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Grade VISocial Studies(Booklet)

HISTORY Chapter 1 Q. What is Archaeology? And what are the people who study archaeology called? Ans: The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artefacts and other physical remains. The people who study these fields are known as archaeologist. Q. What are the different written or documented source from which we come to know about history? Ans: some of the written sources of history are : official document, entries from a diary, an inventory, extracts from a newspaper and a map. Q. What is Pre-history? Ans: Pre-history is the period prior to the time where no written record were available. Q.Why do you think chronology is important for the study of history? Ans: Chronology is important because the exact order in which events occur helps us understand the cause and the effect of those events. Chapter 2 Q.How was Mesolithic age different from Palaeolithic Age? Ans:

S.No.

Palaeolithic Age

Mesolithic Age

1.

The most primitive period was the Palaeolithic age (Old Stone

Age).

Mesolithic age (Middle Stone Age) was a period between Palaeolithic and Neolithic Age.

2.

This age spread from 2 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago.

The period covered about from 12,000 years ago up to 10,000

years ago.

3.

This period had the longest human history i.e. 99% of the

generation of humankind was covered in this period.

During this period small stone tools were used, known as microliths. Environmental changes were gone through in this age. E.g. studies showed that the ice age ended in this period.

Q. Why is fire considered such an important element of the Palaeolithic Age? Ans : Fire was discovered in early stone age also known as the Palaeolithic age that is why it is known as an important element of that age. Q.Why did people first settle near river valleys or plains? Ans: Water is vital for the all the lifeforms on earth. Rivers make the valleys or the plains fertile that supports vegetation, animal husbandry etc.

Chapter 3 Q. Write a note of one technique of tool making . Ans: Stone tools were often made by striking the big stone and making flakes with the help of a hammer. The process of reductionism is done to make various tools like knives, monoliths, scrapers, etc. Q.What was flint? what was its main use? Ans: Flint is a hard, tough chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock that breaks with a conchoidal fracture. Flint has been used by humans to make stone tools for at least two million years. Early men made knife blades, spear points, arrowheads, scrapers, axes, drills, and other sharp tools with the flint using a method known as flintknapping. Q.What do you understand by Neolithic Age? Ans: Neolithic or new stone age was the last stone age period and was marked by the development of agriculture. It lasted from about 5000 BC to 2500 BC and ended with the development of metal tools. Q.How did people evolve from hunter-gatherers and became farmers? Ans: Palaeolithic people were living in small groups. They were hunter-gatherers i.e. they lived by picking plants and hunting wild animals.

1. However, people started to practise farming in the Mesolithic age. 2. People in this age started fishing, cultivated plants and domesticated animals. 3. Due to extreme climate changes, surroundings and food availability were highly affected

and hence adaptation was necessitated in this period. 4. Animal size began to reduce and then people started making stone tools whereas earlier

tools were made of animal bones. 5. People began to settle in a particular place and started dwelling in huts thus leading a

sedentary life. Q.How was the invention of wheel beneficial ? Ans: Discovery of wheel marks one of the earliest technological developments made my man. Having done this, he achieved major breakthrough in the direction of attaining speed and transportation. Chapter 4 Q.Why is Harappan civilisation known as the Indus Valley Civilisation? Ans: Harappan civilization was based next to river Indus. Thus Harappan civilization was also called Indus valley civilization.

Q. Discovery of great bath has been important. Why? Ans: The Great Bath is important as gives us an idea of the religious practices of the period. Most scholars agree that this tank would have been used for special religious functions where water was used to purify and renew the well being of the bathers. Q. What was the chief occupation of the Harappans and how was their social life? Ans: Essentially a city culture, Harappan life was supported by extensive agricultural production and by commerce, which included trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). The people made tools and weapons from copper and bronze but not iron. Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated; and a number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated. Harappan culture was conservative and remained relatively unchanged for centuries; whenever cities were rebuilt after periodic flooding, the new level of construction closely followed the previous pattern. Although stability, regularity, and conservatism seem to have been the hallmarks of this people, it is unclear who wielded authority, whether an aristocratic, priestly, or commercial minority. Q. What do you think were the main causes of the decline of the Indus Valley Civilisation? Ans: Reasons for the decline of Indus Valley Civilization, are as follows :

● Large scale burning down of settlements. ● Natural calamities like earthquakes and floods. ● Change in the course of the river Indus, leaving the cities without a definite source of

water supply. ● Invasion by foreigners, probably the Aryans who came around 1500 BC. ● Could have been a possible massacre as fractured skulls have been found.

Q.What were the religious beliefs of the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation? Ans. The people of the Indus Valley show signs of nature worship along with the worship of other deities. 1) Mother Goddess was worshipped along with other Gods such as Shiva. 2) They were familiar with some form of yoga and meditation 3) They believed in some kind of a tree of life, which is depicted in the seals as a Pipal or Acacia tree. Chapter 5 Q.What are the four types of vedas and which is the oldest one? Ans: There are 4 types of vedas-

1. Rigveda 2. Yajurveda 3. Atharva Veda

4. Samaveda Rig veda is the oldest one. Q.What were the social divisions of the early Vedic Age? Ans: There were 4 castes in which the society was divided in the early Vedic age. They are, brahmins who used to teach vedas, kshatriyas were warriors vaishyas were businessmen and shudras have to serve the other 3 castes Q.Why is the Early Vedic Age known as the Rigvedic Period? Ans: The Early Vedic Age is also known as the Rigvedic period as the Rig Veda was composed during this period. Chapter 6 Q.what are Mahajanapadas? Ans: Mahajanapadas refers to the great kingdoms or nations existing during Vedic period. a. They existed in the ancient times from the 6th to 4th centuries BC. b. Examples of Mahajanpadas are: Vajji, kashi, Malla, Chedi etc. c. Rajas of Mahajanapadas built forts to protect from enemy attacks and also to showcase their strength and power. d. Rajas also maintained army. e. The rulers of Mahajanapadas appointed officials to collect taxes. Q. What were the two major changes in agriculture during the time of formation of new kingdoms? Ans: The two major changes that took place in agriculture during the time of Mahajanapadas were 1. The increase in the use of iron ploughshares. This enabled farmers to cultivate heavy and clayey soil in a more efficient manner than pre-existing wooden ploughshares. This increased agricultural output. 2. The start of the transplantation of paddy. Thus, instead of just scattering seeds, people started growing paddy saplings separately and then transferring them to fields. Why were forts built in the Mahajanapadas? Q. Who all were supposed to pay taxes in the Janapadas? Ans: Taxes on crops were the most important. This was because most people were farmers. Usually, the tax was fixed at 1/6th of what was produced. This was known as bhaga or a share. • There were taxes on crafts persons as well. These could have been in the form of labour. For example, a weaver or a smith may have had to work for a day every month for the king. • Herders were also expected to pay taxes in the form of animals and animal produce. • There were also taxes on goods that were bought and sold, through trade. • And hunters and gatherers also had to provide forest produce to the raja.

