GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUR … · GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUR ... Stelar Evolution, ... – An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vani Educational Books,

GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), KARUR – 639 005

M. Sc., - BOTANY COURSE STRUCTURE UNDER CBCS SYSTEM (For the candidates admitted from the year 2011-2012 onwards)

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Core Course – I Biodiversity – I P11BO1C1 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course – II Biodiversity – II P11BO1C2 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course - III Microbiology and Plant Pathology P11BO1C3 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course – IV Practical – I (CC-I, CC-II, CC-III) P11BO1C4P 6 5 3 25 75 100 Elective Course - I Horticulture P11BO1E1 6 5 3 25 75 100 30 25 500

II

Core Course – V Cytology, Anatomy and Embryology P11BO2C5 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course – VI Taxonomy, Ecology and Phytogeography P11BO2C6 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course – VII Molecular biology & Immunology P11BO2C7 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course – VIII Practical - II (CC-V CC-VI & CC-VII) P11BO2C8P 6 5 3 25 75 100 Elective Course – II Food Technology P11BO2E2 6 5 3 25 75 100 30 25 500

III

Core Course – IX Genetics and Plant Breeding P11BO3C9 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course – X Bio Physics, Bio Chemistry & Plant Physiology P11BO3C10 6 5 3 25 75 100

Core Course – XI Practical – III (Covering CC IX & X) P11BO3C11P 6 5 3 25 75 100 Core Course - XII Principles of Biotechnology P11BO3C12 6 5 3 25 75 100 Elective Course – III Plant Tissue Culture P11BO3E3 6 5 3 25 75 100 30 25 500

IV

Core Course – XIII Research Methodology P11BO4C13 6 5 3 25 75 100

Elective Course – IV Bio-Instrumentation and Biological Techniques P11BO4E4 6 5 3 25 75 100

Project Work Project Work P11BO4PW 18 5 3 ** ** 100 30 15 300

TOTAL 120 90 1800 ** Dissertation – 80 Marks and Viva Voce Examinations – 20 Marks

CHAIRMAN BOARD OF STUDIES IN BOTANY CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS

Sl. No.: Subject Code: GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS): KARUR-05

M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER I – CORE COURSE -I (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

BIODIVERSITY - I UNIT- I Algae: Introduction, Classification of algae (Fritsch,1935), Phylogeny of algae, types

of thalli and their structure, Ultra structure and biochemical characterization of pigments, structure of cell wall, flagella, chloroplast, pyrenoids, eyespot and their biological importance. Developmental morphology, reproduction and life cycle patterns.

UNIT- II

Salient features of major classes of Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta, Phylogeny of algae. Ecology of algae – soil algae; fresh water algae; marine algae; zonation; symbiotic algae; fossil algae. Economic importance of algae.

UNIT-III Fungi Classification of Fungi (Alexopolus and Saccardo). General characters of

major classes Mastigomycotina, Mixomycotina, Zygomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina. Nutrition, physiological specialization, reproduction, Life cycle patterns of fungi,

UNIT-IV

Fossil fungi, Heterothallism in Fungi, Heterokaryon, parasexual cycle. Mushroom cultivation, Mycorrhizae. Phylogeny and affinities of major groups of fungi.

Lichens: Classification and general features. Distribution, Thallus Organization, and reproduction. Economic Importance of Lichens.

UNIT-V Bryophytes: Classification (Watson), General Features of major groups (Marchantiales,

Jungermaniales, Anthoceratales, Sphagnales, Funariales and Polytrichales). Economic importance of Bryophytes. Fossil bryophytes.

Text Book: 1. Singh and Pandey – (1966) College botany Vol-I Books of India Publishers Reference Books:

1. Bold, H.C & M.J. Wyne (1978) – Introduction to Algae – Structure & Reproduction – Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

2. Fritsch, F.E(1935) – The Structure & Reproduction of the Algae ( 2 Vols.) – Cambridge University Press, England.

3. Alexopoulus, C.J& Mims, C.W. (1979) – Introductory Mycology – Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Bessey, E.A.(1979) – Morphology & Taxonomy of Fungi, Vikas Publishing House Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.

5. Hale, Jr.M.E.(1983) – Biology of Lichens – Edward Arnold, Maryland. CHAIRMAN – BOS COE

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Sl. No.: Subject Code: GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) KARUR-05

M.Sc., - BOTANY- SEMESTER I – CORE COURSE -II (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

BIODIVERSITY -II UNIT- I Pteridophytes

Classification of Pteridophytes (Reimers), General Features and Origin of Pteridophytes. Range of Morphology, Structure, Reproduction and Evolution of the Gametophytes and Sporophytes of the following orders – Rhyniales, Psilotales, Lycopodiales, Isoetales, Selaginellales, Calamitales and Equisetales.

UNIT- II Morphology, Reproduction and Phylogeny of the following Orders – Ophioglossales, Marattiales, Osmundales, Filicales and Salviniales. Heterospory and seed habit. Stelar Evolution, Structural development and Evolution of Sorus in Fillicales. Fern culture.

UNIT-III Gymnosperms

Classification of Gymnosperms (K.R. Sporne). General account and Characteristic features of Gymnosperms. General Structure and Evolutionary Significance of Peteridospermales, Bennetitales, Pentoxylales and Cordaitales.

