35
Government College for Women (Autonomous) Kumbakonam Department of Zoology M.Sc Zoology Revised Course Structure under CBCS (For the candidates admitted from the Academic year 2012-13 onwards) Se m Course Course Title Inst, Hrs / Week Credit Exam Hrs Marks Total Int. Ext I Core Course I (CC) Functional Morphology & Paleontology of Invertebrates & Chordates 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course II (CC) Cell & Molecular Biology 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course III (CC) Genetics 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course IV (CC) Practical I 6 4 3 40 60 100 Elective I (EC) Nanotechnology 6 4 3 25 75 100 30 23 II Core Course V (CC) Biochemistry 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course VI (CC) Animal Physiology 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core CourseVII(CC) Biotechnology 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course VIII (CC) Practical II 6 5 3 40 60 100 Elective II (EC) Bioinformatics 6 4 3 25 75 100 30 24 III Core Course IX (CC) Developmental Biology& Evolution 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course X (CC) Immunology 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course XI (CC) Microbiology 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core CourseXII(CC) Practical III 6 4 3 40 60 100 Elective III (EC) Biostatistics & Research Methodology 6 4 3 25 75 100 30 23 IV Core CourseXIII (CC) Applied Ecology &Toxicology 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course XIV (CC) Practical IV 6 5 3 40 60 100 Core Course XV (CC) Dissertation 80 Marks (2Reviews-20+20=40marks ReportValuation 40Marks) Viva 20Marks 12 6 - - - 100 Elective IV (EC) Tools & Techniques in Biology 6 4 3 25 75 100 30 20 Grand Total 120 90 1900 Core Course Papers : 14 Elective Papers : 4 Project Paper : 1 Total : 19

Government College for Women ( Autonomous) Kumbakonam · Government College for Women (Autonomous) Kumbakonam ... Comparative study functional Morphology of vertebrates. Unit-IV Integumentary

  • Upload
    haanh

  • View
    229

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Government College for Women (Autonomous) Kumbakonam

Department of Zoology

M.Sc Zoology – Revised Course Structure under CBCS

(For the candidates admitted from the Academic year 2012-13 onwards)

Se

m

Course Course Title Inst,

Hrs /

Week

Credit Exam

Hrs

Marks Total

Int. Ext

I Core Course –I (CC) Functional Morphology &

Paleontology of

Invertebrates & Chordates

6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course –II (CC) Cell & Molecular Biology 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course –III (CC) Genetics 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course –IV (CC) Practical I 6 4 3 40 60 100

Elective I (EC) Nanotechnology 6 4 3 25 75 100

30 23

II Core Course –V (CC) Biochemistry 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course –VI (CC) Animal Physiology 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course–VII(CC) Biotechnology 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course –VIII (CC) Practical II 6 5 3 40 60 100

Elective II (EC) Bioinformatics 6 4 3 25 75 100

30 24

III Core Course –IX (CC) Developmental Biology&

Evolution

6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course –X (CC) Immunology 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course –XI (CC) Microbiology 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course–XII(CC) Practical III 6 4 3 40 60 100

Elective III (EC) Biostatistics & Research

Methodology

6 4 3 25 75 100

30 23

IV Core Course–XIII (CC) Applied Ecology &Toxicology 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course –XIV (CC) Practical IV 6 5 3 40 60 100

Core Course –XV

(CC)

Dissertation 80 Marks

(2Reviews-20+20=40marks

ReportValuation 40Marks)

Viva

20Marks

12 6 - - - 100

Elective IV (EC) Tools & Techniques in

Biology

6 4 3 25 75 100

30 20

Grand Total 120 90 1900

Core Course Papers : 14

Elective Papers : 4

Project Paper : 1

Total : 19

CORE COURSE I - FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY OF

INVERTEBRATES AND CHORDATES

A. INVERTEBRATES

Unit-I Organization

Symmetry in animal organization – Asymmetry, radial, biradial and bilateral symmetry –

Significance.

Coelom – Evolution of coelom. Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate groups

(Schizocoel,Enterocoeel, mesenchyme) – Significance.

Metamerism – Evolution of metemerism – Pseudometemerism, cyclo metamerism, corm

theory, embryological theory – Significance.

Locomotion: Movement in Annelids, Molluscs and Echinoderms.

Nutrition: Filter feeding in Polychaetes, Molluscs and Prochordates.

Respiration: Gills and trachea in Arthropods – Respiration in Molluscs.

Circulation: Circulation in Arthropods and Molluscs.

Unit-II

Excretion: Different types of excretory organs in invertebrates – their structure and function.

Nervous System : Primitive types – Coelenterates and nerve net; Advanced types – Nervous

system in Annelids, Molluscs and Arthropods.

Chemical Co-ordination: Endocrine glands in Crustaceans and Insects – Pheromones and

allelochemicals.

Unit-III

Reproduction: Pattern of sexual and asexual reproduction – Invertebrate larval forms and

their phylogenic significance.

Invertebrate Fossils: Evolutionary trends and phylogenetic importance of Trilobites,

Ammonoids, Belemnoids, Nautiloids, Echinoderm fossils.

Minor Phyla: Organisation and affinites of 1. Chaetognatha, 2. Rotifera, 3. Sipunculida,

4. Phoronida.

B. CHORDATES - Comparative study functional Morphology of vertebrates.

Unit-IV

Integumentary System: Exoskeletal structures and their modifications.

Digestive System: Alimentary canal and associated glands

Respiratory System: Gill respiration in cyclostomes and fishes – Pulmonary respiration in

tetrapods.

Circulatory System: Types & evolution of heart and aortic arches.

Excretory System: Types & evolution of kidneys.

Unit-V

Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord – cranial nerves, spinal nerves and visceral nerves –

Autonomic nervoussystems – Sympahtetic – Parasympathetic.

Reproductive System: Reproductive systems – Accessory reproductive glands.