Chapter 7 Q. What were the upanishads? Ans: The term Upanishad is derived from upa (near), ni (down) and s(h)ad (to sit). In ancient Indian teaching system groups of pupils sit near the teacher to learn from him the secret doctrine. Upanishad means brahma-knowledge by which ignorance is loosened or destroyed. In the Upanishads the spiritual meanings of the Vedic texts are brought out and emphasized in their own right. The Upanishads more clearly set forth the prime Vedic doctrines. The Upanishads constitute what we call the Vedanta (Vedanta), the end of the Vedas, not merely because they constitute the last part of them, but above all because they are their ultimate teachings, reaching to the highest metaphysical state. Q. Explain the Law of Karma as talked about in the Upanishads. Ans: Upanishads are the philosophical texts of Hindu religion whose main principles centre around the idea of karma. a. It identifies Karma or deeds as a principle of cause and effect based on actions. b. It believes in the cycle of death and rebirth based on past actions. c. It is your karma in the previous life that determines your condition in your present life. d. Upanishads consider karma as the fundamental law of nature. Q. Discuss the main principles of Jainism. Ans: Mahavira preached that right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct together were the real path to free the soul from the bondage of karma.His teachings can be categorised as five pillars of Jainism:

● Not to cause harm to any living beings . ● To speak the harmless truth only. ● Not to take anything not properly given. ● Not to indulge in sexual pleasures. ● Complete detachment from people, places, and material things.

Q.Give five similarities between Jainism and Buddhism. Ans: The following points may help you to draw comparisons: a. Buddhism is basically based on the teaching of Gautama Buddha, whereas Jainism is based on the beliefs of Lord Mahavira. b. Buddhism though originated in India and Nepal, and is practised in many Asian countries. Jainism is primarily confined to India. c. The main objective of Buddhism has been to achieve enlightenment. Jainism believes in liberation from the cycle of rebirth. Though both propagate same teachings but they may hold different meanings.

d. Buddhism believed that women can attain nirvana, salvation, Jainism on the other hand believed that women ought to be reborn as a man to attain liberation. e.Both extensively contributed in the field of language and literature, in development of Prakrit language f. Teachings of both Buddha and Mahavir impacted the people as they believed in the values of simplicity, ahimsa, kindness. Q.What was the role of Sanghas in the spread of Buddhism and Jainism? Ans: Sangha was an association of those who left their homes.The members of the Sangha were mainly followers of Buddhism or Jainism.They travelled to various places spreading the ideas of Mahavira and Buddha.In this way,Buddhism and Jainism spread to different places. Q. What were the main teachings of Mahavira? Ans: The main teachings of Mahavira were that men and women who wanted to know the truth must leave their homes, they had to follow the strict rules of ahimsa, lead simple lives and had to observe celibacy. Chapter 8 Q. What was Dhamma? Ans: Ashoka's dhamma was a humanitarian approach towards governance and policy making. It spread kindness, generosity, ahimsa and piety. His transformation to a benevolent ruler and acceptance of Buddhism inspired him to formulate the basic tenets of dhamma and he got these basic principles inscribed on rocks and pillars for all to read and follow. Q. Write any two steps taken by Ashoka to spread Dhamma. Ans: Some of the basic principles are:

1. Tolerance towards all including slaves and servants. 2. Obedience to elders and aged. 3. Generosity to the needy and the religious men. 4. Practice of non-violence towards men and animals.

It also encouraged welfare measures like the construction of rest houses, hospitals and dispensaries, planting trees alongside highways, condemned animal sacrifices and such rit Q. When was the Kalinga war fought? Why is it considered to be a turning point in the life of Ashoka? Ans: Kalinga war was fought in 265 BC. Given are highlights of the Kalinga War.

● Ashoka, the son of the Mauryan emperor Bindusara and the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, ascended the throne of Magadha and he set out to expand his empire.

● His target was Kalinga (now in Orissa). He sent out a message to Kalinga ruler asking for his submission. But he refused to submit his kingdom to Mauryan empire.

● As a result Ashoka lead a huge army against Kalinga in 261 B.C. ● The people of Kalinga offered a great resistance to the Mauryan army. It turned the whole

of Kalinga into a battlefield. ● But despite the resistance victory ultimately rested with Ashoka. ● The war presented a horrible sight., Ashoka witnessed that the whole terrain was covered

with the corpses of soldiers, soldiers groaning in pain, scavenging birds feasting on their dead bodies, orphaned children mourning and widows looked despaired. It overwhelmed Ashoka and changed his heart. He realized the futility of his victory.

● In the following years, Ashoka gave up violence and deviated towards Buddhism. Q. Describe the growth of the empire under Chandragupta? Ans: Chandragupta maurya went to war with Alexander's representatives and defeated Seleukos and added a large territory of the Macedonian Empire to Mauryan Empire. this was the first step to increase his kingdom. Secondly, he married Licchavi princess of many kingdoms and this increased his kingdom too. Q. Write a short note on the administration of the Mauryas. Ans: 1.The Gupta Empire was divided into 26 provinces. 2.The Gupta administration was more decentralised with more powers been with direct control exerted from the capital in Pataliputra. Chapter 9 Q. what did you understand by Shrenis? What was their function? Ans: Shreni are the craft persons or merchants. These shrenis of crafts persons provided training, procured raw material, and distributed the finished product. Then shrenis of merchants organised the trade. Shrenis also served as banks, where rich men and women deposited money. Q.Why was Mathura considered to be an important town? Ans: Mathura has been important because it was located at the crossroads of two major routes of travel and trade i.e. from the northwest to the east and from north to south.

