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Dams and Hydropower development in Italy
Giovanni Ruggeri
Hydro
Thermal
Import-Export
Electricity production in Italy
Year
Hydro
Thermal
Import-Export
Hydro
Thermal
Import-Export
• Most favorable sites already exploited
• Vulnerability of the hydroelectricity (dry years)
• Easier access to fossil fuels
• No “American funds” for the hydro equipment
• Increased manpower cost
• Vajont disaster
12 GW
22 GW
12 GW
22 GW
Continuous increase of the installed capacity by:
• Updating and Repowering of existing plants (larger generation units, automation)
• New large pumped storage plants (related to nuclear energy plans …):
o Entracque (1200 MW) Edolo (1000); Presenzano (1000); Anapo (600); Taloro (260)
Carefull preservation of historical-architectural values
Hydro-electricity in Italy, today:
• Installed Capacity : ~ 22 GW (~ 6 GW pumped storage plants)
• No. of Plants : ~ 2700 (capacity > 10 MW: ~ 300)
• Production : ~ 50.000 GWh/year (20% of the total)
• Hydroelectric prevailing purpose: ~ 60%of the large dams
Hydro-electricity in Italy, today:
• Installed Capacity : ~ 22 GW (~ 6 GW pumped storage plants)
• No. of Plants : ~ 2700 (capacity > 10 MW: ~ 300)
• Production : ~ 54.000 GWh/year (20% of the total)
• Hydroelectric prevailing purpose: ~ 60%of the large dams
“Minor” contribution, but of paramount importance
-supply-demand gaps,
-sudden fluctuations,
-spinning and non-spinning reserve
- regulation and frequency response
- black start capability
An outlook to the next future: Needs and Opportunities
• Managing new requirements, minimizing the negative impact :
– flood protection, irrigation, water supply, minimum vital flow, recreational purposes, tourism development, wet land habitat
• Optimizing existing infrastructure:
– Upgrading schemes, extending operational life, mini-hydro to generate the minimum flow, hydropower capabilities at non-power dams, etc.
• GHG, global warming, climate change : interest for renewables, positive attitude also for hydro (also for “large-hydro” …??)
• Increasing contribution from renewable non-programmable sources
Increasing contribution from wind and solar source:
Increasing importance of balancing capacity
.... of hydropower (pumped storage, in particular)
Increasing contribution from wind and solar source:
Increasing importance of balancing capacity
.... of hydropower (pumped storage, in particular)
Pumped Storage
Construction in
Europe, by decades
Future perspectives:
COUPLING OF THE EUROPEAN MARKETS
- Rules
- Networks
Large Dams: ~ 540
(France: ~ 560)
ALPEGERA dam (H=160 m)
Dam Owners:
• Enel Group : 40% of the dams
• Other Hydroelectric Owners: 20% of the dams
Dams in Italy:
Dam Purpose
Dam Purpose
Italy
France
60%
40% 10%
35%
15% 10% 20%
Irrigation Hydropower
Navigation Water supply
Recreational
Dam Type
France
Italy
Concrete Embankment
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 1
88
0
18
90
19
00
19
10
19
20
19
30
19
40
19
50
19
60
19
70
19
80
19
90
20
00
20
10
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f d
ams
in o
pe
rati
on
Years
Year of completion
Italy
France
80 80%
80 80 60%
80
Mean Age:
- Italy : 60 years - France : 55 years
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
11
0
12
0
13
0
14
0
15
0
16
0
17
0
18
0
19
0
20
0
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f d
ams
in o
pe
rati
on
m
Height
Italy
France
80 80%
80
80 60%
80
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 0
,01
0,1
1
10
10
0
10
00
Pe
rce
nta
ge o
f d
ams
in o
pe
rati
on
Million m³
Storage Capacity
Italy
France
Main current need: Maintenance – Rehabilitation
No. of dams subjected to restoration/rehabilitation
- Ageing and degradation
- Obsolete dam design criteria
- Increased or additional loads
- Silting of reservoirs
“Obsolete typologies” :
• stone and mortar (61)
• dry stone
• multiple arches/slabs
• hollow gravity dams
In total: more than one hundred (20%)
hollow gravity stone and mortar
multiple arches
