Gunpowder EmpiresGunpowder Empires

Ottoman - Mughal - Safavid(Turkey) - (India) - (Persia)

Ottoman - Mughal - Safavid(Turkey) - (India) - (Persia)

Gunpowder EmpiresGunpowder Empires

Developed strong, centralized political control through the use of military strength of gunpowder

Naval & land-based military power enhanced by the cannon

Conquered their competitors with superior military technology, aided by gunpowder

Developed strong, centralized political control through the use of military strength of gunpowder

Naval & land-based military power enhanced by the cannon

Conquered their competitors with superior military technology, aided by gunpowder

All the Gunpowder Emp’sAll the Gunpowder Emp’s

Manchu/Qing ChinaRussian EmpireMughal EmpireSafavid EmpireOttoman Empire

Manchu/Qing ChinaRussian EmpireMughal EmpireSafavid EmpireOttoman Empire

Changes associated w/ Gunpowder Empires

Changes associated w/ Gunpowder Empires

(1) Development of new-style empires and large state political systems come to dominate global political & military affairs

(2) Internal political structures based on military force decline in effectiveness

(3) Gunpowder empires increased global interaction between political states

(1) Development of new-style empires and large state political systems come to dominate global political & military affairs

(2) Internal political structures based on military force decline in effectiveness

(3) Gunpowder empires increased global interaction between political states

Gunpowder?Gunpowder? Diffusion of gunpowder from China

begins about 500 CE Mongols bring the technology WEST

along the Silk Road The increased use of firearms by these

empires allows their increased domination over smaller states (conquest)

OUTCOME: creation of multi-ethnic, unified regions with cultural and linguistic differences w/i the empire --> do you see an potential problems??

Diffusion of gunpowder from China begins about 500 CE

Mongols bring the technology WEST along the Silk Road

The increased use of firearms by these empires allows their increased domination over smaller states (conquest)

OUTCOME: creation of multi-ethnic, unified regions with cultural and linguistic differences w/i the empire --> do you see an potential problems??

Ottoman Empire: 1453-1699Ottoman Empire: 1453-1699 Military-based society Rewarded its soldiers with land grants

as the empire expanded Warrior-class (Janissaries) become more

independent and over-power the central government

Islamic empire Big accomplishment = conquest of

Constantinople/Istanbul Western Europe considers the Ottomans

their largest threat

Military-based society Rewarded its soldiers with land grants

as the empire expanded Warrior-class (Janissaries) become more

independent and over-power the central government

Islamic empire Big accomplishment = conquest of

Constantinople/Istanbul Western Europe considers the Ottomans

their largest threat

Suleiman the MagnificentSuleiman the Magnificent

Ruled 1520-1566Large territory acquired through

military conquestFocused more on conquest of land,

and continuing luxury good tradeDid not consider the arrival of sea-

based challenges (I.e. Portuguese)

Ruled 1520-1566Large territory acquired through

military conquestFocused more on conquest of land,

and continuing luxury good tradeDid not consider the arrival of sea-

based challenges (I.e. Portuguese)

Ottoman military crisisOttoman military crisisMilitary State Crisis Military technology evolved = canons and light

weight firearms -> size of Janissary grew & cavalry decreased

Inflation changed economy -> landholders that collected taxes based on fixed rates loss power -> couldn’t report to military

Islamic law = no reforming tax system -> government issued surtaxes to pay for Janissaries and bureaucrats

former landowning and job owning cavalrymen, short-term soldiers, tax-burdened peasants, and students with no money staged revolts

Military State Crisis Military technology evolved = canons and light

weight firearms -> size of Janissary grew & cavalry decreased

Inflation changed economy -> landholders that collected taxes based on fixed rates loss power -> couldn’t report to military

Islamic law = no reforming tax system -> government issued surtaxes to pay for Janissaries and bureaucrats

former landowning and job owning cavalrymen, short-term soldiers, tax-burdened peasants, and students with no money staged revolts

