ARTICOLUL

Definitie: - reprezinta un determinant substantival care contribuie la realizarea intelesului unui substantiv intr-o propozitie.

Tipuri de articole:Articolul Hotarat - THEArticolul Nehotarat - A / ANArticolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)

Articolul hotarat THE:

Cand folosim articolul hotarat?

- Inaintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat in textul respectiv:Exemplu: A man knocked at the door and a girl opened it. The man was her father.

- Inaintea substantivelor care sunt unice:Exemplu: the moon, the earth, the star, the sun, the air

- Inaintea numeralelor ordinale:Exemplu: the first, the second, the third, the twenty-first, the seventeenth

In realizarea superlativului:Exemplu: the best year, the youngest girl, the most important, the fastest, the tallest

Inaintea substantivelor care reprezinta nume de colectivitati si institutii:Exemplu: the army, the crowd, the government, the police, the parliament

- Inaintea unor nume proprii (nume de familie, muzee, teatre, ziare, hoteluri, etc):Exemplu: the Browns, the Johns, the National Theatre, the Marriott Grand Hotel, the New York Times, the Beatles

- Inaintea substantivelor care indica nume de locuri geografice, munti, fluvii, oceane, mari etc:Exemplu: the Alps, the Atlantic, the Thames, the Danube, the Red Sea, the Sahara

Articolul nehotarat A / AN

Utilizam articolul nehotarat A:Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o consoana:Exemple: a girl, a boy, a teacher, a family, a classroom

Utilizam articolul nehotarat AN:Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u):Exemple: an elephant, an apple, an interview, an onion, an action

Articolul nehotarat - exceptii:- Folosim articolul nehotarat AN inaintea unui substantiv care incepe cu litera "h", doar atunci cand este vorba despre un "h mut".Exemple: an hour, an honour

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- Folosim articolul nehotarat A inaintea unui substantiv care incepe cu litera "u" sau grupul de litere "eu", doar atunci cand acestea se pronunta ca "you"Exemple: a European, a university, a unit

Cand folosim articolul nehotarat A/AN?- Inaintea unui substantiv concret nedeterminat si numarabil:Exemple: A boy entered into the classroom.The reporter took an interview.

- Inaintea unui substantiv concret cu functia de nume predicativ:Exemplu: She is a teacher. Ronnie is an elephant.

Articolul zero

Nu folosim articol in urmatoarele situatii:- Inaintea substantivelor care indica nume proprii la singular:Exemplu: Paul is going to the school.

- Inaintea substantivelor care indica nume de tari, orase si limba acestora:Exemple: France is a European country.You speak English fluently.Bucharest is the capital of Romania.

- In unele expresii invariabile:Exemplu: by car, at school, in church, by train

- Inaintea substantivelor abstracte, care indica nume de culori, stiinte, arte, materii etc:Exemplu: beauty, health, dinner, lunch, breakfast, truth, green, gold, silver, mathematics, physics

Exercitii

1. Completati cu a / an / the acolo unde este cazul:

___ woman ___ unit ___ United States of America ___ Johnsons ___ elephant ___ beauty ___ hour ___ Thames

2. Completati propozitiile din textul de mai jos cu a/an:

a) ___ old woman laughed at him. b) ___ cat and ___ dog were in the kitchen. c) I saw ___ elephant at the zoo. d) It was ___ excellent movie. e) She watched ___ TV show

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3. Completati cu a / an / the acolo unde este cazul:

Daniel is ___ teacher. He likes ___ Physics very much. He teaches at ___ Theoretical Highschool from ___ Bucharest. ___pupils like him very much. One day, he decided to take ___ children to see ___ laboratory from another highschool. There, they made ___ experiment. All ___ children considered ___ experiment ___ most interesting they have ever made.

NUMERARUL

Numeralul cardinal

eleventwelvethirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteentwenty

twenty-onetwenty-twotwenty-threetwenty-four.......

thirty-onethirty-twothirty-threethirty-four....... 12345678910

304050607080

 

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90

100200100010000

153     one hundred and fifty-three198     one hundred and ninety-eight203     two hundred and three405     four hundred and fifty1,000,000     one million12,000,000   twelve milliononetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineten

thirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninety

one hundredtwo hundredone thousandten thousand 11121314

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151617181920

21222324.......

31323334.......

 

13,632,521     thirteen million six hundred thirty-two thousand five hundred and                       twenty-one

Atentie!

- se foloseste cratima intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilorExemple: 21 twenty-one; 99 ninety-nine

- se pune virgula dupa fiecare grup care indica miileExemplu: 1,222,351

- mentionarea conjunctiei and este obligatorie inaintea grupului zecilor si unitatea finalaExemplu: 2,532 - two thousand five hundred and thirty-two

- cifrele zecimale se citesc astfel:2.4832 - two point four eight three two

Numeralul ordinal

1st2nd3rd4th5th

firstsecondthirdfourthfifth

primulal doileaal treilea.......

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6th7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th21st22nd23rd.......30th40th.......100th1,0001,000,000

sixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelvththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenthtwentiethtwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-third.......thirtiethfortieth.......hundredththousandthmillionth

Mod de formare:

- prin adaugarea terminatiei "th" la numeralul cardinal corespunzator

Exceptii:one --- first (1st)two --- second (2nd)three --- third (3rd)five si nine, la care se suprima -e final, fifth (5th) si ninth (9th)zecile la care -y final se transforma in -ieforty --- fortieth (40th)

Alte numerale

Data: in Marea Britanie se foloseste intotdeauna forma unui numeral ordinal pentru a indica data.

Exemple:21st July (the twenty-first of July)June 4th (the fourth of June)23 April, 1989 (the twenty-third of April nineteen eighty-nine)December 29 (the twenty-ninth of December)

Fractii:1/2 se citeste one half

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3/4 se citeste three quarters7/8 se citeste seven eights

Ora:ten to one (unu fara zece)half past six (sase si jumatate)twelve and a quarter (douasprezece si un sfert)a quarter to two (doua fara un sfert)

Exercitii:

1. Scrieti in litere urmatoarele cifre:123 - 1,450 - 58 - 33 - 1,024 - 985 - 24 - 48 -

2. Traduceti in limba engleza:a) Ziua mea de nastere este pe data de 22 mai.b) Am ajuns in Bucuresti pe data de 14 iunie.c) John este al patrulea elev din clasa.d) 4 Iulie este ziua nationala a Americii.e) Primul autobuz din parcare este al nostru.f) Sunt 14 elevi in aceasta clasa.

3. Scrieti in litere urmatoarele ore:10:45 - 11:25 - 12:40 - 13:30 - 14:05 -

PRONUMELE

1. Pronumele personal

a) cu functie de subiectb) cu functie de complement

a) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de subiect:

I --- euYou --- tu, dumneata, dumneavoastraHe --- elShe --- eaIt --- el, ea (neutru), pentru nume de obiecte, lucruri, animaleWe --- noi

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You --- voi, dumneavoastraThey --- ei, ele, dumnealor

Exemple: I am a big girl.He lives near the school.We like chocolate very much.Do you like football?

b) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de complement:me- mie, imi, mi (complement indirect)- pe mine, ma, m (complement direct)

you- tie, iti, ti, dumitale, dumneavoastra (complement indirect)- pe tine, te, pe dumneata, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct)

him- lui, ii, i (complement indirect)- pe el, il (complement direct)

her- ei, ii, i (complement indirect)- pe ea, o (complement direct)

it- lui, ei, ii, i (complement indirect)- pe el, il, pe ea, o (complement direct)

us- noua, ne, ni (complement indirect)- pe noi, ne (complement direct)

you- voua, va, vi, dumneavoastra (complement indirect)- pe voi, va, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct)

them- lor, le, li (complement indirect)- pe ei, ii, i (complement direct)

Exemple:I watch my brother playing tennis.You gave me a nice gift.Give them a kiss from me!

