Giorgio MICOLITTI-Standard Di Sicurezza Delle Gallerie Ferroviarie

7/21/2019 Giorgio MICOLITTI-Standard Di Sicurezza Delle Gallerie Ferroviarie

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Pwnmgnyg gf pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd Idm`aknyh Fmwdymnflmnbd

PWNMGNYG GF PF@TYD__N MDBBD CNBBDYFD

F B UNMLYNKN DTYLUDL D BN PFWTN_FLMDFWNBFNMN

Uyfkd `lmpfgdynflmf

Nclpwl 9550


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U n c f m n r>

PLKKNYFL

>-

Fmwylgtflmd unc- 0

9- Bn mlyknwfzn fm Fwnbfn unc- 4

Bd Bfmdd Ctfgn unc- :

Cbf pzfbtuuf yd`dmwf unc- 3

0- Bn mlyknwfzn mdf uyfm`funbf undpf gdbbnydn dtyludn l``fgdmwnbd unc- >>

7- P`adgd yfdufblcnwfzd gdbbd mlyknwfzd fm zfclyd fm nb`tmf gdf

undpf dtyludf pfcmfjf`nwfzf? unc- >4 Fwnbfn unc- >:

Cdyknmfn unc- 9>

Jynm`fn unc- 93

Pzfdyn unc- 00

Ntpwyfn

TH unc- 73

4- @lmjylmwl jyn f uyfm`funbf unynkdwyf gf pf`tydn unc- 4>

U> ? `nkul gf nuubf`nflmd gdbbd mlyknwfzd unc- 49

U9 ? `lmjfctynflmd cdlkdwyf`n gdf mtlzf wtmmdb unc- 44

U0 ? `lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf unc- 41

U7 ? d~tfunccfnkdmwf gdf `lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf unc- :>

U4 ? d~tfunccfnkdmwf btmcl bn cnbbdyfn unc- :4

U: ? zfd gdplgl unc- :1

U3 ? `nkkfmnkdmwf bnwdynbf unc- 3> U1 ? zdmwfbnflmd unc- 30

U6 ? uydp`yfflmf udy f knwdyfnbf gf `lpwytflmd unc- 15

U>5 ? uydp`yfflmf udy bdpdy`ffl unc- 17

U>> ? ufnmf gf dkdycdmn unc- 13

:- Bd uyfm`funbf nuubf`nflmf !`npd afpwlyfdp& unc- 69


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U n c f m n r9

:-> Bd cynmgf cnbbdyfd gf inpd wynmpnbufmd!P- Clwwnygl Bwp`aidyc Kw Nkifm Iydmmdyl&

Fmwdyzdmwf gf uydzdmflmd unc- 64

Fmwdyzdmwf gf kfmfkfnflmd unc- >5>

Zdmwfbnflmd,ynjjydggnkdmwl unc- >57

Knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd unc- >>>

Fmwdyzdmwf lycnmfnwfzf d gf dpdy`ffl unc- >>>

Ufnmf gf nbbnykd unc- >>>

Wnidbbn gf `lmjylmwl unc- >9>

:-9 Dpdkufl gf nuubf`nflmd gdbbn mlyknwfzn wdgdp`n nbbdcnbbdyfd gdbbn bfmdn @lblmfn+Jynm`ljlywd unc- >90

:-0 Dpdkufl gf nuubf`nflmd gdbbd Bfmdd Ctfgn nb uylcdwwluydbfkfmnyd gdbbn cnbbdyfn gf inpd Wdymf+Pulbdwl unc- >04


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U n c f m n r0

>- FMWYLGT_FLMDUydkdppn

Wyn f mtkdylpf unynkdwyf àd `nynwwdyfnml tm pfpwdkn gf wynpulywl" ~tdbbl pdmn gtiifl

uf ~tnbfjf`nmwd" pfn udy fb pfcmfjf`nwl pl`fnbd d tknml" pfn udy bd ydpulmpnifbfw àd fkubf`n

udy àf cdpwfp`d d ludyn mdb pfpwdkn pwdppl" bn pf`tydn-

Nmàd udy fb pfpwdkn jdyylzfnyfl" fb uf nkufl d gfjjtpl pfpwdkn `lbbdwwfzl n bfzdbbl klmgfnbd"

dppn `lpwfwtfp`d tm lifdwwfzl uyflyfwnyfl d fyyfmtm`fnifbd-

Fb uydpdmwd ynuulywl dpnkfmn tm npudwwl unywf`lbnyd" kn fkulywnmwd" pluynwwtwwl udybfkunwwl zdypl blufmflmd utiibf`n" gdb uylibdkn cdmdynbd gdbbn pf`tydn? ~tdbbl gdbbd

cnbbdyfd-Utmwl gf unywdmn bnmnbfpf gf ~tnmwl pfmlyn jnwwl d gf `f àd pf fmwdmgd kdwwdyd n utmwl

mdb uylppfkl jtwtyl ptb wdkn gdbbn pf`tydn fm cnbbdyfn" àd mdcbf tbwfkf nmmf" udy djjdwwl gf

dzdmwf `nwnpwyljf`f nzzdmtwf fm Dtylun pfn fm cnbbdyfd pwyngnbf àd jdyylzfnyfd" pwn gfzdmdmgl

lccdwwl gf jlywd nwwdmflmd-

Cbf pwnmgnyg gf pf`tydn nwwtnbkdmwd uydzfpwf gn YJF zdmclml nmnbfnwf d `lbbl`nwf mdb

~tngyl gf yfjdyfkdmwl" gdf uyfm`funbf undpf gdbbnydn dtyludn l``fgdmwnbd !Cdyknmfn"

Jynm`fn" Pzfdyn" Ntpwyfn" TH&-

Gnb `lmjylmwl dkdyclml pfcmfjf`nwfzd fmgf`nflmf udy bl pzfbtuul gf tm pfpwdkn gf mlykd

`lpwytwwfzd d ludynwfzd àd ydmgn pdkuyd uf pf`tyl fb wynmpfwl mdbbd cnbbdyfd-

Fb bnzlyl pf `lm`btgd `lm bdpulpfflmd gf nb`tmd nuubf`nflmf uynwfàd gdbbd mlyknwfzd ncynmgf ludyd fm `lypl gf ydnbfnflmd l fm jnpd nznmnwn gf uylcdwwnflmd-

Bn pf`tydn fm cnbbdyfn

Fb wdkn gdbbn pf`tydn gdbbd cnbbdyfd" pfn jdyylzfnyfd àd pwyngnbf" gfzdmwnwl mdcbf tbwfkf

nmmf lccdwwl gf jlywd nwwdmflmd gn unywd gf àf pdmwd bn md`dppfw gf fmwdcynyd bfmcdcmdyfn

gdbbd fmjynpwytwwtyd gf wynpulywl `lm bfmcdcmdyfn gdbbn pf`tydn-


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U n c f m n r7

Mdbbtbwfkl gd`dmmfl plml nzzdmtwf fm Dtylun" pfn fm cnbbdyfd pwyngnbf àd jdyylzfnyfd" tmn

pdyfd gf nbkdml gfd`f cynmgf fm`dmgf" àd anmml uylzl`nwl pdyfd udygfwd gf zfwd tknmd d

pfcmfjf`nwfzf gnmmf nbbd pwytwwtyd-

Inpwf yf`lygnyd f ~tnwwyl fm`dmgf àd anmml nztwl btlcl fm tm udyflgl gf wdkul gf plbf gtd

nmmf ~tnbf ~tdbbf gdb Klmwd Ifnm`l" gdb Wntdym" gdb Hnuytm d gdb Clwwnygl- Wnbf dzdmwfanmml udynbwyl pwfklbnwl wtwwf cbf Dmwf ydpulmpnifbf n tm yfdpnkd `yfwf`l gdb wdkn gdbbn

pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd dtyludd-

Pudppl" lbwyd nbbn pnbznctnygfn gdbbn zfwn tknmn" gfzdmwn fyyfmtm`fnifbd nmàd bn uylwdflmd

gdbbd pwytwwtyd d gdbbd fmpwnbbnflmf? pf udmpf ng dpdkufl ncbf fm`dmgf gdb Cydnw Idbw Wtmmdb"

!gtynmwd bn `lpwytflmd& d gdbbDtylwtmmdb !ptifwl glul bdmwynwn fm dpdy`ffl&-

^tdpwf `npf" jlywtmnwnkdmwd pdmn udygfwd gf zfwd tknmd" anmml wtwwnzfn uylzl`nwl fmcdmwfgnmmf pwytwwtynbf d cynmgf udygfwd jfmnmfnyfd" `lmwyfitdmgl fm wnb klgl n pdmpfifbfnyd d

gnyd fkutbpl nb wdkn gdbbn uylwdflmd pwytwwtynbd gnb jtl`l-

D md`dppnyfl fmlbwyd àd zdmcn wdmtwl fm gdifwl `lmwl bfkunwwl pl`fl+d`lmlkf`l !pf udmpf

nbbn àftptyn gdb wynjlyl gdb Klmwd Ifnm`l&" àd fm jtwtyl glzy kdcbfl dppdyd znbtwnwl d

~tnmwfjf`nwl dg dppdyd ydpl unywd fmwdcynmwd gdb wdkn gdbbn pf`tydn fm cnbbdyfn-

^tfmgf" nmàd plwwl bn pufmwn gf wnbf dzdmwf" mdbbtbwfkl gd`dmmfl pwfnkl nppfpwdmgl ng tmuylcydppfzl pzfbtuul gdbbd fmjynpwytwwtyd gf wynpulywl fm plwwdyynmdl- Bn p`dbwn gdb yf`lypl nb

plwwdyynmdl dg nbbd plbtflmf àd uyfzfbdcfnml btpl gdbbd cnbbdyfd klwfznwn gnb

kfcbflynkdmwl gdb jbtppl gdb wynjjf`l àd md `lmpdctd `lmftcnwl n tm kfmlyd fkunwwl `lm

bnkifdmwd-

Fm Fwnbfn" bntkdmwl gdf zlbtkf gf wynjjf`l pt ylwnfn !pfn unppdccdyf àd kdy`f&" fmgf`d gf

`ydp`fwn d pzfbtuul pl`fl d`lmlkf`l gdb mlpwyl Undpd" ydmgd fm klbwf `npf fmngdctnwd bd

fmjynpwytwwtyd gf wynpulywl ydnbfnwd nb`tmf gd`dmmf ly plml- Bngdctnkdmwl" bn

knmtwdmflmd d bfmpwnbbnflmd gf luulywtmf pfpwdkf wd`mlblcf`f mdbbd cnbbdyfd dpfpwdmwf d f

`yfwdyf gf uylcdwwnflmd udy ~tdbbd mtlzd" `lpwfwtfp`lml nyclkdmwf gf cynmgd fmwdydppd

uyluyfl fm wdkn gf pf`tydn-


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U n c f m n r4

9& BN MLYKNWFZN FM FWNBFN-

Fm Fwnbfn" fb uylcydppfzl nkubfnkdmwl gdbbn ydwd jdyylzfnyfn ng nbwn zdbl`fw" bngdctnkdmwl

n pnclkn gf unywd gdbbd cnbbdyfd gdbbn ydwd pwlyf`n" fb ulwdmfnkdmwl gdbbd gfydwwyf`f

jdyylzfnyfd wynpzdypnbf" `lpwfwtfp`lml jnwwlyf gf jlmgnkdmwnbd fkulywnmn udy tmn ufdmnjtmflmnbfw gdbbd jtwtyd bfmdd NZ,N@" mdbblwwf`n gf tm `lyydwwl pzfbtuul gdbbfmwdyl pfpwdkn

jdyylzfnyfl dtyludl- Fm ~tdpwl `lmwdpwl" dg nbbn bt`d gdf pdyf fm`fgdmwf gf `tf pfnkl pwnwf

wdpwfklmf fm wdkuf yd`dmwf mdbbd btmcad cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd d pwyngnbf" fb bfzdbbl gf fmwdydppd

udy bn pf`tydn gdf unppdccdyf uylcydppfznkdmwd d gd`fpnkdmwd `ydp`ftwl" gfzdmdmgl"

`lkd glzydiid dppdyd pdkuyd" fb uyfm`funbd lifdwwfzl gn udypdctfyd mdbbn uylcdwwnflmd

jtmflmnbd gdbbd cnbbdyfd- Wyn f klbwdubf`f yfpàf `tf ut dppdyd plccdwwn tmn cnbbdyfn" ~tdbbl

uf pdyfl ~tdbbl gfm`dmgfl nb ptl fmwdyml" dg pt ~tdpwl àd bd mlyknwfzd ulmclml

knccflyd dmjnpf-

Bd lyfcfmf? bn Bdccd 9: nuyfbd >637 m >6>?

