By: Juan Pablo Pollack

1. Nationalities 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3.Para 4. Pronoun Placement 5. Indirect Object Pronouns 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative/Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives 10. Affirmative tú Commands 11. Negative tú Commands 12. Sequencing events 13. Preterite 14.Trigger Words 15. –Car, -Gar, -Zar 16. Deber + Infinitive 17. Modal Verbs 18. Present Progressive 19. Adverbs

A stem change can occur in the Yo form, Tu form, El/Ella/Usted form, and Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes form.

Nosotros and Vosotros do not stem change. Example using Poder, to be able to. u-ue, o-ue, e-ei, e-i.

Puedo Podemos

Puedes Podéis

Puede Pueden

Para is used in the Spanish language as for is used in the English language.

Ex: Yo cocino la cena para mis padres.

Indirect Objects are nouns that tell to whom or for whom.

To determine which pronoun to use, refer to the indirect object. Le, Te, Me, Nos, Os, Les.

IOP’s are placed: Before conjugated verb, attached to an infinitive, or attached to a gerrund.

Example: El hombre le vende el carro a mi padre. You would choose le because it refers to mi padre

which is él.

1. Attached to the pronoun to the infinitive. 2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

verb or “ing” verb. 3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative

command. 4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.

If you want to talk about the things people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those things.

Ex: Me gusta la idea, nos gusta la idea Ex: Le gustan las personas, les gustan las personas.

Me Nos

Te Les

Le Les

Pronouns

When talking about an indefinite or negative situation, you should use a negative or affirmative.

Alguno and Ninguno drop of the O to show masculine singular nouns.

Algo Something

Alguien Someone

Algun/alguno Same

Siempre Always

Tambien Also

Nada Nothing

Nadie No one

Ningun/ninguno None

Nunca Never

Tampoco Neither/either

Affirmative Negative

Superlatives are used to express extreme adjectives by dropping the final vowel and adding “isimo(a)”.

The adjective must agree in gender and number of the noun it modifies.

Ex: La comida es riquisimo. Ex: La limonada es muy refrequisimo!

To describe people doing something themselves, use a reflexive verb.

Ex: Me lavo la cabeza. When there is not a reflexive verb, the person

doing the action is not receiving the action.Me Nos

Te Os

Se Se

Affirmative commands give instructions or commands to someone.

Ex: Camina en el parque! When using a pronoun with an affirmative

command, the pronoun attaches to the command.

Ex: Ponte otra camisa!

When telling someone what not to do, use a negative command.

Formed by taking the form of the present tense, dropping the O, and add the opposite ending in tu form.

Vengas Tengas Pongas Salgas

Hagas Digas Vayas Seas

Primero- First Entonces- Then/Therefore Luego/Despues- Later/After Por Fin- Finally Antes de/ Despues de- Before/After Por la mañana/tarde/noche-In the

morning/afternoon/night Los Lunes- On Monday

The preterite is in the past tense.

é í

Aste Iste

ó Ió

Amos Imos

Aron Ieron

Esto Es El Preterito

Preteito trigger words from preterito

Tocar Jugar Comenzar

Toqué Jugué Comencé

Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste

Tocó Jugó Comenzó

Tocamos Jugamos Comenzaron

Tocaron Jugaron comenzaron

Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu.Verbs that end in -car change c to qu.Verbs that end in -zar change z to c.

The verb deber means “should” or “ought to”. To say what people should do, conjugate

deber, and use another verb in its infinitive form.

Ex: Yo debo comer antes voy al tenís.

Modal verbs are when the first verb is conjugated, and then the verb immediately after it stays in it’s infinitive form.

Ex: Yo voy comer a la cafetería. (I go eat at the cafeteria)

Ex: Él debe limpiar la cocina. (He should clean the kitchen)

Ex: Nosotros queremos jugar el fútbol Americano. (We want to play football)

When you use pronouns in the present progressive, you can put them before the conjugated verb estar, or attach it to the end of the present participle.

For an –ar verb, use ando at the end. (Jugando) For an ir/er verb, use iendo at the end. (Comiendo) For Ir or a verb that has three consecutive vowels, use yendo.

(Leyendo) E-I stem changing verbs have a vowel chagne in the stem. Ex: Servir----SirviendoEx: Preferir---- Prefiriendo

To describe how something is done, use adverbs. When an adjective ends in E, I, or Z, add -mente to the end. Ex: Frecuente----Frecuentemente Ex: Facil----Facilmente Ex: Feliz----Felizmente For adjectives ending in and A or O, add -mente to the feminine form. Ex: Rápido----Rápidamente Ex: Trabajadoro----Trabajadoramente When you use two adverbs, drop the –mente from the first one. Ex: Lenta y Traquilamente.