Aldwin A. Yaneza,MD Aldwin A. Yaneza,MD Course Director. Gross AnatomyCourse Director. Gross Anatomy

Overview of AnatomyOverview of Anatomy Oldest basic medical Oldest basic medical

sciencescience Taught in Greece by Taught in Greece by

HIPPOCRATESHIPPOCRATES Father of MedicineFather of Medicine

Aristotle coined the Aristotle coined the word “anatomy” , word “anatomy” , Gr. Gr. anatomeanatome [ cutting [ cutting up ]up ]

Science of the structure Science of the structure and function of the and function of the bodybody

DefinitionsDefinitions Anatomy- Greek “to cut open”Anatomy- Greek “to cut open”

Study of the Study of the structurestructure of the of the body, either regionally or body, either regionally or systematicallysystematically

Physiology – branch of biological Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with science dealing with functionfunction of of organs organs

History of Anatomy History of Anatomy Probably began with Probably began with

early examinations early examinations of sacrifice victims.of sacrifice victims.

First documented by First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BCEgyptians ~1600 BC

Egyptian anatomical Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed papyrus showed organs (including organs (including blood vessels)blood vessels)

HippocratesHippocrates Greek physician who Greek physician who

studied anatomy, studied anatomy, and speculated and speculated physiology physiology

““Father of Anatomy”Father of Anatomy” Much of his work Much of his work

remains todayremains today Hippocratic oath Hippocratic oath

taken by doctors taken by doctors

Hippocrates’ BeliefsHippocrates’ Beliefs Sickness was not a Sickness was not a

divine punishmentdivine punishment

Medicine should Medicine should be ethical be ethical (Hippocratic oath)(Hippocratic oath)

Patient Patient confidentialityconfidentiality

GalenGalen 22ndnd Century AD Century AD

Compiled Compiled anatomical studies anatomical studies of earlier writersof earlier writers

Also performed Also performed dissection on dissection on animalsanimals

Medicine during Medieval Medicine during Medieval TimesTimes

When Rome fell, When Rome fell, little was done to little was done to advance the studies.advance the studies.

Desecration of the Desecration of the body was taboobody was taboo

Cadavers were no Cadavers were no longer usedlonger used

1616thth Century Century ContributionsContributions

Began to compile Began to compile extensive drawings extensive drawings of dissections of of dissections of executed cadaversexecuted cadavers

Discovered the Discovered the physiology of physiology of circulatory systemcirculatory system

1717thth and 18 and 18thth centuries centuries Few dissections were Few dissections were

allowedallowed

Only certain scientists were Only certain scientists were allowed to perform themallowed to perform them

Tickets were sold to others Tickets were sold to others wishing to see and draw wishing to see and draw the dissected bodies.the dissected bodies.

Doctors literally traveled Doctors literally traveled from dissection to from dissection to dissectiondissection

1919thth Century Century Began studying Began studying

developmental anatomydevelopmental anatomy England became the England became the

center of anatomical center of anatomical researchresearch

Anatomy Act of 1832 Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate provided adequate supply of corpsessupply of corpses

Gray’s Anatomy first Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 published 1858

Recent editions - Recent editions - ElsevierElsevier

Henry Gray b 1827Henry Gray b 1827 British anatomist St George's Hosp

ital Medical School

Grey’s AnatomyGrey’s Anatomy

Modern AnatomyModern Anatomy Use of new Use of new

technology technology provided further provided further understanding of understanding of both structure and both structure and function of organs function of organs and organ systemsand organ systems

CT scans, X-rays, CT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRIGenetic tests, MRI

Future of AnatomyFuture of Anatomy Health related Health related

studies are now studies are now centered around centered around molecular biologymolecular biology

Looking for genetic Looking for genetic and molecular and molecular indicators of indicators of disease disease

New assays New assays conducted more in conducted more in vitro vs. in vivovitro vs. in vivo

Clinically oriented Clinically oriented anatomyanatomy

Emphasizes structure and function as Emphasizes structure and function as it relates to the practice of medicineit relates to the practice of medicine

Exciting Exciting Easy to learnEasy to learn Practical importance Practical importance

Clerkship [ 3Clerkship [ 3rdrd-4-4thth year] year] Internship [ 5Internship [ 5thth year] year] Residency [ Specialization ]Residency [ Specialization ] Private practice as physiciansPrivate practice as physicians

1. Cadaver Anatomy1. Cadaver Anatomy Foundation of our Foundation of our

knowledgeknowledge Dissection is a well Dissection is a well

established method of established method of investigationinvestigation

Before you go to lab:Before you go to lab: Read about the Read about the

structures structures Look up the Look up the

structures in atlasstructures in atlas Attend the lecturesAttend the lectures

2. Surface and Living 2. Surface and Living AnatomyAnatomy

Visualization in the Visualization in the “mind’s eye” of “mind’s eye” of structures that lie structures that lie beneath the skinbeneath the skin