UNIT-IV A General Account on the Distribution Morphology, Anatomy, Reproduction and Phylogeny of Cycadales, Coniferales, Ginkgoales, Ephedrales, Welwitchiales and Gnetales.

UNIT-V Paleobotany A General Account on Geological Time Scale – Types of Fossils, Methods of Fossilization, Age Determination and Methods of Study of Fossils. A brief account on Fossils. Role of Fossil in Oil Exploration.

Text Book: 1. Ganguly, Dass and Dutta (1958) College Botany – New central book Agency Vol I References:

1. Parihar, N.S – The Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes, Central Book Depot, Allahabad. 6.

2. Rashid.A. (1986) – An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vani Educational Books, New Delhi. 3. Sporne, K.R. (1972) – The Morphology of Pteridophytes, B.I. Publications, Madras. 4. Vashishta.P.C. (1990) – Pteridophyta – S. Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi 5. Chamberlain. C. – Gymnosperm Structure & Evolution, Univ. Chicago Press. 6. Coulter & Chamberlin – Morphology of Gymnosperms – Central Book Depot, Allahabad. 7. Sporne K.R. (1972) – The Morphology of Gymnosperm – BII Publications, Madras. 8. Vashita P.C.(1990) – Gymnosperms – S. Chand & Co. Ltd., India.

CHAIRMAN – BOS COE

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Sl. No.: Subject Code: GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)KARUR-05

M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER I – CORE COURSE -III (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

UNIT- I Classification-Whitaker’s five Kingdom concept – Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic microbes – General features of Protozoa, charateristics and ultrastructure, isolation, purification, chemical nature – replication, transmission, Economic importance, Virions and Prions, Phytoplasma (Including Mycoplasma).

UNIT- II Bacteria - Classification (Bergy’s latest edn.) Archaebacteria, Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria – General account, ultrastructure, nutrition, growth, reproduction and Economic importance.

UNIT-III Microbial Techniques – Pure culture techniques- plating methods, Liquid media, two membered culture. Sterilization by heat, chemical and filtration methods. Culture tools, culture media - types of media and microbial growth.

UNIT-IV Plant Pathology – Organisms and causal factor responsible for plant diseases – Methods of studying plant diseases – Koch’s Postulates – common terminologies used in plant pathology – symptomology, etiology, epiphytology, control measures, - Host parasite interactions – toxins, defense mechanisms in plant – Integrated disease management.

UNIT-V Common plant diseases of India (Tobacco mosaic, cucumber mosaic, Little leaf of Brinjal, Citrus Canker, Rice blight, Tikka disease, Wilt of cotton, Downy mildew, White rust, Damping off, Disease of seedlings, Rust of wheat, Root knot of tomato.

Text Books: 1. Prescott- (2008) Microbiology McGraw-Hill Higher Education College textbook publisher Reference Books: 1. Pelczar, M.J. Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1993) – Microbiology – Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., New Delhi 2. Schlegel, H.E. (1986) – General Microbiology – Cambridge University, London. 3. Cooper , J.I. (1995) – Viruses and the environment (2nd Edn.) – Chapman & Hall, London. 4. Mehrota R.S., Plant Panthology – Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 5. Agrios, J.S. Plant Pathology -


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GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) KARUR-05 M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER I – CORE COURSE -IV

(For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

PRACTICAL – I (Covering Core Courses I,II & III)

CC – I Algae Cyanophyta : Gloeocapsa, Anabaena, Stigonema Chlorphyta : Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Closteium, Acetabularia Charophyta : Chara, Nitella Xanthophyta : Botrydium, Vaucheria Bacillariphyta : Cyclotella and Navicula (Diatoms) Phaeophyta : Padina, Sargassum Rhodophyta : Batrachospermum, Ceramium, Gracilaria Fungi Mastigomycotina : Pythium Zygomycotina : Pilobolus Ascomycotina : Taphrina, Neurospora Basidiomycotina : Pluerotus, Lycoperdon Dueteromycotina : Cercospora, Fusarium, Colletotrichum Examination of Mycorrhizal association Lichens – Usnea Bryophytes Morphological and anatomical study of representative members of the following:- Marchantiales : Riccia, Targionia, Reboulia Jungermaniales : Porella Anthocerotales : Anthoceros Sphagnales : Sphagnum Funariales : Funaria Polytrichales : Polytrichum Pteridophytes Isoetales : Isoetes Selaginellates : Selaginella Equisetales : Equisetum Ophioglossales : Ophioglossum Marattiales : Angiopteris Osmundales : Osmunda Gleicheniales : Gleichenia Filicales : Pteris Salviniales : Salvinia & Azolla Gymnosperms: Study of the morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive parts of the following: Coniferales : Cupressus, Podocarpus Ginkgoales : Ginkgo Ephedrales : Ephedra Paleobotany : Pterodophytees & Gymnosperms- (Extinct and fossil forms) Pteridophytes - Lepidodendron, Stigmaria, Calamostachys. Gymnosperms – Lyginopteris, Lagenostoma and Cordaites. CCIII Plant Pathology – Study of the following diseases: Fungal diseases – Rust of Wheat, Wilt of cotton, White rust. Bacterial diseases – Citrus canker, Rice blight. Virus diseases – Tobacco mosaic, cucumber mosaic. Mycoplasmal disease – Little leaf of brinjal. Microbiology: 1. Isolation of microbes from Soil – Serial dilution & plating 2. Gram’s staining of Bacteria found in Milk, Curd, Root nodule. 3. Effect of different antibodies on bacterial growth (antibiotic sensitivity) 4. Microbial analysis of Milk by methylene – blue reduction test CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

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GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS): KARUR-05

M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER I - ELECTIVE COURSE -I (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

HORTICULTURE

UNIT- I Importance and scope of Horticulture – Divisions of horticulture – climate, Soil and Nutritional needs, Water irrigation – Plant propagation method – Cutting, Layering, Grafting, Budding, Stock – Scion relationship, Micro propagation, induction of rooting.