Uydzdmflmd gdcbf fmjlywtmf ptb bnzlyl mdf pdyzff d mdcbf fkufnmwf cdpwfwf gnbbn

Nfdmgn ntwlmlkn gdbbd Jdyylzfd gdbbl Pwnwl

Bdzlbtflmd gdcbf pwnmgnyg fwnbfnmf fm knwdyfn gf pf`tydn fm cnbbdyfn mdf `lmjylmwf

gdbbfm`dmgfl" an nztwl lyfcfmd `lm yfjdyfkdmwl nbbn pf`tydn gdb plbl udyplmnbd JPludynmwd btmcl bfmdn" `lm bn bdccd gdb 9: nuyfbd >637 m>6>" bdccd ng al` udy bd Jdyylzfd"

àd n unywfyd gnbbn ptn dmwynwn fm zfclyd" yfàfnkn !@nul F" Nyw->& ~tnmwl pwnifbfwl gnb

gnwnwl G-U-Y- 95 knyl >64:" m 095 `lm`dymdmwd bd mlykd udy bn uydzdmflmd gdcbf

fmjlywtmf d gdbbfcfdmd gdb bnzlyl fm plwwdyynmdl" udy f bnzlyf gf `lpwytflmd d knmtwdmflmd

gdbbd ludyd ktynyfd mdbbd cnbbdyfd" `tmf`lbf d pfkfbf- Fm inpd n wnbd bdccd !@nul FF" Nyw->5&"

bn pf`tydn gdb bnzlynwlyd dyn nppf`tynwn cnynmwdmgl bn uydpdmn fm cnbbdyfn?

gf mf`àfd udy fb yf`lzdyl gdb udyplmnbd8 gf nuulpfwf pdmwfdyf udglmnbf udy ynccftmcdybd8

gf luulywtmf `lmwynppdcmf àd `lmpdmwfppdyl gf fmgfzfgtnyd àfnynkdmwd bn

ulpfflmd gdbbn mf`àfn uf zf`fmn8

gf uf``lbf gdulpfwf nbbfmwdyml gdbbd mf`àfd `lmwdmdmwf wly`d n zdmwl l nbwyf kdf udy

bfbbtkfmnflmd gdbbd cnbbdyfd pwdppd-


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U n c f m n r:

Bn pzlbwn mdb `lm`dwwl gf pf`tydn? fb G-K- >> cdmmnfl >611 m4>

Mlykd gf uydzdmflmd fm`dmgf mdbbd kdwylulbfwnmd

Pf glzy nwwdmgdyd bn jfmd gdcbf nmmf 15 udy nppfpwdyd ng tm `nkifl yngf`nbd gdb `lm`dwwl

gf pf`tydn `lm fb Gd`ydwl gdb Kfmfpwyl gdf Wynpulywf gdbb>> cdmmnfl >611 m4>" ydbnwfzl

nbbn uylwdflmd gdcbf fm`dmgf mdbbd pwnflmf plwwdyynmdd d mdbbd cnbbdyfd gdbbd bfmdd

kdwylulbfwnmd-

Wnbd Gd`ydwl" fmjnwwf" mlm `lfmzlbcdzn uf fb plbl udyplmnbd gf pdyzffl" kn kfynzn nmàd"

`lm cynmgd dmjnpf" n cnynmwfyd bn ulppfifbfw gf pnbzdn n unppdccdyf d pl``lyyfwlyf wynkfwd

bfmgfzfgtnflmd gf `yfwdyf uylcdwwtnbf udy bn ydnbfnflmd gf zfd gf jtcn" gf nydd uylwdwwd" gfudy`lypf gf pjlbbnkdmwl-

Mdb Gd`ydwl zdmclml fmgfzfgtnwf nb`tmf unynkdwyf àfnzd udy bn pf`tydn?

udy bd pwnflmf gdbbd kdwylulbfwnmd? fb bfzdbbl knppfkl gf njjlbbnkdmwl gdf

unppdccdyf nbbfmwdyml gdbbd nydd uylwdwwd !4 udyplmd,k9&8 bn kfmfkn ydpfpwdmn nb

jtl`l udy bd ulywd d bd pwytwwtyd ulywnmwf uyfm`funbf gdbbd pwnflmf d gdf udy`lypf gf

pjlbbnkdmwl !YDF >95&8 bn gfpwnmn knppfkn àd `fnp`tm utmwl gdbbn inmàfmn gf

pwnflmd gdzd nzdyd gn tmn zfn gtp`fwn !05 k&8 fb bfzdbbl kdgfl gfbbtkfmnkdmwl n

~tlwn > k gnb ufnml gf `nbudpwfl gdbbn zfn gdplgl !4 btq&8

udy bd cnbbdyfd gdbbn ydwd kdwylulbfwnmn? bn bnycadn kfmfkn gdbbn inmàfmn gf

pdyzffl twfbfnifbd `lkd udy`lypl gdplgl udy bdzn`tnflmd gf tm wydml gdbbn

kdwylulbfwnmn jdykl fm cnbbdyfn !:5 `k&8 bn gfjjdydmn knppfkn gf ~tlwn jyn ufnml

gf `nbudpwfl gdbbd inmàfmd d ~tdbbl gdb knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd n ufdml `nyf`l !04 `k&8

bn kfmfkn ydpfpwdmn nb jtl`l gdbbd pwytwwtyd ulywnmwf !YDF >95&-

Bd Bfmdd Ctfgn udy bn pf`tydn gdbbd btmcad cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd

Gn wnbd unmlynkf`n nuunyd àfnyn bn plpwnmfnbd nppdmn gf tmn pud`fjf`n mlyknwfzn gf

bdccd fm knwdyfn gf pf`tydn udy bd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd jfml nbbfmffl gdcbf nmmf 65-

Udy lzzfnyd n wnbd cynzd `nydmn" mdbbn uyfkn kdw gdcbf pwdppf nmmf pwnwl fpwfwtfwl tm

cytuul gf bnzlyl kfpwl" `lpwfwtfwl gn jtmflmnyf wd`mf`f gdbbn Pl`fdw Jdyylzfd gdbbl Pwnwl

!JP& d gdb @lyul Mnflmnbd gdf Zfcfbf gdb Jtl`l !@MZZJ&" `lm blifdwwfzl gf uydgfpulyyd tmlpwytkdmwl fm cyngl gf jlymfyd lccdwwfzf `yfwdyf gf yfjdyfkdmwl mdbbn cdpwflmd gdbbd


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U n c f m n r3

uylibdknwfàd ydbnwfzd nbbn ydnbfnflmd d nbb#ngdctnkdmwl gdbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd n

`yfwdyf cdmdynbf gf pf`tydn d uydzdmflmd fm`dmgf-

Glul tm btmcl `lmjylmwl" mdb btcbfl gdb 63 bn `lkkfppflmd" n `lm`btpflmd gdf bnzlyf" an

dkdppl tm gl`tkdmwl !Bfmdd ctfgn udy fb kfcbflynkdmwl gdbbn pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd

jdyylzfnyfd&" nglwwnwl gnbbd unywf" àd fmgfzfgtn fglmdd kfptyd gf pf`tydn gn lppdyznypfmdbbd jnpf uylcdwwtnbf d cdpwflmnbf" uydbfkfmnyf nbbn `lpwytflmd gf mtlzd fmjynpwytwwtyd d udy

b#ngdctnkdmwl gf ~tdbbd dpfpwdmwf" gfydwwd n pnbznctnygnyd b#fm`lbtkfw gdbbd udyplmd

!unppdccdyf dg dzdmwtnbf pl``lyyfwlyf& gnf yfpàf gf fm`fgdmwf fm cnbbdyfn dg fm unywf`lbnyd

gncbf fm`dmgf-

Dppdmgl bn ydnbw gdbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd mnflmnbf ~tnmwl knf dwdylcdmdn" udy wfulblcfn"

nmml gf ydnbfnflmd" nmml gf uylcdwwnflmd dg nmàd fm ydbnflmd nf gfzdypf uylibdkf gf

cdpwflmd !ydwd nbwn zdbl`fw" ydwd `lmzdmflmnbd&" pf yfwdmtwl luulywtml ptggfzfgdyd fb

gl`tkdmwl `lm`btpfzl fm wyd `nufwlbf" gdgf`nwf yfpudwwfznkdmwd nbbd cnbbdyfd dpfpwdmwf" n

~tdbbd fm `lypl gf `lpwytflmd d n ~tdbbd gf jtwtyn ydnbfnflmd-

Fb `nkul gf znbfgfw gdb gl`tkdmwl pwnwl bfkfwnwl nbbd cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn `lkuydpn jyn f

4 dg f 95 hk" yfmzfnmgl n pwtgf pud`fjf`f fb `npl gf cnbbdyfd gf knccflyd btmcadn8 fb

gl`tkdmwl" fmlbwyd" mlm uydmgd fm `lmpfgdynflmd bd pwnflmf fm cnbbdyfn d bd cnbbdyfd gdbbd

bfmdd kdwylulbfwnmd udy bd ~tnbf dpfpwd tmn pud`fjf`n mlyknwfzn-

Nbbnywf`lbnflmd gdbbl pwtgfl `lyyfpulmgd tmn cyngtnbfw gdcbf fmwdyzdmwf gn nwwtnyd fm

ydbnflmd nbbn gfzdypfw dpfpwdmwd jyn?

cnbbdyfd cf fm dpdy`ffl" ptbbd ~tnbf uf gfjjf`fbd fmwdyzdmfyd udy zfn gdbbd

yfudy`tppflmf ptbbn `fy`lbnflmd d udy bd ~tnbf idm ul`l ulppfifbd klgfjf`nyd n

bfzdbbl gf fkufnmwf jfppf8

cnbbdyfd fm `lypl gf ydnbfnflmd" ptbbd ~tnbf plml nm`lyn ulppfifbf fmwdyzdmwf8

cnbbdyfd gf jtwtyn ydnbfnflmd udy bd ~tnbf ulppfifbd uydzdgdyd jfm gnbbn jnpd

uylcdwwtnbd wtwwf cbf fmwdyzdmwf àd lccf pf yfwdmclml md`dppnyf udy cnynmwfyd tm

ngdctnwl bfzdbbl gf pf`tydn-

Fmjnwwf" ng tm fmpfdkd kfmfkl gf fmwdyzdmwf znbfgl udy wtwwf d wyd f wfuf gf cnbbdyfd pf

nccftmcd" mdb pd`lmgl `nufwlbl" fb yd`tudyl gdbbd jfmdpwyd fmwdykdgfd udy lwwdmdyd tbwdyflyf

zfd gf jtcn d,l pl``lypl d" mdb wdyl" tbwdyflyf knccflyf gdwwncbf d plbtflmf utmwtnbf wnbf gn


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U n c f m n r1

ngdctnyd nf kfcbflyf pwnmgnyg gf pf`tydn lccf gfpulmfifbf bd cnbbdyfd gf jtwtyn

ydnbfnflmd-

Bd Bfmdd Ctfgnpwnifbfp`lml fmlbwyd àd" ~tnbtm~td pfn fb wful gf cnbbdyfn" kn pdkuyd mdb

`nkul gdf 495 hk" glzy udy dppn dppdyd uydgfpulpwl tm ufnml gf dkdycdmn`lm fb

~tnbd gdzlml dppdyd gdwdykfmnwf f `lkufwf pud`fjf`f d bn `nwdmn lycnmfnwfzn àd" fm `nplgf fm`fgdmwd" gdzd ulywnyd ptb ulpwl" mdb kfmly wdkul ulppfifbd" bd yfplypd l``lyydmwf udy

jylmwdccfnyd nb kdcbfl bn pfwtnflmd-

Cbf pzfbtuuf uf yd`dmwf

Mdb gf`dkiyd 955> YJF an dknmnwl tmn gfydwwfzn udy fmmnbnyd tbwdyflykdmwd fb bfzdbbl gdcbfpwnmgnyg gf pf`tydn gdbbd cnbbdyfd gf mtlzn `lpwytflmd gdbbn uyluyfn ydwd" nzdmwf

btmcadn nmàd fmjdyflyd nf 4 hk" dpwdmgdmgl fb `nkul dmwyl fb ~tnbd yf`ngd bn znbfgfw

gdbbd bfmdd ctfgn !gnf 9 nf 95 Hk&" dg nzzf`fmnmglpf knccflykdmwd nbbd p`dbwd ludynwd gncbf

nbwyf undpf dtyludf `lm blifdwwfzl gf yfgtyyd fb yfpàfl gfm yl`fl" gdyncbfnkdmwl d fm`dmgfl-

@lm bn Gfydwwfzn gdb gf`dkiyd 955>" YJF pf fmpdyfp`d mdb unmlynkn dtyludl `lm gdcbf

pwnmgnyg àd uydzdglml udy bd bfmdd n gluufl ifmnyfl bn ydnbfnflmd gf?

tmn l gtd `nmmd fmgfjjdydmwdkdmwd jfml n >-555 k gf btmcadn8

tmn l gtd `nmmd fm inpd nbbn pud`fjf`fw gdb uylcdwwl" uyfzfbdcfnmgl bn plbtflmd n

gtd `nmmd udy btmcadd wyn >-555 d 9-555 k8

gtd `nmmd udy btmcadd ptudyflyf n 9-555 k-

Bnglflmd gdbbn plbtflmd n gtd `nmmd `lmpdmwd gf ydnbfnyd `lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf n

uylzn gf jtkl lcmf 945 k" fm wnb klgl fm `npl gfm`fgdmwd fm tmn `nmmn" bnbwyn ut

jtmcdyd gn btlcl pf`tyl d ~tfmgf gn zfn gf dplgl zdypl bdpwdyml-

F `lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf uydzfpwf gn YJF plml glwnwf gf ulywd wncbfnjtl`l ng nudywtyn n

pufmwn" plml knmwdmtwf fm plzynuuydppflmd yfpudwwl nbbd gtd `nmmd" anmml tmn ptudyjf`fd

wlwnbd `lkuydpn jyn f >55 dg f >45 k9" dg tm cyngl gf njjlbbnkdmwl uydzfpwl gf 0 udyplmd,

k9- Btwdmwd dmwynwl nbbfmwdyml gdb `lbbdcnkdmwl ulwy tp`fyd ptbbn `nmmn `lpwfwtdmwd btlcl

pf`tyl glul dppdypf n``dywnwl wynkfwd fmgf`nflmd btkfmlpn ylppl,zdygd gdbbn nppdmn l

gdbbn yfglwwn zdbl`fw gdf `lmzlcbf mdbbn cnbbdyfn `lpwfwtdmwd btlcl pf`tyl-


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U n c f m n r6

Udy `f àd nwwfdmd nbbd klgnbfw ludynwfzd udy `lmwdmdyd f jtkf pdmn gdpwynwfjf`nybf dg

dzfwnymd bfmcydppl mdbbn cnbbdyfn `lpwfwtdmwd btlcl pf`tyl" YJF" ptbbn inpd pfn gf pwtgf ptcbf

djjdwwf gf tmn zdmwfbnflmd blmcfwtgfmnbd jlynwn àd gnbbnmnbfpf gf ydnbfnflmf pfkfbnyf fm

nkifwl dtyludl !cnbbdyfd gf inpd gdb P-Clwwnygl" gdb Iydmmdyl d Bldwpàdidyc&" an

yfwdmtwl luulywtml" udy bd ludyd gf jtwtyn ydnbfnflmd" mlm pwnifbfyd `lmgfflmf gf

plzynuuydppflmd udyknmdmwf udy bd gtd `nmmd !plbtflmd `lmgfzfpn fm Pzfdyn kn mlm fm