1. There were fortifications around the city, and several shrines. 2. Mathura was also a centre where some extremely fine sculpture was produced. Around

2000 years ago Mathura became the second capital of the Kushanas. 3. There were Buddhist monasteries, Jaina shrines, and it was an important centre for the

worship of Krishna. Several inscriptions on surfaces such as stone slabs and statues have been found in Mathura.

Q. Why was the phase starting from the 6th century BCE considered to be the phase of second urbanisation? Ans: it was considered to be the phase of second urbanisation because:

a. settlements in the Gangetic plains started to happen b. Towns and goods markets came into existence. c. Guilds were also developed. d. Important seaports that existed were Bharukachcha, Suparaka and Tamralipti e. Present day UP , Bihar became important centres of trade and activity. f. The great inland routes mostly radiated from Banaras and Shravasti. Q.What were the reasons for the expansion of urbanisation in the Gangetic plains? Ans: The conditions that encouraged urbanization in the Gangetic plains included the following:

● The area is very flat and fertile ● It offers very suitable climate for the growth of a wide variety of crops ● Its terrain made it possible for the development of infrastructure that led to the

development of cities ● It is criss-crossed by several rivers that have helped in the human settlements in the area. ● It is for these reasons that the region is also one of the most densely populated areas in

the world. Q. Why did traders and craftsmen form guilds? Ans: Traders formed guilds as Guilds were powerful associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. They had been granted the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products by the rulers. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. Chapter 10 Q. What is silk route? Why is it called so? Ans: The Silk Route is a convenient name for the Trans Asia trade routes through which the trade of silk prospered.Silk route linked the world by means of trade and commerce relationships between various countries. Historians have found several silk routes in land and water, which connected Asia, Europe and North Africa. The trade and exchange dependent on the silk route between these countries. Therefore, it linked the world together. It is called so because silk was the main item of trade. Q. How did the trade through silk route impact other spheres like religion and science? Ans: Religions of the West were introduced into China via the world-famous route. Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheism, Nestorianism and Islam were cultural treasure of the ancient west, which were bestowed upon China during the old times. The Chinese Four Great Inventions (paper making, printing, gunpowder and compass) as well as the skills of silkworm breeding and silk spinning were transmitted to the West.

Q. What were the main features of Bhakti? Ans: The main features of Bhakti were - emphasis on the devotion and individual worship of a deity rather than the performance of sacrifices. Another feature was the housing of deities in temples. Chapter 11 Q. What is a prashasti? Ans: The word prashasti is a sanskrit word which means in praise of.It is a literary style of writing praises about the king but in actual they may not be true. Q. What were the new administrative developments that took place during the Pallavas? Ans: In both the Chaulukyan and Pallavan kingdom, the King was the highest seat of authority. Many, historians believe that the Chalukyan king had unlimited power. He was also the head of justice and the supreme power of the administrative council. The chief queen was known as the Tattamahish'. The king was assisted by his council of ministers. The Prime Minister was known as the Mahamatya. Other important ministers in his council were the maha-danda-nayaka, or chief judicial officer, sandhi-vigrahika or a minister of war and peace. One of the most important aspect of their rule was the local governance. Inscriptions state that Pallava villages had local assemblies. These assemblies had different bodies. One of them was the sabha . The sabha comprised of all brahmin landowners. There were also subcommittees. Each of them looked after either roads, irrigation , agriculture etc. In villages were landowners were not Brahmins, a body called ur was formed. Nagarams emerged as bodies of merchants. Discuss the sources that tell us about the Harshavardhana. Q. What is the main source of the reign of Samudragupta? Where is it located? Ans: We know about Samudragupta from a long inscription, actually a poem in Sanskrit, composed by his court poet, Harishena about 1700 years ago, inscribed on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad. Chapter 12 Q. Write a note on Jataka tales. Ans: Jataka Tales is a famous Indian literature which states mainly about the previous births of Buddha.These tales are passed on from one generation to the other.The stories included in the Jataka Tales are mainly based on wisdom and ethical values of life.These are transmitted among the people throughout the world by translating into different languages.The values of honesty, loyalty, self sacrifice etc. are depicted in the stories. The tales also portray the victory of the good over the evil.

Q. Write a note on paintings during the Gupta period. Ans: The Ajanta caves contain paintings that date from the 2nd century BCE till about 650 CE. The paintings that were made from about 320 CE to 550 CE were made during the period of the Gupta empire. Hence, these paintings are considered Gupta art.

GEOGRAPHY Chapter 1 Q. What are constellations? Give examples. Ans: A constellation is a group of stars, usually in a recognizable shape or pattern. Together, the stars look like a picture. The word constellation comes from Latin: con-, meaning together and stella- meaning stars. Some examples of constellations are Ursa Major, Orion, and Andromeda. Q. Differentiate between stars and planets. Ans: Star

● A star has its own light. ● Stars twinkle at night. ● The relative positions of the stars do not undergo any noticeable change. ● Since the stars are very far away, the telescope can only make them look brighter but not

larger. ● A star has very high temperature. ● There are billions of stars in the celestial sphere

Planet ● A planet has no light of its own. It shines by reflecting the light of the sun. ● Planets do not twinkle. ● Since planets are very much closer to the earth than the stars are, their motion around the

sun is noticeable as a daily shifting of their relative positions in the sky. ● Most planets on the other hand are near enough to the earth to be magnified by the

telescope. ● Planets have low temperatures. ● There are only nine planets in the solar system.

○ Q. Write short note about meteoroids. Ans: Most meteors burn up in the atmosphere, but if they survive the frictional heating and strike the surface of the Earth, they are known as meteorites.They are basically, samples of space rock that fall on to the Earth’s surface from space. As they enter earth's atmosphere friction slows them down and heats them up, and their outer surface starts to burn.

