduba u (adab) to be well-bred, well-

hand,

in arrears;

backward, underdevel-

mannered, eultured, urbane, have refinedtastes;

oped; lagging, staying behind; defaulter;

or|

adaba

i

(adb) to invite

(to

a

Uj^-ldl thewriters, or the

later,

or modern, authora,

party(* s.o.)

banquet,

s.o.),

entertain

likefasopposedtoj^ JJtdl);re|

ijU

>_ol (ma'duba) to

arrange aII

ol>-uil arrears, balance of a sum

banquet, giverefine,

a(

formals.o.);

dinnerto

to

maining due after previous paymenti^lxilOloiJt

educate

diseipline,

(buidn)

the

underdevel-

punish, ehastise

(* s.o.)

IV to invite aa a

oped countriesSr^Aaji-\

guest

( s.o.)

V

to reeeive a fine education

to be well-bred, well-educated, eultured,

Ukfubf OCtOpuS

have refined tastes; to showcourteous,civil,

o.s.

polite,o.a.,

j>-\

III to fraternize, aasociate as brothera(

urbane; to educate

with

s.o.)

V

to act or

show

o.s.

as a

refine one's tasteso.a.

(^

by, through); to let|

brother or friend VI to fraternize, associate as brothers;-l

be guided

(i_j

by)

-jj

._oIj

(6t-

adabihi) to follow s.o.'s moral

examplere-

ak

pl.

ij*-\

ikwa,

jl_^>-l

ikwn

i_ol

adab

pl.

._jl.sT

db eulture,

brother; fellowpl. l_jjil speeif.,

man, neighbor; friend; brethren or members ofreligious

finement; good breeding, good manners,social

gracea,

decorum, decency,

pro-

an order;of the

jl_j>-Vl

brotherhood

priety,

seemliness;

humanity, humane|

Wahabi

sect, militant in character,

ness; the humanities; belles-lettres

c-jj

established

by Ibn Sa'd*)_^>-l

in

1910

|

^-1 L

^j^I,,-oVl

toilet,

water closet; .-olM

J~L#

and

my

dear friend!

ak

tiqa trust-

fJ* ill-mannered,i/UIi_jj"i!l

ill-bred, impolite,

worthy, reliable;

jJ

l

brother through

uncivU;

('mml)literati,

populr

both father and mother, brother-german.*J

on

jfW iMland

of

the Rector of AI Azhar Univeraity;

Sls-1

account

according to;

^

m^I

(asaa, sihha) completely

unfound-

^.

(hirst; Eg.)

^^

ilsJ (Syr.)(Syr.) asso-

fll profesBor;

ed (newB, rumor) ^L-l assi fundamental, basic;ele|

^^ ^ ilsJfyiuj^- ili^l

ciate professor;ff.)

(mutafarrig ;(holding;

part-time

professor

an

mentaryLiatone

;

eseential ; principal, chief,

main

office

outside the univeraity)

0*1* ili*l

j?

(hajar) cornerstone, foundation

(muaawf) assistant professor {Eg.;8yr,);J\jili-l

(ff.;

Syr.) visiting(j'aiai)

professor;

oL L-loiples

tusiyt

fundamentals, prin-

JiU j

;;L-l

*

they aremasterB of

disputation*jjli-l

ustdiya mastership; professor-

foundation, estabu^Jj ta'sia founding,lishment, setting up, Institution; grounding,

ship, profeasorate

laying of the substructure (arch.);

JjJlsJ

wtan&J"

Istanbul,

Constantinople

pl. -t facilitiea, Utilities; institutions

J^jU^I istanbll of IstanbuliUJSl al-sitna,ili^l/l

~> *\s lS r

ta'stH|

founding; foundational,iS

al-astna, aliatna

fundamental

^Jj ^-Lf

(majlia)

con-

Constantinople, Istanbul

Btituent assemblyr~*y>

mu'assis founder

jj^l-t

istabraq brocade

l

L~-ja

muassasa

pl.

foundation,

jjlJUl wfrdiiji Strategie

establishment; firm (com.); institution;Organization

J tjLl

ttsJurJ

Australian

Ulj-1

u^uriiy Auatralia

l ^'

al-asbn, al-iabn the Spaniards

jl~*1 isbni Spanish; (pl. -n)

Spaniard

JJj^l

wtor/ini aterling

j

JJ^I

=>-

pound

aterling;i^L-l

JJj^l

^-* mintaqat

al-i. Ster-

isbnak spinachisbniy Spain

ling area

iJl-I

;,LiJ see

j*\

^1

(It.

stoppa) tow,

oakum; ootton waate.\

j_j-U ma'ar captivated, faacinated, enthralled(

jjaji-l (It. -Engl, (udio) i8tdiyp\.\jkAf

v

by)

istdiySht studio; atelier

a

_r-l

aairra see

j

^|

)jfL*\ istokholm Stockholml-Jji-l

3

~*jj~\*

look up alphabetically

(Engl.) istniy Estonia

Jsfl^-I

isr'W

Israel

JJl^l j* bani.

i.

the Israelites; J-Jl^l U_,j daulatC-jJLL-I i&tiytit steatite,

the

soapatone (min.)

