Growing Canna Lilies in your garden

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    Canna - Growing Canna Lilies in Your

    Garden

    By Dennis Carey and Tony AventPlant Delights Nursery, Inc.

    www.plantdelights.com9241 Sauls Road

    Raleigh, NC 27603919.772.4794

    Canna 'Benal Tiger'

    http://www.plantdelights.com/http://www.plantdelights.com/Canna-Bengal-Tiger-Perennial-Variegated-Canna-Lily/productinfo/819/http://www.plantdelights.com/http://www.plantdelights.com/Canna-Bengal-Tiger-Perennial-Variegated-Canna-Lily/productinfo/819/
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    Introduction

    Canna are bold, tropical-looking, herbaceous perennial plants that bloom over a longperiod in summer and are cold hardy in much of the southern United States into USDAHardiness Zone 7b. Cannahave been in and out of fashion during their long history, and

    are currently rebounding in popularity from a post WWII low. Currently, cannas are verypopular everywhere in the United States. In the South, we plant-em and forget-em, butnorth of Zone 7b, they are easy to lift and store during the winter. We urge our readers tovisit our garden during the summer and fall open house days to see our collection. Youcan also check out our web site to view our offerings.

    Canna should be located where they will have a visual impact at the height of summer.Most cannas are tall and need to be placed at the back of a bed, but there are some dwarfvarieties that will look good at the front of the border. Here at our garden nursery, wecombine cannas with spring bulbs, baptisia, daylilies, coneflowers, cuphea, andornamental grasses. Cannaare 55mph plants and can be located along highways where

    they can be appreciated by drivers. In 1986, in preparation for the US Olympic Festival inRaleigh, we introduced the NC Department of Transportation Roadside BeautificationDivision to CannaLilies, by sharing several dump truck loads of Canna 'The President'rhizomes from plantings that we had growing at the NC State Fair grounds. To say theyliked cannas would be the understatement of the decade as visitors can now find Cannalilies planted along highways from one end of North Carolina to the other.

    History and Background ofCanna

    Canna species are native to semi-tropical and tropical parts of North and South America.Their native range extends from South Carolina (Canna flaccida) south to Argentina andincludes the Caribbean islands. In their native habitat, Canna live in damp shadylocations along the margins of rivers and lakes.

    Canna are valuable as a food source in certain cultures because their rhizomes contain ahigh quality starch. The primary species used for food production is Canna indica. Thestarch (commonly called achira) is used in Vietnam to make high quality "cellophane"noodles. In the modern era of agriculture, canna is only rarely used as a primary foodsource, as it has been replaced by more nutritious and higher yielding crops such aspotatoes and corn. Cannahave been cultivated as a food crop for over 4000 years in theirnative range in Central and South America.

    In addition to food, Cannahave a variety of other uses. Canna seeds are pea-sized, round,brown or black in color, and exceptionally hard. They have been used as shotgun pelletsin India (hence the common name "Indian Shot"). The seeds are used as beads in jewelry,rosaries and have been incorporated into baby rattles and musical instruments. A purpledye can be extracted from the seed, and fibers extracted from the stem of the plant areused to make jute and paper. Canna have been used for phytoremdiation (the use of plantsto absorb toxins from soils), in order to remove toxic heavy metals such as copper andzinc from pig waste, and to remove excess fertilizer and insecticides from greenhouse

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    runoff. In Thailand, Cannaare a traditional father's day gift.

    Although used for thousands of years as a food crop, Canna were not well-known toEuropean botanists until the 1500s. They are first mentioned in the book The ViennaCodex (1536-1566). Canna may have arrived in Europe from the Americas as early as

    Columbus's 1492 travels. By 1576, Canna were cultivated in gardens in several Europeancountries; although, they only became widely popular as ornamental plants in theVictorian era (mid to late 1800s). Canna had a particularly large following in France,Hungary, England, Italy, Germany, America and India during the late 1800s. Hundreds ofcultivars with shorter habits and novel flower forms and colors were created between1860 and 1910. Unfortunately, most of these cultivars were lost because Europeangardeners stopped growing Canna during the upheaval from World War I through WorldWar II. In addition, garden fashions changed. In the first half of the 20th centuryprominent garden designers, such as Gertrude Jekyll, replaced formal looking Victoriangardens with informal, relaxed perennial borders. This led gardeners to largely abandonthe plants used by the previous generation, including the canna. However, starting in the

    1950s, Cannahave been making a slow comeback in gardens, and today they areapproaching their Victorian era popularity. Modern breeders have been releasing somewonderful cultivars and currently there are more than 2000 cultivars to choose from ...surely you can find at least one that you like.

    Canna Morphology

    Canna are herbaceous perennials with a rhizomatous rootstock that allows them to spreadslowly outward from where they are planted. Each individual stem consists of a centralstalk with 10 to 12 leaves arranged alternately or spirally along it. Each plant may be 2' to3' wide. In nature, the plants end to be quite tall (7' to 16') but many shorter selectionshave been created for gardens. Once the plant has 6 to 9 leaves, it forms an inflorescenceat the tip. After the inflorescence has finished flowering, that stalk begins to die and isreplaced by a new stalk emerging toward the tip of the rhizome.

    The rhizome is a thickened underground horizontal stem that sits just below the soilsurface. As it elongates, it produces shoots that grow upward to produce leaves andflowers and fibrous roots at each node. The thickness of the canna rhizome varies byspecies. The cultivars grown for food have very thick rhizomes, but some species(especially the water-loving species) have thin or wiry rhizomes. In some species, therhizome grows up to 24" (60cm) long and has many branches. Eventually the older partsof the rhizome die off naturally.