Q. What are satellites ? Ans: Satellites are bodies which are placed in orbit round the Earth or another planet in order to collect information or for communication. One natural satellite is the Moon. Man made satellite INSAT - Indian National Satellite System , IRS - Indian Remote Sensing Q.Why do we always see the same face of the moon? Ans: Only one side of the Moon is visible from Earth because the Moon rotates about its spin axis at the same rate that the Moon orbits the Earth, a situation known as synchronous rotation or tidal locking. Chapter 2 Q. How is the axis of the earth useful in locating places on the globe? Ans: The earth spins on its axis, which intersect the earth's surface at north and south pole.The poles are the natural starting point of graticules, called as longitude and latitude.The spherical grid of the longitude and latitude then help us to locate a particular place on the globe. Q. Why do you think time zones are important? Ans: Due to the rotation of the earth the time differs in different places. To standardize the time of different places of the earth and prevent confusion during long travels, the earth was divided into time zones. This was done by creating time zones that expanded to 15 degrees of longitude . Each zone is an hour different from its neighboring time zones, with a total of 24 time zones corresponding to the 24 hours in a day.

● Around the earth there are 360 longitudes. Each longitude has 4 minutes time difference. As we move to the east we see time advancing. In countries with large longitudinal extent there can can be several longitudes passing through the country.To have a fixed time all over the country, the central longitude's time is considered to be the country's standard time.This time is called the standard time.

● ● It has to be understood that due to Earth's rotation not all spots on the earth receive direct

Sun rays at one particular time. It has been seen that for every longitude the time of the direct rays of Sun differs by 4 mins. Thus as we move right we add 4mins and as we move left we deduct 4mins.

Q. Why is standard time needed for every country? Ans: The main importance of standard time is that it helps in organising a uniform schedule for transport like railways and airways. It cuts down on costs that would be otherwise incurred on adjusting to different time schedules and the subsequent loss of time. It also enhances economic productivity across the country by helping to coordinate economic activities.

Q.Differentiate between longitudes and latitudes. Ans: Latitude is the angular distance of any point on Earth measured north or south of the equator in degrees, minutes and seconds. Longitude is the angular distance of any point on Earth measured east or west of a point on Earth's surface. Q. What do you understand by temperate zone? Ans: Temperate zone is the areas between Tropic of Cancer/Capricorn and Arctic/ Antarctic circle called North and South temperate zones. It has moderate temperature. The midday sun never shines overhead across any latitude in this zone. Chapter 3 Q.What is a leap year? Ans: It is a year that occurs after every four years.earth takes 365 days and 6 hours to complete one rotation. so, 6*4=24 that is one day is added to the month of february.and thus february has 29 days instead of 28 days.and that year has 366 days.this year is called a leap year. Q. Explain the factors that are responsible for the change of season? Ans: We observe season on Earth due to the fact that the Earth is tilted on its axis with respect to the axis of rotation. It is such that different parts of the Earth receive varying amounts of daily sunlight during different parts of the year. Thus, sunlight is an important factor driving seasonal changes. In northern hemisphere, in summers we receive more sunlight compared to winter months. In the southern hemisphere the seasons are totally reversed. Q.How are days and night caused? Ans: Phenomenon of day and night occurs due to the rotation of earth on its axis. Q.Differentiate between Solstice and equinox. Ans: There are two forms of Solstice

● They are Summer Solstice, that occur on 21st June and another is Winter Solstice that occur on 22nd December every year

● Equinox occurs on 21st of March and 23rd September every year ● On 21st June, that is, during Summer Solstice, the rays of the Sun falls directly on the

Tropic of Cancer ● This is because the Northern hemisphere is slightly tilted towards the Sun ● As a result, these areas receive more heat than that of the areas near the poles, where less

heat is received ● Hence, these places on 21st of June experiences longest day hours and shortest nights

● This position of the earth is called Summer Solstice ● On 22nd December, the Tropic of Capricorn receives direct heat as the South pole tilts

towards the Sun ● As a result, large portion of South hemisphere receives more heat and light ● Hence, it is summer in Southern hemisphere and the places in it experiences longer days

and shorter nights ● This position of earth is called Winter Solstice ● In Equinox, direct rays of the Sun falls on the Equator on 21st March and 23rd

September ● As none of the poles are tilted towards Sun, all the places on Earth or the whole Earth

experiences equal days and equal nights Q. What will happen if earth stops rotating and revolving? Ans: If the Earth stop rotating and revolving than their will be no change of the day or night. the part facing towards the Sun is having brightness so day and the part opposite to the Sun is having darkness so night permanently. and there is no seasonal change. both of these leads to stoppage of some atmospheric and environmental phenomenon like sea breeze, land breeze, storm, water cycle. ocean current etc. overall effect is life on the Earth is questionable. Chapter 4 Q. What are the three types of Maps? Ans: The different types of maps are:

1. Physical maps-Physical maps,or relief maps,show the natural features of a particular area like forests,rivers,lakes,plateaus etc.

2. Political maps-Political maps show cities,states,countries,and continents. 3. Thematic maps-Thematic maps show specific information like roads in a country,average

rainfall,soil types etc. Q. Why are maps considered to be more helpful than a globe? Ans: A globe is useful when we want to study the Earth as a whole. But, when we want to study only a part of the Earth, it is of little help. For this purpose, we use maps. A map can represent the entire Earth’s surface or a part of it. Maps can be used to show the physical features of the Earth (mountains, plains, oceans, rivers, etc.) , the political divisions of the Earth (countries, states, cities, villages, etc.), and certain specific information (roads, rainfall, forests, industries, etc.) Q. Distinguish between map and globe? Ans: A map is a representation of a the Earth or a region, land or sea in two dimension. It is on a flat sheet of paper and is according to a scale. It shows the region in great detail with the names