State of Israel

^JjI

look

up

alphabetically

JJij-

1

isr'ili

Israelitish ;

Israelite

to display the courage of a lion (J* against)

X

Israe (adj. and n.); Jjlj-Iisrl*Israfil,

oUJI^Iangel

Judaica

the

who

will

J aaadI

pl.

J usud, usd, j^J usd,I

sound the trumpet on theurrection

Day

of Res-

jLT sd

lion;

Leo

(astron.)

|

o-VI

Ij

leontiasis (med.)l

Vj-' u&rvb lead (metal)to bind, fetter, shackle,

s*\ twara

(twr)

JjJlLJ isfanbiU 2 Istanbul, ConstantinopleJJa-l isfabl pl. -( stable, barn*Jfc-l

chain(

( s.o.);

to capture, take prisonerfascinate,

s.o.);

to

captivate,

hold

spellboundattention)as prisoner j-l ture; aar

(. s.o.),

absorb, arrest (* the

(It.

sloppa) uafubba tow,

oakum

X

to surrender, give o.s.

up

vXA*'(leather)|

a*turlb astrolabe

strap,

thong;

capal-a.

(

_

ril*-l

istaqi pl. -/

element-(

captivity

^\

;xt tiddat

vigor, energyj~.\

UljLJ

uafuwna

pl.

column

(arch.)

;

cylinder {ma(A.; of an engine); phono-

uara

pl.

^-1 usar, -t family; dy-

nasty; clan, kinsfolk, relatives;see

asirra

graph record; pl. ,>LUI as/m 2 highranking, prominent personalities ; stars,celebrities,

j^^^-L ljUall

authorities,

mastere

(e.g.,

of

j-.L bi-asrthi entirely, completely, al-

art: ji)\ ,>I.LI a. al-fann)

together,

of them came,

jl^LJ usfuwni

cylindric(al)

they came one and

all

ZjJ*~\ us\ra. pl. jJ*Ul as/ir" legend, fable,

jUItivity;

iar

(leather) strap, thong;

cap|

tale,

myth, sagafabulous, mythical, leg-

captivation,

enthrallmentfall

jjt$jjl*-l usfri

jW J

to be subjected to B.th.,

into

the clutches of s.th.j^-l

endaryusar' 2

a&ir

pl.

*\jJi

,

^^-1 asr,

JjkJ

ustl pl.

J-UU

aafi/ 2 fleet;

squadronol^L-l

tjjUI asr prisoner, captive, prisoner of

war

D

J-l

iw/

(colloq. for

SbJ)

pl.

ustawt master; foreman, overseer; alsojj-l aaxTQ. pl. -t

female prisoner, Blave

form of address to those in lowere.g.,

callings,

girl

to a cab driver, coachman, etc.

jS\

air

winning, captivating, fasci-

J&J

aaifa a (asaf) to regret(

(J* or J

s.th.),

nating; captor

feel sorry

J*

for),

be sad ( J* about)

V do.

I.Lu-lit's

,_iJ aaaf grief, aorrow, chagrin, regret | pity! lj w asah/ oh, what a

IjJiS^-I w/to(iand

Scotland

jt-l-CJ iakotianii Scottish, Scotch

too bad! Jt~-#

Ijj

-j-L

maaf

'alaihi

mournedla-

LibxSL,! iskandinjly/i Scandinavia

of a dead person,

=

the late

JJ

II to

sharpen, point, taper ( s.th.)aaai(coli.)

mented)

JJmu'aijdistressing, sad, regret1L.I

rush

(iof.)

J^,ytable

oraJa pl. -i thorn, spike, prong;e.g.,

point (also,

of a pen

=

nib); tip of

JiJi. mute' mm/ sad, sorry, regretful;\JaJc* aorry!iljljU w/iwfc and flLl ts/iwfc spinach I (AtriiULu.1 (rimi) garden oraoh

the tongue

-W jj^'letters j, ^-

oJ-ur/ al-asallya

the

and ^>|

jjj

J_Jcheek

asil

smooth

J--I

Jbs-

{kadd)

Bmooth

plex hortensis,,_I

6o(.)