    Canna leaves are usually large, banana-like, tropical-looking and bold. Most cultivarshave rich emerald-green leaves, but some have purple/red or variegated leaves. Thepurple or red leaf color is usually quite dark and may cover the entire leaf, just the outsidemargin, or occasionally just the midrib. Variegation in Canna has two forms. It mayconsist of white or red splotches/sectors on green leaves (Canna 'Stuttgart'). Or, it mayconsist of narrow stripes of color between the minor veins (Canna 'Phasion' orCanna'Benal Tiger').

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    When canna leaves first emerge, they are rolled up and unfurl over the course of a day ortwo (unfurling occurs only at night). The leaves areagenerally waxy (glaucous) and mayhave a dull or shiny finish depending on the type of wax. The Water canna cultivar groupgenerally has very narrow leaves compared to most others. The leaves have rounded sides

    that taper to a point at the tip (acute or short acuminate). The leaf blade tapers graduallyinto a sheath that merges with the stem and thus there is no leaf petiole.

    The canna flower is very exotic. Technically, the 'flowers' are inflorescences, meaningthat they are clusters of flowers on a single structure. A single terminal inflorescenceforms at the tip of the stalk. The inflorescence may be straight and narrow (a spike) orquite well branched (a panicle or thyrse). The well-branched trait is strongly selected forby breeders as it is showier. Some canna florets open in the morning and look best duringthe daytime, while others are night bloomers whose beauty is waning by the nextmorning. Canna flowers are pollinated by a variety of organisms. Day-floweringCannaare pollinated by bees or hummingbirds and night-floweringCannaare pollinated by

    moths or bats.

    Canna florets tend to be short-lived, lasting only a day or two. New florets openconstantly and provide a continual bloom during the season. In temperate gardens, cannaflowering usually begins in midsummer and will last until frost. The start date andduration of flowering varies by cultivar. Flowering is more prolific if gardeners removethe old flowers, taking care not to damage the unopened buds still remaining in the flowerspike. In a greenhouse, Canna will generally not flower in the winter due to low lightlevels, and flowering may be curtailed during extremely hot temperatures.

    Canna flowers range in color from pale-yellow, to orange, to blood-red, and all shades inbetween (salmon, apricot, and pink). Many people think that canna flowers only come inrich, saturated exciting colors like bright-red or yellow. However, there are many pastelshades of pink, primrose yellow, and pale orange. A few cultivars are marketed as beingwhite, but that is not strictly true. The "white"Canna usually emerge a very pale yellowand mature to a cream color. There are no true white Canna in cultivation. Some of theVictorian era Canna were said to have been pure white, but they have been lost to historyand we have no way of verifying these claims. There are no blue or purple canna flowers.

    Canna flowers may be striped, streaked, spotted or splotched with contrasting colors. Themost common form is a yellow or orange flower with darker red to brown splotches on it.There are a few picoteeCannathat are red with a yellow edge. Occasionally the throat ofthe flower (where the staminodes overlap) will have a contrasting color. The labellummay have contrasting spots or stripes on it too.

    This thick seed coat allows canna seed to survive for a very long time. In 1969, Cannaindica seed was found in a 550-year-old archaeological dig in Argentina and wassuccessfully germinated. The reason that the seed coat may be so thick is that fire plays apart in canna seed germination in its native habitat. In the wild, canna seed germinatesbest in places burned by fire, which not only weakens the seed coat, but destroys any

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    competition for the emerging canna seedling.

    Canna Taxonomy

    The genus name canna comes from the Greek "kanna" and the Celtic "cana" which refers

    to "a reed-like plant" and is also the root of the musical term "canon". The name cannawas applied to this genus as early as 1576 and was formally given to the genus byLinnaeus in his seminal work Species Plantarum. (Trivia: canna is the first genusdescribed in Species Plantarum). Canna are the only genus in the family Cannaceae.Cannaceae is in the order Zingibales and is thus distantly related to Banana (Musa), Bird-of-Paradise (Strelitzia), Heliconia, Maranta, and Ginger (Zingiber). Like these, canna is amonocot.

    The taxonomy of the genus canna has been tumultuous and confused due to its worldwidecultivation for food and its extensive hybridization for ornamental use. In the past,experts have argued that there may be 50 to 100 species in the genus and used floral

    morphology to identify different species. However, modern taxonomists have declaredmany of these species to be either duplicates or to be cultivated hybrids that do notdeserve a specific epithet. The prominent Japanese botanist Nobuyuki Tanaka wrote amonograph of the of the family Cannaceae in 2001 and indicated that there were 19species in the genus. In 2008, H. Maas-van de Kamer and P.J.M. Maas released anothercanna monograph declaring that there are only 10 wild species in the genus. Maaslumped many of Tanaka's Asian canna species together under Canna indica using theargument that Canna are native to the Americas and any Asian taxa are merelydescendants of Canna indica that spread worldwide as a food crop. Tanaka on the otherhand has done cytological and genetic analysis of all the taxa and makes a case for 19genetically distinct Canna based on morphology, DNAanalysis, and pollen structure.Plant taxonomists often have disagreements of this sort. Different breeders and growersmay choose to follow one taxonomist or the other as their preferred source. Kew gardensin England has sided with Tanaka for the time being, and has assigned all of the historicalspecies to one of Tanaka's 19 species.