of physical features, places, rivers etc,. We have different types of maps specifically for physical features, rivers, forests etc., A globe is a three dimensional representation of the Earth as a whole. There can not be a globe of a specific region or place but there can be a map of a place or region. A globe does not show the features in detail and has only names of countries or cities. Q.How do symbols help in reading a map? Ans: As it is not possible to draw on a map the actual shape and size of different features (e.g., buildings, roads, bridges), they are shown by using certain standard letters, shades, colours, pictures and lines. These symbols give a lot of information in a little space. Using these symbols, maps can be drawn easily. The use of symbols makes maps simple to read Chapter 5 Q. Which planet is known as the blue planet and why? Ans: Earth is known as the blue planet because more than 3/4th part of earth is filled with water, so the earth appears to be blue rather than any other color when observed from the space. Q. What is biosphere? Ans: All the living organisms along with their surroundings in which they interact constitute biosphere. Q. Why is biosphere important for living organisms? Ans: The domain of earth that consists of living beings is known as the biosphere. It is the place where lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere meet. The conditions at the meeting point of these domains are suitable to sustain life Q.Name the different layers of atmosphere? Ans: The different layers of atmosphere are : 1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4.Thermosphere 5. Exosphere Q. Why does the air temperature decrease with an increase in the height? Ans: As altitude increases, air pressure decreases due to the decreased weight of air above. With less pressure, the density decreases. More than three-fourths of the air is concentrated within a layer averaging about 7 statute miles thick, called the troposphere. This is the region of most “weather,” as the term is commonly understood. The top of the troposphere is marked by a thin transition zone called the tropopause, immediately above which is the stratosphere. Beyond this lie several other layers having distinctive

characteristics. The average height of the tropopause ranges from about 5 miles or less at high latitudes to about 10 miles at low latitudes. Chapter 6 Q. How are mountains formed? Ans: Mountain formation refers to the geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains. These processes are associated with large-scale movements of the earth's crust (plate tectonics).[1]Mountain formation is related to plate tectonics.Folding,faulting,volcanic activity,igneous intrusion andmetamorphismare all parts of the orogenic process of mountain building.[2]The understanding of specific landscape features in terms of the underlying tectonic processes is called tectonic geomorphology, and the study of geologically young or ongoing processes is called neotectonics. Q.Why do you think rivers valleys densely populated? Ans: A river plain is densely populated as the topography of the region is suitable for human habitation. The soil is fertile for cultivation owing to deposits of sediments by rivers. The plain topography is also suitable for construction of roads and settlements. These factors contribute significantly to high population densities in river plains. Q.How are plains formed? Ans: Plains are formed by the sediments that are deposited over millions of years by rivers which flow from mountains. Rivers carry sediment from rocks in the mountains which are then deposited by rivers on flat terrain. These sediments accumulate over time and form plains. Q.Define a plateau. Why are they useful to human beings? Ans: Plateau is a flat table land, reasonably high with steep slopes on one or more sides. Plateaus are very useful because it is a storehouse of minerals that are used as raw materials for many industries.It provides us with food materials and raw materials for our industries.The lava plateaus are rich in black soil good for cultivation. many plateaus are great attraction to tourists. Discuss how plateaus are different from mountains. Chapter 7 Q.Why are the northern plains so densely populated? Ans: Northern plains are densely populated as :- 1.They are very fertile with alluvium soil. 2.Moderate temperature 3.With good supply of water. 4.Transportation and construction of houses easy.

Q. Lakshadweep is known as the coral island. Why? Ans: Lakshadweep is made from tiny marine animals known as polyps. The skeleton of these creature after they die are known as coral. Since Lakshadweep contains many polyps it is known as coral islands Q.Differentiate between Western ghats and eastern ghats. Ans:

Western Ghat

Eastern Ghat

Run parallel to Arabian Sea Coast

Run alongside the Bay of Bengal sea coast

Western Ghats appear to an average elevation of 1,000 m from the western coastal plains and appear to be an imposing mountain. they slope gently on their eastern flank

Eastern Ghats is a chain of highly broken hills, lower in elevation as compared to western ghats

Q.Name the major physical divisions of India. Ans: he following are the main physiographic divisions of India: i) The Himalayan Mountains ii) The Northern Plains iii) The Peninsular Plateau iv) The Indian Desert v) The Coastal Plains vi) The Islands Q.What are the features of the Great Indian Desert. Ans: Great Indian Desert can be characterised by the following features:

● It is located on the north western frontiers of India, also known as the thar desert ● The rate of precipitation is the least ● Has very extreme temperatures during day or night.

Chapter 8 Q. What are the factors that affect the climate of a place in india. Ans: Factors affecting the climate of world are-

1. Distance from the sea-The distance from the sea affects the climate of a place . Coastal areas are cooler than inland areas.

2. Ocean currents-Ocean currents is responsible for the increase and decrease of temperature.

3. Direction of prevailing wind-Winds which blow from the sea often bring rain in the coastal areas and hot weather to inland areas.

4. The shape of the land or relief-Altitude or relief has a great bearing on the climate of a place .The higher the place ,the cooler it is and lower the place hotter it is because the temperature decreased at the rate of 1 degree Celsius for every 165 metres. These happen because as altitude increases air become thinner and became less able to absorb and retain heat.

5. Distance from the equator-Distance of place from the equator also affect the climate of a place.

6. El nino-It is responsible for drought and flood as El nino affects wind and rainfall pattern El Nino refers to the warming of surface water.thus the warm water pumps energy and moisture into the atmosphere

Q. Which are the four main seasons of India? Ans: On the basis of temperature and precipitation the seasons of India are divided as follows:

● The cold weather season- It lasts from November to February. The northern part of the country experiences colder weather than the southern part. Days are warm and nights are cold. The pattern of winds is the northeast trade winds. Disturbances from the west and northwest cause rainfall over northern plains which are good for rabi crops.

● The hot weather season- It last from March and extends till the middle of June. It is caused by the shifting of the sun northward. The northern plains and Rajasthan desert become extremely hot during this time. Local hot winds called loo blow during this time. Pre-monsoon showers occur towards the end of this season.

● The advancing monsoon- The southwest monsoon advances causing heavy rainfall over the subcontinent. It is very important for the agriculture of the country which is largely dependent on rainfall. It lasts from June to September.

● The retreating monsoon- The low pressure over the subcontinent is replaced by high pressure due to apparent movement of the sun southwards. The southwest monsoon weakens and withdraws from the subcontinent. Days are warm and nights are cool.

The distinguishing factor in the demarcation of the seasons above is temperature and precipitation. Hence, from a climatological perspective, the seasons of India are divided into four. Q. Write a short note on retreating monsoons. Ans: Retreating Monsoon

● These winds blow during October and November. ● These winds are calm. ● The temp. increases again, the land being covered with rainy water, the humidity

becomes high. The temperature goes up. The coastal areas of Tamil Nadu receive maximum rainfall from these retreating winds.