Vertebrate Fossils: Evolutionary significance of Ostracoderms, Placoderms,

Crossopterygians, Labyrinthodonts,Dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx and Mesozoic mammals.

Recommended Text Books

INVERTEBRATES

1. BARNES, R.D. (1982), Invertebrate Zoology, IV Ed., Holt Saunders International

Edition.

2. BARRINGTON, E.J.W. (1979), Invertebrate Structure and Functions, II Ed., ELBS

and Nelson.

3. MOORE, R.C., LOLICKER and FISCHER, A.G. (1952), Invertebrate

Paleontology,McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., N.Y.

CHORDATES

1. WATERMAN, A.J. (1971), Chordate Structure and Function, The Macmillan

Company.

References

INVERTEBRATES

1. HIGHNAM, K.C. and HILL, L. (1979), The Comparitive Endocrinology of

Invertebrates, ELBS & Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London.

2. HYMAN, G.H., The Invertebrates, Vol. I to VII, McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., N.Y.

3. VASANTIKA KASHYAP (1997), Life of Invertebrates, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

4. KOTPAL, R.L., Minor Phyla, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

5. NIGAM, Comparative anatomy of Invertebrates.

CHORDATES

1. COLBERT, H. EDWIN (1989), Evolution of the Vertebrates, II Ed., Wiley Eastern

Limited, New Delhi.

2. HARREY POUGH, JOHN B. HEISHER, WILLIAM N. McFARLAND (1990),

Vertebrate Life, Macmillan Publishing Co., N.Y.

3. JOLLIE, M. (1962), Chordate Morphology, Reinholt Publishing Corporation, N.Y.

4. KENT, G.C. (1976), Comparitive anatomy of the Vertebrates, McGraw Hill Book

Co., Inc., New York.

5. ROMER, A.S. (1974), The Vertebrate Body, W.B. Saunders, London.

6. ROMER, A.S. (1979), HYMAN’s Comparitive Vertebrate Anatomy, III Ed., The

University of Chicogo Press, London.

7. WEICHERT, C.K. (1965), Anatomy of the Chordates, McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y.

8. NEWMAN, N.H. (1961), Phylum Chordate, The University of Chicago Press,

Chicago.

CORE COURSE II – GENETICS

Unit I:

Classical Genetics: Mendelian inheritance – Monohybrid, Dihybrid, Trihybrid cross. Genetic

interaction : Modifiers, Suppressors, Pleotropic genes, Selfish genes, Penetrance and

Expressivity. Linkage and Crossing over, Genetic and physical mapping.

Unit II :

Mutliple allele : Inheritance of Eyecolour, Wing structure of Drosophila. Chromosomal

mutations : Numerical and structural changes in chromosome. Molecular basis of mutations .

Unit III:

Microbial genetics: Genetic recombination in bacteria – Types of recombination – breakage

and joining of heteroplexues – homologous recombinations – pairing of DNA molecule –

site of recombination – DNA rearrangement – regulation of gene expression through site

specific recombination.

Unit IV:

Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Operon concept : lactose

operon, tryptophan operon and galactose operon, regulation and synthesis of Ribosomes

Gene regulation in Eukaryotes. Sigma factors , promoter, operator, terminator and attenuator.

DNA methylation, Hetero chromatization, Environmental regulation of genes.

Unit V:

Human Genetics : Genetic disorders of Human beings – Albinism, Thallesemia, Diabetes

melitus, Brachydactyly, Huntingtons Chorea - Human syndrome – Edward’s syndrome,

Klinefeltor’s syndrome, Cri du chat syndrome – Molecular genetics in relation to human

diseases. Genetics of Cancer – Population Genetics : Hardy Weinberg law, Eugenics,

Euthenics, Euphenics.

Recommended Text Books

1.Genetics – VERMA AND AGARWAL V edition

2.Molecular Biology - DAVID FRIEFELDER

3. Principles of Genetics – GARDNER

4. Essential Genetics – RUSSEL R.J

Reference Books:

1. TOM STRACHAN and ANDREW. P. READ – Human Molecular Genetics – ‘Bios’

Scientific Pub UK. (1996).

2. WATSON, J.D., HOPKINS, N.H., ROBERTS, J.W., STEITZ, J. AND WEINTER, A.M. –

Molecular Biology of Genes (4th edition) 1987. The Benjamin/Cummings publishing

Company inc., Joky.

3. LEWIN, B. GENES VI (1997). Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo.

4. DARVELL, J. et. al., Molecular Cell Biology (7th edition) 2002. Garland Publishing iwc.,

New York.

5. JENKINS, J.B. (1983), Human Genetics, The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co.

6. URSULA GOODENOUGH (1984), Genetics, Saunders College Publishing Co., London.

References

7. BENJAMIN LEWIN (2000), Genes VII, Oxford University Press, New York.

8. DANIEL L. HARTL (1994), Genetics, III Ed., Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston.

9. JOHN D. HAWKINS (1996), Gene Structure and Expression, III Ed.,

CambridgeUniversity Press.

10. ROBERT H. TAMARIN (1996), Principles of Genetics, WCB Publishers.

Munro.W.

11. MALOY, S.R., J.EGRONAN AND D.FRIEFELDER.1994. Microbial Genetics. . Jones

andBartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA, USA.

12. DALE, J.W. 1994. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken,NJ,

USA.

13. KLUG, W.S. AND M.R. CUMMINGS. 1997. Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall, NJ,

USA.

14. CORIFFITHS.1996 Introductions to Genetic Analysis. Freeman and Co.,U.K.

15. ECKSTEIN F, LILLEY DM.(EDS.). 1996. Catalytic RNA. Springer – Verla, Berlin..

CORE COURSE III - CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Unit-I

Cell Membrane : Molecular organization : molecular models – cell permeability – cell

surface Differentiations, cell communication – membrane receptors and signal transduction

pathways. Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility : Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate

filaments , role in cell organization, division and motility. Methods of Cell Study :

Micrometry – cell culture methods – cell fractionation technique – cytochemical staining

methods – cytophotometry.