2. Pronumele reflexive si de intarire

myself --- ma, insumi, insamiyourself --- te, insuti, insatihimself --- se, insusi

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herself --- se, insesiitself --- se, insusi, insasi (neutru)ourselves --- ne, insine, inseneyourselves --- va, insiva, insevathemselves --- se, insisi, insesi

Exemple:I found myself very smart.We did ourselves all the exercises.

3. Pronumele demonstrativ

this --- acesta, aceasta, asta, astathat --- acela, aceea, ala, aiathese --- acestea, acestia, astia, asteathose --- acelea, aceia, aia, alea

Exemple:This is my brother.Those are his parents.

4. Pronumele posesive

mine --- al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale meleyours --- al tau, a ta, ai tai, ale talehis --- al sau (a lui), a sa (a lui), ai sai (ai lui), ale sale (ale lui)hers --- al sau (a ei), a sa (a ei), ai sai (ai ei), ale sale (ale ei)its own --- al sau, a sa, ai sai, ale sale (neutru)ours --- al nostru, a noastra, ai nostri, ale noastreyours --- al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastretheir --- al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor

Exemple:My brother is tall, but yours is taller.His car is old, but hers is older.I lost my pencil, can you lend me yours?

5. Pronumele nehotarat

some + body, one, thingany + body, one, thingno + body, one, thing

Exemple:I want something from you.She didn't find anything in the fridge.There was no one in the room.

6. Pronumele relativ

who --- carewhom/who --- pe care

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whose --- al (a, ai, ale) carui, careia, carorawhat --- ce, ceea cewhich --- care, pe care (pt. lucruri, obiecte ...)that --- care

Exemple:My brother, who is a doctor, lives in Bucharest.Tom, whose car was stolen, bought another one last week.I found a cat that was lost.I didn't like what I saw.

7. Pronumele interogativ

who? --- cine?whom? who? --- pe cine?whose? --- al (a, ai, ale) cui?what? --- care?, pe care,ce?which? --- (pe) care dintre?

Exemple:Whom did you see last Sunday?Whose shoes are those?What are you doing?Which do you like more?

Exercitii:

1. Completati propozitiile urmatoare cu forma corecta a pronumelui reflexiv:1) I enjoyed _______ at the party2) My father didn't buy the book for _______3) The dog cut _______ while running in the street.4) Help _______ with some fruit, John and Mary.5) We saw _______ in the snow.

2. Completati propozitiile de mai jos cu forma corecta a pronumelui posesiv:1) This is my cat. It is _______2) That is his lamp. It is _______3) These are our maps. They are _______4) Those are their shoes. They are _______5) This is her shirt. It is _______

3. Completati corect spatiile goale cu unul dintre pronumele din paranteze:1) I saw Mr. Thompson _______ is John's father. (that, who, which)2) _______ did you meet last week, John or Steve? (which, who, whose)3) Puffy, _______ is a big cat, is very lazy. (which, who, whose)4) _______ are you doing? (whom, what, that)5) _______ is going with you at the theatre? (who, that, whom)

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VERBUL

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Verbul "TO BE" - a fi

Forma afirmativa:I am (I'm) - Eu suntYou are (You're) - Tu estiHe is (He's) - El esteShe is (She's) - Ea esteIt is (It's) - El/Ea esteWe are (We're) - Noi suntemYou are (You're) - Voi suntetiThey are (They're) - Ei/Ele sunt

Forma interogativa:Am I? - Sunt eu?Are you? - Esti tu?Is he? - Este el?Is she? - Este ea?Is it? - Este el/ea?Are we? - Suntem noi?Are you? - Sunteti voi?Are they? - Sunt ei/ele?

Forma negativa:I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu suntYou are not (You aren't) - Tu nu estiHe is not (He isn't) - El nu esteShe is not (She isn't) - Ea nu esteIt is not (It isn't) - El/Ea nu esteWe are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntemYou are not (You aren't) - Voi nu suntetiThey are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt

Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea

Forma afirmativa:I have (I've) - Eu amYou have (You've) - Tu aiHe has (He's) - El areShe has (She's) - Ea areIt has (It's) - El/Ea areWe have (We've) - Noi avemYou have (You've) - Voi avetiThey have (They've) - Ei/Ele au

Forma interogativa:Have I? - Am eu?Have you? - Ai tu?Has he? - Are el?Has she? - Are ea?Has it? - Are el/ea?Have we? - Avem noi?Have you? - Aveti voi?Have they? - Au ei/ele?

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Forma negativa:I have not (I haven't) - Eu nu amYou have not (You haven't) - Tu nu aiHe has not (He hasn't) - El nu areShe has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu areIt has not (It hasn't) - El/Ea nu areWe have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avemYou have not (You haven't) - Voi nu avetiThey have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au

Verbul "TO DO" - a face

Forma afirmativa:I do - Eu facYou do - Tu faciHe does - El faceShe does - Ea faceIt does - El/Ea faceWe do - Noi facemYou do - Voi facetiThey do - Ei/Ele fac

Forma interogativa:Do I? - Fac eu?Do you? - Faci tu?Does he? - Face el?Does she? - Face ea?Does it? - Face el/ea?Do we? - Facem noi?Do you? - Faceti voi?Do they? - Fac ei/ele?

Forma negativa:I do not (I don't) - Eu nu facYou do not (You don't) - Tu nu faciHe does not (He doesn't) - El nu faceShe does not (She doesn't) - Ea nu faceIt does not (It doesn't) - El/Ea nu faceWe do not (We don't) - Noi nu facemYou do not (You don't) - Voi nu facetiThey do not (They don't) - Ei/Ele nu fac

Exercitii:

1. Completati spatiile goale cu forma corecta a verbului TO BE:a) Forma afirmativa:I _______ in the classroom.He _______ in the garden.They _______ in the house

b) Forma negativa:

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You _______ in the office.She _______ in the bathroom.We _______ in the restaurant.

2. Traduceti in limba engleza:1. Eu am 12 ani.2. Tu esti in casa cu tatal tau.3. Noi avem 2 buchete de flori.4. Voi sunteti in clasa a patra.5 El are un mar si doua portocale.6. Ea este in curtea scolii cu prietena ei.

3. Completati spatiile goale cu forma interogativa a verbului TO BE:1. _______ you a good friend?2. _______ he your father?3. _______ they your colleagues?4. _______ she in the living room?5. _______ we in the courtyard?

SUBSTANTIVUL

A. Tipuri de substantive

1. Substantive comune2. Substantive proprii

1. Substantivele comune desemneaza fiinte (oameni si animale) si obiecte / lucruri.

Exemple:- fiinte: man, woman, grandmother, teacher, brother, pupil, doctor, nurse- obiecte (lucruri): pencil, school, car, hotel, medicine, shop, power, health

Substantivele proprii desemneaza nume de familie si prenume, nume de munti, orase, tari, ape etc.

Exemple:- nume de familie si prenume: Ewing, Brown, Sawyer, John, Mary, Helen- nume de munti: Alps, Himalaya, Everest- nume de orase: Bucharest, Paris, Venice- nume de tari: France, Italy, Croatia- nume de ape: Mississippi, Danube, Thames

B. Genul substantivelor

1. Genul masculin (care se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal he)

Exemple: man, doctor, driver, father, boy

2. Genul feminin (care se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal she)

Exemple: woman, mother, girl, actress, sister.

3. Genul neutru (nume de lucruri, obiecte si animale; se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal it)

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Exemple: cat, dog, pencil, butterfly, car, notebook.

C. Numarul substantivelor

Substantivele pot fi la singular sau la plural.