Q. Which winds bring rainfall in India? Ans: The monsoon winds with two branches Arabian sea Branch , Bay of Bengal Branch bring rainfall in India. In India, agriculture is dependent on rains. Good monsoons mean adequate rain, and a bountiful crop. Q. What are the deciduous forest? Ans: The term deciduous forest is used to describe a type of forest in which the dominant species of trees and other woody vegetation shed their leaves during some parts of the year and re-grow new leaves in time for the growing season

CIVICS Chapter 1 Q. How has the caste system harmed the society? Ans: Caste system was very rigid. It segregated people into segments. People were branded due to their castes. Access to resources, employment, education, privileges etc were based on birth. These differential treatment resulted in classes to achieve different levels of economic and social status. Eg: Lower caste or Dalits were not allowed to enter Temples Eg: Upper class had more access to schools, colleges Eg: Lower caste were made to do menial jobs. Thus, Caste system bred inequality. Q. Do you think unity in diversity is an appropriate term to describe Indian society? Ans: India is a land of much diversity. Though this diversity is often a cause for several internal differences and squabbles, the sense of being ‘Indian’ overrides and dominates the differences,

rising like a phoenix from the ashes of difference. What Nehru is trying to say is that the idea of ‘Indian unity’ is not something imposed from outside, though at first sight this may seem to be the case. He says that the ‘Indianness’, the spirit of oneness is something that comes from within. This spirit of oneness is tolerant and accommodating; this is the spirit that enabled India to attain its diverse character. Q.Write a note on diversity in India. Ans: a. Our Country India certainly represents a blend of mixed cultures. b. It is characterised by different communities who have different lifestyles, culture, eating, clothing habits. c. Different communities, regions, religions are characterised by different way of living adding distinctiveness to our country. d. For instance, people residing in hills in India, would have different eating, clothing habit as compared with people living in plains or near to sea. Like in Ladakh, people graze sheep for wool, wear wool, eat milk, butter, cheese. People own yaks, goats etc. On the other hand people residing in coastal areas, would be extensively involved in fishing. e. How in India, different religious communities exist celebrating their distinct cultures and festivities. We witness the celebration of Eid, Diwali, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Christmas etc. f. It is this mixture of varied cultures that make India an extremely vibrant and colourful society and adds to its strength. g. We experience variation in cultures from North to south, from east to west, as also intermingling of different cultures, religions, languages. h. As we interact with people from different cultures , we get influence with their style of living, adopt their cultural practises and amalgamate them with our own culture. i. Such is a unique mixture of culture, that India represents. Regional diversity implies diversity or differences that exist in terms of culture, language spoken, food, clothes in different regions.Our country India is a perfect example of such a regional diversity where Chapter 2 Q.What is the difference between discrimination and stereotyping? Ans: Discrimination : Discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit. Stereotyping: A stereotype is a generalization, or an assumption,people make about a person or groups of persons.For eg-ho many times have you heard people say-only men join army,or only girls cry?These are generalizations that are very often not true.There are women who join the army and do very well.Similarly,men do cry and there is nothing wrong with it either. Q. How have the writers of the constitution dealt with the issue of diversity?

Ans: When India became a nation in 1947 our leaders too were concerned about the different kinds of inequalities that existed.So these leaders set out a vision and goals in the Constitution to ensure that all the people of India were considered equal. Everyone has equal rights and opportunities.Untouchability is seen as a crime and has been legally abolished by law. They felt that people must have the freedom to follow their religion, speak their language, celebrate their festivals and express themselves freely. They said that no one language, religion or festival should become compulsory for all to follow. Q. What kind of discrimination was being faced by the marginalised communities? Ans: Marginalised communities are the Dalits, women, tribals and peasants. They have faced a lot of discrimination since a long time. Dalits have faced caste based discrimination is not only limited to preventing Dalits from undertaking certain economic activities but it also denies them the respect and dignity given to others. They lived in spaces outside the main village and were not allowed into the village. Women demanded that they should have as much a right to education as men did. Peasants and tribals fought to release themselves from the grasp of the moneylender and the high interest they were charged. Q. Write a short note on dalits. Ans: Dalit is a term that people belonging to so- called lower castes use to address themselves. They prefer this word to 'untouchable'. Dalit means those who have been 'broken'. This word according to Dalits shows how social prejudices and discrimination have 'broken' the Dalit people. The government refers to this group of people as Scheduled Castes (SC). Q. Discuss the contribution of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. Ans: Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar is considered the father of the Indian Constitution and is also the best known leader of the Dalits. Dr Ambedkar fought for the rights of the Dalit community. He was born into the Mahar caste, which was considered untouchable. The Mahars were poor, owned no land and children born to them also had to do the work their parents did. They lived in spaces outside the main village and were not allowed into the village. Dr Ambedkar was the first person from his caste who completed his college education and went to England to become a lawyer. He encouraged Dalits to send their children to school and college. He also urged Dalits to take on different kinds of government jobs in order to move out of the caste system. He led many efforts of Dalits to gain entry into temples. Later in life he converted to Buddhism in his search for a religion that treated all members equally. Dr Ambedkar believed that Dalits must fight the caste system and work towards a society based on respect not just for a few but for all persons. Chapter 3 Q.What is government? Ans: government is a system by which by which a state or community is controlled this word refers to the collective group of people that exercises executive property in state.

Q. Discuss the three levels of government in Indian? Ans: There are three levels of government. These are: 1. Central government: It is the national level of government where power is in the hands of the parliament. 2. State government: It is the government ruling states of the country and chief minister is the head in state government. 3. Local government: It is the basic level of government. It consists of panchayats in village areas and municipalities in urban areas.

Q.What do you understand by democratic government?

Ans: he term "democracy" originates from the antiquity and denotes "people`s power" (from the Greek: demos – "people" and kratos –"power"). In simple language we can say democracy is - " FOR THE PEOPLE,OF THE PEOPLE AND BY THE PEOPLE".