UNIT- II: Fruit crops – Induction of flowering, Flower thinning, Fruit setting, Fruit development. Cultivation of important fruit crops – Mango, Banana, Lime, Sapota, Guava, Tree species, E.g. Eucalyptus, Teak, Neem.

UNIT-III Classification of Vegetables –Botanical and Horticultural, Cultivation of important crops – Tomato, Brinjal, Bhendi, Dolichos and Snake guard.

UNIT-IV Principles and methods of designing a Flower garden (out door) Hedges, Edges, Fences, Trees, Climbers, Rockeries, Arches, Terrace Garden – Lawn making and maintenance – Water garden, Cultivation of water plants.

UNIT-V Indoor gardening – House plants – Light, Humidity, Watering, Designing – Bonsai plants, Watering, Pruning, Dwarfing. Floriculture – Flower decoration – Dry and Wet decoration – Cultivation of commercial flower crops – Rose, Jasmine, Chrysanthemum, and their marketing.

Text Book 1. K. Manibushan Rao (1991), Text book of Horticulture M.C. Millan Publishers. Reference Books: 1. Introduction to Horticulture – N. Kumar (1986), Rajalakshmi, Publishers. 2. Breeding Asian Fields Crops – J.M. Pochlman & D. Borthakur. 3. Introduction to Cytogenesis and plant breeding -D.D. Sundaraj & G.Tulasidas, Popular Book Co.,

CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

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GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS): KARUR-05 M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER II – CORE COURSE -V


CYTOLOGY, ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

UNIT- I Cytology Cell organelles – structural organization and function of intracellular organelles –

Cell wall, Plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles, Chloroplast – Structure and function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility.

UNIT- II Organization of Genes and Chromosomes Interrupted genes, Gene families, Structure of Chromatin and chromosomes, Unique

and repetitive DNA, Heterochromatin, Euchromatin and transposons. Cell division – Mitosis and Meiosis. Apoptosis - Programmed Cell Death (PCD).

UNIT-III Anatomy General Account and Theories of Organization of Meristems – Structural Diversity

and Phylogenetic Trends of Specialization of Xylem and Pholem – Distribution, Structure and Significance of Transfer Cells – Vascular Differentiation in the Primary Body of Stem, Root and Leaf. Root Stem Transition.

UNIT-IV Wood Structure, Types, and uses of woods. Physical, Chemical and Mechanical

Properties of Wood – Defects in Wood – natural defects – Knots – Reaction Wood – Compression and Tension Wood – Wood Preservation – Commercial Woods of South India.

UNIT-V Embryology Anther Development – Male Gametophyte – Structure and development – Pollen

Stigma Compatibility, Megasporogenesis and Female Gametophyte, Nutrition of Embryo-Sac, Fertilization, Embryo Development – Dicot and Monocot – Endosperm Types – Apomixis and Polyembryony.

Text Books: 1. De Robertis 1980. Cell Biology. Saunders International Edn., Philadelphia. 2. Pandey, B.P. 1989 – Plant Anatomy – S. Chand & Co., New Delhi. 3. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. 1981 – Embryology of Angiosperms – Vikas Pubglication House (P) Ltd., New Delhi. Reference Books: 1.Gomperts, B.D.1976 – The Plasma membrane: Models for its Structure & Function Academic Press. 2.Rost,T.L. Gifford, Jr.& Ernest, M.1977.–Mechanism and control of cell division –Academic Press, N.Y. 3. Fahn, A., 1989 – Plant Anatomy – Maxwell, Macmillan, Singapore (P) Ltd., 4. Cutter, E.G., (1978) – Plant Anatomy – Edward Arnold Publications Ltd., London. 5. Easu, K. (91953) – Plant Anatomy – John Wiley & Sons Inc. N.Y.

CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

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M.Sc., - BOTANY– SEMESTER II – CORE COURSE -VI (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

UNIT- I Taxonomy of Angiosperms A brief history and classification of angiosperms – Benthem & Hooker, Hutchinson and Takhtajan, Biosystematics, Chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy, Taxnomic evidence from Anatomy, Embryology, Cytology and serology .

UNIT- II International Code of Botanical Nomenclature Typifications, Principles of Priority and their Limitations – Effective and Valid Publications Author Citation, Retention, Choice and Rejection of Names – A Brief Account of B.S.I. and its Role – Familiarity with Botanical Literature – Monographs, Periodicals and Floras – A General account on Keys.