Formarea pluralului:a) pluralul cu "-s"

Exemple:a dog ---> two dogsa school ---> two schoolsa car ---> two carsa book ---> two books

b) pluralul cu "-es" (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh)

Exemple:a bus ---> two busesa fax ---> two faxesa church ---> two churches

Atentie:a tomato ---> two tomatoesa potato ---> two potatoes

darradio ---> radiosphoto ---> photos

c) pluralul cu "-ies" (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -y)

Exemple:lady ---> ladiesbaby ---> babiesfly ---> flies

dar:day ---> daysboy ---> boys

Reguli:- pentru substantivele care se termina in y precedat de o consoana, pluralul se va face in -ies- pentru substantivele care se termina in y precedat de o vocala, pluralul se va face in -s

d) pluralul cu "-ves" (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -f sau -fe)

Exemple:leaf ---> leaves

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calf ---> calvesshelf ---> shelveswife ---> wiveswolf ---> wolves

Exceptii:chief ---> chiefsproof ---> proofsbelief ---> beliefs

e) pluralele neregulate

Exemple:child ---> childrenman ---> menwoman ---> womenfoot ---> feetgoose ---> geesemouse ---> micetooth ---> teeth

f) substantive invariabile care nu primesc "-s"

Exemple:deer (cerb)duck (rata)sheep (oaie)trout (pastrav)fish (peste)fruit (fructe)

g) substantivele cu sens colectiv care nu au forma de plural

Exemple:advice (sfat)baggage (bagaj)luggage (bagaje)information (informatii)furniture (mobila)people (oameni)crowd (multime)police (politie)

h) pluralul substantivelor proprii

Exemple:the Brownsthe Johnsonsthe Thompsons

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D. Substantive compuse

Exemple:classroomschoolboyschoolgirlblackboarddining-roombreakfast

Exercitii:

1. Alcatuiti pluralul urmatoarelor substantive:

table --->clock --->leaf --->gentleman --->baby --->tooth --->friend --->city --->life --->chief --->

2. Inlocuiti substantivele urmatoare cu pronumele personal potrivit:

the girl ---the dog ---the actor ---the schoolboy ---the pencil ---the grandmother ---

3. Alcatuiti cat mai multe substantive compuse cu ajutorul urmatoarelor cuvinte:

dining, bird, school, class, kinder, mate, room, boy, father, black, book, girl, board, living, garden, note, exercise, parents, grand.

ADJECTIVUL

Adjectivele in limba engleza au urmatoarele caracteristici:a) nu variaza dupa gen si numarb) se aseaza inaintea substantivelor

Exemplu:a good cake ---> good cakes

A. Tipuri de adjective

• opinion adjectives (adjective de opinie): descriu ceea ce credem despre cineva sau ceva.

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Exemple: beautiful, great, nice, expensive, cheap, ugly etc.

• fact adjectives (adjective de fapt): descriu ceea ce fiintele sau obiectele determinate sunt cu adevarat

Exemple: short, large, long, green, round etc.

! Adjectivele de opinie stau inaintea adjectivelor de fapt

B. Adjectivul demonstrativ

Desemneaza fiinte sau lucruri pe care le aratam precizand in acelasi timp apropierea sau departarea in timp sau spatiu.

Forme:• singular:- this (acest, aceasta)- that (acel, acea)

• plural:- these (acesti, aceste)- those (acei, acele)

Exemple:This man is a doctor.That girl is a pupil.These children are small.Those boys are playing in the scoolyard.

C. Adjectivul posesiv

Desemneaza raportul de posesie dintre un posesor si ceea ce acesta poseda:

Forme:• singular: - my (meu, mea, mei, mele)- your (tau, ta, tai, tale)- his (lui, sau, sa, sai, sale)- her (ei, sau, sa, sai, sale)- its (lui, ei, sau, sa, sai, sale)

• plural:- our (nostru, noastra, nostri, noastre)- your (vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre)- their (lor)

Exemple:This is my house.It is his car.That is our shop.Those are your books.

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D. Comparativul adjectivelor

a) Comparativul de egalitate / inferioritate:"as ... as" (tot atat de / la fel de)"not as ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de)"not so ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de)

Exemple:She is as pretty as her mother.He is not as tall as his brother.

b) Comparativ de superioritate:- pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adauga terminatia "-er" la finalul adjectivului respectiv- pentru adjective lungi, acestea sunt precedate de adverbul "more"

Exemple:tall ---> taller(inalt ---> mai inalt)slim ---> slimmer(slab ---> mai slab)fast ---> faster(rapid ---> mai rapid)big ---> bigger(man ---> mai mare)

beautiful ---> more beautiful(frumos ---> mai frumos)interesting ---> more interestinginteresant ---> mai interesantdifficult ---> more difficultdificil ---> mai dificil

E. Superlativul adjectivelor

- pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adauga terminatia "-est" la adjectivul precedat de "the"

- pentru adjective lungi, acestea vor fi precedate de "the most"

Exemple:the tallest (cel mai inalt)the slimmest (cel mai slab)the fastest (cel mai rapid)the biggest (cel mai mare)

the most beautiful (cel mai frumos)the most interesting (cel mai interesant)the most difficult (cel mai dificil)

F. Comparative si superlative neregulate

badgood

worsebetter

the worstthe best

raubun

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farmuchold

farther (further)moreolder (elder)

the farthest (the furthest)the mostthe oldest (the eldest)

indepartatmultbatran

Exercitii:

1. Traduceti in limba engleza urmatoarele propozitii:a) Aceasta masina este rosie.b) Acele fete sunt in clasa intai.c) Acei barbati sunt doctori.d) Aceasta este clasa mea.e) Acela este cainele ei.f) Acestea sunt caietele noastre.

2. Completati spatiile libere de mai jos, cu forma corecta a adjectivelor, la gradul de comparatie indicat:

Adjectivbadfastgoodcheapbeautifulthinfat

Comparativworsefasterbetter....................................thinner..................

Superlativ......................................................the cheapestthe most beautiful..................the fattest

3. Potriviti adjectivele la substantivele respective:

coldnicebeautifullong

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delicioustraditional blousehairweathergirldancefood

ADVERBUL

A. Adverbe de mod

- arata modul in care se petrece o actiune

Mod de formare:- de obicei, aceste adverbe se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ly la finalul unui adjective.

Exemple: beautiful ---> beautifullysad ---> sadlycapable ---> capablyslow ---> slowlyeasy ---> easily

B. Adverbe de loc

- arata locul in care se petrece o actiune

Exemple:here, there, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, outside, inside

C. Adverbe de timp

- arata timpul in care se petrece o actiune

Exemple: today, yesterday, tomorrow, Saturday, Monday, now, finally, later, soon, just, still

D. Adverbe de durata

- arata perioada de timp a unei actiuni

Exemple: forever, shortly, long, permanently

E. Adverbe de comparatie

- arata gradul de intensitate al unei actiuni

Exemple: extremely, greatly, hugely, partially, perfectly, strongly, totally, almost, very, entirely

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F. Adverbe de frecventa

- arata gradul de repetabilitate al unei actiuni

Exemple: always, constantly, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, never

G. Adverbe de probabilitate

- arata gradul de probabilitate a unei actiuni

Exemple: certainly, perhaps, maybe, possibly, definitely

Exercitii:

1. Cunoscand urmatoarele procente corespunzatoare adverbelor de frecventa, realizati propozitiile de mai jos, conform modelului.never ---> 0%rarely ---> 10%sometimes ---> 25%often ---> 50%usually ---> 75%always ---> 100%

Exemplu:Sam / have / shower / evening (75%)Sam usually has shower in the evening.

a) I / eat / cake / afternoon. (25%)b) Tim / sleep / living - room (50%)c) I / go / school / Sunday (0%)d) Dennis / play / tennis / weekends (100%)e) She / run / park / morning (10%)

2. Transformati urmatoarele adjective in adverbe:horrible --->careful --->nervous --->desperate --->slow --->sudden --->bright --->proud --->

3. Subliniati termenul corect din urmatoarele propozitii:a) Denisa was wearing a pretty / prettily dress at the wedding.b) I had a terrible / terribly dream last night.c) Final / Finally, she passed the exam.d) She was walking rapid / rapidly.e) Sam is fluent / fluently in French.f) Was your grammar test easy / easily?