    The ten wild species according to Maas are:

    1. Canna bangii2. Canna flaccida - used as a source of yellow flowers and scent in modern cultivars.3. Canna glauca - used extensively in modern cultivars for its form and tolerance of wetfeet.4. Canna indica - parent of agricultural cannas. Used extensively in modern cultivars forits form, branched inflorescences and early flowering.5. Canna iridiflora - used extensively in modern cultivars for large flowers, long bloomperiod, self-cleaning flowers, and cold tolerance.6. Canna jaegeriana7. Canna liliiflora - used extensively in modern cultivars for large flowers, off-whiteflower color, and flower scent. It has poor cold tolerance and is difficult to grow.8. Canna paniculata

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    9. Canna pedunculata10. Canna tuerckheimii

    The nine additional species according to Tanaka are:

    11. Canna amabilis12. Canna coccinea13. Canna compacta14. Canna discolor - Maas considers this to be Canna indica. This is the main agriculturalspecies.15. Canna jacobiniflora16. Canna patens - Maas considers this to be Canna indica.17. Canna plurituberosa18. Canna speciosa - Maas considers this to be Canna indica.19. Canna stenantha

    Canna hybridization has crossed many of the wild species in a very complex manner.Many epithets have been used in canna breeding programs leading to names such asCanna x hortensis, Canna x hybrida, and Canna x orchiodes. These have all beenabandoned and for the sake of simplicity, all ornamental hybrids of canna are nowproperly called Canna x generalis. Usually, breeders do not mention the epithet "xgeneralis" when they write the name.

    Canna Genetics & Breeding

    Canna first appeared in US gardens in the 1840s but they were not widespread until the1890s. Much of the early breeding work with Canna occurred in France. The firstprominent breeder was M. Thodore Anne, a French diplomat who collected Cannaglauca and Canna indica in Chile and based his garden hybrids on crosses of these twospecies. He improved the habit and leaf color but his cultivars sported wild-type flowers.Anne released at least 20 hybrid lines by the 1870s with names such as Canna Annei-rosea, Canna Annei-rubra, and Canna Annei-marginata. Later catalogs referred to CannaAnneii and some early taxonomists have used the now invalid term Canna x annaei.Unfortunately, many of his hybrid lines have died out, but there are some modern hybridswith similar traits. The Anne Cannawere bred primarily for foliage attributes and areusually listed in the Foliage Group of ornamental Canna. Anne was also responsible foranother popular breeding line of foliage Canna named for a German named Ehemann.These were primarily a cross between Canna iridiflora and Canna 'Warscewicsii' (akaCanna warscewicsii, Canna indica var. warscewicsii) and are also known as EhemannCanna, Canna 'Ehemannii', or the invalid name Canna x ehmannii.

    From the 1860s to 1903, Pierre Antoine Marie Crozy bred hundreds of cultivars ofCannafrom Canna glauca, Canna indica, Canna iridiflora and Canna 'Warscewicsii' with a widerange of heights and flower colors. Some of these were known as French DwarfCanna orgladiolus-flowered Cannadue to their resemblance to (what else?) gladiolus flowers.Some of these were triploids, and only a few of his original cultivars survive today. These

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    (and their modern offspring) have been assigned to the Crozy group ofCanna. CrozyCanna tend to be the most cold-hardy of the garden Canna.

    In the 1890s the German botanist, Carl Ludwig Sprenger, while working in Italy, crossedexisting cultivars with the American native species Canna flaccida to bring bright yellow

    flowers into the gene pool. He introduced multicolored flowers that had yellowstaminodes with red or brown splotches. These flowers often tended to resemble Cattleyaorchid flowers because they had wide overlapping staminodes. Sprenger's cultivars werereferred to as Italian Canna or Orchid-floweredCanna. They have also been known asCanna x orchiodes (or Canna x orchioides) which is no longer considered a valid name.These Cannahave been assigned to the Italian Group ofCanna.

    America also had its own crop of early canna breeders which include Antoine Wintzerand Dr. Van Fleet who together created over 100 cultivars from the 1890s to the 1910s.Their goal was to create pure color forms of rare colors, including yellow and white.Many of these crosses are still around today including the popular burgundy-leaved

    'Wyoming'. At the same time, the West Coast plant guru Luther Burbank had his owncanna breeding program.

    The most prominent botanist of the 20th century doing research on canna genetics andbreeding was Triloki Nath Khoshoo of the National Botanic Gardens of Lucknow inIndia. He performed in-depth studies of canna history, breeding and genetics during the1960s and 1970s. The culmination of this research was the well known book, The Originand Evolution of Cultivated Canna.

    Over the last 150 years, breeders have reduced the height of the plant, increased theflower size and staminode width, increased the length of the flowering period, improvedthe flower placement (higher above the leaves and more erect), improved flowerdurability, improved the cold hardiness, and produced self-cleaning plants (the spentflowers fall off automatically and do not need to be pruned).

    Breeders are still looking for very pure bloom colors, especially white. Canna liliiflorahas "white" flowers but is not cold hardy and it has been difficult to produce garden-worthy cultivars from it. Some are looking for blue or purple pigmentation in the flowers(as it currently does not exist). In addition, breeders want to increase the length of timethat an individual canna floret lives, and the number of cultivars whose florets openduring the day instead of the night. Improvements in both of these traits would result inplants that have more florets open at the same time and thus appear to be morefloriferous. There is also the potential to improve the scent of canna flowers but flowerscent is not the focus of many breeders.

    Prominent modern canna breeders include; retired nursery owner and hybridizer KentKelly of Jonesboro, Arkansas; Reverend Curt Wallace of Delaware; Dr. RobertArmstrong of Longwood Gardens who had a large canna breeding program in the 1960s;Marcelle Sheppard of Texas; Jan Potgeither of South Africa; Bernard Yorke of Australia;and Dave Karchesky and Alice Harris of Pennsylvania. Plant Delights Nursery is happy

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    to offer some of their best cultivars for sale.

    Canna Culture

    In their native habitat, Canna grow in shaded locations. However, in temperate gardens

    Canna need full sun. The more sun, the better. In the extreme southern US, the intensesunlight may bleach the flowers, but partial shade may help in these locations as well asin the desert Southwest, where the lower humidity and soil moisture may also cause foliarburning. Canna will survive in a shady site, but they will not grow as profusely and theleaves (especially red or purple) may lose their color, defeating the purpose of growingthem.

