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The Indian Veterinary Journal (November, 2014) 24 Indian Vet. J., November 2014, 91 (11) : 24 - 26 Gross Anatomical Studies on the Radius and Ulna of Leopard (Panthera pardus) A.R. Sreeranjini 1 , N. Ashok, C.V. Rajani, V.R. Indu, S. Maya, K.M. Lucy and J.J. Chungath College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode,Wayanad, Kerala - 680 651. (Received : 24-10-2013; Accepted : 03-02-2014) Abstract The present study was conducted on the radius and ulna of two leopards. The shaft of radius and ulna were separated by wide interosseous space. The radius presented a shaft and two extremities. The proximal extremity showed distinct head, neck and two tuberosities. Caudal surface of head furnished well developed articu- lar circumference. Radial tuberosity was not present on the medial border. The eminence for lateral ligament was large. Expanded distal extremity presented concave articular surface, large styloid process and ulnar notch. Ulna was longer and heavier with flattened shaft and two extremities. Olecranon tuberosity, trochlear notch, anconeus process and coronoid processes were distinct. Distal extremity presented distinct styloid process and facet for radius. The gross anatomical features of radius and ulna in leopard indicated adaptive features for killing large prey and climbing. Keywords: Gross Anatomy, radius, ulna, leopard Leopards use their limbs for support, to grasp and subdue prey and to climb on trees. During climbing more rotational and torsional forces are applied to forelimbs. This is helped by greater mobility of radius and ulna. Since less muscle are attached to radius and ulna distal end of the limb becomes light, reduces the angular momentum and thereby eases the muscle exertion needed for swinging the limbs. Radius bears almost all the weight transmitted from the arm to forearm (Miller, 1965). Present study was conducted to note the gross anatomi- cal features of radius and ulna of leopard which facilitate the mechanical and biomechanical demands placed upon them according to the living habits of leopard. Materials and Methods Radius and ulna were collected from two adult leopards died of natural causes and brought for post mortem to the Department of Pathology at the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad. The bones were macerated, cleaned and processed (Young, 1980) for study- ing the gross anatomical features. Results and Discussion The radius and ulna of leopard were massive, robust and heavy. Strong forelimbs help to achieve rapid immobilization of the prey thus reducing the risk of injury and minimizing energy. Hudon et al. (2011) observed that when scaled to body mass, the radius was significantly longer and heavier in cheetah while Ohale and Ewald (2003) reported that the radius and ulna of cheetah were straight and slender with poorly developed distal ends. The radius showed a shaft and two extremities. The shaft was curved and furnished two surfaces and two borders (Fig.1). It was separated from ulna by an interosseous space which permitted pronation and supination movements. The cranial surface of shaft was convex and furnished a groove for abductor pollicis longus. Caudal surface presented a nutrient foramen in the proximal third and a lateral rough area for interosseous ligament in the middle third. The interosseous crest present in the radius of dog was not observed in the leopard. Proximal extremity contained a small head, distinct neck and two tuberosities. The head was oval in outline and presented a concave surface for articulation with humerus (fovea capitis radii). The fovea contained a notch on its cranial border as in dog. Nickel et al. 1 Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]

Gross Anatomical Studies on the Radius and Ulna of Leopard ...ulnar notch for articulation with ulna. The ulnar notch was shallow and vertically elongated in dog but distinct and horizontally

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Page 1: Gross Anatomical Studies on the Radius and Ulna of Leopard ...ulnar notch for articulation with ulna. The ulnar notch was shallow and vertically elongated in dog but distinct and horizontally

The Indian Veterinary Journal (November, 2014)

24

Indian Vet. J., November 2014, 91 (11) : 24 - 26

Gross Anatomical Studies on the Radius and Ulna of Leopard (Panthera pardus)

A.R. Sreeranjini1, N. Ashok, C.V. Rajani, V.R. Indu, S. Maya, K.M. Lucy and J.J. ChungathCollege of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode,Wayanad, Kerala - 680 651.