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g) They were talking loud / loudly so everybody could hear them.

4) Alegeti varianta corecta:1. Please don't talk so .................... . I'm trying to sleep.a) louder; b) loudest; c) loudly2. We .................... go on picnics on weekends. We love fresh air.a) never; b) usually; c) seldom3. The bouquet was .................... . She loved it.a) beautiful; b) beautifully; c) ugly.4. James .................... put the broken glass into the rubbish bin.a) careful; b) more carefully; c) carefully

PREPOZIŢIA

A. Prepozitii de miscare

- arata miscarea

Exemple:to, through, across

to - utilizam "to" pentru a arata deplasarea catre o destinatie anume.

Exemplu:I went to Chicago two years ago.

through - utilizam "through" pentru a sugera deplasarea dintr-o parte in alta a unui spatiu inchis.

Exemplu:The cars went through the tunnel.

across - utilizam "across" pentru a sugera miscarea dintr-o parte in alta a unei suprafete.

Exemplu:She flew across the sea.

Alte prepozitii de miscare:along, down, over, off, round, into

B. Prepozitii de loc

- arata locul in care se situeaza obiectele definite

Exemple:at, on, in

at - folosim "at" pentru a arata un anumit loc sau o anumita pozitie.

Exemplu:Someone is at the door.

on - folosim "on" pentru a arata pozitia pe o suprafata verticala sau orizontala.

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Exemplu:The dog is on the roof.

in - folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis.

Exemplu:The parrot is in the cage.

Alte prepozitii de loc:after, among, behind, between, in front of, next to, beside, by, over, above, under, below.

C. Prepozitii de timp

- pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni

Exemple:at, on, in

at - pentru a arata timpul exact.

Exemplu:She left at 7.00 a.m.

on - pentru anumite date sau zile

Exemple:She arrived on Monday.Her birthday is on 23rd of October.

in - pentru o perioada de timp nespecificata, necunoscuta din timpul unui an, zi, luna, anotimp.

Exemple:It is very cold in Winter.I left Romania in 1989.

Alte prepozitii de timp:after, by, since, during, for, throughout

Exercitii:

1. Completati cu prepozitia corecta:of, on, at, to, with, in, for, along

1) His t-shirt has a picture ______ it.2) The queen ______ England wanted to wear golden dress at her wedding.3) I went ______ Brussels last week.4) She spent the afternoon ______ her friends.5) We walked ______ the banks of River Seine.6) She's been waiting ______ me for about four hours.7) What's the weather like ______ Paris?8) She was ______ the cinema last evening.

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2. Traduceti in limba engleza:

1) Mihaela a plecat la munte la ora 8 dimineata.2) Statuia este in fata stadionului.3) In spatele operei se afla un hotel.4) Trenul a trecut prin tunel foarte rapid.5) Lui Philip ii place sa zboare deasupra oceanului.

3. Completati spatiile libere cu prepozitia corecta:in, on, at, to

1) They live ____ Dubai.2) We are staying ____ a nice hotel.3) Philip always plays tennis ____ the afternoon.4) They where very close ____ their cat.5) We got ____ the first train to Sibiu.6) Romania is ____ Europe.7) You are going ____ a city tour tomorrow.

PREZENTUL SIMPLU

A. Mod de formare

Afirmativ:Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv(la persoana a III-a singular se adauga terminatia „-s" sau „-es")

Exemple:1. I go to school every day. 2. He reads a book every month. 3. She lives in Bucharest.

Interogativ:Do / Does (pers.III, sg.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv

Exemple:1. Do you go to school every day? 2. Does he read a book every month? 3. Does she live in Bucharest?

Negativ:Subiect + do / does (pers.III, sg.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv Se folosesc adesea contractiile don't (do + not) si doesn't (does + not)

Exemple:1. I don't go to school every day. 2. He doesn't read a book every month. 3. She doesn't live in Bucharest.

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B. Reguli pentru adaugarea terminatiei „-s" sau „-es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a singular

! La majoritatea verbelor se adauga terminatia „-s" la persoana a III-a singular la afirmativ

Exemple: I talk – He talks I work – He works I sleep – He sleeps

! Verbelelor care se termina in –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o li se adauga terminatia „-es"

Exemple: I kiss – He kisses I wish – He wishes I catch – He catches I mix – He mixes I go – He goes

! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o consoana, se inlocuieste litera y cu litera i, iar apoi se adauga terminatia „-es"

Exemple: I fly – He fliesI study – He studiesI cry – He cries

! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o vocala, se adauga terminatia „-s"

Exemple: I pay – He paysI stay – He stays I play – He plays

C. Folosim Prezentul Simplu pentru:

• activitati zilnice, saptamanale, lunare, anuale Exemple: I go to the mountains every month. We have breakfast at 7.30 every morning.

• obiceiuri, hobby-uri Exemple: She plays tennis in her free time. In the summer, they go to the seaside.

• situatii permanente Exemplu: He lives in Paris. I work as a manager.

• a exprima actiuni care respecta un anumit program Exemple:

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The bus for Bucharest lives at 12.15 on Monday. I have Maths Friday at 11.30.

• situatii emotionale Exemple: I love my girlfriend very much. He hates cats.

• adevaruri generale Exemple:The earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100°C.

D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Simplu:

every day/ week/ month/ year etc., every morning/ evening/ afternoon/ night, usually, always, sometimes, often, never, in the morning/evening/night etc.

Exemple:1. He goes to the gim every day. 2. I play football every week. 3. We go to the dentist every year.4. She watches TV every evening. 5. She usually studies hard for her exams. 6. I always do my homework. 7. He sometimes goes shopping. 8. I often play pool with my friends.9. She never go to school by bus.10. In the evening we play Monopoly.

Exercitii:

1. Puneti propozitiile urmatoare la persoana a III-a singular. Consultati mai intai exemplul:Exemplu:They live in Craiova. (He) He lives in Craiova, too.

1. I fly from Bucharest to Rome every week. (Mary) 2. We usually play in the park. (John) 3. They like their jobs very much. (He) 4. I want a new car. (She) 5. You wake up at 7 o'oclock. (Paul) 6. You always wash the dishes. (Angela) 7. We watch TV every afternoon. (Tom) 8. I go to school by bus. (My brother) 9. You cook every Saturday. (My mother) 10. We study hard for our exams. (Mark)

2. Scrieti forma interogativa a urmatoarelor propozitii: Exemplu:You like swimming. Do you like swimming?

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1. He lives in Bucharest. 2. You wear an uniform at school. 3. My father drives very well. 4. Mr. Smith teaches English. 5. You like pizza and hamburgers. 6. My neighbour works as an engineer. 7. Your father repairs the car every month. 8. We drink coffee every morning. 9. Mary pays her bills every month. 10. He goes to bed very early every evening.

3. Folositi forma negativa pentru propozitiile urmatoare, folosind cuvintele din paranteze, la fel ca in exemplul de mai jos:Exemplu:I like Maths. (Physics) I like Maths, but I don't like Physics

1. Mary writes postcards. (letters) 2. I go to the cinema. (theatre) 3. They read newspapers. (books) 4. You study French. (English) 5. Mr. Brown works in an office. (at home) 6. I like football. (rugby) 7. He drives a car. (a lorry) 8. Dan and John travel by train. (plane) 9. We drink tea. (coffee) 10. She plays chess every day. (tennis)

4. Formulati propozitii folosind conjunctia but: Exemple:I watch TV every evening. (John) I watch TV every evening, but John doesn't. He doesn't speak French. (they) He doesn't speak French, but they do.