    Canna prefer rich, water-retentive, well-drained soils that are high in organic matter butwill do fine in a wide range of soils. They prefer a pH around 6.5. Some cultivars havebeen bred to grow partially submerged in shallow water as well as in saturated soils. Indrier planting areas, at least 1-2" of water per week is needed to keepCanna looking their

    best.

    Like bananas, Cannaare heavy feeders. Gardeners need to provide plenty of compost ororganic fertilizer to keep their plants looking their best. Without adequate fertility ormoisture, Canna look quite ugly. If yourCanna look ratty during the summer, that's asure sign that an extra shovel of manure is required. As long as you are using organics, itis impossible to over-fertilize a canna. You can cut ragged plants to the round even inmidsummer, add fertilizer, water, and they will quickly recover.

    If you're growing your canna in containers, keep in mind that Canna are large plants andtherefore need a large container. Any good potting soil will work fine. The plants willlose vigor as they become pot-bound. When that happens, lift the root-ball, divide therhizomes and replant. Container-grownCannawill need watering once or even twice aday if grown outside, and it may help to stand the pot in a saucer of water. Provide aslow-release granular or water soluble fertilizer at full rate according to the instructionson the label.

    Pruning is not necessary with Canna. As mentioned earlier, the old flower stalks will dieand fade away on their own, but if you are a neat freak, feel free to cut them back. Besure to remove the old spent inflorescences on Canna that produce viable seed to preventunwanted seedlings that will vary from the original clone. In the fall, I like to letCannadie back on their own since the old foliage helps protect the rhizomes from winter cold.

    Canna are root hardy perennials in places where the soil does not freeze, and can surviveair temperatures down to 0F. They like really hot temperatures in the summer andperform well into the upper 90s. Canna rhizomes should be planted 2-4" deep after thelast frost date and should not be planted after August, north of Zone 8. Potted Cannashould be planted in the garden at the same level they were in the pot. A well-developedrhizome will have 3 or more eyes on it. We recommend that in climates where wintertemperatures drop below 5 degrees F they be covered in fall with a 1' deep pile of

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    shredded leaves. North of Zone 7b, you may be able to squeeze out another half-zone ofhardiness by looking for a microclimate in your garden. Site yourCanna along a southfacing wall or other heat-retaining structure. Canna are generally not bothered by highwinds and do not need wind protection. Cannaform wide clumps so individual plantsshould be spaced 2-3' apart ... more for some of the more stoloniferous canna selections.

    In colder climates, lift the tubers and store them indoors above freezing for the winter.When lifting the rhizomes, take care not to damage them, especially those cultivars thathave long narrow rhizomes (like Canna 'Stuttgart'). Shake off the excess soil and store therhizomes in peat moss to avoid dessication. Do not add any water or you will promoterotting. Dust the rhizomes with sulfur to keep away fungi and bacteria. Keep therhizomes cool (below 50F) but do not let them freeze. A garage, crawl-space, orbasement is ideal. Make sure that the peat does not dry out too much during the winter. Ifthe peat starts pulling away from the pot edge, add a little water. Prior to planting in thespring, wet the peat moss so that the rhizomes are turgid when planted.

    Canna Propagation

    Canna may be propagated by division or by seed. When dividing the rhizome, lift it andremove any excess soil. Cut the rhizome into sections, each containing at least 3 "eyes"(prominent red buds). Single-eye divisions may survive but will take longer to produce avigorous new plant. The best time to divide is when the rhizome is actively growing sothat the new buds are easily seen.

    Due to centuries of breeding, most of the commercial Canna are sterile and don't produceseed. Only those which are fairly close to the native species will produce viable seed. Ifyou have several Canna, you can expect a wide range of variability in the seedlings sinceCanna are both self-fertile as well as out-crossing to other nearby Canna.

    If your plants' seeds set, they will be held in warty quarter-sized capsules. When opened,the canna seed look like small, dark, ball-bearings. The seed coat is exceedingly thick andrequires scarification for germination to occur. Part of the seed coat contains polyphenolswhich act as chemical germination inhibitors. They must break down or be washed awaybefore germination will occur. Nick the seed coat with sandpaper, or a small saw bladeuntil the light-colored tissues are exposed. Take care not to cut too deep and damage theembryo. There is a roughly circular spot on the seed called the "imbibition lid" near thehilum slit (the scar where the seed was attached to the fruit), which is slightly raisedabove the surface of the seed. The imbibition lid is the spot that naturally decomposes,falls off, and allows water to enter the seed. If you can find it, the imbibition lid is thebest place scarify canna seed.

    An alternative to scarifying the seed is the hot water method. Place the seeds in a cup andpour very hot (nearly boiling) water over them. The temperature shock causes micro-fissures in the seed coat which allows imbibition. Let the water cool naturally and soakthe seeds in it for 24 hours. Warm water above 122F (50C) for 24 hours helps to loosenthe imbibition lid.

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    Soak the scarified seeds in water for 24 hours and sow in a heated, well lit location. Thesoil temperature should be kept at 70F (21C) for best results. It is best to put each seedin its own pot because the new roots are very fragile and prone to tangling. Grow theseedlings at 60F (16C) until they have two or three leaves. Keep young seedlingsindoors until the danger of frost has passed. Harden-off the seedlings by moving them

    outside to a protected location and gradually increase the light level and exposure tocooler temperatures until they are growing in full sun at outside temperatures.

    Tissue culture has also been used to propagate Canna but it has been uneconomicalcompared to division due to the low perceived value ofCanna. Because the level of virusin most modern Canna is so high, tissue culture has been the savior of many varieties thatwould have been otherwise lost.