Decline of OttomansDecline of Ottomans

Land-grant system = increased power of the Janissaries

Economic inflation from silver brought back from New World

Challenges from Western Europe Internal rebellions:

Jannissaries Multi-ethnic disputes Rual administrative decline

Land-grant system = increased power of the Janissaries

Economic inflation from silver brought back from New World

Challenges from Western Europe Internal rebellions:

Jannissaries Multi-ethnic disputes Rual administrative decline

Safavid Empire: 1502-1722Safavid Empire: 1502-1722

Around the Persian Gulf region (modern-day Iraq)

Inherited large landholdings from the previous Persian empires

Fail to maintain internal control of government

Eventually defeated/conquered by the Ottomans in 1514

Islamic empire

Around the Persian Gulf region (modern-day Iraq)

Inherited large landholdings from the previous Persian empires

Fail to maintain internal control of government

Eventually defeated/conquered by the Ottomans in 1514

Islamic empire

SafavidSafavidShi’ite Islam (supporters of Ali)Used land-grant system for militaryUnity within the empire was found

in the general adherence to Islam as a religion, social structure and political tradition

Economy based on small-scale manufacturing of luxury goods

Nomadic peoples lack unity; lack desire to build agricultural econ.

Shi’ite Islam (supporters of Ali)Used land-grant system for militaryUnity within the empire was found

in the general adherence to Islam as a religion, social structure and political tradition

Economy based on small-scale manufacturing of luxury goods

Nomadic peoples lack unity; lack desire to build agricultural econ.

Safavid DeclineSafavid Decline

Inflation from silverLack of a diversified economyMilitary/soldiers defectNomadic/tribal culture proves

difficult to unify and controlOutside challenges: Ottoman and

Uzbek (tribal Turks)

Inflation from silverLack of a diversified economyMilitary/soldiers defectNomadic/tribal culture proves

difficult to unify and controlOutside challenges: Ottoman and

Uzbek (tribal Turks)

Mughal India, 1526-1761Mughal India, 1526-1761

Re-unifies IndiaFirst to include the southern tip of

India in unification Islamic government (like the Delhi

Sultanate before it)Thriving trading economy -->

I.O.M.S.

Re-unifies IndiaFirst to include the southern tip of

India in unification Islamic government (like the Delhi

Sultanate before it)Thriving trading economy -->

I.O.M.S.

Trade under the GuptaTrade under the Gupta

Mughal: Internal ProblemsMughal: Internal Problems

Increasing tensions between Muslim minority and Hindu majority Despite reconciliation attempts by Akbar

(Muslim-Hindu marriage; rescinding Muslim tax)

Akbar last great, organized ruler of Mughal India

Regional powers begin to over-power the central authority

Increasing tensions between Muslim minority and Hindu majority Despite reconciliation attempts by Akbar

(Muslim-Hindu marriage; rescinding Muslim tax)

Akbar last great, organized ruler of Mughal India

Regional powers begin to over-power the central authority

Mughal: External problemsMughal: External problems Indian Ocean trade:

Initially controlled by independent merchants from Arabian peninsula, India and SE Asia (some Chinese too)

Mughal India makes large effort to control trade, successful for a period of time

Arrival of Portuguese with firepower and beter ships --> decline of local/India control

Dutch displace Portuguese British arrive = :( for India

Strong central government Established central government Early manufacturing of textiles

Competition from Western Europe in manufacturing

Indian Ocean trade: Initially controlled by independent merchants

from Arabian peninsula, India and SE Asia (some Chinese too)

Mughal India makes large effort to control trade, successful for a period of time

Arrival of Portuguese with firepower and beter ships --> decline of local/India control

Dutch displace Portuguese British arrive = :( for India

Strong central government Established central government Early manufacturing of textiles

Competition from Western Europe in manufacturing

Similarities between Gunpowder Empires?Similarities between Gunpowder Empires?

Political?Economic?Social?Decline?

Political?Economic?Social?Decline?