1. Julia washes the dishes. (I) 2. He doesn't want to go to the seaside. (his girlfriend) 3. I go to the cinema every week. (they) 4. She doesn't swim. (her sister) 5. We have breakfast early in the morning. (Paul) 6. I don't play football. (my best friend) 7. Me and my brother play on the computer. (Michael) 8. John doesn't read the newspaper every day. (we) 9. My mother likes to go shopping. (I) 10. You don't travel by plane. (she)

5. Adauga propozitiilor de mai jos adverbele din paranteze: Exemplu:I have lunch at 12 o'clock. (always) I always have lunch at 12 o'clock.

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1. My sister gets up at 10 o'clock. (usually) 2. We play football on Sundays. (sometimes) 3. I go out with a stranger. (never) 4. She listens to music in the evening. (always) 5. He goes to school by bus. (often) 6. I eat a hamburger in the morning. (never) 7. I read the newspaper in the evening. (usually)8. In the morning I play on the computer. (sometimes)9. Mother washes the dishes in the evening. (always) 10. They go skiing in the winter. (often)

PREZENTUL CONTINUU

A. Mod de formare

Afirmativ:Subiect + to be (conjugat in functie de persoana) + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. I'm writing an article now.2. They are playing football.3. She is having lunch at this moment.

Interogativ:To be (conjugat in functie de persoana) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Am I writing an article now?2. Are they playing football?3. Is she having lunch at this moment?

Negativ:Subiect + to be (conjugat in functie de persoana) + not + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Se folosesc adesea contractiile isn't (is + not) si aren't (are + not)

Exemple:1. I'm not writing an article now. 2. They aren't playing football. 3. She isn't having lunch at this moment

B. Reguli pentru adaugarea terminatiei „-s" sau „-es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a singular

! La majoritatea verbelor se adauga terminatia „-ing" fara nici o modificare:

Exemple:play – playingtry – tryingdrink – drinkingsing - singinggo - goingdraw - drawing

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cook - cookinglearn - learningsend - sendingwash - washing

! La verbele care se termina in litera e precedata de o consoana, se renunta la litera e si se adauga terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:make – makingcome – comingleave – leaving

! La verbele formate dintr-o singura silaba (monosilabice) care se termina intr-o consoana precedata de o vocala, se dubleaza consoana si apoi se adauga terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:get – getting sit – sittinghit – hitting

C. Folosim Prezentul Continuu pentru:

• activitati care se petrec in momentul vorbirii Exemple: She is watching TV now.Mother is washing the dishes at this moment.

• actiuni care se desfasoara pe o perioada mai mare de timp, incluzand si momentul vorbirii Exemple: John is studying Maths for his exam.My brother is writing a book.

• a vorbi despre o intalnire sau despre un aranjament din viitorul apropiat Exemple: He is flying to New York next week.I'm meeting Susan next Sunday.

D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Continuu:

now, at this moment, these days, this week, today, tonight etc.

Exemple:1. Paul is repairing his car now.2. I'm having lunch at this moment.3. He is working hard for a project these days.4. They are going to the basketball game this week.5. I'm writing a letter today.6. I'm watching TV tonight.

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Exercitii:

1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Prezentul Continuu:Exemplu:Diana (play) with Tim now.Diana is playing with Tim now.

1. Everybody (wear) blue T-shirts today.2. I (listen) to classic music at this moment.3. What (do) mother in the kitchen?4. We (organize) a study trip this week.5. Our colleagues (plan) a surprise party for John's birthday these days.6. I (meet) with my best friend at the cinema tonight.7. My father (work) in the garage now.8. This week, you (go) to the theatre with your geography teacher.9. At this moment, in Bucharest, it (rain).10. My friends (travel) to Egypt this week.

2. Corectati afirmatiile false ca in exemplul urmator:Exemplu:Jim is playing basketball. (watch TV)No, Jim is not playing basketball. Jim is watching TV.

1. Mother is cooking at this moment. (iron)2. My brother is learning English now. (study French)3. All my colleagues are working hard for their final exams these days. (plan their holiday)4. The cat is climbing the tree now. (eat a mouse)5. I am taking some photos for my album. (read a book)6. You are drinking Coke Cola now. (drink a coffee)7. Joana is swimming in the pool. (play voleyball on the beach)8. I am making an apple-pie now. (do my homeworks)9. It is raining today. (snow)10. We are riding by bycicle to school. (go by bus)

3. Scrieti forma interogativa a urmatoarelor propozitii:Exemplu:I am having lunch at this moment.Am I having lunch at this moment?

1. We are playing cards.2. Mother is washing dishes.3. My brother is reading a newspaper.4. We are serving breakfast.5. They are decorating the Christmas tree.6. My family is planning a trip to Maldive Islands these days.7. Father is sleeping in the bedroom.8. You are watching a horror movie.9. Your sister is doing her homeworks.10. I am sending a postcard in France now.

4. Alegeti varianta corecta la Prezentul Continuu:

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1. We ............... basketball in the schoolyard.a) play; b) prepare; c) ski2. They ............... a movie in the dining-room.a) watch; b) play; c) eat3. My friends and I ............... some flowers in the garden.a) read; b) water; c) travel4. I ............... my homeworks at Maths.a) do; b) make; c) give5. You ............... a novel to your little brother.a) read; b) create; c) put6. The poet ............... a poem about love at this moment.a) create; b) give; c) look7. I ............... after my lost cat.a) look; b) search; c) spend8. ........ we ............... to the cinema tonight?a) go; b) watch; c) eat9. The sun ............... brightly.a) show; b) shine; c) rain10. My friends ............... on a picnic without me.a) go; b) play; c) read

5. Corectati forma gresita a verbului:

1. I am makeing an apple-pie.2. Mary is comeing from Italy today.3. We are siting in the living-room.4. He is geting off the bus at the first station.5. My brother isn't writeing poems.6. You aren't plaing with kids.7. They are leaveing Bucharest tomorrow evening.8. He is comeing tonight to see me.9. She is haveing lunch at this moment.10. Are you flyng to New York next week?

TRECUTUL SIMPLU

A. Mod de formare

Afirmativ:Subiect + Vb.II (terminatia "-ed" pentru verbele regulate)

Exemple:1. I wrote a book last year.2. He went to a football game last week.3. We played in the park yesterday.

Interogativ:Did + Subiect + Vb.I?

Exemple:1. Did you write a book last year?2. Did he go to a football game last week?

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3. Did you play in the park yesterday?

Negativ:Subiect + didn't + Vb.I

Exemple:1. I didn't write a book last year. 2. He didn't go to a football game last week. 3. We didn't play in the park yesterday.

B. Folosim Trecutul Simplu pentru:

• activitati terminate care s-au petrecut in trecutExemple:She was in France 2 years ago.We bought a new washing machine 2 weeks ago.

• actiuni incheiate care s-au petrecut la un moment determinat in trecutExemple: They were in England in 1981.I left Bucharest in april 1994.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Simplu:

yesterday, at this time yesterday, 2 days ago, 2 months ago, last year, last week, the day before yesterday

Exemple:1. Diana went in Belgium 3 years ago.2. I was having lunch at this time yesterday.3. They played football 2 hours ago.4. Paul taught English and French 3 months ago.5. She left town the day before yesterday.

Exercitii:

1. Scrieti forma corecta a verbului din paranteza la Trecutul Simplu:

1. I (watch) a horror movie yesterday evening.2. Mary (play) in the garden with her dog yesterday morning.3. Two days ago, John (go) with his mother at the doctor. 4. Mary (talk) a lot during the French lesson.5. My mother (wash) many clothes yesterday evening.6. I (do not enjoy) the movie from last night.7. I (solve) the Math problem very quickly.8. I (prepare) my luggage yesterday.9. I (be) at school when you called me.10. When you were young, you (live) in the countryside.