UNIT-III Study of the following Families and their Economic Importance of Plants. Menispermaceae - Violaceae – Cucurbitaceae- Portulacaceae -Polygalaceae- Meliaceae - Moringaceae -Myrtaceae, Aizoaceae - Sapotaceae - Salvadoraceae - Boraginaceae – Nyctaginaceae - Aristolochiaceae – Euphorbiaceae -Liliaceae - Commelinaceae - Poaceae.

UNIT-IV Concept and Dynamics of Ecosystem – Types of Ecosystem -Components, Food Chain, Food Web, and Energy Flow – Tropic Level, Ecological Pyramids – Productivity and Biogeochemical cycles (N.P.C.S.) – Environmental pollution – Air, Water, Soil, Thermal and Radiation – Cumulative effect of pollution on Global environment – Green house effect and consequences – Ecological Indicators.

UNIT-V Range – Dispersal and Migration Barriers – Hypothesis – Age and Area Hypothesis – Endemism & Insular Floras – Introduction to Remote Sensing and its Uses. Conservation biology: Current practices in conservation – Habitat or Ecosystem approaches – Species based approaches – Social approaches – Chipko movement – In Situ and Exsitu conservation

Text books 1. Pandey, B.P.(1997) - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - S.Chand & Co., New Delhi 2. Agrawal, K.C. (1987) - Environmental biology - Agro - botanical Publications, India 3. Cain, S.A. (1944) - Foundation of Plant Geography - Harper & Brothers, N.Y. Reference Books: 1. Davis, P.H. & Heywood, V.H. - Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy -Oliver & Boyd,London. 2. Jefferey, C. (1969) - An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy - J & A.Churchill Ltd., London. 3. Singh, V. & Jain, K.K. (1989) - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Rastogi, Meerut. 4. Odum, E.P. (1971) - Fundamentals of Ecology- W.B. Saunders & co., Philadelphia,USA. 5. Smith, J.M. (1974) - Models in Ecology - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 6. Good, R (1953) - The Geography of flowering Plants (2nd Edn.,) - Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., London.


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M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – II CORE COURSE –VII (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

UNIT- I Introduction - Historical Events in Molecular Biology DNA - Watson & Crick Model of DNA – Properties– Nucleotide – Nucleoside – Types of DNA - Replication of DNA - Constancy of DNA - DNA is the Genetic Material.

UNIT- II Transcription – RNA and its types, structure post transcriptional modification, genetic code, central dogma

UNIT-III Protein Synthesis - Mechanism of Translation - Post Translational modification - Rate of Synthesis of Polypeptide Chain - Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis – transposons.

UNIT-IV Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes: Principle of Regulation - Transcriptional Regulation - Post Transcriptional Control - Feedback Inhibition and Allosteric Control - Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes: The Regulation of Transcription Initiation - Nucleocytoplasmic mRNA Transport.

UNIT-V Immunology – General Account on Immune Systems and Immunology – Innate and Acquired Immunity – Antigen and Antibody (Types, Structure, Requirements and Antigen – antibody Interactions) – detection of antibody ( Immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA and RIA) – Application of Immunology in Plant Systems with Special Reference to Immunocytochemistry.

Text Books

1. Frdfelder, D(1986) - Molecular Biology - Jones & Barriet Publishing INC., Boston, Portola Valley. 2. Kuby 2007 Immunology 5th edn MacMillon Publishers

Reference Books:

1. De Robertis, E.M.F. (1980) Cell and Molecular Bology Saunders International Edn., Philadelphia. 2. Levin, B. (1998) - Genes VI - Oxford University Press, London. 3. Sinha J.K. and Bhatacharya.S. 2005 Immunilogy Academic publishers

CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

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M.Sc., - BOTANY– II SEMESTER – CORE COURSE -VIII (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

PRACTICAL – II COVERING CORE COURSES (V, VI & VII)

CC – VI

Cytology

1. Squash and Smear Techniques – Onion Root Tip and Rheo Flower Buds. 2. Study of Karyotypes and Ideograms using Suitable Plant Materials. 3. Identification of DNA using Schiffs Reagent. 4. Histochemical staining of DNA & RNA. 5. Regulations of gene expression (with the help of models/charts) 6. Detections of a plasmid containing foreign DNA 7. Mapping a cloned gene on a Cosmic Vector.

Anatomy

1. Dissection of shoot apex in Hydrilla and Whole Mount. 2. Examination of L.S. of Shoot and Root apices. 3. Examination of Different Types of Pits. - Secondary wall Thickening - Annular, Helical and Scalariform and pitted

thickening. 4. Wood Structure - T.S., T.L.S., and R.L.S., - Showing variations in Vessel Elements, Fibres, Axial Parenchyma and

Ray Parenchyma. 5. Identification of Different Types of Stomata - Monocot and Dicot Types. 6. Identification of Wood Defects - Spotter.

Embryology:

1. Slides showing Developmental Stages of Anther, Embryosac, Endosperm and Embryo. 2. Dissection of Endosperm Haustoria - Cucurbitaceae - Cucumis - Peltophorum 3. Dissection of Embryo - Tridax / Crotalarial Cyamopsis.

CC VII Taxonomy: Study of the plants belonging to the families Menispermaceae, Violaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Polygalaceae, Portulacaceae, Meliaceae, Moringaceae, Myrtaceceae Aizoaceae, Sapotaceae, Salvadoraceae, Boraginaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Commeliniaceae, Poaceae. Determine the binomial of plants with the help of Gamble flora. Submission of 30 herbarium specimens with field note book and tour report. 10 Marks for Tour Report, Field note book and Herbarium

10 Marks for Record. Ecology

1. Analysis of vegetation - by using quadrat / line transect to find out frequency and interpret the vegetations in terms of Raunkauer's frequency formula. Estimation of Species Diversity and Dominance Index.

2. Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen content in the given water sample. 3. Estimation of Primary Production in the given water sample by the Light-Dark Bottle Method. 4. Estimation of Carbonate, Bicarbonate and Chloride content in water samples. 5. Estimation of the quantity of Planktons present in the given water sample.

Phytogeography A study of plant distribution maps - Continuous, Discontinuous, Circum Polar, Circum Tropical, Endemic Distribution Remote Sensing - Study of Satellite Maps.


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GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) KARUR-05 M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – II - ELECTIVE - II


FOOD TECHNOLOGY

UNIT- I Introduction to food science- types of food - Principles and methods of food preservation- Perishable, Semi-perishable and Non-perishable Foods - Meth-ods of Preservation - Temporary Preservation - Low Temperature – Antiseptics – Pasteurization - Exclusion of Air - Eletromagnetic radiation. Permanent preservation. Sterilization processing' by heat, effect of acidification, drying fermentation, exclusion of air.

UNIT- II Preservation technique – chemical method of food preservation Preservation by Salting - Preservation by Sugar Syrup for Caning Jam - Preservation by Chemicals: Benzoic Acid – Parabene - Sulphur-di-oxide – Sulphites – Nitrites - Diethylpyrocarbonates (DEPC) - Hydrogen Peroxide Chlorine - CO2 - Preservation by Antibiotics and irradiation.

UNIT-III Conservation operations- screening of solids- mixing –moving- emulsification-filtration- membrane separation- centrifugation-extraction-expresion and crystallization and heat processing- Harvest and storage of vegetables and fruits.

UNIT-IV Vegetable and milk Products: Canning of Vegetables – Pickles – Chutneys. Backed Products - Classification of Wheats - Hard Wheat - Soft Wheat- Dum Wheat - Flour Preparation - Baking Formulation and Processing - Milk and Milk Products - Composition of Milk - Milk products – Butter – Ghee - Unfermented Milk Products, Condensed Milks – Cheese - Ice cream and Milk powder.

UNIT-V Food additives: Definitions - Preservative Antioxidants - Colouring Agents – Emulsifier - Stabilishers and Thickness, Bleaching and Maturing Agents, Clarifying Agents, Antifoaming Agents - Nutrient Supplements - Non-nutritive Sweatness - Function of additives - Food adultration - Adultrants and Simple Detection Techniques - Food Grades – Standards - Laws and Regulations.

Text Book 1. Food science by N. Potter and Hotchkiss.

Reference Books 1. Exploring food science and Technology by Muano peter (2010) 2. Food processing and preservation by Swasanker 3. Food science by Srilakshmi 4. Food Microbiology- Odum and Moss 5. Food microbiology- Frazier.


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M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – III CORE COURSE –IX (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING UNIT- I Mendelian Laws-Monohybrid and Dihybrid Experiments –Allelomorphs -

Genotype and Phenotype - Back Cross and Test Crosses - Homozygous and heterozygous – Deviation from the Mendelian ratio- Pedigree analysis -Problems.

UNIT- II Linkage - Types of Linkage - Complete and Incomplete Linkage – Theories - Factors Affecting Linkage - Arrangement of Linked Genes -Theories of Linkage-Sex-Limited and Sex-linked inheritance - Cytoplasm inheritance - Male Sterility – Origin - Induction and Applications.

UNIT-III Crossing Over - Mechanism of Crossing Over – Theories – Kinds - Tetrad analysis Frequency and Factors Affecting Crossing Over - Chromosome Map - Procedure for Chromosome Mapping in Drosophila and Maize - Factors affecting Mapping - Interference and Coincidence -Problems.

UNIT-IV Gene and Gene concept – Mutations- Biochemical basis of Mutation -Types of Mutations - Reverse and Suppressed Mutations - Mutagenic agents - Physical and Chemical Mutagens - Population Genetics –Hardy-Weinberg Law.

UNIT-V Plant Breeding - Genetic variability and its role in Plant Breeding -Breeding Method, Self-pollinated and Cross-pollinated - Vegetatively propagated and Apomictic Plant - Inbreeding Depression – Theories -Role of Hybrid Vigour in Plant Breeding – Polyploidy. .

Reference Books: Genetics

1. Winchester, A.M. (1958); Genetics (3rdEdn.,) Oxford &IBH Publishing House, Calcutta, Bombay, New De1hi-504pp

2. Strickbeger, M.W (1976); Genetics (2nd Edn.,) Macmillan Publishing co., Inc.,N.Y., London-914pp., 3. Herskowitz, LH (1977); Principles of genetics (2nd Edn.,) Macmillan Publishing co., Inc, N.Y.& Collier-Macmillan, Londan-

836pp., 4. Watson, J.D (1977); Molecular Biology of the Gene W.N. Benjamin, Inc Menlo Park-California, Reading Massachusetts, London,

Amsterdan, Don Mills-Ontario, Sydney – 739 pp.