Unit-II

Mitochondria and Energy Transduction: Molecular organization of mitochondria and their

role in oxidative phosphorylation.. Ribosomes: Morphology, ultrastructure, biochemistry and

functions. Nucleus : Nuclear envelope – Nuclear pore – Nuclear proteins – Nucleosome.

Chromosomes : Morphology – Structure – Heterochromatin and Euchromatin – Chromosome

banding.

Unit III

Nucleic Acids and Their Functions : DNA and RNA : Structure, types and functions –

Replication of DNA – DNA repair mechanism.– extrachromosomal DNA - Transposable

elements - Gene amplification.

Unit-IV

Protein Synthesis : Mechanism of transcription – role of transcription factors – transcription

regulators – Genetic code - Processing of mRNA – translation – post translational

modifications and control mechanism. Protein Transport : Intracellular compartments and

protein sorting - Vesicular traffic in secretary and endocytic pathways, transport from ER

through Golgi to lysosome, endosome

Unit V

Cell Cycle : Phases of cell cycle – role of cyclin and other molecules – molecular

organization and functional significance of mitotic apparatus. Biology of Cancer Cells :

Characteristics of Cancer Cells, types of tumours. Apoptosis and its relevance in cancer

biology.

Recommended Text Books

1. De ROBERTIS, E.D.P. and De ROBERTIS, E.M.F. (1987), Cell and Molecular Biology,

VIII Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.

2. DAVID FREIFELDER (1998), Molecular Biology, II Ed., Narosa Publishing House, New

Delhi.

References

1. LEWIS, KELEINSMITH and VALERIS M. KISH (1988), Principles of Cell

Biology, Harper and Row Publications, New York.

2. POWAR, C.B. (1983), Cell Biology, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.

3. WATSON et al., (1987), Molecular Biology of the Gene, The Benjamin Cummings

Publishing Co., Inc., California.

CORE COURSE IV - PRACTICAL – I

FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES AND

CHORDATES, GENETICS, CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND

NANOTECHNOLOGY

A. INVERTEBRATES and CHORDATES

1. Taxonomy

A list of atleast 2 representative animals belonging to major classes of each invertebrate

phyla and major orders of 5 classes of Chordata can be prepared by the college and the

animals shown to the students. A student has to identify and describe the salient features and

assign them to the order, class and phylum to which they belong.

2. Mounting

Mounting of different insect mouthparts ( mosquitoe, Housefly, cockroach, Honeybee)

3. Dissections

Invertebrata – Pila , Vaginulus , Ariophanta , Gryllotalpha – Nervous and Reproductive

system.

Vertebrata – Aortic Arches and Portal system – Calotes & Rat.

3. Power point presentation of different systems of chordates.

3. Spotters

Invertebrate larval forms.

Invertebrate fossils – Ammonoids, Belemnoids, Nautiloids and Echinoderm.

fossils.

Minor Phyla – Chaetognatha, Rotifera, Phoronida and Sipunculida.

B. GENETICS

1. Drosophila culture

2. Identifications of sexes.

3.Identifications of mutants.

4. Blood groups ABO & Rh their genetic significance.

5. Pedigree analysis.

6. Human karyotyping

7. Chromosomal abnormalities.

8. Hardy Weinberg law & Calculation of gene frequencies for dominant, recessive &

codominant traits and Multiple alleles.

C.CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1. Micrometry

2. Camera Lucida

3. Human Buccal Smear

4. Blood Smear – Cockroach, Man.

5. Cytochemical detection of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, DNA and RNA.

D. NANOTECHNOLOGY

1. Preparation of Iron oxide Nanoparticles

2. Preparation of Silver nanoparticles

3. Characterization of Nanoparticles – SEM, TEM

Record of Laboratory work shall be submitted at the time of practical examination.

References

Biology course www.cleverrodgehog.com.-

ELECTIVE COURSE I - NANOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I

Nanomaterials

Introduction – Definition – preparation of Nanomaterials, Top down approach - Ball milling

method : Synthesis of Nanomaterials –Bottom up approach, Gas phase evaporation – sol gel

processing – reverse micellar techniques.

Unit II

Properties and characterization of Nano materials

Physico chemical properties, optical properties electrical & electronic properties, mechanical,

magnetic properties, catalytic activities,

Characterisation of nanomaterials: Microscopy – SEM,TEM, AFM – Spectroscopy – UV

visible spectroscopy, Powder X-Ray diffraction, NMR, X-Ray absorption spectroscopy.

Unit III

Applications of Nanotechnology in health

Applications of Nanotechnology in Food, Diagnosis – biosensors and Biolabelling, Quantum

dots, Magnetic nano particles, Devices based on Nano technology for Diagnosis.

Unit IV

Nano medicines: Developing of Nanomedicines, Nanosystems in use, protocols for

Nanodrug administration – Nanomaterials as therapeutic agents – Drug reducing nanofluids.

Unit V

Application of Nanotechnology in Environment – Nano materials in pollution abatement –

Nano materials in sensors – Nano materials in Green nanotechnology.

Recommended Text Books

1. AMIT CHAKRAVARTHY, Nanotechnology - An Introduction, Rajat Publications.

2. G.B.SERGEEV, Nanochemistry, Elsevier India Pvt Ltd. New Delhi

3. Y.S RAGHAVAN, Nanostructures & Nanaomaterials, Arise Publishers, New Delhi

4. B.VISWANATHAN, Nanomaterials, Narosha Publishing Home, New Delhi

5. MICHAEL WILSON, KAMALI KAANANGARA, Nanotechnology.

SEMESTER II

CORE COURSE V - BIOCHEMISTRY

UNIT I :

Scope of Biochemistry – Atoms, Molecules, Polymerization of organic Molecules

Nature of living matter, major organic components – Chemistry of water – dissolved gases –

pH, buffers – Membrane permeability. Structure, Classification and functions of proteins,

carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic – acids – Derivatives of carbohydrates and lipids.

