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Green Hydrogen: A key element in our energy futureA Global Transition

Ian Mackinnon

Pilot Plants Can Position the Transition

Source: “Draft 2020 integrated system plan”, AEMO, 12th December 2019. USA Dept of Energy

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National/International DiscourseHydrogen

December, 2019

http://www.coagenergycouncil.gov.au/publications/reports-support-national-hydrogen-strategy.

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Global Energy Trends

Recent Data* 70 million per year added to urban population ~100GW of solar PV is added per year Global electric car fleet ~5 million vehicles (2018) In Africa, increase from 9m to 20m w access to electricity ~70 MT/yr of H2 produced; 76% from natural gas, 23% from coal Global energy-related CO2 emissions flattened in 2019

Projections Increased role of electricity as energy vector (19% to 30% in 2040) Electricity generation to increase by ~50% by 2040 (what colour ?) By 2023, solar > 65% of Australian peak daytime demand**

*World Energy Outlook 2019, IEA, November 2019; “The Future of Hydrogen”, IEA, June 2019. **Paul Garvey, “The Weekend Australian” 22-23 February, 2020 pp. 1, 6, 18.

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Hydrogen - Energy Storage and Applications*

* “Technology Roadmap: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells”, IEA, 2015.

Hydrogen-based electricity storage covers large-scale and long-term applications

Power NetworksImplicit limited storage

Power-to-gas is efficient | long duration | huge capacity | low energy cost

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** “Opportunities for Australia from Hydrogen Exports”, ACIL Allen Consulting for ARENA, August, 2018

Hydrogen Technology EvolutionIndicative Timeline** (from 2017-8)

H2 Fuel Cell Transportation = zero (CO2eq) emissions

Vehicle refuelling stations can utilise H2 from either

electrolysis or steam reforming

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100km track between Cuxhaven and Buxtehude, Nth Germany; the train runs for 1,000km on one tank of H2.

France, Germany, Holland, Scandanavia and United Kingdom are first-movers with FC trains.

JR East, Japan plans to test fuel cell trains in 2021.*https://global.toyota/en/detail/15160167

Feb, 2017: Toyota sells first FC bus to Tokyo Metropolitan Govt.; > 100 buses by 2020 Olympics*.

H2 Fuel Cell bus trials began in many countries as long ago as the 1990’s; substantial developments in 2000-2010.

Transport by H2 Fuel Cells – First Movers

Nicola Motors aims at 700 refuelling truck stops in USA by 2028Claims 12-15 mpg compared with 6 mpg for diesel

Anglo-American partner with Williams Engineering to build hydrogen powered ultra-class electric mining haul truck.

https://energypost.eu/hydrogen-fuel-cell-trucks-can-decarbonise-heavy-transport/Australian Mining, February 2020

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Station Status Opening Electrolyser Dispenser Potential Sales(kg/day) (kg/day) (pa)

Riverside USA Open 2015 100 200 £365,000.00Rotherham Open 2015 100 570 £365,000.00Teddington Open 2016 200 570 £730,000.00Rainham Open 2016 100 570 £365,000.00Cobham Open 2017 100 570 £365,000.00Beaconsfield Open 2017 100 570 £365,000.00Swindon Open 2018 100 570 £365,000.00Kirkwall Open 2018 400 200 £1,460,000.00

Water Treatment Options*5 25 50 100 ML/day

1% of flow 5,000 25,000 50,000 100,000 kg/H2/day

*Daily OPN 1,250 6,250 12,500 25,000 kg/H2/day

RE Power 6 31 63 125 MW

No. Buses 21 104 208 417 per day

No. Trucks 8 42 83 167 per day

Buses | Trucks | Trains | Ferries Buses: 30kg/day ~300km Trucks: 75kg/day ~300km Trains: 180kg – 400kg/day Ferries: 500kg/day

The Back Envelope

Transport Figures – Rough Estimates

*assumes ~60% efficiency of EC; 6hrs sunlight; 2 re-fuelings per day

Examples+

+courtesy: N.Thompson, ITM Power

Integration of technologies: RE Hubs• Solar + WWTP + Electrolysis + Bus/Truck Refuelling• Solar + Desal’n + Electrolysis + Car/Truck Refuelling• Hydro + Electrolysis + Storage + Power (dry spells)• Wind/Solar + CBM H2O + Electrolysis + Power• Wind/Solar + AbattoirWW + IX-RO + Electrolysis + Power