Jynm`fn&" d gf knmwdmdyd `lpwnmwdkdmwd fm plzynuuydppflmd f `lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf"

lmgd fkudgfyd bnjjbtppl gdf jtkf mdbbn cnbbdyfn `lpwfwtdmwd btlcl pf`tyl-

Bn p`dbwn gdbbnppdmn gf tmn zdmwfbnflmd blmcfwtgfmnbd udyknmdmwd mdbbd gtd `nmmd

klwfznwn gncbf djjdwwf mdcnwfzf àd fm `npl gfm`dmgfl dppn ulwydiid uylzl`nyd pd mlm

luulywtmnkdmwd `lmwylbbnwn? n``ydp`fkdmwl tbwdyflyd gdbbd gfkdmpflmf gdbbl fm`dmgfl d gdb

`nblyd gn dppl dkdppl8 gdpwynwfjf`nflmd gdf jtkf-

Fm gdjfmfwfzn" mdbbd btmcad cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd n gluufl jlymf`d cf fm `lypl gf ydnbfnflmd

l gf uylppfkl fmffl" pf gd`fpl gf mlm fpwnbbnyd pfpwdkf gf zdmwfbnflmd jlynwn" fm ~tnmwl

bdjjdwwl pwnmwtjjl dpdy`fwnwl gnb unppnccfl gdf wydmf tmfwnkdmwd nb wfynccfl mnwtynbd pf

gfklpwyn cf ptjjf`fdmwd udy fb yf`fy`lbl gdbbnyfn fm `lmgfflmf gf mlyknbd dpdy`ffl-

Btwfbfnflmd gdbbn zdmwfbnflmd jlynwn ydpwn ~tfmgf bfkfwnwn n `npf unywf`lbnyf d wynmpfwlyf?

mdb `lypl gf bnzlyf l ~tnblyn unywf`lbnyf `lmgfflmf cdlwdykfàd yfàfdgnml niinppnkdmwf

gdbbn wdkudynwtyn fmwdymn gdbbludyn tmn zlbwn fm dpdy`ffl-

Mdbbnkifwl gdbbd pwynwdcfd kdppd fm `nkul gn YJF udy uydzdmfyd fb zdyfjf`nypf gf tm

fm`dmgfl nbbfmwdyml gdbbd cnbbdyfd gdbbn uyluyfn ydwd pf `lbbl`n bn pudyfkdmwnflmd d

bfmwylgtflmd gf fkufnmwf wd`mlblcf`f nbbnznmctnygfn- Tmf`l nb klmgl fmjnwwf fbulywnbd

wdyklcynjf`lfmpwnbbnwl n uylwdflmd gdbbn cnbbdyfn Dqfbbdp gdbbn bfmdn Wlyfml+Klgnmd-

Fb ulywnbd" àd nglwwn wd`mlblcfd gdyfznwd gn yd`dmwf nuubf`nflmf kfbfwnyf" fmwdcyn

wdyklpdmplyf ludynmwf mdb `nkul gdb zfpfifbd d gdbbfmjynylppl" dg tm pfpwdkn nznmnwl gf

klmfwlynccfl gdbbd `lmgfflmf wdykfàd d klyjlblcfàd gf tm `lmzlcbfl jdyylzfnyfl wnbd gn

`lmpdmwfyd gf yfbdznyd" jfml n zdbl`fw gf >45 hk,a `lm tm dyylyd gf `fy`n >5@" pfn

ptyyfp`nbgnkdmwf nmlknbf gdbbd ptudyjf`f dpwdymd gf `lmzlcbf jdyylzfnyf" pfn fm`dmgf nb blyl

fmwdyml" lbwyd n dzdmwtnbf ptyyfp`nbgnkdmwf gdbbd il``lbd gdcbf nppnbf l gdb pfpwdkn jydmnmwd-

Tmfwnkdmwd n `f ulppfifbd djjdwwtnyd fm klgl ntwlknwf`l `lmwylbbf udy dzfwnyd fb wynmpfwl

gf lccdwwf jtlyf pnclkn-


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U n c f m n r>5

Ulywnbd wdyklcynjf`l Ulywnbd wdyklcynjf`l

Ulywnbd wdyklcynjf`l? unywf`lbnyd wdyklpdmplyf Ulywnbd yfbfdzl pnclkn !pudyfkdmwnbd&

Fb ulywnbd udywnmwl tm gfpulpfwfzl gfncmlpwf`l ntwlknwf`l fmwdcynwl `lm f pfpwdkf gf

pdcmnbnflmd d gf ibl``l gdbbn bfmdn" `ad udykdwwd gf `lmpdctfyd tm ntkdmwl gdbbn

pf`tydn fm wdykfmf gf yfgtflmd pwnwfpwf`n gdbbn jyd~tdmn d gdbbd `lmpdctdmd gf fm`fgdmwf

d fm`dmgf-


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U n c f m n r>>

0& BN MLYK NWFZN MDF UY FM@FUNBF UNDPF GDBBNYDN DTYLUDN L@@FGDMWNBD

Bn jtcn gn tmn cnbbdyfn" fm `npl gfm`fgdmwd,fm`dmgfl" pdmn gtiifl tml gdcbf npudwwf

knccflykdmwd njjylmwnwf fm knwdyfn gf pf`tydn ludynwfzn gn wtwwd bd mlyknwfzd dtyludd-

Fb klwfzl bdcnwl nb jnwwl àd pf wynwwn gf tm npudwwl mlm inpnwl pt gnwf gdjfmfwf" kn ptfulwdpf gf `lkulywnkdmwl tknml ynynkdmwd yfudwfifbf fm klgl fgdmwf`l dg dpwydknkdmwd

znyfnifbf gn tm plccdwwl ng tm nbwyl-

D udy wnbd klwfzl àd bd mlyknwfzd gdf gfzdypf undpf" Fwnbfn `lkuydpn" uty gnmgl

fmgf`nflmf pt glwnflmf d pwnmgnyg gn nglwwnyd" uydptuulmclml udy `lktm~td fb

`lpfggdwwl `lm`dwwl gdbbntwl+pl``lypl !pdbjydp`td&" àd ynuuydpdmwn uty pdkuyd fb klgl

uf djjf`n`d udy pnbznyd fb mtkdyl knccflyd ulppfifbd gf zfwd fm `npl gfm fgdmwd,fm`dmgfl

fm tmn cnbbdyfn-

Bd mlyknwfzd Dtyludd fm knwdyfn gf pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd jnmml yfjdyfkdmwl

dppdmfnbkdmwd n yfpàf `lmmdppf `lm bfm`dmgfl" bn `lbbfpflmd lg fb gdyncbfnkdmwl- Cbf

fm`dmgf gdf wydmf unppdccdyf" n `ntpn gdbbd blyl ulwdmfnbf `lmpdctdmd `nwnpwyljfàd" plml

`lmpfgdynwf `lkd fb knccflyd yfpàfl ulppfifbd" d udywnmwl wtwwd bd kfptyd uylulpwd gnbbd

znyfd mlyknwfzd plml jl`nbfnwd uyfm`funbkdmwd pt ~tdpwl wful gf dzdmwl-

Fb ~tngyl mlyknwfzl dtyludl jlmgnkdmwnbkdmwd `lpwfwtfwl?

Cdyknmfn

gnbbn Gfydwwfzn gdb > btcbfl >663? Gfydwwfzn ptf yd~tfpfwf gf uydzdmflmd gdcbf

fm`dmgf d ptbbd klgnbfw udy njjylmwnyd bd dkdycdmd mdbbn `lpwytflmd d

mdbbdpdy`ffl gf cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd-

Wnbd gfydwwfzn pwnwn ydgnwwn gn wd`mf`f gf znyf Bnmgdy" gnf ZZ-J- d gnbbd Jdyylzfd" d

gdjfmfp`d bd kfptyd gf pf`tydn udy bdpdy`ffl d udy bn ydnbfnflmd gdbbd cnbbdyfd"

md`dppnyfd udy ydmgdyd ulppfifbf kfptyd gf ntwl+pl``lypl d pdyzff gf pl``lypl-

Bn gfydwwfzn pf nuubf`n nf mtlzf wtmmdb gdbbn ydwd jdyylzfnyfn" kn mlm yfctnygn f

`lbbdcnkdmwf bl`nbf- Bn mlykn pf nuubf`n n wtmmdb gf btmcadn gnf >-555 nf >4-555 k- Mdb

`npl gf wtmmdb ptudyflyf nf >4-555 k zdyynmml nglwwnwd kfptyd gf pf`tydn ng al`-


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U n c f m n r>9

Jynm`fn

gnbbd Fpwytflmf wd`mfàd gdbb 1 btcbfl >661?Fpwytflmf wd`mfàd Fmwdykfmfpwdyfnbf fm

knwdyfn gf pf`tydn nbbfmwdyml gdbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd-

Gnbbn gnwn gf dkfppflmd gdbbfpwytflmd wd`mf`n" bn gdjfmfflmd gdbbd mlykd gf pf`tydn mdbbdcnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd gf mtlzn `lpwytflmd gf `lkudwdmn gf tmn `lkkfppflmd

fmwdykfmfpwdyfnbd- Bfpwytflmd wd`mf`n pf nuubf`n nbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd gf mtlzn

ydnbfnflmd gf btmcadn `lkuydpn gn 755 k n >5-555 k-

Udy wtmmdb gf btmcadn jyn 755 d 155 k pf nuubf`nml plbl nb`tmd gfpulpfflmf8 udy ~tdbbf gf

btmcadn ptudyflyd nf >5-555 k l udy btmcadn ptudyflyf nf 4 hk udy bNtwlpwyngn

Jdyylzfnyfn" bd kfptyd gf pf`tydn pnynmml znbtwnwd `npl udy `npl gn unywd gf tm nuulpfwl

`lkfwnwl l gn unywd gdbbn `lkudwdmwd `lkkfppflmd mnflmnbd l fmwdymnflmnbd8

Pzfdyn

gnbbn yn``lknmgnflmd `lktmd jyn Ntpwyfn d Pzfdyn dknmnwn mdb >669 d ydbnwfzn

ncbf pwnmgnyg gf pf`tydn mdf wtmmdb klbwl btmcaf !btmcadn ptudyflyd nf 95-555

k&8

gn nb`tmd mlykd gf nwwtnflmd gdb ydclbnkdmwl jdyylzfnyfl gdb > cdmmnfl >667"

àd yfulywnml plbl n``dmmf cdmdynbf fm knwdyfn gf pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd !kfptyd`lpwytwwfzd d kfptyd gf wful lycnmfnwfzl&8

gnbbd mlykd fmjynpwytwwtynbf udy bncdzlbnflmd gdbbntwlpl``lypl" dknmnwd mdb 9555

Ntpwyfn

gnbbn Gfydwwfzn gdbbNppl`fnflmd Jdgdynbd gdf Zfcfbf gdb Jtl`l Ntpwyfn`f gdb 91

jdiiynfl 9555? Yd~tfpfwf gf uydzdmflmd gdcbf fm`dmgf d udy jylmwdccfnyd bd

dkdycdmd mdbbn `lpwytflmd d mdbbdpdy`ffl gf cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd-

Wnbd gfydwwfzn `lpwfwtfp`d fb yfjdyfkdmwl udy bn ydgnflmd gf unydyf d udy bd gd`fpflmf gdbbd

ntwlyfw `lkudwdmwf fm ydbnflmd n uyl`dgfkdmwf yfctnygnmwf bn `lpwytflmdd bdpdy`ffl gf

cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd mtlzd- Bn Gfydwwfzn pf nuubf`n n cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn `lkuydpn jyn f

>-455 k d 94-555 k- Udy bd cnbbdyfd dpfpwdmwf gn zdyfjf`nyd fm ~tnbd kfptyn bd gfpulpfflmf

uydzfpwd pf ulppnml nuubf`nyd8


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U n c f m n r>0

TH

Gnbbn mlykn dknmnwn gnbbTH Adnbwa nmg Pnjdwv Dqd`twfzd mdb cftcml 9559 ?