UNIT II :

ENZYMES : 3-D Structure, classification and functions – Co-enzymes, Iso-enzymes,

Allosteric enzymes, Anti-enzymes .Mechanism of Enzyme action – Regulation of enzyme

activity – Activators and Inhibitors – Enzyme Kinetics. ENERGY TRANSFER : Flow of

energy in biological world – Concept of free energy – Redox potential – coupling of

chemical reactions in transfer of energy – Energy rich compounds and their significance.

UNIT III :

METABOLISM : Protein and aminoacid metabolism – Oxidative deamination,

transamination, decarboxylation, transmethylation reactions. Carbohydrate metabolism –

Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis – Energetics of Kreb’s cycle – Gluconeogenesis, Cori’s Cycle,

Glycosuria – Diabetes. Lipid metabolism – Metabolism of fatty – acids, glycerol and

Cholesterol – Theories of oxidation of fatty – acids. BMR – Inborn errors of metabolism.

UNIT IV:

Vitamins : Structure, sources, requirements, functions and deficiency manifestations of fat

soluble and water soluble vitamins. Minerals : Sources, requirements, functions, absorption

and metabolism with reference to Iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium

and other trace elements as Iodine, copper, zinc and fluorine.

UNIT V :

HORMONES : Chemical nature, properties and functions of hormones Hormonal control of

carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. cyclic – AMP Occurrence, Structure, Synthesis,

Degradation and Biological Functions.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. LEHNINGER, ALBERT.DAVID.L.NELSON & MICHAEL M.Cox, (1993), Principles of

Biochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Delhi.

2. STRYER,L. (1988), Biochemistry W.H.Freeman & Co.

3. COOPER.T.G.(1977), The tools of Biochemistry, Wiley Inter science Publication, John

Wiley & Sons; NY.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. ROBERT K.MURAY, DARYL K.GRANNER, PETER A.WAYES and VICTOR

W.RODWELL (1993), Harper’s Biochemistry (24th Edition) Prentice Hall International Inc.,

London.

2. VOET.D. AND VOET.J (1995), Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

CORE COURSE VI - ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Unit I

Nutrition: Nutrients – digestion and absorption of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Role of

gastrointestinal hormones in digestion.

Unit II

Respiration : Types of respiratory mechanisms (Integumentary, bronchial, tracheal and

pulmonary) – Respiratory pigments and their functions – Exchange of gases – Physiology of

respiration in man – Regulatory mechanisms.

Circulation: Chemistry of blood – inorganic and organic components their regulations and

functions – blood pigments and functions – Types of transport mechanisms – cardiac cycle -

Blood pressure – ECG – Cardiovascular diseases..

Unit III

Excretion: Excretion in relation to different habitats – Detoxification pathways of ammonia –

Regulation of nitrogen excretion

Homeostatic mechanisms – Ionic and osmoregulation in invertebrates (Crustaceans) , Fishes,

birds and terrestrial animals – hormonal control, Temperature and pH regulation in animals.

Unit IV

Muscles: Mechanism of muscle contraction – Regulation and energetics of contraction –

Electric organs.

Nervous co-ordination: Propagation and transmission of nerve impulse – synaptic

transmission – Autonomous nervous system – Reflex action. Bioluminescence – Biological

clocks.

Receptors – Types of receptors – Photoreceptors – Retinal pigments – Photo chemistry of

vision – phonoreceptor – mechanism of hearing.

Unit V

Chemical coordination: Hormones of vertebrates and their specific role in chemical

coordination – molecular mechanism of hormonal action.

Reproduction : Mammalian reproductive physiology, Reproductive cycles – Hormonal

control

Recommended Text Books :

HOAR W.S. (1987) General and Comparative Physiology, Prentice Hall.

TURNER, C.D. and BAGNARA, J.T. (1976) General Endocrinology, 6th Edn., WB

Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Reference Books :

BALDWIN, E. (1964) An Introduction to Comparative Biochemistry, CUP, London.

BECK, W.S. (1971). Human Design, Harcourt Brace Joranorich Inc.,

DAWSON, H. (1964) General Physiology, Little Brown Co., Boston.

ECHERT, R. and RANDALL, D. (1987) Animal Physiology, CBS Publishers and

Distributors

GIESE, A.C. (1979) Cell physiology and Biochemistry, Prentice Hall

GORDON, M.S., BARTHOLOMEW, G.A., GRILNELL, A.D., JORGENSEN, C.B., and

WHITE. F.N. (1971) Animal Function, Principles and Adaptation, Macmillan Co., London.

McFARLAND, D. (1986) Animal Behaviour – Psychobiology, Ethology and Evolution,

English Language Boosk Society, Longman.

ROBERT M. BERINE and M.N. LEVY (1988) Physiology, - III Edn., St;Louis, Baltimore,

Boston, Lodon.

SCHMIDT NEILSSEN, K. (1985) Animal Physiology – Adaptation and Environment, CUP,

London.

TEDESCHI, H. (1993) Cell Physiology, Molecular Dynamics, II Edn., Won C. Brown

publishers, Oxford, England.

WILSON, J.A. (1979) Principles of Animal Physiology

WOOD, W.S. (1968) Principles of Animal Physiology, Edward Arnold, London.

CORE COURSE VII - BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT-I:

Gene cloning - the basic steps - various types of restriction enzymes - ligase linkers and

adaptors - Selection of recombinants. Hybridization techniques chemical systhesis of

oligonucleotides. c DNA and Genomic library.

Gene probe - Molecular finger printing (DNA finger printing ) - RFLP - the PCR techniques

- Blotting techniques - Southern blotting - Northern blotting - Western blotting

UNIT-II:

Plasmid biology - cloning vector based on E. coli, PBR 322, bacteriophage yeast Artificial

Chromosome, Agro bacterium tumefaciens, Simian virus 40 - Gene transfer technology -

Particle bombardment - Micro injection techniques.