5. Lewin, B (1985); Genes W Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad – 716 pp.

6. Ahluwalia, K.B (1990); Genetics Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, Bangalore, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad 372pp.,

7. Jain, H.K (1999); Genetics-Priniciples, concepts of Implications,Oxford & IBH Publishing co.,(p)LTD., New Delhi-

454pp.,

PLANT BREEDING 1. Allard (1960) ; Principles of Plant Breeding John Wiley Publications, N.Y 2. Hayes, H.K., Immer, F.R 3. Smith, D.C (1967) ; Methods of Plant Breeding reinholt Publications, N.Y. 4. Chaudhary, R.C. (1991) ; Introduction to Plant Breeding Oxford IBH Publishing Co, (P) ltd, New Delhi, Bombay Ca1cutta-261 p.p, 5. Agarwal, R.L., (1998); Fundamentals of Plant Breeding and Hybrid Seed Production Oxford & IBH Publishing co, (P) Ltd., New Delhi- 6. Chopra, V.L., (1998) ; Plant breeding Theory & Practice (2nd edn.) Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., (P) ltd., New Delhi & Calcutta-pp., 7. Singh, B.D. (1999) ; Plant Breeding - Principles & Methods Kalyani Publishers- 702-pp., CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

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M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – III CORE COURSE – X (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

BIOPHYSICS, BIOCHEMISTRY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY UNIT- I Biophysics : Thermodynamics- Laws- Redox Potential-Redox coupling, Bioenergetics - ATP, Entropy

and Enthalpy. Photo Biology : Dual Nature of Light, Characteristics of Solar Radiation, Solar Energy, Efficiency of Atoms, Absorption Spectra in Molecules – Energy State, De-Excitation.

UNIT- II Carbohydrates : Classification, Structure of Mono, di and Polysaccharides, Stereo isomers, Enantiomers and

Epimers. Amino Acids and Proteins: Structure, Characteristics and Classification of Amino Acids, Protein and Non Protein Amino Acids, Amino Acid Biosynthesis, Peptide Bond and Polypeptide Chain, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of Proteins. Lipids : Classification and Structure, Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids, Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty acids, Oxidation of Fatty Acids.Nucleic Acids : Composition and Synthesis of Nucleic acids.

UNIT-III Enzymes : General aspects (Classification, Nomenclature and Structure) Allosteric Mechanism,

Regulatory and Active Sites- Isoenzymes, Kinetics, Enzymatic Catalysis -Michaelis – Menton Equation and its Significance..

UNIT-IV Physiology Plant – Water Relations – Water Transport Processes – Diffusion, Osmosis, Water

Potential- Transpiration and its Significance, Mechanism of Stomatal Movement. Mineral Nutrition : Nutrient Uptake and Transport Mechanism.

Photosynthesis : Ultra Structure of Photosynthetic Apparatus, Photochemical reactions, Electron Transport Pathway, Photophosporylation. C4 – Carbon Cycle, Crassulacean Acid Metabolism,- HMP, Photorespiration and dark respiration.

UNIT-V Respiration : Glycolysis, TCA Cycle, Electron Transport in Mitochondria, Oxidative Phosphorylation –

Pentose Phosphate, Cyanide Resistance Respiration. Nitrogen Metabolism : Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Reduction of N2 to Ammonia, Nif

Genes, Nitrate and Ammonium Assimilation. Growth and Development : Physiological Role and Mechanism of Action of Plant Growth

Regulators: Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Abscisic Acid, and Ethylene. Physiology of Flowering- Seed Dormancy and Seed Germination, Senescene and Fruit

Ripening. Reference Books: BIOPHYSICS

1. Lehninger, A.L. (1971) – Bioenergetics – The Molecular basis Biological Energy Transformation – Addition wiley. 2. Casey, E.J. (1962) – Biophysics – Concepts and mechanisms – Van Nonstrnd reinfold co, & East – West press, New Delhi. 3. Daniel. M., and Pater. R.C., (1989) basic biophysics – Agro Botanical Publishers (India)

BIOCHEMISTRY 1. Lehninger. A.L., (1985) Biochemistry – Worth Publishers. 2. Freifelder, D. (1985) – Essentials of Modern biochemistry – Jones & Barlet. 3. Brett, C.T., and Hillman, J.R., (1985) Biochemistry of Plant cell walls – Cambridge University Presses U.K.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1. Jain V.K. (1990) – Plant Physiology – S. Chand & Co. New Delhi. 2. ar. H.D., and singh, H.N. (1990 – Plant metabolism) 3. Fang. F.K., (1982) – Light Reaction path of photosynthesis, Vol 35. molecular biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics – Springer. 4. Malik. C.P., and Srinivastra, (1995) – Plant Physiology. 5. Verman. S.K (1999) – Plant Physiology- S.Chand & Co., New Delhi. 6. Palner. J.M., (ed) 1984 – the physiology and biochemistry of Plant respiration – Cambridge University Press. U.K. 7. Delvin. R.M. (1969) – Plant Physiology – Holt, Rinehart & Winston & Affiliated east west, Press (p) Ltd., New Delhi. 8. S. Salisbury. F.B. & C.W. Ross – (1999) Plant Physiology – CBS Publishers & Printers, New Delhi.

CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

1352 P11BO3C10


M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – III CORE COURSE – XI (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

Practical – III (Core Course X and XI)

Genetics Mendelian Problems – Monohybrid and Dihybrids – Problems in Linkage and

Crossing over (Working problems in Genetics).