Uyfm`fuf gf pf`tydn d bfmdd ctfgn udy bd jdyylzfd- Bfmdd ctfgn udy bfmjynpwytwwtyn

Fb gl`tkdmwl `lpwfwtfp`d bn mlykn dpd`twfzn udy bn wtwdbn gdbbn pf`tydn d gdbbn pnbtwd fmnkifwl jdyylzfnyfl- Fb `nufwlbl 4 gdbbn mlykn ~tdbbl àd uf gfydwwnkdmwd jn yfjdyfkdmwl n

uylibdknwfàd `lmmdppd `lm bn pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd gdbbd bfmdd kdwylulbfwnmd d gdbbd

btmcad cnbbdyfd gdbbd jdyylzfd !B>-455 k&-

@lktmf n bfzdbbl dtyludl

gnb uyfkl ynuulywl TF@ !Tmflmd Fmwdymnflmnbd gdbbd Ydwf Jdyylzfnyfd& gdb >66>"

yd`dmwdkdmwd yfdpnkfmnwl d wynpjlyknwl mdbbn Jfàd 336+6 gdb pdwwdkiyd 9559

Pnjdwv fm Ynfbs nv Wtmmdbp" ydbnwfzl nf wtmmdb mtlzf dg dpfpwdmwf gf btmcadn

`lkuydpn jyn > d >4 hk" àd mlm yfctnygn bd pwnflmf fm cnbbdyfn d bd bfmdd

kdwylulbfwnmd- Wnbd Jfàd tm `lkudmgfl gdbbd ulppfifbf kfptyd gn nuubf`nyd udy

kfcbflynyd bn pf`tydn gdbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd d yfjbdwwd bd kfcbflyf uyl`dgtyd fm

tpl mdbbd ydwf jdyylzfnyfd dtyludd- Wtwwd bd kfptyd plml gdp`yfwwd fm gdwwncbfl"

`lmpfgdynmglbd pfn gnb utmwl gf zfpwn gdbbnmnbfpf `lpwf,idmdjf`f àd gnb utmwl gf

zfpwn gdbbn znbfgfw gdbbn pfmclbn plbtflmd uylulpwn fm ydbnflmd nb unywf`lbnyd

`lmwdpwl-

Gnbbd mlykd PWF !Pwnmgnyg Wd`mf`f udy b fmwdyludynifbfw jdyylzfnyfn&- Wnbf

mlykd" dmwynwd fm zfclyd n gf`dkiyd 9559 udy bnbwn zdbl`fw" yfàfnknml" udy

~tnmwl nwwfdmd ncbf npudwwf fmjynpwytwwtynbf" bd ydclbd mnflmnbf d ulmclml plbl gdf

zfm`lbf nf wydmf fmwdyludynifbf !gdiilml dppdyd fm cyngl gf tp`fyd gnf btmcaf

wtmmdb nmàd fm `lmgfflmf gdcyngnwd& kdmwyd mdb `nkul gdbbfmwdyludynifbfw

`lmzdmflmnbd pwnwl yd`dmwdkdmwd gd`fpl gf ydgfcdyd tmn nuulpfwn PWF àd" tmnzlbwn nuuylznwn" nzy jlyn gf bdccd mdbbnkifwl gdbbn TD-

Gn tmnwwdmwn nmnbfpf gf ~tnmwl pluyn dpulpwl dkdycd àd bd mlyknwfzd" uty yfpdmwdmgl gdb

gfjjdydmwd in`hcyltmg `tbwtynbd d cftyfgf`l gdf undpf àd bd anmml dknmnwd" fm bfmdn gf

knppfkn mlm plml wyluul gfppfkfbf gn tm undpd nbbnbwyl-


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U n c f m n r>7

Fm nb`tmf `npf" fmjnwwf" cbf fmwdyzdmwf plml cyngtnwf fm inpd n `nb`lbf gf `lpwf,idmdjf`f8 fm nbwyf

cbf fmwdyzdmwf fmjynpwytwwtynbf zdmclml `lktm~td uydp`yfwwf" pud`fd ~tnblyn bn bfmdn pfn

fmwdydppnwn gn wynjjf`l kfpwl !zfnccfnwlyf,kdy`f&-

Bn btmcadn gdbbd cnbbdyfd `tf jnmml yfjdyfkdmwl bd mlyknwfzd dpwdyd ptbbn pf`tydn plml

kdgfnkdmwd `lkuydpd jyn > d >4 hk" `lm ~tnbàd ynyn d``dflmd-

Udy `f àd nwwfdmd ncbf npudwwf bdcnwf nbbfmjynpwytwwtyn" àd ulpplml fmmnbnyd fb bfzdbbl gf

pf`tydn gdbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd" pf ut yfbdznyd `lkd bnuuyl``fl `lktmd nbbd znyfd

mlyknwfzd jl`nbfn bnwwdmflmd pt ~tnwwyl npudwwf uyfm`funbf?

kfptydnwwd n uydzdmfyd bfm`fgdmwd d,l bfm`dmgfl8

kfptydnwwd n yfgtyyd cbf djjdwwf gdbbfm`fgdmwd d,l gdbbfm`dmgfl8

kfptydnwwd jn`fbfwnyd bn jtcn gdf unppdccdyf8 kfptydnwwd n jn`fbfwnyd f pl``lypf-

F wfuf`f fmwdyzdmwf fmjynpwytwwtynbfkfmfkf `lmpdctdmwdkdmwd nwwtnwf plml f pdctdmwf?

pfpwdkf udy dzfwnyd bfmcydppl fm cnbbdyfn gf tm wydml `lm fm`dmgfl n ilygl!ng dp-

yfbdznwlyf il``lbd `nbgd&8

pfpwdkf udy yfgtyyd cbf djjdwwf gdbbfm`dmgfl fm cnbbdyfn!pfpwdkf gdpwfmflmd gdb jtl`l

d udy bdzn`tnflmd gdf jtkf mdbbd zfd gf dplgl" dzdmwtnbd nglflmd gf cnbbdyfd ngtd `nmmd&8

pfpwdkf udy bdplgl gdf zfnccfnwlyf fm cnbbdyfn !tp`fwd bnwdynbf" `lbbdcnkdmwf

wynpzdypnbf d``--&8

nwwydnccfl gdbbn cnbbdyfn udy fb pl``lypl!pfpwdkf fgyf`l nmwfm`dmgfl" fbbtkfmnflmd"

fkufnmwl gf gfjjtpflmd plmlyn" wdbd`lktmf`nflmd d``-&8

Mdb `npl gf wtmmdb gf mlwdzlbd btmcadn cbf fmwdyzdmwf gn nwwtnyd gdzlml dppdyd

ngdctnwnkdmwd pwtgfnwf d zdyfjf`nwf ydgfcdmgl tml pud`fjf`l uylcdwwl udy bn pf`tydn-


18/149


U n c f m n r>4

7& P@ADGD YFDUFBLCNWFZD GDBBD MLYKNWFZD FM ZFCLYD

Bd pàdgd yfulywnwd fm ~tdpwl `nufwlbl fmgfzfgtnml wtwwf cbf dbdkdmwf jlmgnkdmwnbf" uydpdmwf

mdbbd mlyknwfzd ydbnwfzd nbbn pf`tydn fm cnbbdyfn" fm zfclyd mdf uyfm`funbf undpf dtyludfgdbbnydn l``fgdmwnbd-

Bfmgfzfgtnflmd gdf undpf uydpf n yfjdyfkdmwl inpnwn ptbbdpwdmpflmd gdb undpd pwdppl"

ptbbdmwfw gdbbd cnbbdyfd uydpdmwf" ptbbn uydpdmn ptb wdyyfwlyfl gf cynmgf wynjlyf fm zfn gf

ydnbfnflmd l cf ydnbfnwf d" gn tbwfkl" ptbbn zf`fmnmn nbbFwnbfn-

Ng lcmf mlyknwfzn nppl`fnwl tm `lblyd" bl pwdppl àd pf yfwylzdy nb `nufwlbl 4 mdbbd

pàdgd gf `lmjylmwl-

Bd pàdgd yfulywnml udy lcmf undpd?

Tmn bfpwn gdf gl`tkdmwf `lmptbwnwf

Tmn pfmwdpf gdf gl`tkdmwf `lmptbwnwf

Fb `nkul gnuubf`nflmd gf lcmf gl`tkdmwl

Dzdmwtnbd `bnppfjf`nflmd gdbbd cnbbdyfd pd`lmgl bn mlyknwfzn

Bd uyfm`funbf glwnflmf fmjynpwytwwtynbf gn uydzdgdyd Dzdmwtnbf uyfm`funbf gfpulpfflmf udy bdpdy`ffl


19/149


U n c f m n r>:

Fwnbfn

Mlyknwfzn gf yfjdyfkdmwl?

Bfmdd ctfgn udy fb kfcbflynkdmwl gdbbn pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd "94-53->663-

Pfmwdpf?

Bd Bfmdd ctfgn plml pwnwd gdjfmfwd mdbbnkifwl gf tm cytuul gf bnzlyl kfpwl !J-P- P-u-N-

Kfmfpwdyl gdbbFmwdyml" @-M-ZZ-J-& d plml dmwynwd fm zfclyd mdb btcbfl gdb >663- Fb ydbnwfzl

gl`tkdmwl mlm an znblyd gf bdccd idmp yfnpptkd bd yn``lknmgnflmf gdb cytuul gfbnzlyl- Fb gl`tkdmwl fmgfzfgtn fglmdd kfptyd gf pf`tydn gn lppdyznypf mdbbd jnpf

uylcdwwtnbf d cdpwflmnbf" uydbfkfmnyf nbbn `lpwytflmd gf mtlzd fmjynpwytwwtyd d udy

b#ngdctnkdmwl gf ~tdbbd dpfpwdmwf" gfydwwd n pnbznctnygnyd b#fm`lbtkfw gdbbd udyplmd

!unppdccdyf dg dzdmwtnbf pl``lyyfwlyf& gnf yfp`af gf fm`fgdmwf fm cnbbdyfn dg fm unywf`lbnyd

gncbf fm`dmgf-

Fb gl`tkdmwl pwnwl gfzfpl fm wyd `nufwlbf yfpudwwfznkdmwd ydbnwfzf n cnbbdyfd?

dpfpwdmwf!`nu F&

fm `lypl gf `lpwytflmd!`nu FF&

gf jtwtyn ydnbfnflmd!`nu FFF&

@nkul gf nuubf`nflmd gdb gl`tkdmwl nb >663?

Bfmdd n wynjjf`l kfpwl8

Wtmmdb gf btmcadn `lkuydpn jyn f 4 dg f 95 hk-

Mdbbd cynmgf cnbbdyfd gf inpd !B=95 Hk& jnwwl pnbzl fb gfyfwwl gf yf`lyydyd n pwtgf

unywf`lbnyf- Fb gl`tkdmwl mlm uydmgd fm `lmpfgdynflmd bd pwnflmf fm cnbbdyfn d bd cnbbdyfd

gdbbd bfmdd kdwylulbfwnmd" udy bd ~tnbf dpfpwd tmn pud`fjf`n mlyknwfzn-

Fm wni- > plml fbbtpwynwf f `lmwdmtwf uyfm`funbf gdb gl`tkdmwl" ydbnwfznkdmwd nbbd plbd

cnbbdyfd gf mtlzn `lpwytflmd-


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U n c f m n r>3

Cbf pzfbtuuf uf yd`dmwf

Nb 955> YJF an dknmnwl tbwdyflyf mtlzd gfydwwfzd udy fmmnbnyd knccflykdmwd fb bfzdbbl

gdcbf pwnmgnyg gf pf`tydn gdbbd cnbbdyfd gdbbn uyluyfn ydwd-

@lm bn mlwn m YJF,W@,N>553,U,5>,5554>9 gdb >3 gf`dkiyd" ydbnwfzn n cnbbdyfd gf

mtlzn lpwytflmd" pf gd`fpl ~tnmwl pdctd?

gf nkubfnyd fb `nkul gf znbfgfw gdbbd `lmjfctynflmf udy cnbbdyfd gf mtlzn

`lpwytflmd udy bd bfmdd n gluufl ifmnyfl !ifwtil udy B 9 hk&8

gf ydnbfnyd" mdb `npl gdbbd mtlzd cnbbdyfd n gluufn `nmmn" `lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf

n uylzn gf jtkl lcmf 945 k" lbwyd n wtwwf cbf fkufnmwf yfàfnknwf mdbbd bfmdd ctfgn-

Fm plpwnmn `lm wnbd mlwn" fb `nkul gf nuubf`nflmd gdbbd Bfmdd Ctfgn udy cnbbdyfd gf mtlzn

ydnbfnflmd zfdmd dpwdpl n cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn `lkuydpn jyn f 9 d f 95 hk-

@lm bn mlwn m GF-,N>553,U,5>,5554:9 gdb 7,5:,5>" pwnwl gfpulpwl àd f Ufnmf

gDkdycdmn Fmwdymf pfnml ydgnwwf nmàd udy bd cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn `lkuydpn jyn f 0

dg f 4 Hk" dpwdmgdmglbf `lp n wtwwd bd cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn B = 0 hk-

Uf yd`dmwdkdmwd YJF an nmàd fmgf`nwl bd klgnbfw ludynwfzd gn nglwwnypf udy `lmwdmdyd fjtkf p`nwtyfwf gn tm fm`dmgfl-

Fm wni- 9 plml fbbtpwynwf bd uyfm`funbf fmmlznflmf uydzfpwd udy cnbbdyfd gf mtlzn

`lpwytflmd-


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U n c f m n r>1

Wni- > ? Wnidbbn gf pfmwdpf gdbbd Bfmdd Ctfgn >663

!@nu- FF F cnbbdyfd gf mtlzn lpwytflmd&

@yfwdyf gf uylcdwwnflmd

Uyfm`fuf

Pf`tydn gdf knwdyfnbffkufdcnwf

F knwdyfnbf twfbfnwf udy bn `lpwytflmd d ~tdbbf uydpdmwf fm cnbbdyfn gdzlml nzdydydpfpwdmn nb jtl`l = >95 kfm !YDF >95&" `bnppd gfmjfnkknifbfw 5-

Zfd gf dplgl?

Uyfm`fufl Gtd wfulblcfd dpd`twfzd udy bd zfd gdplgl?