-I

os/aU asphalt

*JLI cula eliptic, oval

form

-jjUI u/an;', ij/unj

sponge

Lj. mu* omo2 pointed, tapered

jjiiJ

w/anj'i

spongy; porous(4ol.)

JjjVj

(variant of Jjjl^l)

islmbli

of

jlxj-l isfindn mapler-lj-i-l vs/id)

IstanbuljJ

white lead, ceruse

->U islanda Icelandsee1

j^\

/in

pl.

JU

m/in wedgeJ-ji/t1

^-1

f(capital of Eritrea)

>j!>-l JorMJi:acurvy (med.)

o-V

-

mara4) (

jyeXf

I

aamnjanf aky-blue, azure, cerulean

jA asmara Aamaracj.x*I

*_LI cmj/ j .JiiJ uequj pl. 1BLI asgifa,

asmant, ismant cement(ad]'.)

bishopli-l

|

iL^I j-Jj archbiahop

J^rl asmanti cement/-.I

usqufi episcopal

Lii.1 usqu/iya episcopate, bishoprio,

asana

i

u and ostna a to become brackish

(water)

j^

'.

.1

yjiqumn, qumri mackerei

(zaol.)

j?\ sin brackish

sea onion J-iJ isq an Oriental variety of(Scilla)

(jj and

jj-l)

LI

m

tt

(am, LI osan) to;

nurse, treat ( a

wound)

to

make peacel^1

^j-\

(Engl.) isketi sketch

(jo between, among);

^1 WSeville (oity in

pl. -dl stable,

SW

barn

Spain)

jl+i^l iffahn' Isfahan (oity inpl. ^,,lil see

W

oentral

Jj

Iran)

J"X,\ afula u

plU

attOa) to be or

become

sod; sound, pure; proper, actual; firm,strong, unswervreasonable, sensible; of steadfast; deep-rooted; ing character-, native,

be firmly established; firmly rooted; to origin II to found ( s.th.), to be of noble foundation, establish give s.th. () a firm be or origin of () V tothe foundationrooted, deep-rooted, or become rmly be or become ingrained; to take root, derive one's origin firmly established; to root out, extirfrom) X to uproot,(j.

indigenousreason;

|

J^VI >MIJ*-lof

the

actual

JJU-T

sound,(

unerring judgment

j^l

apl

pl.

jii,

1 JJU-I o**"

aftemoon time before sunset, late

aul

ojrto

firmness,

steadfastness,

annihilate ( s.th.); pate, extenninate, surgioal remove (. an organ by to (**> * Operation) | s.th. radically eradicate s.th., eliminate

~U

>U

of descent, Btrength of character; nobUity immediately, purity of origin; aflatandirectly, personally|

J

3UI

o.

-"'

judgment; juolarity and firmness of

cause, reason; a tree); origin, souroe; of a lineage, stock (esp., one descent, fundament, noble character); foundation, of a book); basis; the original (e.g.,pl.

JJ

oji pl.

Jj^l root: trunk

( f

ntMe0USly dciousness - 0* ^ >V^ B po;

'

of one's

own

accord, in one'sprivately(as

own name,to

personaUy,

opposed

,ji j. Uli-); ".Uj

*lU

o?to ton *"*-

niybatan directly and indirectly

J^l

^

prinoiples, fundamentals,(e.g.,

;l_Jj

to'f>ito

pedigree, genealogy

rudimente, elementrules;

of a science);

basio

niles,

prinoiples,;

axioms;{fin.);

J^ttion,

ta'afful deep-rootednesswtf'jl extirpation,

property asset real estate, landed

JUsJeurgery,

extermina-

_

}Ul

aflan

originally,

primarily;at aU, not

(redical)

emination; removal by

(with neg.) in the leastUli J_^l

by no means, not|

>MI j

originally, at first;

J^tu

mutoV

deep-rooted,

deep-

u. al-fiqh

the 4 foundationsi.e.,

seated; chronic

(illness)

of Islamio

jurispnidence,

Koran,

eensus); fJ^-jties;

and ijn' (conSunna, qiy (analogy) ta wld UabUl

iil

ojif

camel the moaning bray of ait.

Silu.

>V " tV

i>l aforo

(fr)

and

II

to bend, ourve

# At "

authentic, genuine noble origin; original,

lantic

JWuXI afWsatin; (pl.

20

^ly

volume of geographical mapsu-Ul affcw Atlantio

^^

atlas>

ji-il

i/*mn,

i/Wen

wormwood,bot.)

ab-

sinthe (Artemisia absinthium;

&i\(Art/)

JtU.1 l ^a, aga

,

lordj

master,

eunuch, harem chamberlainaZ-ojrijo the Greeks(adj.

Jil

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