    Pests and Diseases

    Because Canna are so tough, you would expect them to be free of pests and diseases in

    the garden, but this is not the case.

    Slugs, snails, and Japanese beetles would fall into the range of minor pests on Canna.They damage the plants by chewing holes in the leaves or feasting on the flowers.Problems with slugs and snails can be virtually eliminated with good organic soilpreparation and by avoiding the use of chemical fertilizers, which kill off many of thenatural snail and slug predators. Similarly, Japanese beetles are seldom a problem whenthe plants are growing stress-free in well-prepared soils. If Japanese beetles do appear,they typically prefer only the canna flowers and can be easily picked up and subjected tothe torture method of your choice.

    Without question, the worst pest ofCannais a caterpillar known as the lesser canna leaf-roller, which is primarily found in the southern US. The canna leaf-roller moth lays eggsin the bud of the developing stalk. These hatching caterpillars use a sticky webbing tokeep the leaf from unfurling, which protects them from predators and insecticide sprays.They feed and pupate inside the rolled-up leaf and can cause significant damage to thedeveloping stalks.

    Some Canna are more susceptible to damage by canna leaf-rollers than others. Typically,the closer to the species theCannaare, the less damage that we see. Canna glauca, forexample, is virtually untouched. The key to controlling canna leaf-rollers is vigilance.Leaf-rollers can be a problem as early as spring, so keep a close eye for the first sign ofwebs holding the newly emerging leaves together. Opening the leaves and removing theoffending caterpillars will work on a small scale, but in larger plantings, you can simplyclip off the top half of the rolled leaf. Insecticides such as Dipel (Bacillus thuringensis)can be sprayed into the bottom half of the leaf so that it reaches the caterpillars. If theleaf-roller population is high, you may need to spray throughout the growing season, butas you reduce the moth population, the need to spray lessens. Again, the key is to monitoryour plants and not allow the larvae to mature, which starts the cycle over again.

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    Aphids, spider mites, or whiteflies will rarely attackCannain the garden, but cansometimes be a problem indoors or in a greenhouse. Again, stress reduction goes a longway to prevent such attacks, but when appropriate, these pests can be killed withinsecticides (see your county extension office for recommendations). It is better to try toprevent insect infestation by removing dead foliage and providing a humid environment.

    Mice may eat the stored rhizomes and can be treated with baits or traps.

    In hot, humid climates Canna can develop a fungal problem called canna rust. It formsrusty-orange colored pustules spread by splashed water on the back of the leaves whicheventually turn black and die. Canna rust is difficult to control but there are fungicidalsprays that can prevent it from starting. Here at Plant Delights Nursery and Juniper LevelBotanic Garden, we remove the rust covered leaves and destroy them ... they shouldnever be added to your mulch pile!

    Along with leaf-rollers canna viruses are the most serious cultivation problem. Cannaviruses are easily passed from plant to plant by sucking insects such as aphids and then

    spread by unsanitary division techniques. Virus can cause spotted or streaked leaves,stunted growth, and distorted blooms. Low levels will not kill the plant but they mayreduce its vigor. In most cases, low levels of virus are undetectable and unnoticeable,except during cool weather. High virus loads, on the other hand, can renderCannasounattractive, they must be discarded. Because Canna are often carelessly divided, virusescan easily spread and multiply. Canna are also one of the few plants in which viruses canalso be transmitted by seed. While many of the seed strains are fairly clean of virus, thisis not a guarantee of a virus-free plant. There are several viruses that can infect Cannaincluding Bean yellow mosaic virus, hippeastrum mosaic virus, tomato aspermy virus,cucumber mosaic virus, canna yellow streak virus, and most seriously, canna yellowmottle virus. Most canna cultivars tolerate a certain amount of viral load and will growand thrive despite being infected.

    As late as 2005, there were virtually no virus-free Canna grown in cultivation, but thesavior came in the form of tissue culture. We had been trying to persuade labs to tacklethe issue of cleaning up the canna virus in the laboratory and finally, Agristarts of Floridastepped forward. During the tissue culturing process the canna's sterile tissue is subjectedto high heat which causes the developing plant to stretch. The stretched part of the newtissue is then re-cultured before the virus has a chance to re-infect it. Each new culture isthen checked to make sure the virus isn't still present ... a process called virus-indexing.This is a time consuming and expensive process ($1000-$5000 per plant) since it oftentakes several tries to make sure the tissue is finally clean. Agristarts is continuing theirwork and it is our hope that other labs will join them in their goal to bring less virusedstock to the market.

    Despite selling clean stock, there is no guarantee that the plants will stay clean once theyare exposed to the environment, but at least we've got a much better quality plant than wehad available in the past. There is no cure for virus infections in Canna other than theprocedure mentioned above or to destroy the infected plant.

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    Canna Species and Natural hybrids

    Canna glauca (Glaucous Leaf Canna)Here is a canna for folks who don't like Canna ... and for those that do! Canna glauca iscomposed of glaucus grey green narrow leaves, that are topped all summer with lovely

    buttery yellow flowers ... not as abrasive as some of the large flowered hybrids, but quitelovely. This vigorous spreader for the border may need to be contained in good soils ... anice problem! (Hardiness Zone 7-10)

    Canna glauca 'Panache'(Panache Canna)Originally brought into the US by California sea captain Commander Bauman, it waspassed around California until spotted by plantsman Herb Kelly, who named andintroduced it to commerce. The narrow, pointed, grey-green leaves adorn the uprightstalk to 6'. Atop the clump through summer and into fall are charming, narrow, salmon-pink flowers (darker in the center). This vigorous grower even spreads fast enough foryou to share plenty. Canna glauca can grow in standing water or in regular garden soil.