2. Folositi cuvintele din paranteze pentru a realiza propozitii negative precum in exemplu:Exemplu:Mary liked the apple pie. (the soup)

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Mary liked the apple pie, but she didn't like the soup.

1. I played in the schoolyard. (in the garden) 2. My friend went to the mountain. (to the seaside) 3. I travelled abroad 2 days ago. (1 month ago) 4. Yesterday I visited Mr. Peterson. (Mrs Smith) 5. During lunch, I listened a football game on the radio. (music) 6. You called me at 10 o'clock a.m. (12 o'clock) 7. I arrived at home early in the morning. (in the afternoon) 8. You received a computer on your birthday. (a car) 9. It rained 2 days ago. (last week) 10. Mike repaired his car. (bicycle)

3. Treceti la Trecutul Simplu verbele neregulate de mai jos, precum in exemplu:Exemplu:I leave school at 2 o'clock yesterday.I left school at 2 o'clock yesterday.

1. I eat a delicious soup at the restaurant 2 days ago.2. My family buy a new car 3 months ago.3. I read a very interesting novel yesterday evening.4. Mary speak with her English teacher last week, about her exams.5. Last Monday, John write to his mother a letter.6. Last winter, I make a beautiful snowman in front of the house.7. You give your sister a necklace for her birthday.8. Last year, Tim become a doctor.9. Mrs. Thompson teach Spanish and English every Monday and Wednesday.10. Father come from the office late at noon.

4. Treceti urmatoarele verbe la Trecutul Simplu:Exemple:I seeI saw

I watch I watched

1. I sleep2. He plays3. He run4. You speak 5. They don't read 6. He doesn't feel 7. I meet 8.He catches 9. You wake up10. They leave

5. Raspundeti la urmatoarele intrebari conform precizarilor din paranteze (vezi exemplu) Exemplu:When did she leave Bucharest? (2 years ago)She left Bucharest 2 years ago.

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1. Where did you sleep last night? (at Cathy's) 2. When did you read this book? (3 weeks ago) 3. When did you find out about Susan's problems? (last Monday)4. Where did you meet your friends? (in the park) 5. When did she study French (2 years ago) 6. Where did he work last year (in a bank) 7. When did they divorce? (4 years ago) 8. How did she die? (in a train accident) 9. Who was Mihai Eminescu? (a Romanian poet) 10. When was he born? (in 1973)

TRECUTUL CONTINUU

A. Mod de formare

Afirmativ:Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. I was learning a poem at this time yesterday.2. You were watering the flowers at this time yesterday.3.They were mending the radio at this time yesterday.

Interogativ:Was (pers.I/III sg) / Were (restul pers.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Was I learning a poem at this time yesterday?2. Were you watering the flowers at this time yesterday?3. Were they mending the radio at this time yesterday?

Negativ:Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Se folosesc adesea contractiile wasn't (was + not) si weren't (were + not)

Exemple:1. I wasn't learning a poem at this time yesterday.2. You weren't watering the flowers at this time yesterday.3.They weren't mending the radio at this time yesterday.

B. Folosim Trecutul Continuu pentru:

• a exprima o actiune in desfasurare ce a avut loc in trecutExemple: She was playing in her room at this time yesterday.They were listening music at this time last Saturday.

• a exprima o actiune repetata de-a lungul unei perioade de timp Exemple: Did she ask any questions?Oh, she was asking questions all the time.

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Did he buy any sweets?.Oh, he was buying sweets all the time.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Continuu:

at this time yesterday, from ... to ..., all day, for ...

Exemple:1. Tom was typing some letters at this time yesterday .2. She was playing quitar from 6 to 8 o'clock.3. They were laughing all day.4. She was living in an old building for 6 years.

Exercitii:

1. Spune ce facea fiecare pe vremea aceasta, martea trecuta:Exemplu:Father was in the living-room. (watch) Father was watching TV.

1. My mother was in the kitchen. (cook) 2. Daniel was in the garden. (water flowers)3. Grandma was in the bedroom. (sleep) 4. Their friends were at the disco. (dance) 5. Aunt Mary and uncle John were in the garage. (repair car)

2. Ieri dimineata, toti elevii din clasa a sasea erau in clasa si se pregateau pentru testul de la matematica. Spune ce facea fiecare cand a intrat profesorul. Exemplu:Ana and Mary / clean the blackboard. Ana and Mary were cleaning the blackboard.

1. Christian / talk to his deskmate. 2. Victor / repeat some geometry formulas.3. Diana and Helen / look at some exercises. 4. George / read the math lesson. 5. Andreea / write her homework.

3. Treceti verbele la Trecutul Continuu:Exemplu:We are reading Shakespeare now.We were reading Shakespeare at this time yesterday, too.

1. Father is fixing the car in the garage.2. Timothy is painting the wall now.3. Granpa and Grandma are watching a movie now.4. Students are learning new Spanish words now.5. The boys are trying to fix a bicycle now.

4. Treceti verbele din paranteze la Trecutul Continuu:Exemplu:She (sing) for 2 hours yesterday.

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She was singing for 2 hours yesterday.

1. Tom (practice) in the language lab from 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. yesterday.2. Mother (cook) all day yesterday.3. My friends (watch) TV for 6 hours yesterday.4. Pupils (study) Spanish from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m..5. From 3 to 5 I (play) tennis yesterday afternoon.

5. Treceti verbele din paranteze la Trecutul Continuu. Aceste verbe exprima o actiune trecuta care a avut loc o perioada mai lunga de timp.Exemplu:I (work) in a restaurant in the centre of the city.I was working in a restaurant in the centre of the city.

1. I (live) in an old building.2. Mother (visit) me twice a week.3. I (share) my room with 2 girls.4. I (work) on Saturdays twice a month.5. I had a very good friend, Tom, and he (work) in the same restaurant with me.

Prezentul Perfect Simplu

A. Mod de formare

Afirmativ:Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la forma a III-a

Exemple:1. I have washed her blouse.2. He has written his homework.3. We have learnt our English lesson.

Interogativ:Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + vb. la forma a III-a

Exemple:1. Have I washed her blouse?2. Has he written his homework?3. Have we learnt our English lesson?

Negativ:Subiect + have/has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la forma a III-aSe folosesc adesea contractiile haven't (have + not) si hasn't (has + not)

Exemple:1. I haven't washed her blouse.2. He hasn't written his homework.3. We haven't learnt our English lesson.

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B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Simplu pentru:

• a exprima o actiune incheiata de curand, dar nu se cunoaste cu exactitate momentul incheierii acesteiaExemple: I have cooked a delicious steak.They have finished their homeworks.

• a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent; efectele actiunii se resimt si in prezentExemple: I have lived here since 1994.We have started classes for 3 hours.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu:

already, just, yetExemple:1. He has already finished his classes.2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.3. They haven't written the exercise yet.

never, ever, oftenExemple:1. I have never heard such a thing.2. Have you ever read this news?3. I have often travelled by car to the countryside.

ever and beforeExemplu:Have you ever heard this song before?

for and sinceExemple:1. I've had my own car for four years.2. She has been ill since yesterday.

until now, so far, up to nowExemple:1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now.2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage.3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer.

Exercitii:

1. Pune verbele din paranteza la Prezentul Perfect Simplu, ca in exemplul de mai jos:Exemplu:Tom .......... (write) .......... his homework.Tom has just written his homework.

1. I .......... (fix) .......... my car.2. Father .......... (leave) .......... home.

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3. They .......... (arrive) .......... to the theatre.4. We .......... (see) .......... our Math teacher.5. He .......... (begin) .......... to cry.

2. Construieste propozitii la timpul Prezent Perfect Simplu, cu ajutorul expresiilor din paranteza, ca in exemplele de mai jos:Exemple:I .......... arrive .......... home. (just)I have just arrived home.He .......... paint .......... this picture. (never)He has never painted this picture.They .......... do .......... their homeworks. (yet)They haven't done their homeworks yet.