Characteristics of democracy :-

- recognition of people as the source of the state power. The power of people implies that it forms the state power by elections and directly participates in its implementation (with the help of referenda, local authorities as well as through representative bodies); - alternate election and replacement of central and local authorities with their accountability to the electorate; - declaration and ensuring rights and freedoms of man and citizen. A specific meaning for the full-fledged functioning democratic political system ensures the rights of people of participating in management of state affairs – elective franchise, the right to form political parties and other types of associations, freedom of speech and opinions, information right, etc; - decision-making by the majority and minority`s submission in implementing them; - society's democratic control of security ministries, used according to their intended purpose and within the law; - domination of persuasive, coordinating and compromising methods, non-violence, non-compulsion, non-suppression; - real implementation of principles of constitutional state including separation of powers principle. Q.What type of government will you prefer in the area you are living in and why? Ans: I, would prefer living in a place where democracy is practised. Key ideas of a democratic government:

● Regular elections ● Active participation by the people ● Resolution of conflicts and tensions ● Maintaining peace and calm ● Right to express opinions ● Equality ● Justice

Q.Differentiate between Democracy and monarchy. Ans: Democracy means a country ruled by a government whereas monarchy is a country ruled by a king or queen. Chapter 4 Q. what are the basic ideas of a democratic government ? Ans: The basic motive behind a democratic government is to guarantee to its people an accountable and legitimate governance which would help maintain stability for national and international peace, law and order. Q.What is meant by democratic government? Ans: The term "democracy" originates from the antiquity and denotes "people`s power" (from the Greek: demos – "people" and kratos –"power"). In simple language we can say democracy is - " FOR THE PEOPLE,OF THE PEOPLE AND BY THE PEOPLE". CHARACTERSTICS OF DEMOCRACY :- - recognition of people as the source of the state power. The power of people implies that it forms the state power by elections and directly participates in its implementation (with the help of referenda, local authorities as well as through representative bodies); - alternate election and replacement of central and local authorities with their accountability to the electorate; - declaration and ensuring rights and freedoms of man and citizen. A specific meaning for the full-fledged functioning democratic political system ensures the rights of people of participating in management of state affairs – elective franchise, the right to form political parties and other types of associations, freedom of speech and opinions, information right, etc; - decision-making by the majority and minority`s submission in implementing them; - society's democratic control of security ministries, used according to their intended purpose and within the law; - domination of persuasive, coordinating and compromising methods, non-violence, non-compulsion, non-suppression;

- real implementation of principles of constitutional state including separation of powers principle. Q.Discuss why people can participate in the government? Ans: a. People's participation forms the bedrock of a Democratic society. b. Democracy as a system is based on the consent of the people. c. It is to be understood that the term democracy has been derived from two Greek words demos which means people and Kratos which means power, thus it implies power to the people. d. In the modern sense, we follow representative form of democracy, where people elect their

representatives through means of elections, who in turn make laws for them. e. People's participation is important to elect the representatives. f. It is crucial to ensure government is based on popular consent and runs as per rule of law. g.Democracy calls for alert and active citizenry which goes beyond voting, people's' participation prevents government from becoming tyrannical. h. It also allows people to smooth change the government by means of elections of they are not satisfied with the existing one i. It ensures government caters to the needs and interest of the people Q.Why do you think we need the government to find solutions to many disputes or conflicts? Ans: The Indian Constitution lays down the basic rules that have to be followed by everyone—be it the government or the citizens. The government is entrusted with the power and responsibility to see to it that the laws of the Constitution are followed by all the various individuals and groups present within the social, political and economic spheres. Conflict arises when there is a clash of interests. In such a case,the government steps in, in any of its various forms (courts,Panchayats, police, etc.), to bring about a peaceful and best possible resolution to the conflict. It could be a conflict between two individuals, religious sects, between organisations, between organisation and its workers, or even between states. Q.What are the steps taken by the government to ensure all the citizens are treated equally? Ans: Democratic government ensure equality and justice for all its citizens. Some of the ways by which government can seek to address the twin issues of equality and justice are as follows: (i) Implementing laws that ban discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, religion, region, gender, wealth,language, etc. (ii) Providing provisions for groups that are at a disadvantage in the society. For example, the scheduled castes and tribes, the backward classes, women and the girl child, certain religious minorities, small farmers, labourers and the poor

(iii)Making available the basic requirements for proper food, clothing, shelter, education and employment Chapter 5 Q. Who are panchas? Ans: Panchas are the 5 members who together form the panchayat. These are respected elders chosen by the local community.They are the governing bodies. Q. What are panchayat samitis? How are they formed? Ans: 1.Panchayat Samiti (Block Council) is a local government body that performs functions for the villages of a tehsil or taluka. 2.It is a link between the village panchayat and the zila parishad. Q. What is the role of Zila Parishad? Ans: Zilla Parishad is at the apex of the Panchayti Raj system. Zilla Parishad is established at the district level. It is known by different names. Zilla Parishads have been again revived in 1993. Composition The District Advisory Council consists of the following members-

● Chairman of all Panchayat Samitis in the district. ● All the M.L.A.s and M.P.s of the district are the associate members of the Zilla Parishad.

In some states they do not have the right to vote. ● Certain seats are reserved for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women

candidates. ● Representatives of co-operative societies and municipalities of the district are also its

members. ● The Deputy Commissioner of the district is the ex-officio members of the Zilla Parishad.

Q. What are the sources of fund for the gram panchayat? Ans: Sources of funds for Gram Panchayat 1) Collection of taxes on houses, market places etc. 2) Government schemes funds received through various departments of the government through Janpad and Zila Panchayats 3) Donations for community works etc Q. Differentiate between gram sabha and Gram Panchayat.

Ans: It is a place where all plans for the work of the Gram Panchayat are placed before the people. Gram Sabha prevents the panchayats from doing wrong things like misusing money on favouring certain people.

● It plays an important role in keeping an eye on the elected representatives. ● The construction and maintenance of water sources, road,drainage, school building and

other common sources. ● Levying and collection of local taxes. ● Executing Governmental schemes related to generation of employment in the village.