    (Hardiness Zone 7-10)

    Canna indica 'Red Stripe'(poss. syn: Canna indica 'Purpurea')We have been growing Canna indica 'Red Stripe'in our test garden for a number of years,as visitors begged us to begin propagation. The 8' tall, thick stalks are home to large(nearly 2' long) leaves of purple with a dramatically contrasting green pattern between theveins. Topping, but not distracting from, the great bold foliage are stalks of small,brilliant red flowers ... a can't-miss addition to the border! (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna iridiflora (Peruvian Canna)This species of canna has been used extensively as a parent in the creation of moderncanna hybrids. This is an extremely tall plant (up to 16') with small, pendulous pinkflowers that arrive late in the season. It is a native plant in high elevations of Peru,Columbia, and Costa Rica. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna patens (Patens Canna)Considered to be a synonym of Canna indica by Maas but a separate species by Tanacka.It is small sized with green ovoid foliage, a spreading habit, and triangular stems. Thespikes of flowers are upright, yellow with a wide red margin. Its staminodes are long andnarrow, edges regular, petals yellow, partial self-cleaning. It is fertile both ways, self-pollinating and also true to type. Tillering (running offsets) is prolific. (Hardiness Zone7b-10)

    Canna 'Tama Tulipa' (Tama Tulipa Canna)This naturally occurring hybrid of Canna glauca and Canna indica was discovered by thefolks at Yucca Do Nursery in Tamaulipas Mexico. Resistant to the canna leaf roller. Theflower petals are bicolored with a central florescent red-orange color surrounded bygolden-yellow. This is an 8. tall plant. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

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    Canna tuerckheimii (Tuerckheim's Canna)This is an extremely tall species of canna that is almost never seen in cultivation. Theleaves are quite large for a canna and the flowers are orange-red. Come take a gander atours. You'll have to look up though because it is 12' tall! (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna Cultivars

    Plant Delights Nursery is proud to have been the first to name and release severalcultivars of Canna. The following list details our new plant releases:Canna 'PinkSunburst', Canna 'Kansas City' (1998), Canna 'Nuance' (2004), Canna 'Thai One On'(2008), Canna 'Thai Rainbow'(2008).

    Below is a short list of some of the interesting cultivars at Plant Delights Nursery andJuniper Level Botanic Gardens. We strive to grow only the most interesting andevocative specimens as well as some of the new plants on the market.

    Canna 'Apricot Dream' (Apricot Dream Canna)This color breakthrough in Canna comes from Kent Kelly of Arkansas. The sturdy, 3.5'tall, compact plants boast attractive grey-green foliage, topped with tremendous numbersof flowers from late spring until frost. The huge flowers are soft, pure buff-salmon withrose throat markings. This new introduction has been one of the top performers in ourextensive canna trials. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Australia' (Australia Canna) (syn: Canna 'Feuerzauber')We have grown a lot of purple-foliaged Canna but never anything like this. The deepburgundy-black foliage has a satin-like sheen, and the intense color holds superbly duringthe summer heat. The foliage rises to 4-5', topped with a magnificent display of large,shocking red flowers ... a true stunner. Thanks to canna guru Johnnie Johnson for sharingthis coveted gem he obtained from New Zealand. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Benal Tiger' (Bengal Tiger Canna) (syn: Canna 'Aureostriata' or Canna 'Pretoria')Imported from India in 1963 by the Glasshouse Works guys, this is considered to be themost beautiful ofCanna. The dramatic stalks of green-and yellow-striped leaves with abrilliant maroon edge grow to 6' and are topped in summer with bright orange flowers ...scrumptious! Canna 'Benal Tiger' will also grow in water as an aquatic. (Hardiness Zone7b-10)

    Canna 'Cleopatra' (Cleopatra Canna)I couldn't believe my eyes when they fell upon this canna at the Kunming Botanic Gardenin China. Large purple blotches wove their way through the green leaves and into theflower stalks. If the flowers came from the purple side, they were red ... from the greenside of the leaf, they were yellow ... sometimes from both ... you get the picture. Thisunstable and highly variable chimera is actually an old but hard-to-find cultivar calledCanna 'Cleopatra'. We think it is time for a reintroduction of this fascinating attention-getter. Remove all solid green shoots to maintain the pattern. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

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    Canna 'Constitution' (Constitution Canna)We think this is one of the most "designer-friendly"Canna we have ever grown. Insteadof the typical gaudy colors we love, this sweetie from the famed Longwood Gardensbreeding program is quite the opposite. The narrow foliage is a mysterious grey-purplecolor, making a perfect foil for the rich, creamy, light-pink flowers that top the clump.

    While this 5' tall plant is a good grower, it is not as fast to multiply as are most othercannas. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Durban' (Durban Canna)This is from the 1980's wave of variegated leaf cannas. The reddish purple leaf isdramatically striped with yellow veins. In addition to the dramatic foliage, the plant istopped from late spring through late summer with stalks of large brilliant scarlet-redflowers for a combination that would make even the most flamboyant designer blush.Canna 'Durban' makes a great garden plant but does not multiply as fast as the othervariegated leaf types. Some people say it is the same asCanna 'Phasion' but it is distinctin flower. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Ehemanni' (Ehemanni Canna)This hybrid or selection of Canna iridiflora, first introduced in 1863, is quite differentfrom other cannas in the trade. The large, cherry-red flowers on the 8-foot giant are heldon arching pendulous spikes. We have found this to be a great, back-of-the-border choicedue to its size, color, and floriferousness. Canna 'Ehemanni' has long been a crowdfavorite at open house. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Ermine'(Ermine Canna)This Curt Wallace hybrid is still regarded as the closest to white (as judged by a team ofcolor-blind nurserymen) that is available in the canna family. This 3' tall clumper istopped all summer with very large, creamy white flowers, flushed with pale yellowtoward the center. Canna 'Ermine' will allow designers to create some exciting anddistinctive new color combinations in the summer garden. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Florence Vaughan' (Florence Vaughn Canna)They say that everything old is new again and nothing could be more true with cannalilies. Named after Florence Cropp Vaughn, Canna 'Florence Vaughan' was introducedfrom the famed Vaughan's Seed Company (now Syngenta) of Chicago in 1893, and justlike the Cubs, it still has many loyal fans. Unlike the Cubs, Canna 'Florence Vaughan' isconsistently good. This vigorous canna makes a stunning 6' tall clump, topped all summerwith large bright yellow flowers highlighted with dramatic orange-red speckling.(Hardiness Zone 7-10)