Learn by observing Learn by observing the surface of the the surface of the bodybody

Basis for the Basis for the physical examination physical examination of the body that of the body that forms part of forms part of physical diagnosisphysical diagnosis

3. Radiological Anatomy3. Radiological Anatomy Study of the structure and Study of the structure and

function of the body using function of the body using radiographical techniquesradiographical techniques

Important part of anatomy Important part of anatomy Anatomical basis of Anatomical basis of

radiologyradiology Part of our lecture series, Part of our lecture series,

Lecturers are Radiologists Lecturers are Radiologists [ Dept of Radiology ] [ Dept of Radiology ]

Included in lecture and lab Included in lecture and lab examsexams

4. Developmental 4. Developmental AnatomyAnatomy

Study of human Study of human growth and growth and developmentdevelopment

Includes Includes embryologyembryology Part of Histology Part of Histology

Some scientific terms have two or three different parts. These parts are known as a PREFIX, a ROOT

(or base), and a SUFFIX. 1] Subcutaneous.SUB = below prefix CUTIS = skin [root]SUBCUTANEOUS = below the skin

2] Myocardium.MYO = muscle prefix CARDIUM = heart [root]MYOCARDIUM = muscular wall of the heart

3] Tonsillitis.TONSIL = tonsil [ root] ITIS = inflammation suffixTONSILLITIS = an inflammation of the tonsils

Anatomical nomenclature

GastroGastro - pertain to stomach - pertain to stomach -ectomy -ectomy - surgical removal of a body part- surgical removal of a body part - - itisitis - inflammation - inflammation --rrhaphy rrhaphy – surgical repair– surgical repair BronchoBroncho – pertains to lungs /bronchus – pertains to lungs /bronchus --genicgenic - originates from - originates from --scopyscopy – view – view

SupraSupra – above – above suprahyoid musclesuprahyoid muscle supraorbital veinsupraorbital vein

-centesis -centesis – surgical puncture– surgical puncture Arthro – jointArthro – joint Thora – thoraxThora – thorax

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixesList_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes

Names identify structures according to shape, size, color, function, and/or location. Some examples are:

1] TRAPEZIUS MUSCLETRAPEZIUS = trapezoid (shape)

2] ADDUCTOR MAGNUS MUSCLEAD = towardDUCT = to carry (function)MAGNUS = very large (size)

3] ERYTHROCYTEERYTHRO = red (color)CYTE = cell

4] BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLEBI = twoCEPS = head (shape)BRACHII = of the arm (location)

ActionAction Levatores costarumLevatores costarum Depressor anguli orisDepressor anguli oris Levator labii superiorisLevator labii superioris Adductor pollicis Adductor pollicis Pronator teresPronator teres

LocationLocation External obliquus abdominisExternal obliquus abdominis Internal intercostalInternal intercostal Flexor digitorum superficialisFlexor digitorum superficialis Transversus thoracisTransversus thoracis Medial superior segment of liverMedial superior segment of liver Apico-posterior segment of lungsApico-posterior segment of lungs

ShapeShape Plicae circularesPlicae circulares Quadratus lumborumQuadratus lumborum Quadrate lobe of liverQuadrate lobe of liver Serratus anterior posteriorSerratus anterior posterior Pars triangularisPars triangularis

SizeSize Flexor digiti minimiFlexor digiti minimi Gluteus maximusGluteus maximus Gluteus mediusGluteus medius Teres majorTeres major Rhomboideus minorRhomboideus minor

Names of PersonsNames of Persons Ampulla of Vater (Abraham Vater , Ampulla of Vater (Abraham Vater ,

German)German) Duct of Wirsung (Johann Wirsung, Duct of Wirsung (Johann Wirsung,

German)German) Central sulcus of Rolando (Luigi Central sulcus of Rolando (Luigi

Rolando, Turin)Rolando, Turin) Marginal artery of Drummond (David Marginal artery of Drummond (David

Drummond, England)Drummond, England) Vein of Galen Vein of Galen

Central sulcus of Central sulcus of RolandoRolando

Tendon of AchillesTendon of Achilles

TerminologyTerminologyGreekGreek Liver – Liver – hepar hepar ex. hepatitisex. hepatitis Stomach – Stomach – gaster gaster ex gastric ulcerex gastric ulcer Spleen - Spleen - splen splen ex splenic arteryex splenic artery Diaphragm – Diaphragm – phren phren ex phrenic nerveex phrenic nerve Kidney – Kidney – renesrenes ex renal vein ex renal vein

Anatomical position

The journey of a thousand The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single miles begins with a single

stepstep

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