Greek & Roman Arch

7/29/2019 Greek & Roman Arch

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Greek Architecture

for B.arch students

by Bindu Agarwal


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Characterstics features Ordinary people lived in mud brick houses.

Early roofs are flat and covered with terracotta tiles.

Gypsum was used Cooking was done in copper vessles in big houses but

ordinary people used plain pottery- ware.


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EARLY GREEKS Paintings showed birds , animals, flowers, plants and people. They constructed temples, roads, bridges. Columns simple, tapering, disc- shaped

Unfluted circular shaft, square abacus at top circular echinus,small mouldings. Two periods Hellenic & hellenistic period The Hellenistic period emerged, approximately, 323-30BC.

Beginning after the conquests of Alexander the Great. In the Hellenic Age, the Greek society called themselves "Classic"

Greeks. The Greeks' way of thinking changed, many great artistsand philosophers emerged, and dramatic changes would takeplace.


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Hellenic period Column & trabeated style

Wooden hut of upright post ,supporting beam and

sloping rafters.Architraves- single block of stones or marbles

No internal col. In temples.

No arches,vaults, domes

First use timber than in marble


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MATERIAL Carpentry in marble.

Walls of crused rubble to fine ashlar no mortar.

Large sized stone. Marble stucco.

Sq. & rect. Doorways

No windows.

Slooping roofs were covered with terracotta or marbletiles.

Antifixae ornament curved sides of col.


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orders Three ordes

Doric order

Ionic order Corinthian order


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Doric order


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DORIC ORDERThe Doric order was one of the threeorders.It is known from the 7th century BC.

Doric columns stood directly on thestylobate or crepidoma of a templewithout a base; their vertical shafts were fluted withparallel concave grooves; flutes andarrises

they were topped by a smoothcapital that flared from the column tomeet a square abacus at theintersection the horizontal beam ("entablature")that they carried at the top.Main features of the Doric order arethe triglyphs and metopes.Early examples of the Doric orderinclude the temples at Paestum, insouthern Italy, a region called MagnaGraecia, which was settled by Greekcolonists and retained a strongly

Hellenic culture.


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GREEKS PARTHENON TEMPLE

3 steps 32m x71m

T=70cm R= 50cm

8 x 17 no. col.( count twice corn1.90 m dia only corners

1.88 m dia 10.4m ht.

NAOS

PARTHENON

opishodomos

pronaos

statue

10 x 5 col. 13m ht. statue

30x19m naos, facing east

ii

Built of almostexclusively of marble.

The Parthenon is themost important and

characteristicmonument of theancient Greekcivilization and stillremains itsinternational symbol.


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PARTHENON TEMPLE Entablature

Pediment (13-30)

Acroteria

(Floral decoration) Typanium

Sculpture metope bronze 14 no.at front & back 32 no. north &south


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IONIC ORDERThe Ionic style is thinner and more elegant.

Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (avolute). This style was found in eastern Greece.

The Ionic order originated in the mid-6th century BCin Ionia, the southwestern coastland and islands of

Asia Minor settled by Ionian Greeks.

Ionic columns normally stand on a base whichseparates the shaft of the column from the stylobateor platform. The capital of the Ionic column hascharacteristic paired scrolling volutes that are laid onthe molded cap ("echinus") of the column.


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The cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart.

Ionic columns are eight and nine column-

diameters tall.The major feature of the Ionic order are the

volutes of its capital.

Ionic columns are most often fluted.

The entablature resting on the columns has threeparts.


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Difference between doric & ionic

order EGG and tongue ornaments and honey suckle in

volutes

Fillets & 24 flutes & no arrisesVolutes from Rams horns capital

Intercolumination is 4D

Lion shape Rain water sprout

Bead and Real ornament at top

Leaf & Dart ornament

Diameters and sizes


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IONIC ORDER

THE TEMPLE OFATHENA NIKE theearliest Ionic building tobe built. The temple wascompleted during theunrest of thePeloponnesian war.

This was not the onlypiece of sculpture whichdepicts a sign theAthenians want toconclude the long battlewith Sparta, in the cellarof the temple is a statue

of Athena as Nike Apterus,the goddess withoutwings.


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CORITHIAN ORDER

The Corinthian order is also one of theClassical orders of Greek and Romanarchitecture.

A Corinthian capital may be seen as anenriched development of the Ionic capital.

Unlike the Doric and Ionic columncapitals, a Corinthian capital has no neckbeneath it, just a ring-like astragalmolding or a banding that forms the baseof the capital, recalling the base of the

legendary basket.The Corinthian column is almost alwaysfluted. Even the flutes of a Corinthiancolumn may be enriched, filleted, withrods nestled within the hollow flutes, orstop-fluted.

In its proportions, the Corinthiancolumn is similar to the Ionic column,

though it may be made more slender, but itstands apart by its distinctive carvedcapital. The abacus upon the capital hasconcave sides to conform to theoutscrolling corners of the capital.

The oldest known example of aCorinthian column is in the Temple ofApollo Epicurius at Bassae in Arcadia.


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CORITHIAN ORDER

THE ERECHTHEIONwas completed in 406 BC.

The hall of the caryatidswas situated above thegrave of Cecrops, the firstking of Athens.

The old Archaic statueof the goddess was placedand lighted day and nightby a very ingenious lampwhich was invented byCallimachus who istraditionally credited forthe invention of theCorinthic capitel.


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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Early rome people called Etruscans.

Rich in material such as metal, copper, silver, tin

Woman have equal importance as men People loved sports

prefer grid iron system

Soil available for manufactureing bricks and tiles


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Early houses built with sun-dried bricks and woodenroof covered with terracotta tiles.

Excellent pottery.

Bronze utensils

Tombs & temples decorated with figures of lion andtigers.

Paintings show scnces of banquets, music,dance,sportsas well as hunting & fighting


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MATERIAL Roman architecture followed by Greeks columnar and

trabeated style and also adopted Etruscans arch andvault.

Material lime-concrete

Due to concrete use of vaults exceeds

In 19th cent. Steel makes the possible to construct

equal vaults. Lime plaster used outside the wall vaults and marble

stucco


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Marble was rarely used

White marble used avoided coloured marble.

Marble mosaics are used for geometrical patterns. Roman architecture is the capacity to span over large

spaces

The ribs were made of Roman bricks


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Temp. wooden frame work

Filling with lime conc. Till sufficient th. Is obtained

Greek bldg single stireyed and Roman bldg severalstoreyed


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Main featuresVaults

Barrel vault over rectangular base

Cross vault formed by intersection of two semicircularvaults of same span used over the same apartment

Cupola- used over circular structure


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ROMANDORIC

ORDER


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ROMAN IONIC ORDER


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ROMAN CORINTHIAN ORDER


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Roman architects invented Roman concrete and usedit in buildings where it could stand on its own andsupport a great deal of weight.

The first use of concrete by the Romans was in thetown ofCosa sometime after 273 BC.

Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture oflime mortar,sand with stone rubble, pozzolana, water, and stones,

and stronger than previously-used concrete. The ancient builders placed these ingredients in

wooden frames where it hardened and bonded to afacing of stones or (more frequently) bricks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_mortarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_mortarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concrete


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When the framework was removed, the new wall wasvery strong with a rough surface of bricks or stones.This surface could be smoothed and faced with an

attractive stucco or thin panels of marble or othercoloured stones called revetment.

Concrete construction proved to be more flexible andless costly than building solid stone buildings.

The materials were readily available and not difficult totransport. The wooden frames could be used morethan once, allowing builders to work quickly andefficiently.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revetmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revetmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco

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Greek & Roman Arch