Udy`lypf uylwdwwf?Udy`lypf uylwdwwfàd ulywnml gfydwwnkdmwd nbb#dpwdyml udy cnbbdyfd mdbbd ~tnbf mlm uydzfpwl tm wtmmdb gf pdyzffl- Bn plbtflmd uydzdgd b#twfbfl gf jfmdpwyd fmwdykdgfd-

@lbbdcnkdmwf wynzdypnbf@lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbfn uylzn gf jtkl d gf jfnkkd fm klgl gn ydmgdyd pf`tyd djytfifbf bd zfd gf jtcn" udy cnbbdyfd glwnwd gf tm wtmmdb gf pdyzffl unynbbdbl nb uyluyflnppd" d udy ~tdbbd ifwtil-

@nkkfmnkdmwf bnwdynbf

Fm wtwwd bd cnbbdyfd" gdzlml dppdyd ydnbfnwd `nkkfmnkdmwf bnwdynbf" tml udy lcmfbnwl mdbbd cnbbdyfd n gluufl ifmnyfl" twfbfnifbf nmàd `lkd udy`lypf gf dkdycdmnudy b#dzn`tnflmd gdbbd udyplmd-

Bnycadn kfm- ? 5"14 k !5-45 k" udy cnbbdyfd dpfpwdmwf&Gfpwnmn knq udyynccftmcdyd tm btlclpf`tyl" l tm n``dppl nudy`lypl uylwdwwl

9-555 k

Fmgf`nflmf gdbbd zfd gf jtcn

Pdcmnbdwf`n gdkdycdmnNmgynmml kdppf fm ludyn `nywdbbf fmgf`nwlyf gf wful yfjbdwwdmwd l btkfmdp`dmwf" udyjlymfyd bd md`dppnyfd fmgf`nflmf fm `npl gf dkdycdmn- Ydpfpwdmn knwdyfnbf `bnppd 5

gf ydnflmd nb jtl`l-

Pfpwdkf gf `lktmf`nflmf

Uyfm`fufl Glzynmml dppdyd uydzfpwf udy ulwdy gnyd bd md`dppnyfd gfpulpfflmf nb utiibf`l" fm`npl gf md`dppfw-

Dzn`tnflmd gdf jtkf

Uyfm`fuflGlzynmml nglwwnypf luulywtmf n``lycfkdmwf wd`mf`f udy knmwdmdyd bfidyd gnf jtkf bdzfd gdplgl- Luulywtmd kfptyd nmgynmml pwtgfnwd udy ~tnmwl nwwfdmd bn cnbbdyfnjdyylzfnyfn-

Pfpwdkf nmwfm`dmgfl

Fkufnmwl fgyf`lnmwfm`dmgfl

Jnwwd bd luulywtmd znbtwnflmf pny" gf mlykn" ydnbfnwl nbb#fmwdyml gdbbd cnbbdyfd tmfkufnmwl fgyf`l nmwfm`dmgfl n pd``l-

@lmglwwd Wnbd ydwd uydzdgd b#fmpwnbbnflmd gdbbd luulywtmd wtinflmf `lbbdcnwd nbbn yfpdyznfgyf`n mdb ufnnbd d gf tm nwwn``l TMF 74 gf mlykn lcmf 945 k-

NbfkdmwnflmdBfkufnmwl glzy cnynmwfyd nbbn il``n fm ulpfflmd uf pjnzlydzlbd tmn ulywnwn gf955 b,kfm ng tmn uydppflmd mlm fmjdyflyd n 9 iny nb il`àdbbl- B#fkufnmwl pnykdppl fm uydppflmd twfbfnmgl f kdf ZZ-J-

Znp`n gf n``tktblg#n`~tn

Ulbklmd gn nbkdml 75 k0 gf `nun`fw- Fb pdyinwlfl gdzd dppdyd pluyndbdznwl- Gnznbtwnyd fb ulppfifbd nbbn``fl nbbd yfpdyzd fgyfàd l `lypf g#n`~tn n ydcfkdudyknmdmwd pfwf mdbbd fkkdgfnwd zf`fmnmd-

Nbfkdmwnflmd dbdwwyf`n

Jlmwf gf dmdycfn udy cbffkufnmwf dbdwwyf`f gfdkdycdmn

Inwwdyfn gf n``tktbnwlyf glwnwf gf yf`nyf`n ntwlknwf`n d gf fmzdywdy8


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U n c f m n r>6

Cytuul dbdwwylcdml `lm nzzfnkdmwl ntwlknwf`l-

Fkufnmwf gf fb btk fmnflmd gf pf`tydn

Uyfm`fufl

Lbwyd nbb#fkufnmwl gfbbtkfmnflmd lygfmnyfn" gdzd dppdyd fmpwnbbnwl tm fkufnmwlgfbbtkfmnflmd gf pf`tydn" àd `lmpdmwn tm bfzdbbl gf fbbtkfmnflmd gf 4 btq n >55`k gnb ufnml gf `nbudpwfl- Bd bfmdd gdpwfmnwd ncbf fkufnmwf gdkdycdmn gdzlml

dppdyd ydnbfnwd `lm `nzf ydpfpwdmwf nb jtl`l !@DF 95+0:&-

)Mf`àflmf) d )`nkdylmf) gf pdyzffl

Uyfm`fufl Plml uydzfpwf udy dpfcdmd gf wful jdyylzfnyfl" udy fb yf`lzdyl gf kdf d,lnwwydnwtyd-

Glwnflmf Zf pnynmml n``lbwf? ~tngyf dbdwwyf`f gdkdycdmn" `nppdwwd nmwfm`dmgfl" knmfàdwwdgn 94 k" bnm`d" knpàdyfmd tpn d cdwwn" bnkungd `lm wyduufdgd" `nzf dbdwwyf`f-

N``dppfifbfw dpwdymn

Zfd gn``dppl

@nm`dbbl gf n``dppl

Fb `lbbdcnkdmwl gdb ufnnbd nwwydnwl nmwfpwnmwd fb ulywnbd gdbbn cnbbdyfd `lm bnzfnifbfw lygfmnyfn nzzdyy kdgfnmwd tm#nudywtyn ptbbn yd`fmflmd jdyylzfnyfn-

Bnycadn kfm- ? : k

Pwyngn gf n``dppl

Bnycadn kfm- ? : k udy `lmpdmwfyd fb wynmpfwl gdf kdf gf pl``lypl mdf gtd pdmpf-

Udmgdmn knq- ? >:$

Ynccfl gf `tyznwtyn kfm- ? >> k

Ufnnbd gf dkdycdmn

Ptudyjf`fd kfm- 455 k~

Ufnml n ynpl

Udy fb kdl ifklgnbd ptb ifmnyfl" d udy b#dzdmwtnbd nwwynzdypnkdmwl gdf ifmnyf nfkdf clkknwf-

Btmcadn kfm ? 95 k

Udy cbf fmwdyzdmwf mdbbd lyd mlwwtymd nmgy uydzfpwl fb ulpfflmnkdmwl gf tml l ufunbf glwnwf l glwnifbf gf jnyf !wlyyf jnyl&-

Dbfpl``lypl

Gfpulpfflmd Bnydn udy bdbfpl``lypl glzy nzdyd gfkdmpflmf kfmfkd fm ufnmwn" `lkunwfifbf `lm~tnmwl uydzfpwl gnb G-K- Kfm- Wynpulywf >5 knyl >611-

Nydn gf wyfncd

GfpulpfflmdGdzd dppdyd uydzfpwn tmnydn gf dkdycdmn pnmfwnyfn udy fb uyfkl pl `lypl d blpkfpwnkdmwl gdf jdyfwf- Ptudyjf`fd kfm-? 455 k9

N``dppfifbfw fmwdymn

Kdf gf pl``lypl?

Kdf uydzfpwfKdl ifklgnbd pwyngn,ylwnfn" glwnwl gf pfpwdkn gf ctfgn nbbfmjynylppl wnbd gn`lmpdmwfyd ulppfifbfw gf klzfkdmwl nmàd fm `npl uydpdmn gf jtkf l cnp wlppf`f8`nyydbbf JP ktmfwf gf dpwfmwlyf" jfbwyf d``-


23/149


U n c f m n r95

Pfpwdkf gfb btkfmnflmd

Fbbtkfmnflmd zfd g#dplglPf yfwfdmd luulywtml ydnbfnyd tmn bfmdn g#fbbtkfmnflmd ulpwn ng tm#nbwdn mlmptudyflyd n gtd kdwyf" ng fbbtkfmnyd f udy`lypf gf dplgl8 bl pwdppl nmgydiiduydzfpwl udy f udy`lypf udglmnbf gdbbd jfmdpwyd l gdf wtmmdb gdplgl-

Fbbtkfmnflmdg#dkdycdmn

Lbwyd nbb#fkufnmwl gfbbtkfmnflmd lygfmnyfn" gdzd dppdyd fmpwnbbnwl tm fkufnmwlgfbbtkfmnflmd gf pf`tydn" àd `lmpdmwn tm bfzdbbl gf fbbtkfmnflmd gf 4 btq n >55`k gnb ufnml gf `nbudpwfl- Bd bfmdd gdpwfmnwd ncbf fkufnmwf gdkdycdmn gdzlmldppdyd ydnbfnwd `lm `nzf ydpfpwdmwf nb jtl`l-


@nywdbbf pdcmnbnwlyf

@nywdbbf yfjbdwwdmwf l btkfmdp`dmwf lcmf >55 k `lm fmgf`nflmd gdbbn zfn gf jtcn ufuylppfkn" gdbb#tif`nflmd gdcbf fkufnmwf wdbdjlmf`f d gdcbf nwwn`àf fgyf`f-Fm `lyyfpulmgdmn gdbbd tp`fwd gdkdycdmn nmgydiidyl ulpwf gdf `nywdbbf fmgf`nwlyfgf wful btkfmdp`dmwd d,l btkfmlpl-

Zfd gdplgl udy cnbbdyfd glwnwd gf jfmdpwy d

Jfmdpwyd gn``dppl,dplgl

Plml cnbbdyfd bnwdynbf àd pjl`fnml nbb#dpwdyml- Nbwdn kfm- 4 k d bnycadn kfm- :k" gn knmwdmdyd bfidyd gn jtkf- Bd zfd gdplgl,n``dppl glzydiidyl uydzdgdyd?pdunynflmd jfpf`n jyn unywd `nyynifbd d udglmnbd !udy`lypl udglmnbd fbbtkfmnwl gfbnycadn kfmfkn >"9 k&" ufnlbn gf fmzdypflmd nbb#fkil``nwtyn gdbb#n``dppl fmcnbbdyfn !>4 q >4 k&" n``dppl uylwdwwl gnbb#fkil``l n znbbd-

Udy`lypl udglmnbd

Fb udy`lypl udglmnbd glzydiid nzdyd tmn bnycadn mdwwn gf >95 `k d glzydppdyd àfnynkdmwd fmgf`nwl dg fmgfzfgtnifbd" fb ydpwl gdbbn pdflmd pnydiidtwfbfnwl udy fb udy`lypl `nyynifbd- Fb udy`lypl udglmnbd nmgy fbbtkfmnwl?fbbtkfmnkdmwl gf 4 btq n >55 `k g#nbwdn gnb ufnml gf `nbudpwfl-

Zfd gdplgl udy cnbbdyfd glwnwd gf wtmmdb gf pdyzffl unynbbdbl l ifwtil

Uyfm`fufl Bn `lktmf`nflmd jyn wtmmdb nzzfdmd wynkfwd `lbbdcnkdmwf nwwydnwf `lm gfpulpfwfzfnwwf n fkudgfyd bn uyluncnflmd gdf jtkf d gdb `nblyd gn tm wtmmdb nbb#nbwyl-

@lktmf`nflmf lygfmnyfd d gdkdycdmn

Kdf gf `lktmf`nflmdPfpwdkn gfmjlyknflmd udy f zfnccfnwlyf8 fkufnmwl gf gfjjtpflmd plmlyn udy`lktmf`nflmf gf pdyzffl udy udyplmnbd JP d p~tngyd gf pl``lypl8 pfpwdkn udy bd`lktmf`nflmf gdkdycdmn-

Pfpwdkf dzn`tnflmd jtkf

Dzn`tnflmd gdf jtkfFm ydbnflmd ncbf pzfbtuuf gdbbd `lmlp`dmd d gdbbn wd`mlblcfn" nmgynmml pwtgfnwdluulywtmd kfptyd-

Fkufnmwl fgyf`l nmwfm`dmgfl

Uyfm`fufl Jnwwd bd luulywtmd znbtwnflmf pny" gf mlykn" ydnbfnwl nbb#fmwdyml gdbbd cnbbdyfd tmfkufnmwl fgyf`l nmwfm`dmgfl n pd``l-

@lmglwwd Bfkufnmwl uydzdgd b#fmpwnbbnflmd gdbbd luulywtmd wtinflmf `lbbdcnwd nbbn yfpdyzn

fgyf`n mdb ufnnbd d gf tm nwwn``l TMF 74 gf mlykn lcmf 945 k-

NbfkdmwnflmdBfkufnmwl glzy cnynmwfyd nbbn il``n fm ulpfflmd uf pjnzlydzlbd tmn ulywnwn gf955 b,kfm ng tmn uydppflmd mlm fmjdyflyd n 9 iny nb il`àdbbl- B#fkufnmwl pnykdppl fm uydppflmd twfbfnmgl f kdf ZZ-J-

Kfptyd gf `nynwwdyd lycnmfnwfzl ?