(Received : 24-10-2013; Accepted : 03-02-2014)

AbstractThe present study was conducted on the radius and ulna of two leopards. The shaft of radius and ulna were separated by wide interosseous space. The radius presented a shaft and two extremities. The proximal extremity showed distinct head, neck and two tuberosities. Caudal surface of head furnished well developed articu-lar circumference. Radial tuberosity was not present on the medial border. The eminence for lateral ligament was large. Expanded distal extremity presented concave articular surface, large styloid process and ulnar notch. Ulna was longer and heavier with flattened shaft and two extremities. Olecranon tuberosity, trochlear notch, anconeus process and coronoid processes were distinct. Distal extremity presented distinct styloid process and facet for radius. The gross anatomical features of radius and ulna in leopard indicated adaptive features for killing large prey and climbing.Keywords: Gross Anatomy, radius, ulna, leopard Leopards use their limbs for support, to grasp and subdue prey and to climb on trees. During climbing more rotational and torsional forces are applied to forelimbs. This is helped by greater mobility of radius and ulna. Since less muscle are attached to radius and ulna distal end of the limb becomes light, reduces the angular momentum and thereby eases the muscle exertion needed for swinging the limbs. Radius bears almost all the weight transmitted from the arm to forearm (Miller, 1965). Present study was conducted to note the gross anatomi-cal features of radius and ulna of leopard which facilitate the mechanical and biomechanical demands placed upon them according to the

living habits of leopard.

Materials and MethodsRadius and ulna were collected from two adult leopards died of natural causes and brought for post mortem to the Department of Pathology at the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad. The bones were macerated, cleaned and processed (Young, 1980) for study-ing the gross anatomical features.

Results and DiscussionThe radius and ulna of leopard were massive, robust and heavy. Strong forelimbs help to achieve rapid immobilization of the prey thus reducing the risk of injury and minimizing energy. Hudon et al. (2011) observed that when scaled to body mass, the radius was significantly longer and heavier in cheetah while Ohale and Ewald (2003) reported that the radius and ulna of cheetah were straight and slender with poorly developed distal ends. The radius showed a shaft and two extremities. The shaft was curved and furnished two surfaces and two borders (Fig.1). It was separated from ulna by an interosseous space which permitted pronation and supination movements. The cranial surface of shaft was convex and furnished a groove for abductor pollicis longus. Caudal surface presented a nutrient foramen in the proximal third and a lateral rough area for interosseous ligament in the middle third. The interosseous crest present in the radius of dog was not observed in the leopard. Proximal extremity contained a small head, distinct neck and two tuberosities. The head was oval in outline and presented a concave surface for articulation with humerus (fovea capitis radii). The fovea contained a notch on its cranial border as in dog. Nickel et al. 1Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]

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The Indian Veterinary Journal (November, 2014)

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(1986) cited that in cat the fovea is shallow and round. Caudal part of head presented a convex articular area, the articular circumference for articulation with the radial notch of ulna. It was longer than the corresponding notch on ulna, extended throughout the width of head and was larger than that in dog (Fig.2). The well devel-oped articular circumference indicates more amount of rotation of the forearm in leopards than in dogs. The lateral tuberosity was larger than the medial tuberosity and provided attach-ment sites for ligaments. The radial tuberosity located distal to the neck on the medial border of radius in dogs (Miller, loc cit.) was not noticed in the present study. Instead, a small tubercle was present near the lateral border of the shaft. Nzalak et al. (2010) observed that in lion the

radial tuberosity was a small eminence on the medial surface of radius. Immediately distal to neck near the lateral border there was a large lateral eminence for attachment of the lateral ligament of elbow joint. The larger and wider distal extremity presented an extensive, concave and ovoid articular surface for articulation with carpal bones. This surface allows some abduc-tion, adduction and rotation in addition to flexion and extension (Dyce et al., 1996). From the medial aspect of distal extremity, large pyramid shaped styloid process of radius projected distally. Laterally there was a concave facet, the ulnar notch for articulation with ulna. The ulnar notch was shallow and vertically elongated in dog but distinct and horizontally elongated in leopard which indicated more degree of rotation between radius and ulna. The ulna was longer and heavier than radius. This consisted a shaft and two extremities. The shaft was large, straight and compressed cranio- caudally except near the distal extremity which was three sided. But in dog, it was three sided proximally and rounded distally. Middle part of the cranial surface of shaft was rough for attachment of interosseous ligament. Caudal surface of the shaft contained a nutrient foramen in its proximal third. Olecra-non tuberosity was prominent with large medial and small lateral tubercles which provided attachment sites for anconeus, tensor fasciae antebrachii and triceps muscles. The anconeal

Fig. 1: Cranial and caudal view of the radius of leopard : H- Head, N- Neck, A- Articular circumference, T- Tubercle, E- Eminence for ligamentous attachment, S- Styloid process, C- Articular area for carpals.