Gram Sabha elect the eligible candidates as members of Gram Panchayat.All the members of the Gram Sabha elects a Sarpanch who is the President of the Panchayat.It keeps a strict vigil on the activities of the Gram Panchayat. Chapter 6 Q. Why is it necessary for the Indian government to maintain record books? Ans: It is necessary for the India government to document as it has many advantages such as follows: 1. Financial management. 2. Output assessments. 3. Enables effective administration 4. Policy making 5. Trend analysis. 6. Serves as a reference for future use. Records are crucial for governance. It is foundation for administration. Thus, maintaining records is very important. Q. What do you understand about New Hindu Law? Ans: Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005 states that sons, daughters and their mothers can get an equal share in the land. The same law will apply to all states and union territories of the country. Q.How are land records maintained? Ans: Land records are maintained by local government workers appointed for this work. Such officials are called talukdars or patwaris in different parts of the country. Q. What are the duties of the District collector? Ans: The revenue functions of the District collector are: a. The district collector has to ensure that land records including land assessment, land acquisition are kept properly. b. Has to ensure proper collection of land revenue, income tax and other dues. c, District collectors and his revenue officers also hear land disputes.

d. They make sure all records are easily accessible to the villagers. A District Collector is the head of the tehsil or taluka:

● He hears disputes ● Supervises the work of Patwaris ● Ensures that records are properly kept and revenue is collected ● Ensure that farmers can easily obtain a copy of their record

Q.What is the work of the police? Ans: The work of the police is to maintain the law and order of the country. The police station of any particular area is responsible for enforcing the law and order in that area. The police of an area register the cases brought to their notice by the people of that area. It is their responsibility then to enquire, to investigate and take action on the cases. Chapter 7 Q. What is Urban administration? Why is it important? Ans: Urban administration is the governance at city level.The Municipal Corporation is an organization for democratic self- government at city level. It is known as the Municipal Council in small towns. The following are the benefits of living in urban administration:

1. Access to better infrastructure like schools, hospitals, roads and other services. 2. Better utilisation of taxes. 3. Employment opportunities for skilled labour in secondary sector. 4. Higher standard of living along with diverse social life.

Q. What is the function of a ward councillor ? Ans: The municipal councillors or the Ward councillors are elected for different cities or wards, and are responsible for the following activities: 1. They ensure that the particular demands of their wards are placed before the entire council. 2. Take complicated decisions affecting the entire city through forming committees, which are then implemented by the Commissioner and the administrative staff. 3. They are also responsible for deciding on the budget. Q. How does Municipal corporation gets its money? Ans: For its work, the Municipal Corporation get its money from the different kinds of taxes paid by the people living in the city. People who own homes pay property tax as well as taxes for water and other services. There are also taxes for education and other amenities such as watching movies, eating at a hotel etc. Q. Who is a Municipal Councillor?

Ans: 1. They ensure that the particular demands of their wards are placed before the entire council. 2. Take complicated decisions affecting the entire city through forming committees, which are then implemented by the Commissioner and the administrative staff. 3. They are also responsible for deciding on the budget. Q.Differentiate between rural and urban administration ? Ans:Rural livelihoods are based upon primary activities like farming and fishing. Urban livelihoods are based upon secondary and tertiary activities like manufacturing and services. Chapter 8 Q. what do you understand by rural livelihood? Ans: Rural livelihoods are based upon primary activities like farming and fishing. Q. How does the government help people with seasonal employment opportunities? Ans: Government has launched various programmes in the rural as well as in urban areas which are to some extent helping people in getting some employment.Framers which are mostly seasonal workers are helped through subsidised fertilisers,seeds and they are also given some loans by the government which help them to earn their livelihood.Though there is no solid support from the government side which ought to had turned the seasonal employment into permanent employment. Q. What do you think the government can do to help farmers like Sekar when they get into debt? Discuss. Ans: A two-lined approach to this problem is needed to help small farmers like Sekar who are in debt. On the one hand, these farmers need to have access to debts on simple terms, and on the other hand, they need to be assured of regular work so that they have the means to repay the debts. The government can help refinance their loans by providing them with fresh loans on easy interest rates. Simultaneous with this, the government should also set up some sort of employment guarantee scheme, whereby the debt-ridden farmers would have the guarantee of a definite source of income, and can work to repay their loans. Along with providing monetary assistance, the government should also guide small farmers on ways to increase the yields from their lands. Q. Agriculture is a seasonal job. Give reasons Ans : Agriculture is known as a seasonal occupation because the people engaged in agriculture are able to find employment for only a specific portion of the year while face unemployment during the remaining part of the year. The cropping pattern in India is such that farmers grow only one crop a year. Similarly, the workers engaged in the post harvesting activities find employment only during some months of the year and remain unemployed during rest of the time.

Q. Why do you think that there is seasonal unemployment in villages discussed in the lesson Rural Livelihoods ? Ans: Villagers, here in India, depend mostly on agriculture, which is a 'seasonal' occupation. Since the cropping pattern is such that only one crop is grown per year, coupled with the fact that there is more work during sowing and harvesting of the crop, people engaged in the occupation remain unemployed during the rest of the year. Chapter 9 Q. What is urban livelihood? Ans : Urban means city and livelihood means a set of economic activities and the means of securing basic necessities like food clothing and shelter.Therefore Urban livelihood means the ways in which the people in urban areas earn their livelihood.like some people work in offices,some work in shops and factories to earn their livelihood. Q. Explain the various types of urban livelihood. Ans: The people in urban areas are mostly engaged in secondary and tertiary sectors.Some of the types of urban livihood are as: 1. Service 2. Business Q. What is the difference between the rural livelihood and urban livelihood? Rural livelihoods are based upon primary activities like farming and fishing. Urban livelihoods are based upon secondary and tertiary activities like manufacturing and services. Q. How do pavement dwellers earn their livelihood? Ans: The pavement dwellers earn their livelihood by selling different things like vegetables , fruits, beautiful flowers, all type of clothes, household articles, and artificial jewelry with cosmetics and various other things.

1. By providing services like hair cut (barber shops) , newspapers and shoe polishing etc. 2. Mending work such as shoes and bags (cobbler) and stitching (roadside tailors) etc. 3. Rickshaw pullers and auto rickshaws help us in covering short distances.

Q. What are the main problems faced by a vendor in urban area . Suggest what government should do for them ? Ans: They face the problems as:

● They are often harassed by the police. ● They don't have any permanent structure to sell their goods. ● Street vendors have poor social protection and their working conditions on the streets

expose them to a variety of safety and health issues.

● Women vendors earn less, on average, than men vendors. ● They are accused of depriving pedestrians of their space, causing traffic jams and having

links with anti-social activities.