Ufnmf gdkdycdmn

^tnbtm~td pfn fb wful gf cnbbdyfn" pf glzy uydgfpulyyd fb ufnml gf dkdycdmn udygdwdykfmnyd f `lkufwf pud`fjf`f d bn `nwdmn lycnmfnwfzn àd" fm `npl gf fm`fgdmwd"gdzd ulywnyd ptb ulpwl" bd yfplypd l``lyydmwf udy jylmwdccfnyd nb kdcbfl bnpfwtnflmd- Bdpd`tflmd gf dpdy`fwnflmf udyflgfàd pny md`dppnyfn udy knmwdmdydnggdpwynwl fb udyplmnbd fmwdydppnwl-


24/149


U n c f m n r9>

Wni- 9 ? Wnidbbn gf pfmwdpf Pzfbtuuf uf yd`dmwf" gf`dkiyd 955>!udy cnbbdyfd gf mtlzn `lpwytflmd&

Cdyknmfn

Mlyknwfzn gf yfjdyfkdmwl?DIN + Yfàwbfmfd- Nmjlygdytmcdm gdp Iynmg tmg Hnwnpwyluadmpàtwdp

nm gdm Int tmg Idwyfdi zlm Dfpdminamwtmmdbm " 5>-53->663-

Gfydwwfzn ptf yd~tfpfwf gf uydzdmflmd gdcbf fm`dmgf d ptbbd klgnbfw udynjjylmwnyd bd dkdycdmd mdbbn `lpwytflmd d mdbbdpdy`ffl gf cnbbdyfdjdyylzfnyfd-

Pwnmgnyg gf pf`tydn

Uyfm`fufl

Tmn l n gtd `nmmd fmgfjjdydmwdkdmwd jfml n >555 k8 tmn l n gtd `nmmd fminpd nbbn pud`fjf`fw gdb uylcdwwl" uyfzfbdcfnmgl bn plbtflmd n gtd `nmmd udybtmcadd wyn >555 d 9555k8 gtd `nmmd udy cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn ptudyflyd n9555 k-

@lmjfctynflmd gdbbn cnbbdyfn fmjtmflmd gdbbn btmcadn B

KlmlwtilB 2 9-555 k

IfwtilB 9-555 k

@lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf

Uyfm`fuflBn p`dbwn gdbbd gtd `nmmd `lmpdmwd gf ydnbfnyd `lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf nuylzn gf jtkl lcmf 945 k" fm klgl àd fm `npl gfm`fgdmwd fm tmn `nmmn" bnbwynulppn jnyd gn btlcl pf`tyl d gn zfn gf dplgl-

Gfpwnmn knq- 945 k

D~tfunccfnkdmwf gdf lbbdcnkdmwfwynpzdypnbf

Plml uydzfpwf f pdctdmwf fkufnmwf d,l pfpwdkf? Kdppn fm plzynuuydppflmd" Wdbdjlmf" Pdcmnbdwf`n btkfmlpn" Bt`f g#dkdycdmn-

Bn ptudyjf`fd wlwnbd gf `fy`n >55,>45 k~8 plml glwnwf gf ulywd wncbfn+jtl l ncbffmcydppf d gf pdcmnbd zdygd,ylppl udy bfmgf`nflmd nf unppdccdyf gdbbnppdmn lgdbbn yfglwwn zdbl`fw gdf `lmzlcbf wynmpfwnmwf mdbbn `nmmn `lpwfwtdmwd btlclpf`tyl-

Pfpwdkf gf zdmwfbnflmd, dpwynflmd uydzfpwf mdbbd cnbbdyfd uyfm`funbf

Uyfm`fufl

Mlm plml pwnifbfwd `lmgfflmf gf plzynuuydppflmd udyknmdmwf mdbbd gtd `nmmd"kn zdmclml knmwdmtwd `lpwnmwdkdmwd fm plzynuuydppflmd f `lbbdcnkdmwf"lmgd fkudgfyd bnjjbtppl gdf jtkf mdbbn cnbbdyfn `lpwfwtdmwd btlcl pf`tyl- Mlmzfdmd ~tfmgf" pwnifbfwl tm ydcfkd gf zdmwfbnflmd blmcfwtgfmnbd udyknmdmwd mdbbdcnbbdyfd gf `lypn-

Ufnmf gf dkdycdmn

GfpulpfflmdGdzlml dppdyd uydzfpwf ufnmf gf dkdycdmn udy cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn B 0-555k- !gfpulpfflmd gn nuubf`nypf nmàd udy bd cnbbdyfd dpfpwdmwf&


25/149


U n c f m n r99

Pfmwdpf?Bn ydgnflmd gdb gl`tkdmwl pwnwn djjdwwtnwn gnf wd`mf`f gf znyf Bmgdy d gnb cytuul gf

bnzlyl `lkulpwl gn gfyfcdmwf gdf Zfcfbf gdb Jtl`l" gdbbn G-I- P-u-N- d gdbbTjjf`fl Jdgdynbd

gdbbd Jdyylzfd- Bn gfydwwfzn gdjfmfp`d bd kfptyd gf pf`tydn md`dppnyfd udy bn ydnbfnflmd d

udy bdpdy`ffl gdbbd cnbbdyfd lmgd cnynmwfyd !mdbbd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd& pfn bntwlpl``lypl gdf

zfnccfnwlyf d gdb udyplmnbd àd bn``dppl d bfkufdcl gf kdf gf pl``lypl- ^tdpwn gfydwwfznpf nuubf`n nbbd mtlzd cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd d mlm yfctnygn bd cnbbdyfd gdbbd bfmdd tyinmd-

Mdb `npl gf cnbbdyfd uyddpfpwdmwf" pf gdzd znbtwnyd bluulywtmfw gf nuubf`nyd bd kfptyd

uydzfpwd fm ynuulywl nb cyngl gf pf`tydn cf ljjdywl-Wtwwnzfn" bn gfydwwfzn gdzd dppdyd

uydpn fm `lmpfgdynflmd tmf`nkdmwd mdb `npl fm `tf pf gdiinml klgfjf`nyd dbdkdmwf

plpwnmfnbf gf tmn cnbbdyfn dpfpwdmwd mdbbnkifwl gf tm uylcdwwl gf yfmmlznkdmwl8 bl pwdppl

uyfm`fufl zfdmd nuubf`nwl nmàd n kfptyd ydbnwfzd nbblycnmfnflmd gdbbdpdy`ffl bn `tf

fmwylgtflmd yfptbwf d`lmlkf`nkdmwd `lmzdmfdmwd- Nf pdmpf gdb gl`tkdmwl plml

`lmpfgdynwd cnbbdyfd bd ludyd gnywd gf btmcadn B ptudyflyd n 455 k-

Bd cnbbdyfd zdmclml `bnppfjf`nwd fm jtmflmd gdbbn btmcadn `lkd pdctd?

Cnbbdyfd btmcad udy >-555B >4-555 k

Cnbbdyfd klbwl btmcad udy B=>4-555 k

F yd~tfpfwf kfmfkf udy bn pf`tydn ntkdmwnml pd`lmgl bd `bnppf gf btmcadn-

@nkul gf nuubf`nflmd? Mtlzd cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn B `lkuydpn wyn >-555 d >4-555 k"

udy bd cnbbdyfd ptudyflyf nf >4-555 k pf glzynmml nglwwnydkfptyd gf pf`tydn ng al`-

Fm unywf`lbnyd" udy ~tnmwl yfctnygn bd kfptyd gf pf`tydn ydbnwfzd nbbn ydnbfnflmd

dgnbb dpdy`ffl " f wdkf uyfm`funbf wynwwnwf mdbbn gfydwwfzn plml f pdctdmwf ?

Wnidbbn gf pfmwdpf

Glwnflmf fmjynpwytwwtynbf

Uyfm`fuf

Pf`tydn gdf knwdyfnbf fkufdcnwfF knwdyfnbf gdzlml dppdyd pf`tyf dg fcmfjtcaf8 fm `npl gf fm`dmgfl mlmgdzlml ptppfpwdyd udyf`lbf mdf `lmjylmwf gdbbd udyplmd" `ntpnwf gn gfpwn`àfgdb yfzdpwfkdmwl gdbbn cnbbdyfn-

Knmwdmfkdmwl gdbbn jtmflmnbfwgdb pfpwdkn

Bfmwdyl pfpwdkn !gfbbtkfmnflmd gf dkdycdmn" kdf gf `lktmf`nflmd"nuuylzzfcflmnkdmwl gf dmdycfn dbdwwyf`n d pibl``l gdbbd ulywd bnwdynbf udybd tp`fwd gf dkdycdmn& gdzd yfknmdyd fm jtmflmd udy nbkdml 65 kfmtwf fm

`npl gf fm`dmgfl-


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U n c f m n r90

Pfpwdkf ifwtil

Udy cnbbdyfd btmcad d klbwl btmcad" mdb `npl pfn uydzfpwl tm wynjjf`l kfpwl!zfnccfnwlyf d kdy`f&" gdzd dppdyd nglwwnwl tm pfpwdkn ifwtil- Fm ~tdpwl`npl ulppfifbd twfbfnyd udy bn jtcn d bd p~tngyd gf pl``lypl f `tmf`lbf gf`lbbdcnkdmwl d bn `nmmn unynbbdbn-

Udmgdmn F wtmmdb gdzlml nzdyd tmn udmgdmn nwwn n ptudynyd bn ydpfpwdmn nbklwl8 tm uyljfbl blmcfwtgfmnbd n Z ylzdp`fnwn l n Z gn dzfwnyd-

UfnwwnjlyknMdb `npl gf pfpwdkn ifwtil" ~tnmgl pfn uydzfpwl gf djjdwwtnyd fmwdyzdmwf gfpl``lypl gn tm wtil zdypl bnbwyl" bn ufnwwnjlykn gdzd dppdyd udy`lyyfifbdgn kdf pwyngnbf-

Pf`tydn gdcbf n``dppf Cbf n``dppf" àd udykdwwlml nf zdf`lbf pwyngnbf gf n``dgdyd nbbn lmn`nyynifbd gdf ifmnyf" gdzlml dppdyd wd`mf`nkdmwd pf`tyf udy dzfwnyd yfpàf-

Btlcaf pf`tyf" zfd gf jtcn

Pdwwlyf pf`tyf

Udy pdwwlyf pf`tyf pf fmwdmglml? ulywnbf mdbbn cnbbdyfn

`tmf`lbf gf dkdycdmn ulf gf dkdycdmn àftpd l `lbbdcnkdmwf àd ulywnml n ulf gf dkdycdmn" `tmf`lbf

gf dkdycdmn" cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd bfkfwyljd lzzdyl cnbbdyfdjdyylzfnyfd ulpfflmnwd ng nbwyf bfzdbbf

Gfpwnmn Tm btlcl pf`tyl gdzd dppdyd uydgfpulpwl ng tmn gfpwnmn knppfkn gf 455k- gn ~tnbpfnpf utmwl gdbbn cnbbdyfn-

@nynwwdyfpwfàd Zf`fml ng lcmf ifmnyfl gdzd dppdyd uydgfpulpwn tmn zfn gf jtcnptjjf`fdmwdkdmwd fbbtkfmnwn d uyfzn gf lpwn`lbf-

Nbwdn kfm- gdbbd zfd gf jtcn 9-95 k-

Bnycadn kfm- gdbbd zfd gf jtcn>-95 k-Pf gdiilml dzfwnyd ydpwyfmcfkdmwf- Pd fkulppfifbd dzfwnybf" dppf mlmglzynmml dppdyd uf gf 5"05 k gf uyljlmgfw d 9"5 k gf btmcadn-

@lyyfknml Mdbbd zfd gf jtcn gdzlml dppdyd uydgfpulpwf gdf `lyyfknml-

Tp`fwd gf dkdycdmn

Cdmdynbfw

Mdbbd cnbbdyfd btmcad d klbwl btmcad liibfcnwlyfl uydgfpulyyd tp`fwdgdkdycdmn-Mdb `lpwytfyd f ulf d f `tmf`lbf gf pl``lypl ifplcmn kdwwdyd fm `lmwl bngfjjf`lbw klwlyfn gf udyplmd jdyfwd" jynwwtynwd l `lm uylibdkf klwlyf-

Ulf gdkdycdmn

Gdzlml nzdyd tm gfpbfzdbbl knppfkl gf :5 k- Mdb `npl gf gfpbfzdbblptudyflyd n 05 k-" lbwyd nbbd p`nbd !àd gdiilml dppdyd uydgfpulpwd udyudykdwwdyd bn pnbfwn d bn gfp`dpn `lmwdkulynmdn&" md`dppnyfn nmàd bnuydpdmn gf tm np`dmplyd `lm tmn `nifmn gf >->Q9-> k-

@tmf`lbf gf pl``lypl

Gdzlml nzdyd tmn pdflmd kfmfkn gf 9-94 k q 9"94 k- Bn blyl btmcadnmlm gdzd dppdyd ptudyflyd n >45 k" mdb `npl fm `tf mlm `lmgt`nmlgfydwwnkdmwd nbbnudywl kn unppfml nwwynzdypl ulf gf dkdycdmn- Bdcnbbdyfd gf pl``lypl gf btmcadn ptudyflyd n 055 k" gdzlml dppdydwynmpfwnifbf n ilygl gf zdf`lbf n klwlyd8 bn udmgdmn mlm gdzd dppdydptudyflyd nb >5$-


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U n c f m n r97

@aftpd

Wyn bd cnbbdyfd d f ulf dg f `tmf`lbf gf dkdycdmn gf btmcadn ptudyflyd n45 k l``lyyd uydgfpulyyd àftpd gf nbkdml >9 k gf btmcadn- Bd ulywdàd `lmgt`lml nbbn cnbbdyfn gdzlml dppdyd fcmfjtcad" d uylzn gf jtkl d nàftptyn ntwlknwf`n- Bd ulywd wyn bd àftpd d f ulf lzzdyl f `tmf`lbf gfdkdycdmn gdiilml dppdyd n àftptyn ntwlknwf`n d nmwfjtkl- Bd tp`fwdgdiilml nzdyd nbkdml bn pwdppn bnycadn gdbbn zfn gf jtcn d nuyfypf fmgfydflmd gf jtcn- F inwwdmwf gdbbn ulywn gdiilml nzdyd tmn bnycadnkfmfkn gf >"5 k-