PLANT BREEDING

1. Emasculation

2. Crossing

3. Bagging

BIOPHYSICS

1. pH Meter. 2. Spectrophotometer 3. Centrifuge 4. Electrophoretic Apparatus.

BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Extraction and Estimation of Starch 2. Extraction and Estimation of Lipid. 3. Determinatin of reducing sugars in Fruit. (Grapes) 4. Estimation of Amino – Acids by Ninhydrin. 5. Separation and identification of sugars and amino acids by chromatography. 6. Extraction of amylase and determination of its activity. 7. Separation of alkaloids by TLC.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

1. Determination of water potential in different tissues. 2. Determination of photosynthetic pigments. 3. Determination of Carotenoids. 4. Estimation of total acidity. 5. Estimation of protein by Lowry’s method. 6. Determination of peroxidase activity. 7. Estimation of total phenols.

CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

3P1 P11BO3C11P


M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – III CORE COURSE – XII (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT- I Basic Techniques of Genetic Manipulation- Agarose gel electrophoresis, Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cutting and Joining of DNA molecules- Linkers and adopters - Restriction Enzymes, Ligases, homopolymer tailing.

UNIT- II Plasmids and Phage Vectors: PBR322, Bacteriophage, phagemids Cosmids, BAC, YAC, Expression Vectors, Shuttle Vectors.

UNIT-III Cloning Strategies : Cloning of Genomic DNA – Genomic DNA libraries, PCR as an alternative to Genomic Cloning; Cloning – Properties cDNA libraries, Preparation of cDNA for library Construction, Full-Length cDNA cloning.

UNIT-IV Screening Strategies : Sequence – dependent Screening, Screening by Hybridization, Probe design, Chromosome Walking (Blotting technique: Southern, Northern and Western, RAPD, RFLP, DNA finger printing.

UNIT-V Sequencing Strategies: Methods – Chain Terminator Sequencing, Automated Sequencing, Whole Genome Sequencing – Analysing of Sequence Data, DNA Sequence Databases, (Site-directed Mutagenesis). Gene Transfer in Plants : Agrobacterium mediated transformation, Direct DNA Transformation – Protoplast Transformation, Particle Bombardment, Electroporation and Microinjection.

Reference Books:

1. Principles of gene manipulation, S.B. Primrose, R.M. Twyman and R.W. Old, Blackwell Science, 2001.

2. Molecular cloning : A laboratory manual. J. Sambrook, E.F. Fritsch and T.Miatis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 2000.

3. Molecular Biotechnology, S.B. Primrose, Blackwell Scientific Pub., Oxford, 1994. Plant Biotechnology, J. Hammaond, P.McGarvey and V.Yusibov, Springer Verlag, 2000.

4. Plant Biotechnology A. Slater, N. Scotta M. Fowler. 2003. Oxford University Press. No Practical for this Paper

CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

1353 P11BO3C12



M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – III ELECTIVE COURSE – III (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

UNIT- I Introduction – History, Scope and Concepts of Basic Techniques in Plant Tissue Culture. Laboratory Requirements and Establishments. Sterilization – Filter, Heat and Chemical. Media Preparation – Inorganic, Nutrients, Organic Supplements, Carbon Source, Gelling Agents, Growth Regulators and composition of important culture media (MS and White’s Media)

UNIT- II Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture – Isolation of Single Cell, Selection and Types of Cells, Explants and Organs for Culture. Totipotency – Cellular potency – Cytodifferentiation, Dedifferentiation – and Redifferenction Nature of Induction, Direct and Indirect Organogenesis.

UNIT-III Micropropagation – Clonal Propagation of elite germplasm – Technical Problems in Micropropagation – Advantages of Micropropagation – Organogenesis – Formation of Shoots and Roots. - Role of Growth regulators and other factor- Somoclonal and Gametoclonal Variations. Somatic Embryogenesis – Process of Somatic Embryogenesis – Synthetic Seeds.

UNIT-IV Haploid Production – Androgenesis and Gynogenesis – Anther and Pollen Culture. Ovule and Ovary Culture – Protoplast Culture – Isolation of Protoplasts – Mechanical, Enzymatic and Somatic Hybridization – Protoplast fusion – Spontaneous, Mechanical, Induced – Selection of Somatic Hybrids- Cybrids.

UNIT-V In vitro Root Production – Agrobacterium rhizogens – In vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites – Classification of Secondary Metabolites – General Account on Biosynthetic Pathways of Secondary Metabolites.

Cryo preservations and Genbank – Application of Tissue Culture in Forestry, Horticulture, Agriculture and Pharmaceutical Industry.

REFERENCE BOOK

1. Bhojwani. S.S., and Razdan, M.K. (1983) Plant tissue culture. Theory and Practice : Elsevier Science Publishers, Netherlands.

2. Razdan. M.K. 1993 – An Intoduction to plant tissue culture – Oxford and IBH Publishing co. New Delhi.

3. Dodds. J.H. & Roberts. I.W. (1985) Experiments in Plant time culture – Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

4. Kalian Kumar. D.E., (1992) An Introduction to Plant tissue culture, New Central Book Agency, Culcutta.

5. Vasil. I.K. (1986) – Cell Culture and Somatic Cell genetics of Plant – 3 Volumes Academic Press. Inc.

CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

1354 P11BO3E3


M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – IV CORE COURSE – XIII (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

UNIT- I Choosing the Problem for Research – Review of Literature – Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources – Bibliography – Indexing and Abstracting – Reporting the Results of Research in Conference – Oral and Poster Presentation.