1. Mary .......... cook .......... the soup. (already)2. John and Tom .......... watch .......... TV. (just)3. We .......... close .......... this window. (never) 4. Pupils .......... miss .......... the English class. (never)5. You .......... lie .......... to your mother. (often)

3. Raspunde la urmatoarele intrebari folosind timpul Prezent Perfect Simplu, ca in exemplele de mai jos:Exemple:Have you ever heard this song before? (never)We have never heard this song before.Have you ever eaten this food before? (often)We have often eaten this food.

1. Has he ever spoken to his cousin before? (never)2. Have they ever played football? (often)3. Have you ever lied to your mother? (never)4. Has she ever skated before? (often)5. Have you ever drunk whisky? (never)

4. Construieste intrebari si raspunsuri ca in exemplul de mai jos:Exemplu:drive the carHave you driven the car yet?I'm afraid I haven't driven it yet.

1. have breakfast2. buy the buster3. send the letter4. clean the bathroom5. wash the dishes

5. Completeaza urmatoarele propozitii ca in exemplul de mai jos, folosind timpul Prezent Perfect Simplu:Exemplu:This is the most beautiful girl I .......... (see)This is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.

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1. That is the most interesting movie he .......... (see)2. This is the best book she .......... (read)3. This is the biggest mall they .......... (visit)4. These are the most attractive souvenirs they .......... (buy)5. Those are the most wonderful monuments they .......... (see)

Prezentul Perfect Continuu

A. Mod de formare

Afirmativ:Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. I have been waiting for your reply since yesterday.2. He has been sending me letters for 3 months.3. We have been crying for 3 hours.

Interogativ:Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + been + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

Exemple:1. Have I been waiting for your reply since yesterday?2. Has he been sending me letters for 3 months?3. Have we been crying for 3 hours?

Negativ:Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"Se folosesc adesea contractiile haven't (have + not) si hasn't (has + not)

Exemple:1. I haven't been waiting for your reply since yesterday.2. He hasn't been sending me letters for 3 months.3. We haven't been crying for 3 hours.

B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Continuu pentru:

• a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut si care nu s-a incheiat incaExemple: She has been eating for ten minutes.They have been working for several hours.

• a descrie stari sau sentimente care au inceput in trecut si au continuat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp si sunt inca prezente in momentul vorbiriiExemple:I have lived here since 1994.We have started classes for 3 hours.

C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Continuu:

sinceExemplu:

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You have been living in Paris since 1996.

forExemplu:They have been watching TV for 3 hours.

so farExemplu:So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London.

everExemplu:Have you ever been listening to the radio?

neverExemplu:I have never been travelling to France until now.

Exercitii:

1. Pune verbele din paranteza la timpul Prezentul Perfect Continuu, ca in exemplul de mai jos:Exemplu:I (travel) abroad for 2 weeks.I have been travelling abroad for 2 weeks.

1. He (write) poems since 1997.2. The children (draw) this map for half an hour.3. The pupil (recite) the poem for ten minutes.4. I (study) English for 4 years.5. Sarah (do) her homework for 2 hours.

2. Reformuleaza urmatoarele propozitii folosind FOR + the last + Prezentul Perfect Continuu, ca in exemplul de mai jos:Exemplu:He began watching TV 2 hours ago.He has been watching TV for the last 2 hours.

1. We began watering the flowers 2 days ago.2. Paul and Jim began writing their homework half an hour ago.3. Mother began going to the doctor 3 months ago.4. Father began cooking for his family 10 minutes ago.5. The poet began composing that poem 1 month ago.

3. Pune la forma interogativa a timpului Prezent Perfect Continuu, propozitiile de mai jos:Exemplu:He has been listening to the radio for 1 hour.Has he been listening to the radio for 1 hour?

1. Children have been staying in the bus for 10 hours.2. Pupils have been playing in the schoolgarden since noon.3. The detective has been investigating this case since 2000.4. The theatre show has been starting for 3 hours.

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5. I have been watching "Young & Restless" since 2001.

4. Completeaza spatiile goale cu "FOR" si "SINCE". Pune verbele din paranteza la Prezentul Perfect Continuu:Exemplu:Helen (study) English .......... last summer.Heleng has been studying English since last summer.

1. We (talk) about that horrible accident .......... half an hour.2. She (cook) a chicken soup .......... 1 hour.3. They (phone) the manager .......... the last five minutes.4. Mary (live) in Manhattan .......... June 1998.5. It (rain) .......... morning.

5. Reformuleaza urmatoarele propozitii folosind "SINCE" si Prezentul Perfect Simplu, ca in exemplul urmator:Exemplu:It is raining. It started on Wednesday.It has been raining since Wednesday.

1. He is crying. He began at noon.2. Father is sleeping. He went to bed at 9 o'clock in the evening.3. We are travelling by train. We left Bucharest yesterday evening.4. The artist is drawing. He started his work in January.5. We are watching the football game. It began at 8 o'clock.

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Lista verbelor neregulate

In aceasta lectie vom vedea care sunt verbele neregulate, care sunt formele lor la infinitiv, trecut si participiu trecut, precum si traducerea lor.

Lista verbelor neregulate

Infinitiv Trecut Participiu trecut Traducere

to abide abode abode a astepta, a sta, a locui

to arise arose arisen a se ridica

to awake awoke awoke a se trezi

to be was, were been a fi

to bear bore born a se naste

to beat beat beaten a bate

to become became become a deveni

to begin began begun a icepe

to behold beheld beheld a zari, a vedea

to bend bent bent a idoi

to beseech besought besought a implora

to bear bore born a se naste

to bet bet bet a paria

to bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita

to bind bound bound a lega

to bite bit bitten a musca

to bleed bled bled a sangera

to bless blest blest a binecuvanta

to blow blew blown a sufla

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to break broke broken a sparge

to breed bred bred a creste

to bring brought brought a aduce

to broadcast broadcast broadcast a transmite prin radio

to burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde

to burst burst burst a izbucni

to buy bought bought a cumpara

to can could been able to a putea, a fi posibil

to cast cast cast a arunca

to catch caught caught a prinde

to choose chose chosen a alege

to cleave cleft cleft a despica

to cling clung clung a se lipi

to come came come a veni

to cost cost cost a costa

to creep crept crept a se tara

to cut cut cut a taia

to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri

to dig dug dug a sapa

to do did done a face

to draw drew drawn a desena

to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa

to drink drank drunk a bea

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to drive drove driven a conduce masina

to dwell dwelt dwelt a locui, a ramane, a insista

to eat ate eaten a manca

to fall fell fallen a cadea

to feed fed fed a hrani

to feel felt felt a simti

to fight fought fought a lupta

to find found found a gasi

to fly flew flown a zbura

to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice

to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea

to foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea

to foretell foretold foretold a prezice

to forget forgot forgotten a uita

to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta

to forgo forwent forgone a renunta la, a da uitarii

forsake forsook forsaken a parasi

to freeze froze frozen a igheta

to get got got a primi

to give gave given a da

to go went gone a merge

to grind ground ground a macina

to grow grew grown a creste

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to hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) a spanzura

to have had had a avea

to hear heard heard a auzi

to hide hid hidden a ascunde

to hit hit hit a lovi

to hold held held a tine

to hurt hurt hurt a rani

to keep kept kept a pastra

to kneel knelt knelt a igenunchia

to knit knit knit a tricota

to know knew known a sti, a cunoaste

to lay laid laid a aseza

to lead led led a conduce

to lean leant leant a se sprijini de

to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a ivata

to leave left left a lasa, a parasi

to lend lent lent a împrumuta (cuiva)