~800 ML/yr treated wastewater – coastal Qld

Enables scalable progression (~10x factor) Vendor-supplier capacity EPC capability - reality check Market transition Reduce risk profiles

~0.3MW to 1.0MW PEM Electrolysers

Largest PEM ~10MW under construction

H2 Use

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Australia’s AdvantageSolar Incidence** and Available Land***

**By SolarGIS © 2014 GeoModel Solar, CC BY-SA 3.0, ***https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34169241

Australia8,000,000 km2

Japan380,000 km2

Korea100,210 km2

Population: 52 million Population: 127 million Population: 25 million

2002-2014: 70% of fuel cell patents held by Japan + Korea+

2015: Toyota announces FC patents royalty free to 2020*

*J. Fogelson, Forbes Magazine, January 5th 2015+Behling et al., Economic Analysis and Policy, 48, 204-221, 2015.

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~14 GW installed by Sept., 2019

~130 GW planned or in design for 2022(~5% of Japan’s Solar H2 requirement for 2040)

Australia’s current total demand: ~65 GW

Renewable Energy in AustraliaDoes Australia have capacity/capability ?

Solar PV

Australia (2018)**

(Solar ~24.7% of total Renewable Energy)

*https://theconversation.com/australia-is-the-runaway-global-leader-in-building-new-renewable-energy-123694

Rate of RE Increase*Australia is 10x more than world average

**Clean Energy Australia Report 2019, Clean Energy Council, April 2019

Net global increase in RE in 2018: ~180 GW

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Project ChallengesLarge-scale Solar PV – ARENA/CEFC

First-round funding ~$100m14 projects shared knowledge603 MW installation~$1 billion commercial add

Cost reduction: $135/MWh in 2015$28-$68/MWh in 2019

Grid connection & CommissioningWeatherEPCInvertersR2 Validation Testing

Source: “Insights From the First Wave of Large-Scale Solar Projects in Australia”, ARENA January 2020

Solar PV Systems > 100kW

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Renewable Energy ZonesFuture Scenarios – AEMO draft ISP

Source: “Draft 2020 integrated system plan”, AEMO, 12th December 2019.

ΔE ~ -30 GW

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Potential Locations for Hydrogen Export*

*“Australian Hydrogen Hubs Study: Technical Study”, Arup, November, 2019COAG Energy Council Hydrogen Working Group, Issue 2.

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Does this mean JOBS ?

** “Opportunities for Australia from Hydrogen Exports”, ACIL Allen Consulting for ARENA, August, 2018

Clean Energy Council*2018

*Clean Energy Australia Report 2019, Clean Energy Council, April 2019

**Australia Qld

RE Power (GW) 14.8 4.9Investment ($b) 24.5 10.0Jobs 13,233 4,681

Hydrogen Export IndustryExisting Renewable Energy Industry

Regional Benefit: FTE locations near RE generation

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* Bruce S, Temminghoff M, Hayward J, Schmidt E, Munnings C, PalfreymanD, Hartley P (2018) National Hydrogen Roadmap. CSIRO, Australia.

Australian Hydrogen Projects*

• 6000 m2 building, intended to collect its energy from within footprint

• Demonstrator for clean energy technology• Fully instrumented and monitored energy

system (~2MWh)• Completed in 2013; six star green star

Sir Samuel Griffith Centre

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Raw Materials

Wastewater

Waste Biomass

Waste Gas(CO2)

Energy GenerationSolar PV, CPV

Pre-

treat

men

t

Fuel CellsElectrolysers

PEM

Solid Oxide

Alkaline

PEM

Alkaline

Solid Oxide

Was

te H

eat

Rec

over

y

Energy StorageBatteries and Heat

Liqu

efac

tion

Electrons

Electrons

water

water

CO2

CH4

H2

H2

Elec

trons

CO+H2

Elec

trons

Gre

en

Che

mic

als

CO+H2

CH4water

TransportH2

H2

To Market

To Market

To Market

A Vision: Renewable Energy, Fuels and ChemicalsIndustry-relevant Integrated (Pilot) Facilities

“Re-Cycle/Re-use” To Grid

To Grid

Electrons

Electrons

LH2

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The opportunities await