UNIT-III:

Cell culture - Organ culture - whole embryo culture - Embryo transfer - In vitro fertilization

(IVF) technology - Dolly - in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in human. Transgenic

animals. Human gene therapy. Cryobiology

UNTI-IV:

Fermentation - bioreactor - Microbial products - Primary and Secondary Metabolites -

enzyme technology - single cell protein (SCP)., Biopolymers,

Biopesticides and Biofertilizers.

UNTI-V:

Bioremediation - bioremediation of hydrocarbons - Industrial wastes - Heavy metals -

Xenobiotics - bioleaching - biomining - biofuels. Applications of biotechnology in

agriculture, medicine and food science. Genetically modified organism (GMO’S) - GM

foods. Biotechnology & biosafety – Ethics and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).

Recommended Text Books :

1. DUBEY R.C. (2008) A text Book of Biotechnology. S.Chand and Company, New Delhi

2. SATHYANARAYANA.U.(2005) Biotechnology. Books and Allied P.Ltd. Kolkata.

References

1. BROWN, C.M., CAMPBEL, I. and PRIEST, F.G. (1988), Introduction to

Biotechnology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK.

2. PRIMROSE, S.B. (2000), Modern Biotechnology, Blackwell Scientific

Publications,Oxford, London.

3. KESHAV TREHAN (1996), Biotechnology, New Age International Pvt. Ltd.

Publishers, New Delhi.

4. Watson et.al. (1999) Recombinant DNA. Freeman and Company, New York

5. IGNACIMUTHU, S. (1998), Basic Biotechnology, Tata McGraw Hill PublishingCo., New

Delhi.

6.KUMAR, H.D. (1998), Modern Concepts of Biotechnology, Vikas Publishing HousePvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

CORE COURSE IX – PRACTICAL II – BIOCHEMISTRY, ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFERMATICS

A.BIOCHEMISTRY

Quantitative estimation of amino acids, protein, carbohydrate and lipids in tissue samples.

Preparation of solutions – Molarity, Normality, Percentage.

Calculation of moles, millimoles, micromoles and nano moles.

Buffer preparation – determination of pH using pH meter.

Beer lambers law verification

Separation of aminoacids by paper chromatography - Unidirectional

B. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

Quantitative estimation of amylase activity.

Quantitative estimation of ammonia and urea

Rate of salt loss and salt gain in fish using different experimental media.

Estimation of blood chloride.

Estimation of haemoglobin.

C. APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY

Isolation of genomic DNA

Plasmid isolation

Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA

DNA fragmentation using restriction enzymes (Demonstration only)

Ligation (Demonstration only)

Blotting technique (southern and western) Demonstration only

PCR (Demonstration only)

D. BIOINFORMATICS

Sequence analysis – Human insulin – Fasta – Blast

Molecular Docking.

ELECTIVE COURSE II – BIOINFORMATICS

UNIT-I

Bioinformatics-definition, history; computer - system, topology and peripherals for

communication; Internet - basics, connection, web browsing and URL

UNIT-II

Data bases - Nucleic acid sequence data bases (NCBI, EMBL, DDJB), Protein sequence data

base-SWISS-PORT, data base searching - BLAST.

UNIT-III

Allignments local, global, pairwise & multiple sequences; anlaysis phylogenetics -

CLUSTAL, PHYLIP & UPGAMAS. Gene finding and gene scan.

UNIT-IV

Protein prediction - physical properties, secondary structure, alpha & beta structure, motifs,

tertiary structures, specialized structure and function. Ramachandran Plot

Molecular visualization - protein conformation and visualization tool (RASMOL).

UNIT-V

Drug discovery - role of bioinformatics in drug discovery, target discovery, lead discovery,

microarray, docking and prediction of drug quality. Bioinformatics companies.

Recommended Texts

1. V. R.SRINIVAS, 2005, Bioinformatics – A modern approach, Prentice Hall of India, New

Delhi.

2. C.S.V.MURTHY – Bioinformatics – Himalaya Publishing Company

3. Dr.K.MANI - Bioinformatics

Reference Books

1. ARTHUR M.M LESK 2002, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University.

2. DAN E.KRANE, MICHAEL L RAYMER, ELAINE NICPON, MARIEB 2002,

Introduction to Bioinformatics.

3. JAMES TISDAL, 2001, Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics, O'Reilly Publications

Sebastopol, USA.

4. BRYON BERGUSSON – Bioinformatics Computing, Prentice hall of India Pvt Ltd, New

Delhi.

5. Programming in ANSIC, E. BALAGURUSAMY, 1991. Tata Mcgraw Hill.

6. Introduction to bioinformatics, 2001. AH WOOD, T.K. PARRY SMITH DJ, Pearson

education Asia.

7. Developing bioinformatics in computer skill, GIBAS C, JAMBEEK P.S, OREILLY, 2001.

associates inc. Shrott publishes.

8. WERNER KALOWURS A.MEYER RACHAEL TYNDALE 2001, Pharmacogenomics.

9. LENGAUER, THOMAS, 2003, Bioinformatics: From Genes to Drugs: John Wiley &

Sons Publications.

10. MOUNT DAVID W, 2004, Bioinformatics: Sequence & Genome Analysis, 2nd Edition,

Coldspring Harbor Laboratory Press.

11. S.B PRIMROSE & R.M TWYMAN,2002, Principles of Genome Analysis and

Genomics, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publications

12. DAVID W MOUNT, Bioinformatics: Sequence And Genome Analysis, 2nd Edition, cold

Spring Harbor Press

13. DURBIN et al (2007) Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic models of protein and

Nucleic acids Cambridge University Press.