@nkdyd pwncmdFm `lkifmnflmd gdbbd àftpd pf gdzd uydgfpulyyd tmn `nkdyn pwncmn gfnbkdml 94 k- Pf ut gdylcnyd n wnbd uyfm`fufl mdb `npl fm `tf btp`fwnnbbnudywl pfn ptbbl pwdppl bfzdbbl" lppfn pdmn p`nbd-

Pf`tydn Bd tp`fwd gdkdycdmn gdzlml dppdyd uylwdwwd mdf `lmjylmwf gf tm n``dpplmlm ntwlyfnwl gnbbdpwdyml" pdmn udy lpwn`lbnyd bl p`nkifl gnyfn-

Fbbtk fmnflmd gf dkdycdmn

Uyfm`fuflTmfbbtkfmnflmd gdkdycdmn md`dppnyfn udy bd cnbbdyfd d bd tp`fwd gfdkdycdmn8 fm `npl gf `lywl `fy`tfwl l gf knm`nmn gf wdmpflmd fb pfpwdknglzy jlymfyd bfbbtkfmnflmd" nbbfmwdmpfw yfàfdpwn" udy nbkdml 0 lyd-

Btkfmlpfw Fmwdmpfw kfm- 5-4 btq-

@lknmgl n gfpwnmnGnb `dmwyl gf `lmwylbbl8 nbwyf fmwdyytwwlyf plml uydzfpwf nbbfmwdyml gdbbncnbbdyfn" n tmn gfpwnmn knq gf >94 k d yf`lmlp`fifbf nmàd nb itfl-


Pdcmnbf gfydflmnbfGn ulyyd nbbfmwdyml gdbbn cnbbdyfn" yf`lmlp`fifbf nmàd fm `npl gffbbtkfmnflmd gf dkdycdmn" udy fmgf`nyd bfkil``l l btp`fwn gdkdycdmnuf zf`fmf" `lm gfpwnmn yd`fuyl`n mlm ptudyflyd n 94 k-

Pdcmnbf gf dkdycdmn Gn uydgfpulyyd btmcl bd zfd gf jtcn-

Ufnlbd gf pl``lypl d zfd gf n``dppl

Uyfm`fufl

Cbf fkil`àf gdbbd cnbbdyfd d bd tp`fwd gf pf`tydn gdzlml ulwdy dppdydynccftmcfifbf nwwynzdypl zfd gn``dppl `lm kdf pwyngnbf- Mdb `npl gfcnbbdyfd btmcad d klbwl btmcad md`dppnyfl uydgfpulyyd tmn ufnlbn gfpl``lypl mdf uydppf !n tmn gfpwnmn knq gf 955 k& pfn gdcbf fkil`àf pfngdbbd tp`fwd gdkdycdmn8 mdbbd nbwyd wfulblcfd gf wtmmdb ptjjf`fdmwd tmnufnlbn-

Ufnlbd gf pl``lyplGdzlml nzdyd tmn ptudyjf`fd gf nbkdml >-455 k- Mdb `npl fm `tf tmnufnlbn mlm pfn ngnwwn nbbnwwdyynccfl gf tm dbf`lwwdyl" pf glzy uydzdgdydtmn ulppfifbfw gf nwwdyynccfl mdbbd zf`fmnmd-

Zfd gn``dppl d gtp`fwnBd zfd gn``dppl d gtp`fwn n,gn tmn ufnlbn gdzlml dppdyd" pd ulppfifbd"pdunynwd- Pd mlm ulppfifbd" gdzd dppdyd uydzfpwl bfm`yl`fl gf zdf`lbf gf9"45 k gf bnycadn-

Bfmdd gf `lmwnwwl d gnbfkdmwnflmd

Gfpwn``l gdbbd bfmdd gf `lmwnwwlBd bfmdd gf `lmwnwwl d bd dzdmwtnbf nbfkdmwnflmf dpfpwdmwf gdzlml dppdydpwytwwtynwd fm klgl wnbd gn ulwdy wlcbfdyd wdmpflmd n wtwwn bn cnbbdyfnjdyylzfnyfn d ydbnwfzf n``dppf-

Kdppn n wdyyn D md`dppnyfl uydgfpulyyd gfpulpfwfzf gf kdppn n wdyyn fm wtwwf f utmwf gdbbncnbbdyfn fm `tf bd ~tngyd gf pl``lypl dmwynml-



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U n c f m n r94

Gfpulpfflmf

Mdbbd cnbbdyfd btmcad d klbwl btmcad gdzlml dppdyd uydzfpwf !gn nkidgtd fbnwf gdb wtmmdb& nbbn``fnkdmwf udy bnpplyifkdmwl gf dmdycfn dbdwwyf`n ng tmngfpwnmn knppfkn yd`fuyl`n gf >94 k- Udy f gtd utmwf gf `lyydmwd bfkfwyljfpt lcmf bnwl gdbbn cnbbdyfn l``lyylml 1hS-

Pfpwdkf nmwfm`dmgfl

Nbfkdmwnflmd

Udy lcmf fkil``l `lm ufnlbn gf pl``lypl d udy lcmf tp`fwn gf dkdycdmngdzlml dppdyd uydgfpulpwf pfpwdkf nmwfm`dmgfl !dp-? fkufnmwf gfnuuylzzfcflmnkdmwl fgyf`l" znpàd" d``-&" ng tmn gfpwnmn knppfkn gf 055k 8 bn ~tnmwfw gf n`~tn n gfpulpfflmd mlm gdzd dppdyd fmjdyflyd n 6: k

d gdzd cnynmwfyd tmn ulywnwn gf 155 b,kfm-

@lmglwwdGncbf n``dppf gdbbd tp`fwd gdkdycdmn gdzlml dppdyd ulpfflmnwd `lmglwwd!n pd``l&" àd nyyfznml nbbn cnbbdyfn jdyylzfnyfn-

Pfpwdkf ntpfbfnyf gf wynpulywl

@nyydbbfUydppl lcmf fkil` l dg lcmf tp`fwn gf pf`tydn gdzlml dppdyd gfpulmfifbfgtd `nyydbbf" !udy ulwdy wynpulywnyd f jdyfwf l bn pwytkdmwnflmd udpnmwdnbbfmwdyml gdb wtmmdb&-

Wdbdjlmf gf dkdycdmn

Mlykd gf uyfm`fuflBd cnbbdyfd gdzlml gfpulyyd gf wdbdjlmf gf dkdycdmn" ulpfflmnwf fm utmwfgdjfmfwf !mdbbn cnbbdyfn mdbbd fkkdgfnwd zf`fmnmd gdbbd tp`fwd gf dkdycdmn"nbbfmwdyml gdbbd tp`fwd gf dkdycdmn" nf ulywnbf gdbbn cnbbdyfn&

Jnfb+pnjdgdbbfkufnmwl

Fb `lbbdcnkdmwl wdbdjlmf`l `lm bn `dmwynbd gf `lmwylbbl gdzd dppdydcnynmwfwl nmàd pd n pdctfwl gf tm fm`fgdmwd bn bfmdn pwnwn gnmmdccfnwn

@lmwylbblF wdbdjlmf gf dkdycdmn" bd zfd gf `lbbdcnkdmwl d bd tmfw gf yfpulpwn d gfpdyzffl uydppl bn `dmwynbd gf `lmwylbbl gdzlml dppdyd plccdwwf n `lmwylbbludy bn pdcmnbnflmd gf dzdmwtnbf gfpwtyif d ctnpwf-

Yngflwynpkfwwdmwf ILP

Pfpwdkn twfbfnwl" fm jnpdludynwfzn" udy f `lkufwf ydbnwfzfnbbn pf`tydn

Bd p~tngyd gf pl``lypl gdzlml ulwdy gfpulyyd gf yngflwynpkfwwdmwfnbbfmwdyml gdbbn cnbbdyfn" udy ulwdy `lktmf`nyd jyn blyl d `lm bn `dmwynbd"gtynmwd bn jnpd ludynwfzn-

Gfpulpfflmf gf dpdy`ffl


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U n c f m n r9:

Pdunynflmd gdbbd wfulblcfd gf w ynjjf`l

Uyfm`fuflMdbbd cnbbdyfd klmlwtil ptppfpwd fb gfzfdwl gf fm`yl`fl jyn wydmfzfnccfnwlyf d wydmf kdy`f-

Zdf`lbf ? yd~tfpfwf

Jydmf gf dkdycdmn Fmfifflmd gdbbn jydmnwtyn gdkdycdmn mdbbd cnbbdyfd btmcad d klbwlbtmcad-

@lktmf`nflmf `lm nbwlunybnmwd Ulppfifbfw gf `lktmf`nflmd" nwwynzdypl nbwlunybnmwd" mdf wydmf zfnccfnwlyf -

Knwdyfnbd nmwfm`dmgfl Gfpulmfifbfw gf kdf gdpwfmflmd udy fb knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd àd wynmpfwnmdbbd cnbbdyfd btmcad d klbwl btmcad-

Gfpulpfwfzf gf dkdycdmn Kdcnjlml d bnkungd ulywnwfbf !n gfpulpfflmd gdcbf nggdwwf& ptf wydmfzfnccfnwlyf-

Kfptyd gf nynwwdyd lycnmfnwfzl

Liibfcaf d ydpulmpnifbfwgdbbludynwlyd

Uydgfpulyyd njjfmà? bn `dmwynbd ludynwfzn d fb udyplmnbd gf ilygl zdmcnml

fkkdgfnwnkdmwd n `lmlp`dmn gf fm`dmgf d nmlknbfd zdmcn fkkdgfnwnkdmwd `lktmf`nwl fb klwfzl udy `tf pwnwl

nwwfznwl fb jydml gf dkdycdmn Zdmcn dpwfmwl ynufgnkdmwd d `lkudwdmwdkdmwd tm fm`dmgfl

Ydpulmpnifbd udy? bn uydpdmn d bdjjf`fdmn" nb klkdmwl gdbbn unywdmn gdb wydml"

gdb knwdyfnbd nmwfm`dmgfl uydzfpwl d gdb ydbnwfzl d~tfunccfnkdmwlgf dkdycdmn

udy bn jlyknflmd gdb udyplmnbd gf ilygl-

Liibfcaf gdbbludynwlydgdbbfmjynpwytwwtyn

@ydnyd bd `lmgfflmf wd`mfàd d ydgfcdyd bd fpwytflmf gf pdyzffl zlbwd ncnynmwfyd àd?

tm wydml" udy fb ~tnbd pwnwn mlwfjf`nwn bnwwfznflmd gdb jydmlgdkdycdmn" bnp`f bn cnbbdyfn fb uf uydpwl ulppfifbd glul bnyydpwl gdb wydml" bn `dmwynbd gf `lmwylbbl pfn fm cyngl gf

fgdmwfjf`nymd btif`nflmd nmàd pdmn bnftwl gdb udyplmnbd gfilygl

zdmcnml fkkdgfnwnkdmwd nzzfnwd wtwwd bd kfptyd md`dppnyfd gfpl``lypl

zdmcnml fkkdgfnwnkdmwd fmjlyknwf f wydmf mdbbd cnbbdyfd unynbbdbd"twfbfnwd `lkd pdwwlyd pf`tyl udy bnbwyn `nmmn" jdyknmglbf lfmzfwnmglbf n bnp`fnyd zdbl`dkdmwd bn cnbbdyfn

zdmcnml fkkdgfnwnkdmwd fmwdyylwwd l kdppd n wdyyn bd bfmdd gf`lmwnwwl d wtwwd bd nbfkdmwnflmf unynbbdbd-

Ufnmf gdkdycdmn

Mdbbn gfydwwfzn nmàd uydzfpwl àd fb cdpwlyd gdbbfmjynpwytwwtyn gdiinydgfcdyd tm ufnml gf dpdy`ffl + nbbnykd d uydzdmflmd udyf`lbf udy lcmfwtmmdb" udy ulwdy `lbbnilynyd `lm bd p~tngyd gf pl``lypl- Wnbf ufnmf gdzlmldppdyd `lm`lygnwf `lm bd ntwlyfw bl`nbf dg dppdyd kdppf n blylgfpulpfflmd-


30/149


U n c f m n r93

Jynm`fn

Mlyknwfzn gf yfjdyfkdmwl?

Fmpwyt`wflm wdàmf~td fmwdykfmfpwyfdbbd ydbnwfzd bn p`tyfwgnmp bdp wtmmdbp jdyylzfnfydp" m 61055 gt 51 otfb bdw >661-

Fpwytflmf wd`mfàd Fmwdykfmfpwdyfnbf ydbnwfzd nbbn pf`tydn gdbbd cnbbdyfdjdyylzfnyfd

Pfmwdpf?

Bn Gfydwwfzn uyfm`funbkdmwd jl`nbfnwn pt npudwwf fmjynpwytwwtynbf" kn `lmpfgdyn nmàd

npudwwf ydbnwfzf nb knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd d nbbd uyl`dgtyd ludynwfzd- Fb gl`tkdmwl wynwwn bfmdd

tyinmd" bfmdd n wynjjf`l kfpwl d bfmdd udy wynjjf`l unppdccdyf !knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd klgdyml lnwwydnwl& l udy fb wynjjf`l kdy`f mdf udyflgf gf nppdmn gf wynjjf`l unppdccdyf- Fb

gl`tkdmwl uylpudwwnwn bn ulppfifbfw gf plbtflmf nbwdymnwfzd udy bn pf`tydn lbwyd nbbd

kfmfkd fmgfzfgtnwd" kn gdiilml `lktm~td uyfkn dppdyd nuuylznwd gnbbntwlyfw

`lkudwdmwd-

@nkul gf nuubf`nflmd?Mtlzf wtmmdb gf btmcadn `lkuydpn gn 755 k n >5-555 k?