Fig. 2: Radius of leopard and dog : A- Articular circumference, E-Eminence for ligamentous attachment, F-Nutrient foramen, I- Interosseous crest, U- Ulnar notch, S- Styloid process.

Fig. 3: Ulna of leopard and dog : O- Olecranon tuberosity, A- Anconeus process, T- Trochlear notch, C- Coronoid process, S- Styloid process, F- Facet for articulation with radius.

A.R. Sreeranjini et al.

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The Indian Veterinary Journal (November, 2014)

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process was large (Fig.3) and trochlear notch was wide distally. Nzalak et al. (loc cit.) reported the presence of a large trochlear notch in lion. Large and blunt medial and lateral coronoid processes increased the surface area of the elbow joint. In between coronoid processes, the radial notch which articulated with the articular circumference of radius was noticed. The distal end of ulna presented large styloid process later-ally which articulated with ulnar and accessory carpals. Medially, there was a convex facet that articulated with the ulnar notch of radius. Meachen and Van (2009) reported that relatively robust radii, relatively larger articu-lar areas of the humerus and radius and longer olecranon processes of the ulna are important characters for subduing large prey. The gross anatomical features of radius and ulna in leopard indicated adaptive features for killing large prey and climbing.

ReferencesDyce, K. M., Sack, W.O. and Wensing, C. J. G. (1996) Text Book of Veterinary Anatomy. 2nd edn. W. B. Saunders Com-pany, Philadelphia. pp. 76.Hudson, P.E., Corr, S. A, Davis, R. C. P. Clancy, S. N., Lane, E and Wilson, A. M. (2011) Functional anatomy of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) forelimb. J. Anat. 218: 375–385.Meachen, S. J, Van, V. B. (2009) Forelimb indicators of prey- size preference in the Felidae. J. Morphol. 270: 729-744.Miller, M. E. (1965) Anatomy of the dog. W. B. Saunders Com-pany, Philadelphia. pp. 69-72.Nickel, R., Schummer, A. and Seiferle, E. (1986). The Anato-my of the Domestic Mammals. Vol. 1. The Locomotor System of the Domestic Mammals. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin. pp. 63.Nzalak, J. O., Eki, M. M., Sulaiman, M. H., Umosen, A. D., Salami, S. O., Maidawa, S. M and Ibe, C. S. (2010) Gross Anatomical Studies of the Bones of the Thoracic Limbs of the Lion (Panthera leo). J. Vet. Anat. 3 : 65 – 71.Ohale, L. O. C. and Ewald, H. B. G. (2003) The morphological characteristics of the antebrachiocarpal joint of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 70: 15-20. Young, J. H. (1980) Preparation of skeletal specimen. Equine Practice. 2: 29.

Indian Vet. J., November 2014, 91 (11) : 26 - 28

Characterization and Structure Modeling Analysis of C-Terminal Domain of Goose Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene-I (RIG-I)

Gaurav Somani1, Anamika Mishra and Ashwin A. RautHigh Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal – 462021.

(Received : 09-03-2013; Accepted : 24-12-2013)

Abstract This study was conducted to amplify and characterize RIG-I in Goose and exploring he C-terminal domain of RIG-I gene. RIG-I was amplified through conventional reverse transcription method and characterized by sequencing. Phylogeny of RIG-I show that it is conserved throughout vertebrate but it is appar-ently absent in chicken. Chicken RIG-I like Receptors (LGP2, MDA5, IFIH1) show closeness

with goose RIG-I. This gene can be utilized for the development in transgenic poultry which will be resistant to avian influenza. Polymorphism of C terminal domain of RIG-I can be associated with disease incidence study. It will be helpful in selection of resistant individuals at earliest possible stage.Key words: H5N1 avian influenza, C-terminal domain, RIG-I, chicken Retinoic Acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) senses predominantly viral RNA containing 1Corresponding author : Email : [email protected]

Gross anatomical studies...