14. THOMAS E. CREIGHTON, Proteins: structures and molecular properties

15. Chemoinformatics Edited by JOHANN GASTEIGER AND THOMAS ENGEL

16. Structural Bioinformatics, Edited PHILIP E. BOURNE AND HELGE WEISSIG

SEMESTER III

CORE COURSE IX - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION

Unit I

Gametogenesis – Spermatogenesis – Oogenesis, Fertilization, Activation of egg cytoplasm,

Infertility, Super ovulation, ICSI, GIFT, Embryo cloning, IVF and Test tube baby.

Unit II

Experimental activation and parthenogenesis – significance; Cleavage – peculiarities –

chemical changes – patterns of cleavage – distribution of cytoplasmic substance; Role of the

egg cortex in some invertebrates – ascidians and amphibians; Induction and mechanism of

action of inducing substances; Differentiation – Types and levels; Homeotic genes.

Unit III

Gene activity and general metabolism during gatrulation – involvement of parental genes and

sequence of expression in development – hormones and development; Morphogenetic cell

movement – integration of gastrulation; Metamorphosis – moulting and metamorphosis in

insect – mechanism of action of insect hormones; Regeneration – regenerative ability in

various animals; Stimulation and suppression of regeneration – polarity and gradients in

regeneration.

B.EVOLUTION

Unit IV

Present status of the concept of natural selection – genetical theory of natural selection –

evidences for the role of natural selection. Neo-Lamarckism – present concept of

recapitulation – genetic and non – genetic variations – origin and evolutionary significance.

Polymorphism and selection – definitions, transient polymorphism, balanced polymorphism,

genetic polymorphism, enzyme polymorphism and selection advantages.

Unit V

Polyploidy and evolution – genetic assimilation – genetic speciation – species concept –

evolutionary trends – canalization of selection – orthoselection. Evolution of population –

from races to species, adaptation pattern, behavioral adaptation and strategies, sexual

competition and selection, isolating mechanisms, mode of speciation and evolutionary rate,

Evolution of Man.

Recommended Text Books

Developmental Biology

BALINSKY, B.L., (1981) An Introduction to Embryology, V Ed., Saunders Co.,

Philadelphia.

BERRILL, N.J., (1986) Developmental Biology, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

Evolution

STRICKBERGER, M.W. (1996). Evolution. Jones and Barlett publishers Inc., London.

DOBZHANSKY, T., AYALA, F.J., STEBBINS, G.L. and VALENTINE, J.W. (1975).

Evolution. Surjeet Publications.

Reference Books :

Developmental Biology

BERRILL, N.J., and KARP, G. (1976) Developmental Biology, McGraw Hill Inc. New

York.

BROWDER, L.N. (1980) Developmental Biology, Saunders College, Philadelphia.

DEUCHAR, E.M., (1976) Cellular interaction in Animal Development, Chapman and Hall,

London.

GILBERT, S.F. (1995) Developmental Biology, II Edn., Sinamer Associates Inc., Publishers,

Saunderland, Massachusetts, USA.

SAUNDERS, A.W., (1982) Developmental Biology : Patterns / Principles / Problems.

Macmillan Publishing Co., NewYork.

STEVAN, B. and OPPENHEIMER (1980) Introduction to Embryonic Development, Alley

and Bern.

TIMIRAS, P.S. (1972) Developmental Physiology and Aging. The Macmillan Company,

New York.

WILLER, B.H. and OPPENHEIMER, J.M., (1964) Fundamentals of Experimental

Embryology, Prentice Hall.

Evolution

DODSON, E.O. and DODSON, P. (1976). Evolution : Process and Product (II Edn), Van

Nostrand Company, New York.

DOWDESWELL, W.H. (1963). The Mechanism of Evolution, Arnold-Heinmann India,

Delhi.

JOHA, A.P. (1992). Gene and evolution, The Macmillan Co., New Delhi.

MERREL, D.P. (1962). Evolution and Genetics : The Modern theory of Evolution. Holt,

Rinehart and Winston Inc., New York.

CORE COURSE X – IMMUNOLOGY

Unit - I

Outlines of Immunology: Types of Immunity – Cells and organs of immune system.

Unit – II

Types and structure of Antigens, Haptens – Structure, function and biological properties of

Immunoglobulin classes - Antigens – Antibody interactions – Complement pathways.

Unit - III

Hypersensitivity - Types of hypersensitivity - Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC);

HLA and biological significance - Transplantation immunology - Types of graft -

Mechanism of allograft rejection.

Unit - IV

Tolerance and autoimmunity: Immunodeficiency diseases and AIDS – Cancer and Immune

responses.

Unit - V: Immunotechnology

Active immunization - Passive immunization – Principles and Methods of Aggulutiination

and antibody titre, vaccine preparation, hybridoma technology – monoclonal antibodies,

antibody engineering – Immunological techniques – Immunodiffution, RIA, ELISA,

Immunocytochemistry and Immunoblotting.

Recommended Text Books

1. Immunology, S.K. GUPTA (1999). Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

2. Essential Immunology (8th Edition), IVAN ROITT, 1994. Blackwell Scientific

Publication. Immunology W.H. Freemen and Company.

3. ABDUL .K. ABBAS. ANDREW .K. LITCHMEN AND JORDAN, 1997, Cellular and

Molecular Immunology, 3rd Edn. W.B. Saunder Company.

4. WEIR, D.M. AND STEWART, J., 1997, Immunology, 8th Edn., Churchill Livingston,

New York.

5. ERYL LIDDELL AND IAN WEEKS., 1995, Antibody Technology, BIOS Scientific

Publishers.

6. BRUCE ALBERTS, DENNIS BRAY, JULIAN LEWIS, MARTIN RAFF, KEITH

ROBERTS AND JAMES D. WATSON.(Eds.), 1994, Molecular Biology of the cell, 3rd

Edn., Garland Publishing Inc., New York.

7. Immunology, GEORGE PINCHUK (2004). Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi.

8. Immunology & Immunotechnology, ASHIM.K.CHAKRAVARTHY – Oxford

Publications.