to let let let a permite

to lie lay lain a fi culcat

to light lit lit a aprinde

to lose lost lost a pierde

to make made made a face

to mean meant meant a isemna

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to meet met met a italni

to misgive misgave misgiven a inspira neicredere

to mislead misled misled a induce i eroare

to mistake mistook mistaken a itelege gresit

to outdo outdid outdone a itrece

to overcome overcame overcome a ivinge

to overdo overdid overdone a face exces

to pay paid paid a plati

to put put put a pune

to read read read a citi

to rend rent rent a sfasia, a rupe

to ride rode ridden a calari

to ring rang rung a suna

to rise rose risen a se ridica

to run ran run a alerga

to say said said a spune

to see saw seen a vedea

to seek sought sought a cauta

to sell sold sold a vinde

to send sent sent a trimite

to set set set a fixa, a regla

to sew sewed sewn (sewed) a coase

to shake shook shaken a scutura, a clatina

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to shave shaved shaven a se barbieri

to shed shed shed a varsa (lacrimi)

to shine shone shone a straluci

to shoe shod shod a icalta, a potcovi

to shoot shot shot a împusca

to show showed shown a arata

to shrink shrank shrunk a se strange

to shut shut shut a ichide

to sing sang sung a canta

to sink sank sunk a se scufunda

to sit sat sat a sta (pe scaun)

to slay slew slain a ucide

to sleep slept slept a dormi

to slide slid slid a aluneca

to sling slung slung a azvarli

to slit slit slit a crapa, a despica

to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi

to smite smote smitten a lovi

to sow sowed sown a semana

to speak spoke spoken a vorbi

to speed sped sped a accelera, a goni

to spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera

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to spend spent spent a petrece, a cheltui

to spill spilt spilt a varsa

to spin spun spun a toarce, a se roti

to spit spat spat a scuipa

to split split split a despica

to spoil spoilt spoilt a strica

to spread spread spread a itinde

to spring sprang sprung a sari, a tasni

to stand stood stodd a sta i picioare

to steal stole stolen a fura

to stick stuck stuck a ifige, a se lipi

to sting stung stung a itepa

to stink stank stunk a mirosi urat

to strike struck struck a lovi

to string strung strung a isira, a icorda

to strive strove striven a se stradui

to swear swore sworn a jura

to sweep swept swept a matura

to swim swam swum a inota

to swing swung swung a se legana

to take took taken a lua

to teach taught taught a ivata, a preda

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to tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia

to tell told told a spune

to think thought thought a gandi, a crede

to throw threw thrown a arunca

to thrust thrust thrust a îmbranci

to tread trod trodden a calca

to underlie underlay underlain a sustine

to understand understood understood a itelge

to upset upset upset a supara

to wake woke woken a se trezi

to wear wore worn a purta

to weave wove woven a tese

to wet wet wet a uda

to win won won a castiga

to wind wound wound a se rasuci

to wring wrung wrung a frange, a smulge

to write wrote written a scrie

 

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Engleză: Gramatică: Verbe noţionale - trecutul simplu (Past Tense Simple)

Când se foloseşte

Trecutul simplu se foloseşte în una dintre următoarele situaţii:

1. Pentru a desemna o acţiune săvârşită şi încheiată într-un moment trecut.

Se foloseşte cu adverbe de timp ca: two hours ago (acum două ore), yesterday (ieri), last week (săptămâna trecută), in 1970 (în 1970) .

Exemplu: I went to the opera last week. (Am fost la operă săptămâna trecută.)

În această situaţie, trecutul simplu se traduce prin perfectul compus (de obicei la persoana a I-a şi a II-a) şi perfectul simplu (aproape exclusiv la persoana a III-a).

Exemple:

I lost my umbrella yesterday. (Mi-am pierdut umbrela ieri.) He said goodbye and left. (Spuse la revedere şi plecă.)

2. Pentru a desemna o acţiune repetată în trecut.

Se foloseşte cu adverbe de frecvenţă:

definite: weekly (săptămânal), three times a day (de trei ori pe zi) etc indefinite: often (des), usually (de obicei) etc

În această situaţie, trecutul simplu se traduce prin imperfect.

Exemplu:

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She often left her English textbook at home. (Deseori îşi uita manualul de engleză acasă.)

Cum se formează

Afirmativ

Aici există o diferenţă în formarea timpului între verbele regulate şi cele neregulate.

Verbe regulate Verbe neregulateEngleză Română Engleză Română

Subiect verb (infinitiv scurt)+ED

Subiect forma a II-a a verbului neregulat

To work – worked - worked

To write – wrote - written

I worked hard yesterday.Am muncit mult ieri.

I wrote a letter yesterday.Am scris o scrisoare ieri.

You worked hard yesterday

Ai muncit mult ieri. You wrote a letter yesterday.Ai scris o scrisoare ieri.

He/she worked hard yesterday.

El/ea a muncit mult ieri.

He/she wrote a letter yesterday.

El/ea a scris o scrisoare ieri.

We worked hard yesterday.

Noi am muncit mult ieri.

We wrote a letter yesterday.Noi am scris o scrisoare ieri.

You worked hard yesterday.

Voi aţi muncit mult ieri.

You wrote a letter yesterday.Voi aţi scris o scrisoare ieri.

They worked hard yesterday.

Ei au muncit mult ieri.

They wrote a letter yesterday.Ei au scris o scrisoare ieri.

ED se pronunţă astfel:

[D] când verbele se termină în vocală sau consoană sonoră (b, g, l, m, n, v, z, dz)

Exemple: play-played, arrive-arrived

[T] când verbele se termină în consoană surdă (f, k, p, s)

Exemple: like-liked, cross-crossed

[ID] când verbele se termină în t sau d

Exemple: want-wanted, nod-nodded

Negativ

Formarea timpului între verbele regulate şi cele neregulate se face identic.

Verbe regulate Verbe neregulateEngleză Română Engleză Română

Subiect DID NOT/DIDN’T verb(infinitiv scurt)

Subiect DID NOT/DIDN’T verb(infinitiv scurt)

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I didn’t work hard yesterday.Nu am muncit mult ieri.

I didn’t write a letter yesterday.

Nu am scris o scrisoare ieri.

You didn’t work hard yesterday.

Nu ai muncit mult ieri.

You didn’t write a letter yesterday.

Nu ai scris o scrisoare ieri.

He/she didn’t work hard yesterday.

El/Ea nu a muncit mult ieri.

He/she didn’t write a letter yesterday.

El/Ea nu a scris o scrisoare ieri.

We didn’t work hard yesterday.

Noi nu am muncit mult ieri.

We didn’t write a letter yesterday.

Noi nu am scris o scrisoare ieri.

You didn’t work hard yesterday.

Voi nu aţi muncit mult ieri.

You didn’t write a letter yesterday.

Voi nu aţi scris o scrisoare ieri.

They didn’t work hard yesterday.

Ei nu au muncit mult ieri.

They didn’t write a letter yesterday.

Ei nu au scris o scrisoare ieri.

Interogativ

Formarea timpului între verbele regulate şi cele neregulate se face identic.

Verbe regulate Verbe neregulateEngleză Română Engleză Română

DID Subiect verb (infinitiv scurt)

DID Subiect verb (infinitiv scurt)

Did I work hard yesterday?

Am muncit mult ieri?

Did I write a letter yesterday?

Am scris o scrisoare ieri?

Did you work hard yesterday?

Ai muncit mult ieri?Did you write a letter yesterday?

Ai scris o scrisoare ieri?

Did he/she work hard yesterday?

El/Ea a muncit mult ieri?

Did he/she write a letter yesterday?

El/Ea a scris o scrisoare ieri?

Did we work hard yesterday?

Noi am muncit mult ieri?

Did we write a letter yesterday?

Noi am scris o scrisoare ieri?

Did you work hard yesterday?

Voi aţi muncit mult ieri?

Did you write a letter yesterday?

Voi aţi scris o scrisoare ieri?

Did they workhard yesterday?

Ei au muncit mult ieri?

Did they write a letter yesterday?

Ei au scris o scrisoare ieri?

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