UNIT- II Research Journals – National and International – Monograph – Reprints – Proof Correction – Full Paper – Short Communication – Review Paper- seminar, symposium presentations.

UNIT-III Biostatistics – Scope – collections – Tabulation and Classification of Data – Graphical & diagrammatic representation of Data.

UNIT-IV Measures of Central tendency – Mean, Median and Mode - Standard Deviation – Standard Error – Test to Significance-‘t’ Test – Chi square test –ANOVA - Correlation – Regression.

UNIT-V Organization to Computer – CPU – Input and Output Devices – Memory – Internal and External Memory Storage Memory – Knowledge about Windows and Its scientific Applications (MS Office, Power Point, Excel) – Retrieval of Information from Internet.

REFERENCE BOOK:

1. Jayaraman. J. Techniques in Biology, Higginbothams Pvt. Ltd., Madras 1972. 2. Jayaramn, J. Laborary Manual in Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 1985. 3. Coonor & Peter wood ford, Writing Scientific Paper in English Putman Medical pub.

Co. Ltd., England 1979. 4. Balagurusamy. E., Programming in Basic, 2nd Edn. Tata McGraw hill pub, co., ltd.,

New Delhi 1985. 5. Dheenadayalu. R. Computer Science, Vol. I, Tata McGraw Hillpub. Co. Ltd., New

Delhi 1987. 6. Khan . I.A., and Khannum. A., Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Vikas Club, Hyderabad.

1994. 7. Kothari. C., Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques, Wiley eastern ltd.,

New Delhi, 1991. 8. Sree Ramalu, V.S., Thesis Writing, Oxford & IBH pub., New Delhi 1988. 9. Zar., J.H. Biostatistics Analysis, Prentice Hall International, England Cliffs, New

Jersey, 1984. CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

1471 P11BO4C13


M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – IV - ELECTIVE COURSE – IV (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

BIOINSTRUMENTATION AND BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

UNIT- I Microscopy – Principles and Applications of Light – Dark Field – Phase Contrast – Fluorescence – Polarization – Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy.

UNIT- II pH Meter – Centrifugation – Clinical Centrifuge – High Speed Centrifuges – Micro Centrifuges – Ultra Centrifuge – Colorimetry –UV- Visible – Spectrometer – Photometry – Flame Photometer – Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

UNIT-III Chromatography – Principles and Applications of Partition – Absorption Ion Exchange – Affinity – Gel permeation– Gel Chromatography – GLC., HPLC – NMR – MASS spectroscopy

UNIT-IV Radio active Isotopes – Half – life of Isotopes – Tracer Techniques – Autoradiography – Counting of Radioactivity – Scintillation Counter – GM Counter – Electrophoresis – SDS PAGE – Agarose.

UNIT-V Microtome – Rotary Wood – Crop and Ultra sectioning – Killing and Fixation – Fixative Fluids – Clearing Reagents – Embedding with Wax, Resins – Dehydration – Stains and Staining mechanisms – Natural and Synthetic Stains.

REFERENCE BOOK: 1. Christian G.D. (1979) – Atomic Absorption Sectrocopy – John Fredric J. Fieldman Wiley &

Sons, N.Y. 2. Dwivdi. J.N. & R.B. Singh (1985) – Essential of Plant Technique – Scientific Publ. Jodhpur. 3. Jayaraman. J. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry – Wiley Easteren Ltd., New Delhi. 4. Jensen, W.A., (1962) Botanical – Wiley Eastrn Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Johansen, D.A. (1940) – Plant Microtechnique – McGraw – Hill Book Co., San Francisco. 6. Krishnamurthy. K.V., (1988) – Methods in plant Histochemistry – S. Viswanathan & Co.,

Madras. 7. Skoog. A., & West, M (1980) – Principles of Instrumental Analysis – W.B. Saunders Co.,

Philadephina. 8. Wilard. H.H., Meritt., L.L., (Jr) & Dean, J.A., (1965) – Instrumental Methods of Analysis 4th

Edn., - Van Nostrand Inc. Princeton. N.J., & East – West press (P) Ltd., New Delhi. 9. Williams, B.L., & Wilson, K. (1983) – A Biologist’s Guide Principles and Techniques of

Practical Biochemistry – Edward Arnold, London.

No Practical for this Paper.

CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

1472 P11BO4E4


M.Sc., - BOTANY – SEMESTER – IV – PROJECT WORK (For the candidates admitted from 2011-12 onwards)

PROJECT WORK

SL. Area of Work Maximum Marks

1. PROJECT WORK:

(i) Plan of the Project

(ii) Execution of the plan / Collection of data /

Organization of materials/ Fabrication

Experimental study / Hypothesis, Testing etc.,

and Presentation of the report.

(iii) Individual Initiative

20

45

15

2. VIVA VOCE EXAMINATION 20

TOTAL 100

PASSING MINIMUM – 50 MARKS

CHAIRMAN –BOS COE

P11BO4PW

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