References

ABBAS A.K., LICHMAN A.K., JORDAN S. POBER J.S. (1997). Cellular and Molecular

Immunology, Harcourt Brace and Co., Asia Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.

CHAMPION, M.D., and COOKE, A. (1987) Advanced Immunology, J.B. Lippincott

Philadelphia.

CLARK, W.R. (1983). The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology, John Wiley

& Sons, New York.

COLEMAN, LOMBARD and SICARD (1992). Fundamentals Immunology, W.M.C. Brown

Publishers.

STITES D.P. and ABBA I.TERR A.I. (1991). Basic and Clinical Immunology, Prentice Hall

International Inc.,

KUBY, J. (1994). Immunology. W.H.Freeman and Co., New York.

NANDHINI SHETTY (1996). Immunology : Introductory Text Book. New age International

Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

PAUL, W.E.M. (1989). Fundamentals Immunology, Raven Press, New York.

RAMAKRISHNAN, S and RAJI SWAMY (1995). Text Book of Clinical Biochemistry and

Immunology, T.R. Publications, Madras.

ROITT, M.I. (1994). Essential Immunology, Blackwell Science Ltd., U.K.

SRIVASTAVA, R., RAM, B.P. and TYLE, P. (1991). Molecular Mechanisms of Immune

Regulation, VCH Publishers Inc., New York.

Sells, S. (1987). Basic Immunology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York.

TIZARD, I.R., (1995). Immunology – An Introduction, IV Ed., Saunders College

Publications, Philadelphia.

CORE COURSE XI - MICROBIOLOGY

Unit I

Scope and history of microbiology – Classification of microorganisms – Microbial diversity,

general methods of classifying bacteria, fungi, algae and virus. Morphology and fine

structure of bacterial cells – cell wall and peptidoglycan in Gram positive and Gram negative

bacteria – Reproduction of bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses (lytic and lysogeneic cycles),

Mycoplasmas and yeast.

Unit II

Bacterial growth and nutritional requirements, nutritional media and growth conditions;

methods for culturing microbes – culture media – microbial growth; Isolation of pure culture

– SPC and MPN techniques. Equipments and methods used in microbiology.

Unit III

Industrial microbiology – Biochemistry of fermentation, fermentation products, basic design

and types of fermentors, production of ethanol, lactic acid, vinegar, citric acid,

Pharmacheuticals – antibiotic, vitamins, microbial enzymes and vaccines – biofertilizers –

biopesticides – biopolymers.

Unit IV

Environmental microbiology – nitrogen fixation(symbiotic and non-symbiotic) mechanism of

nitrogen fixation, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous cycle. Water microbiology –

bacteriological examination of domestic water, purification of water, sewage and its disposal,

marine microbiology. Air microbiology – Microorganisms, significance and control.

Unit V

Medical microbiology – Microorganisms and infectious diseases Epidemiology, clinical

types and therapy of Fungal ( Mycoses and Mycotoxicoses), Bacterial (Tuberculosis,

Meningities, Cholera, Boutilism, typhoid) and viral (polio, Hepatatitis, HIV) diseases.

Recommended Text Books

1. PELCZER, M.J., REID, R.D. and CHAN, E.C.S. (1996), Microbiology, V Ed., Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.

2. ANANTHANARAYANAN, T and JAYARAM PANIKER, C.K. (2000), Text Book of

Microbiology, VI Ed., Orient Longman Ltd., Madras.

References

1. DAVID FREIFELDER (1998), Microbial Genetics, Narosa Publishing House, New

Delhi.

2. POWAR, C.B. and DIGINAWALA, H.F. (1982), General Microbiology Volume I &

II, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.

3. MICHAEL T. MADIGAN, JOHN M. MARTINKL, JACK PARKER (1997),

Biology of Microorganisms, VIII Ed., Prentice Hall International Inc., USA.

CORE COURSE XII - PRACTICAL – III

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

A.DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

1. Whole mount of chick embryo – 4hrs, 16 hrs, 72hrs, 96 hrs

2. Observation of prepared slides and spotters

B. EVOLUTION

1. Observation of forelimbs or hindlimbs of vertebrates (Frog, Calotes, Bird and Mammal) to

demonstrate the common pattern of pentadactyl limb and common ancestry of vertebrates.

2. Observation of fossils for paleontological evidences of evolution.

3. Observation of leaf insects and stick insects in the museum to demonstrate adaptation by

cryptic colouration and natural selection.

4. Observation of Monarch and Viceroy butterflies to demonstrate Batesian mimicry.

C. IMMUNOLOGY

1. Identification of lymphoid organs in rat / mouse.

2. Preparation of antigen and raising of antibody – RBC and sperm proteins.

3. Blood collection and serum separation

4. Immunodiffusion.

5. ELISA

D. BIOSTATISTICS

1. Collection of data (Height, Weight, Blood group, Hb, BMI) from class,

2. Analysis of data using Microsoft exel

D. MICROBIOLOGY

1. Culture techniques – culture of bacteria

2. Bacterial growth curve

3. Counting and Antibiotic susceptibility test.

ELECTIVE COURSE III - BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. BIOSTATISTICS

Unit I

Introduction, scope and definition, Statistical methods, functions and limitations of statistics.

Collection, organization and representation of data. Measures of central tendaency – mean,

median and mode. Measures of dispersion – range, inter quartile range, mean deviation,

standard deviation and Lorenz curve. Standard error.

Unit II

Skewness and kurtosis, measures of skewness, karl-pearson’s coeffeciant of skewness,

Bowley’s measures of skewness, types of coefficient of skewness, types of kurtosis,

correlation analysis – types and methods Regression analysis – regression line and regression

equation.

Unit III

Chi-square test, Analysis of variance, students T test, F test. Probability theory (Normal,

Binomial and Poisson distributions).