    Canna 'Freedom' (Freedom Canna)Released by canna geneticist Dr. Robert Armstrong from his canna breeding program atLongwood Gardens in the 1960's. This canna belongs to the Conservatory Group whichmeans that it is vigorous, early flowering, self-cleaning and easy to propagate. It has hot-orange flowers with a yellow throat. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

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    Canna 'Intrigue' (Intrigue Canna)Designers love it, garden visitors love it, we love it ... so why are we sharing? Thisamazing canna, a 1978 seedling selection from California's Herb Kelly, is one of the mostun-canna looking cannas we have grown. The very narrow, pointed, purple-grey foliagemakes one of the most stunning accent plants in the garden. In addition, the narrow

    leaves and strong vertical habit make the architectural presentation of this canna mostspecial. The 7' tall clumps are topped in very late summer with small orange-red flowers,but this baby is truly chosen for its wonderful form ... sort of like the babes of Baywatch.(Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Kansas City' (Kansas City Canna)This unusual canna adds to the ever increasing line of variegated foliage cannas. Fromour plant-nut friend, Jim Waddick, comes this sport discovered in Kansas City, MO. Thefoliage has irregular 1" wide sectoral patterns, alternating green and chartreuse. In latesummer, the clumps are topped with large bright butter yellow flowers. While I can't callthis canna attractive, it is a curiosity and certainly a true collector's item. (Hardiness Zone

    7-10)

    Canna 'Mactro' PP 13,809 (Tropicanna Gold Canna)Yes, it's another new canna from the folks at Anthony Tesselaar ... reportedly a Canna'Phasion'seedling from the breeding of New Zealand's Neil MacCormick. In appearance,it is similar to the Canna 'Benal Tiger' with bright yellow-and-green striped leaves. Thebright, luscious foliage makes a sturdy 4-5' tall clump, topped from midsummer until fallwith flower spikes of large, bright orange flowers, each with a yellow border. Anotherdifference is that the flower stalk is creamy white as compared to red inCanna 'BenalTiger'. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Minerva' (aka: Canna 'Nirvana' or Canna 'Striped Beauty')This old hybrid is still one of the most popular of the variegated cannas today. Canna'Minerva' makes a 5' tall stalk with brilliant white-and-green striped leaves. Thisvigorously multiplying canna is topped off with unique red flower buds that open tolarge, butter-yellow flowers ... produced all summer! WhenCanna 'Minerva'is fed welland kept moist, it is indeed a fantastic garden plant. (Hardiness Zone 7-10)

    Canna 'Musafolia' (Banana Canna Lily)If you are into the tropical look, don't miss growing the gigantic banana canna. Canna'Musafolia' has a clouded origin (possibly related to Canna 'Edulis'), but what we doknow is that it is one heck of a structural element in the garden. The 12-14' tall stalks arehome to extremely large, banana-like leaves ... each green with a purple-red border.While Canna 'Musafolia' rarely flowers, the flowers produced are small, red, and pale insize compared to the foliage. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Orange Punch'(Orange Punch Canna)"Amazing!" "I've never seen anything like it!" These are just a few of the comments fromvisitors about this Kent Kelly hybrid. Canna 'Orange Punch' is a compact, fast-multiplying canna, topped from spring until frost with intense bright orange flowers with

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    a yellow throat. From its Canna iridiflora background, the flowers are held in longpendent racemes instead of the typical upright spikes. If you like bright gaudy colors, thisunique new canna will quickly become one of your favorites! (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Pacific Beauty'(Pacific Beauty Canna - syn: Canna 'Semaphore')

    If you haven't noticed, we are lovers of the truly tacky and gaudy, and Canna 'PacificBeauty' takes tackiness to a whole new level. You will love the luscious grey-purplefoliage, but what will really shock you is the intense orange flowers that top the 6' tallclumps. These are not your typical orange flowers but are more of a fluorescent pumpkin-orange ... it is truly a WOW canna! (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Phasion' PP 10,569 (Tropicanna Canna Lily)This incredible recent introduction from Jan Potgeither of South Africa is a sport of theever-popular Canna 'Wyoming'. Even without flowers, you would surely growCanna'Phasion'for the foliage ... purple with dramatic stripes of yellow and red, evenly spacedthroughout the leaf. Atop the 7' tall stems are wonderfully gaudy, shocking orange