B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Unit-IV

Reference work: Source, Index card, Details of Popular Magazines and periodicals (monthly,

quarterly and half-yearly journals and reviews). Online browsing of research articles: infonet

and inflibnet

Preparation of research dissertation – proof reading – preparation of bibliography.

UNIT-V:

Preparation of Scientific paper for publication in a Journal. Internet and e-journals. Computer

aided techniques for data analysis, data presentation and slide preparation.

Recommended Text Books

BIOSTATISTICS

Milton, J.S. 1992. Statistical methods in Biological and Health Sciences. McGraw Hill Inc.,

New York.

Gupta, S.P. 1988. An easy approach to statistics. Chand & Co., New Delhi.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

N. Gurumani 2006. Research Methodology for Biological

Sciences MJP Publishers.

REFERENCE BOOKS

Anderson, Durston and Polle.1970. Thesis and Assignment writing. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New

Delhi.

Comir and Peter Wood Ford.1979. Writing scientific papers in English. Pitman Medical

Publishing Co., London.

Day, R.A. 1994. How to write and publish a scientific paper. Cambridge University Press,

London.

Palanichamy, S. and M. Shanmugavelu.1997. Research methods in biological sciences.

Palani Paramount Publications, Tamil Nadu, India.

Wilson and Walker. 2000. Practical biochemistry - principles and techniques. Cambridge

University Press.

CORE COURSE XIII : APPLIED ECOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

Unit – I

Ecosystem: Concept of ecosystem – pond and Forest as examples of natural ecosystem.

Abiotic and biotic factors of ecosystems. - Communities of the environment, their structure

& significance

Energetics in an ecosystem – Energy flow,. Bio-geo Chemical cycles.

Unit – II

Population and Community Ecology: Natality, Mortality, Growth rate as factors

determining the population density- Population interactions.

Remote sensing –basic concepts and applications of remote sensing techniques in

environmental conservation. - Environmental indicators and their role in environmental

balance.

Unit – III

Habitat Ecology: Freshwater habitat , Marine habitat, Estuarine habitat, Terrestrial habitat.

Types of environmental pollution and their biological effects – Air, Water, Soil, Noise and

Radiation pollution.

Unit – IV

General Principles of Toxicology: Definition – Types of toxicological agents - Scope of

toxicology – Recent developments - Toxicity testing principles, hazards, risks and their

control methods. - Food toxicants and their control methods. - Public Health Hazards due to

environmental disasters.

Unit – V

Routes of Entry and Testing Procedures: Pesticides, types, nature and their effects on

environment - Absorption – distribution – Excretion – Bio-transformation-Test models

(microcosms)– Acute toxicity - Chronic toxicity. Assessment of safety /risk – Techniques for

residue analysis: sampling, Extraction, cleanup, analysis, chemical assay and Bioassay.

\\Checommon1\zoology_231110\M.Sc. III-IV Sem.Zoology.doc

Recommended Readings:

1.Fundamentals of Ecology by Eugene P. ODUM (1972), W.B. Saunders Company, London.

2. Environmental Biology by MICHAEL REISS AND JENNY CHAPMAN, 2000.

Cambridge Press, UK.

3. An Introduction to Ecology and Population by Emmel THOMAS, C. (1973), Notron, NY.

4. Fundamentals of Ecology by DASH, M.C., 1993. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.

5. Principles of Ecotoxicology by BUTLER, O.C., 1978. John Wiley & Sons, USA.

CORE COURSE XIV - PRACTICAL – IV

APPLIED ECOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY AND TOOLS & TECHNIQUES IN

BIOLOGY

APPLIED ECOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

1. Maintanance of microcosms

2. Determination of pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and free CO2 in water

3. Determination of carbonates and bicarbonates in water

4. Estimation of chlorides in water

5. Estimation of dissolved solids in water, plankton & Insects

6. Visit to drinking water treatment plants

7. Visit to nearest Forest ecosystem

8. Visit to a Pond ecosystem – mahamaham tank

9. Effect of pollutants on primary productivity

10. Determination of LC50 & LD50

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY

1. Microtome sectioning and submission of histological slides.

2. Primary cell culture – Demonstration only

ELECTIVE COURSE IV- TOOLS & TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY

Unit I

Biochemical calculations – osmolarity, normality, molarity, molecular weight, preparation of

buffers, acid base titrations, spectrophotometer, colorimeter, flame photometer Beer and

Lamberts law.

Unit II

Separation techniques: Centrifuge, chromatography, electrophoresis.

Cryotechniques : Cryopresservation, Cryosurgery, Cryotomy.

Unit III

Histological techniques: tissue fixation, microtomy, staining, mounting, Histochemisry.

Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes preparation from insects and vertebrates.

Cytological techniques: Chromosome banding, flow cytometry. In site hybridization (radio

labelled and non-radio labelled methods), FISH, Restriction banding

Unit IV

Microbiological techniques: Media Preparation and sterilization, Inoculation and growth

monitoring. Anti Microbial assays, Microbial identification.

Immunological techniques: Agglutination assay, Enumeration of antibody forming cells.

Immunodiffution (Single and Double), RIA, ELISA. Immuno electrophoresis, Complement

fixation test.

Unit V

Cell culture techniques: Design and functioning of tissue culture laboratory, Preparation.of

Culture media and essential components, Cell viability testing.

Molecular biology techniques: Isolation and estimation of Genomic DNA gel documentation,

Southern hybridization, Northern hybridization, DNA Sequencing, Polymerase chain

reaction (PCR)

CORE COURSE XV

PROJECT/DISSERTATION WITH VIVA VOCE

Objectives

To promote original thinking, insemination of knowledge, modulation and innovation of

thought, as an exercise, in order to transport the young minds to the expanding horizon of

their chosen area of knowledge and transform them into knowledge generators.

Project / Dissertation 80 Marks

2 Reviews 20+20 = 40marks

Report Valuation 40Marks

Viva voce 20 Marks