    flowers throughout the summer ... indeed, this is the Howard Stern of the plant world ...guaranteed to get your friends talking! (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Pink Sunburst' (Pink Sunburst Canna)The rave of the plant world is our 1996 introduction we named from Sunburst FlowerBulbs in South Africa. This dazzling canna is the hottest thing since summertime inMiami. Canna 'Pink Sunburst' is similar to Canna 'Benal Tiger'(yellow-and green-stripedleaves), except the variegated leaves have a reddish-pink cast. The 3' tall dwarf, rapidlymultiplying mound of foliage is topped all summer by large salmon-pink flowers. Wehave finally been able to get the virus cleaned from our stock, which has restored theoriginal vigor. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Pink Sunburst' (Pink Sunrise Canna)From Kent Kelly's marvelous breeding program comes one of the most incredibleflowering cannas that we have ever seen. Each 4' tall clump is laden with massive flowersof soft apricot with blushes of light rose and yellow radiating from the throat. The colorcombination of pinks and oranges in the flowers changes constantly throughout the day ...very cool! (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Reine Charlotte' (Reine Charlotte Canna) (aka: Canna 'Knigin Charlotte')This deliciously tacky canna hybrid from the late 1800s is still one of our favorites. Thesmall, brilliant red flowers, outlined with a wide band of bright yellow are held atop 4'tall stalks throughout the summer months ... a real showstopper. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Stuttgart' (Stuttgart Canna)Here's another vigorously growing variegated canna everyone is talking about. ThisGerman introduction was discovered and named by the late Bob Hayes of the BrooklynBotanic Garden. The bold, green-and-white blocked patterns on the foliage make this astunning centerpiece in any landscape. The white portions of the foliage tend to burn insun, so we recommend light shade and plenty of moisture. In late summer, the plants are

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    topped with inconspicuous, small peachy flowers ... WOW!!! We have been told addingextra magnesium (Epsom salts) to the soil will help prevent the foliage burning ... we willsee. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Thai One On' (Thai One On Canna)

    This amazing Canna glauca hybrid (possibly with Canna iridiflora) was brought into theUS by Texan Margie Brown, who purchased it sans name from a roadside nursery southof Bangkok. The 6' tall stalks of glaucous leaves are topped, starting in summer, withpeachy-orange buds that open to lovely, somewhat pendent fleshy-pink flowers (RHS48D) ... the best pink-flowered canna we've ever grown and extremely leaf-rollerresistant. Like Canna glauca 'Panache', it multiplies quite rapidly when grown in moist,rich soil. Thanks to both Mary Elliott and Steve Lowe for independently sending it ourway. (Hardiness Zone 7-10)

    Canna 'Thai Rainbow'(Thai Rainbow Canna)For something truly unique, we are pleased to introduce Canna 'Thai Rainbow', which

    offers a unique leaf variegation pattern (reportedly radiation induced). Canna 'ThaiRainbow' forms a 6' tall, rapidly multiplying clump of narrow leaves that are bandedgreen and cream with a purple flush that is particularly evident on the leaf edges. Theclumps are topped with small but bright red-orange flowers throughout the summer ...looks and grows like a variegated form ofCanna 'Intrigue'. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Tropicanna Black' PPAF (Tropicanna Black Canna - syn: Canna 'Lon01')This new canna was introduced without a valid cultivar name ... sorry guys. 'Lon01' isn'tvalid, so we have renamed it Canna 'Tropicanna Black'. Understanding that cultivarnames should be real words must be harder than I thought. Canna 'Tropicanna Black' isthe latest addition to the splendid black foliage canna selections. The shiny dark purpleleaves, which are wider but not as dark as Canna 'Australia', make a nice 4' tall clump,topped with stalks of bright vermillion-red flowers from early summer until fall.(Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Canna 'Valentine' (Valentine Canna)Grab your sunglasses, 'cause you've never seen a color this bright. I've grown lots of redcannas but never anything like this. Unlike most of the orange-red flowers, Canna'Valentine' boasts eye-popping flowers that are more of a true bluish red than anythingelse on the market. Because of its dwarf size, Canna 'Valentine' makes a perfect attention-getter, both in containers and in the garden. (Hardiness Zone 7b-10)

    Conclusion

    Canna are worthy garden perennials for any southern garden, and with a little extra care,a great addition to gardens in northern areas too. This flowering perennial brings anexotic beauty to sunny garden sites with its showy flowers and tropical (sometimes verycolorful) leaves. Go on-line today and buy one of these incredible, exotic plants foryourself. Plant it in your garden, sit back, and enjoy the show. Don't let anyone tell you

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    that Canna are pass or hard to grow. Ignore them and just remember, "You Canna if youWanna"!

    You may be asking yourself, 'What is the best canna for me?'

    If you want an incredible variegated plant, try Canna 'Phasion', Canna 'Stuttgart', Canna'Benal Tiger',Canna 'Pink Sunburst', orCanna 'Thai Rainbow'.

    For dramatic purple foliage choose Canna 'Australia', Canna 'Intrigue', Canna'Constitution' or Canna 'Tropicanna Black'.

    If you want eye-popping saturated flower color, try Canna 'Minerva',Canna 'PacificBeauty', orCanna 'Orange Punch'.

    For a more demure look choose the pastel colored Canna 'Ermine',Canna 'Thai One On',orCanna glauca 'Panache'.

    If you want to party like it's 1849, select a Victorian era foliage Canna, such asCanna'Musafolia' orCanna indica 'Red Stripe'.

    Whichever one you choose, you will get a winner.

    References

    Avent, Tony (1992), Leaves that Light up the Garden -- Variegated Plants, Originallypublished in the Fall 1992 issue of Fine Gardening Magazine.

    Avent, Tony (1997), Gardening With Hardy Tropicals, Originally published in the News& Observer, May 24,1997. www.plantdelights.com/Tony/tropicals.htmlCanna News, List of Cultivar Groups, www.cannanews.blogspot.com/2007/04/canna-cultivar-groups.html

    Cooke, I (2001), The Gardeners Guide to Growing Canna, Timber Press, Portland OR

    Khoshoo, T.N. & Mukherjee, I. (1970), Genetic-Evolutionary Studies on CultivatedCannas, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Vol. 40, Pp. 204-217.

    Tanaka, N. (2001), Taxonomic revision of the family Cannaceae in the New World andAsia, Makinoa ser. 2, 1:34.43.

    Tanaka, N. et. al. (2009), Karyological analysis of the genus Canna (Cannaceae), PlantSystematics and Evolution, Vol. 280(1-2), Pp. 45-51

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