Udy btmcadd jyn f 755 d cbf 155 k pf nuubf`nml plbl

nb`tmd gfpulpfflmf

Udy btmcadd ptudyflyf nf >5-555 k l udy btmcadn

ptudyflyf nf 4-555 k udy bNtwlpwyngn Jdyylzfnyfn bd kfptyd

gf pf`tydn gdiilml dppdyd znbtwnwd `npl udy `npl

Bd kfptyd uf fkulywnmwf gf ~tdpwn gfpulpfflmd plml yfnpptmwd mdbbn wnidbbn àd pdctd?

Glwnflmf fmjynpwytwwtynbf

Uydpwnflmf d ydpfpwdmn nb jtl`l

Uydpwnflmf !9->&Wtwwf f knwdyfnbf gdzlml dppdyd `bnppfjf`nwf K5 gnb utmwl gf zfpwn gdbbduydpwnflmf nb jtl`l- Nkkdppn bn `bnppfjf`nflmd K> udy f yfzdpwfkdmwfbnwdynbf d udy fb knwdyfnbd wynpbt`fgl gf `ludywtyd bdccdyd !bnkungd&-

Ydpfpwdmn nb jtl`l !9-9&

Bn ydpfpwdmn nb jtl`l gdbbn pwytwwtyn d gdcbf nbwyf `lkulmdmwf cftpwfjf`nwn!udy `nb`lbl l uylzd gfydwwd&?

gnbbn `tyzn wdkudynwtyn+wdkul mlyknbfnwn !FPL 107 D@>& gnbbn `tyzn fgyl`nyityf !D@>&-


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U n c f m n r91

Ydpfpwdmn nb jtl`l gdbbd

pwytwwtyd uyfm`funbf !9-9->&

Cnbbdyfd p`nznwd mlm yfzdpwfwd? mdpptm yd~tfpfwl unywf`lbnyd gf ydpfpwdmn nbjtl`l

Cnbbdyfd n yfzdpwfkdmwl mlm ulywnmwd? gn zdyfjf`nyd bnppdmn gf yfpàfl gf`ylbbl n `nwdmn mdb `npl gf ylwwtyn gf tm dbdkdmwl

Nbwyd cnbbdyfd ? FPL 107 + 9 lyd

Cnbbdyfd `lmwfctd n tmn pwytwwtyn gf `dkdmwl nyknwl nifwnwn? 9 lyd

Cnbbdyfd ntwlyfnwd nb wynmpfwl gf knwdyfnbf udyf`lblpf? `tyzn FPL 107 ? 7 lyd `tyzn fgyl`nyityf ? 9 lyd

@ludywtyd bdccdyd ? gn zdyfjf`nyd bnppdmn gf yfpàfl gf `ylbbl n `nwdmn mdb`npl gf ylwwtyn gf tm dbdkdmwl

Ydpfpwdmn nb jtl`l gdbbdpwytwwtyd pd`lmgnyfd !9-9-9&

@lmwylpljjfwwf d unydwf àd pdunynml gnf `lmglwwf gf zdmwfbnflmd? 9 lyddbdznwd n 7 lyd mdb `npl pfn uydzfpwl fb wynmpfwl gf knwdyfnbf udyf`lblpf

Pwnflmf gf zdmwfbnflmd" nbfkdmwnflmd dbdwwyf`n" pfpwdkf gfwdbd`lktmf`nflmd d pdcmnbnkdmwl?

pd f bl`nbf plml `lmwfctf nbbn cnbbdyfn ? udy bd unydwf l f gfzfplyf" 9 lyd"dbdznwd n 7 lyd mdb `npl pfn uydzfpwl fb wynmpfwl gf knwdyfnbf udyf`lblpf-

pd f bl`nbf `lktmf`nml gfydwwnkdmwd `lm bn cnbbdyfn ? bn `lktmf`nflmdgdzd dppdyd nmwfjfnkkn `lm cbf pwdppf yd~tfpfwf gf `tf pluyn- Pd fbl`nbf uydpdmwnml yfpàf unywf`lbnyf !dp- uydpdmn gf tm cytuuldbdwwylcdml&" yfàfdpwn bfpwnbbnflmd gf tmn `nkdyn gfzfplyfn-

Ludyd `fzfbf

Zfd gf n``dppl d nydd gf plpwnncbf fkil`àf gdbbn cnbbdyfn

!0->->&

Znmml uydzfpwd zfd gn``dppl àd `lmpdmwnml bfm`yl`fl gdf zdf`lbf gfpl``lypl d pd md`dppnyfl fb jynmàfppdkdmw gdbbd zfd jdyynwd àd `lmpdmwnmlbn``dppl gdf zdf`lbf gf pl``lypl-

Znmml uydzfpwd nydd gf unyàdccfl àd `lmpdmwnml bn plpwn d bfmzdypflmd gf

kny`fn gdf zdf`lbf gf pl``lyplUdy bd cnbbdyfd ifwtil zn uydzfpwn tmfpwnbbnflmd àd `lmpdmwn nf zdf`lbl gfpl``lypl gf unppnyd gn tm wtil nbbnbwyl-

Dbfpl``lypl !7->-7&Nbblyà bfmcydppl gdbbn cnbbdyfn pf wylzn fm tmn lmn gf gfjjf`fbd n``dppl" "gdzd dppdyd uydzfpwn mdbbd zf`fmnmd tmnydn udy bdbfpl``lypl

Gfpulpfwfzl nmwf yf`f`bnccfl gdfjtkf

Mdbbd cnbbdyfd n gtd wtif" pd tm fm`dmgfl pf pzfbtuun fm tm wtil" fb jtkl àdjtlyfdp`d gn tmdpwydkfw mlm gdzd dppdyd yf`f`bnwl mdbbnbwyl wtil- Znmml nglwwnwd wtwwd bd kfptyd ulppfifbf udy dzfwnyd ~tdpwl jdmlkdml!ktyl gf pdunynflmd wyn f gtd pdmpf gf `fy`lbnflmd" pjnpnkdmwl gdcbffmcydppf gdf wtif&

@nkkfmnkdmwf !0->-9&

Btmcl wtwwn bn cnbbdyfngdzlml dppdyd uydzfpwf `nkkfmnkdmwf udybdzn`tnflmd gdbbd udyplmd- Ulpplml dppdyd nglwwnwd gfjjdydmwf plbtflmf?kny`fnufdgf d nkkfmnkdmwf

Udy bn plbtflmd kny`fnufdgf !tml udy `fnp`tm bnwl mdbbd cnbbdyfd n gluuflifmnyfl&?

bnycadn kfmfkn ? 5"35 k nbwdn kfmfkn !uyfzn gf lpwn`lbf& ? 9"5 k glwnwl gf knm`lyydmwd

Udy bn plbtflmd `nkkfmnkdmwl? bnycadn kfmfkn ? 5"35 k nbwdn kfmfkn !uyfzn gf lpwn`lbf& ? 9"5 k bn ptn ptudyjf`fd gdzd dppdyd fb uf ydclbnyd ulppfifbd d uyfzn gf

pulycdmd pd md`dppnyfl" tm kny`fnufdgd fmwdykdgfl gf bnycadn kfmfkn 5"4

k d nbwdn kfmfkn uyfzn gf lpwn`lbf gf 9"5 k" lmpdmwd nfzfnccfnwlyf gf ynccftmcdyd fb `nkkfmnkdmwl ptb yngfdy



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U n c f m n r96

Fkufnmwl gf dkdycdmn !0-9->&

Fm `npl gf fmwdyytflmd gdbbn `lyydmwd dbdwwyf`n dpwdymn" bd nwwydnwtyd gfdkdycdmn fmgfpudmpnifbf gdzlml dppdyd nbfkdmwnwd gn tmn plycdmwd gfdmdyc dmdycfn dbdwwyf`n gf dkdycdmn àd nppf`tyf tmntwlmlkfn gf nbkdml> a" l gn gtd plycdmwf gfjjdydmwf" glzd bd `nmnbfnflmf dbdwwyfàd pfnmlydpfpwdmwf nb jtl`l mdb blyl udy`lypl dzdmwtnbkdmwd `lktmd-Bn `lmwfmtfw gdbbnbfkdmwnflmd gdbbd nwwydnwtyd gf pl``lypl znknmwdmtwn fm uylppfkfw gf tm fm`dmgfl !`nzf ydpfpwdmwf nb jtl`l" uylwdflmfjfpfàd" d``-&

Uydpd gf dkdycdmn !0-9->&

Ptf `fnp`tm bnwl gdbbn cnbbdyfn plml uydzfpwd uydpd dbdwwyfàd" `lm tmnulwdmn kfmfkn twfbfnifbd gf >9 hZN- Bn `lkunwfifbfw gf ~tdpwd pud`fjfàdzn zdyfjf`nwn bl`nbkdmwd `lm bd~tfunccfnkdmwl gdf pdyzff gf pl``lypl-F gtd bnwf gdbbn cnbbdyfn znmml nbfkdmwnwf gn plycdmwf gfjjdydmwfPt `fnp`tmn bfmdn bn gfpwnmn knppfkn wyn gtd uydpd gf 955 kZn uydzfpwl btwfbfl pfktbwnmdl gf gtd uydpd udy bfmdn-

Fkufnmw l gf fb btkfmnflmd

Fkufnmwl gf fbbtkfmnflmdmlyknbd !0-9-9&

Bn cnbbdyfn gdzd dppdyd glwnwn gf tm pfpwdkn gf fbbtkfmnflmd mlyknbd àd`lmpdmwn bdzn`tnflmd gdf zfnccfnwlyf d bn``dppl gdf pl``lypf-

Fkufnmwl gf fbbtkfmnflmd gfdkdycdmn !0-9-9&

Fm `npl gf fmwdyytflmd gdbbn `lyydmwd dbdwwyf`n" gdzd dppdyd uydzfpwl tmfkufnmwl gf fbbtkfmnflmd gf dkdycdmn gf wful I" `lm bd pdctdmwf

`nynwwdyfpwfàd? ntwlmlkfn kfmfkn? > lyn fmwdmpfw kfmfkn? 9 btq nb bfzdbbl gdb ptlbl btmcl f `nkkfmnkdmwf d

f gfpulpfwfzf gn``dppl gdf pl``lypf- F utmwf btkfmlpf gdzlml dppdyd nbfkdmwnwf fm klgl wnbd àd tm

fm`dmgfl mlm ulppn uylzl`nyd fb blyl pudcmfkdmwl pt tm wynwwlptudyflyd n >55 k-

Bfmwdygfpwnmn mlm ut ptudynyd f 45 k ptbbl pwdppl bnwl gdbbncnbbdyfn

Mdbbd cnbbdyfd n gtd zfd" znmml gfpulpwf n~tfm`lm`d


Pdcmnbf gfydflmnbf !0-9-0&Tmn pdcmnbnflmd fbbtkfmnwn zn ulpwn n fmwdyznbbf ydclbnyf gf >55 k udyfmgf`nyd bn gfpwnmn gdbbd tp`fwd gnbbn cnbbdyfn-

Pfpwdkn nmwfm`dmgfl

Nbfkdmwnflmd !0-9-7-9&Bn cnbbdyfn gdzd dppdyd glwnwn gf tm pfpwdkn nmwfm`dmgfl" àd uydzdgntmfpwnbbnflmd" uylmwn nbbtpl d uylwdwwn gnb cdbl" àd gfpulmcn fmudyknmdmn gf tmn yfpdyzn gn ~tn gf >95 k-

@lmglwwd !0-9-7-9&

Bd uydpd gn`~tn !9q75 kk d >q:4 kk&" fmpwnbbnwd lcmf 945 k d ncbffkil`àf gdbbn cnbbdyfn" nppf`tynml?

tmn ulywnwn gf :5 k,a tmn uydppflmd gf : iny btwfbfl pfktbwnmdl gf gtd uydpd-

@lktmf`nflmf udy f pdyzff gf pl``lypl

Gfpulpfflmf !0-9-4&

Znmml nppf`tynwd bd `lktmf nflmf wyn f pdyzff gf pl` lypl" d wyn f pdyzff gfpl``lypl d fb cdpwlyd" fm unywf`lbnyd wyn fb btlcl gdbbfm`fgdmwd d bdpwdymlgdbbn cnbbdyfn-F pdyzff gf pl``lypl gfpulyynmml nbkdml gf gtd bfmdd pud`fjfàd" tmngdgf`nwn nb `lknmgl gdbbd ludynflmf" bnbwyn nb pfpwdkn nmwfm`dmgfl-

Plbbdznkdmwl


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U n c f m n r05

Kdf gf plbbdznkdmwl !0-9-:&

Fb cdpwlyd gdzd uydzdgdyd bd~tfunccfnkdmwl md`dppnyfl nb plbbdznkdmwlgdb knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd-Pd bn wd`mf`n uydzdgd nmdbbf jfppf mdb wtmmdb" dppf gdzlml?

nzdyd tm gfnkdwyl fmwdyml kfmfkl gf >95 kk ntwlyfnyd tmn wynflmd fm wtwwd bd gfydflmf udy kdl gf tmn

knmfcbfn8 dppdyd gfpulpwf lcmf 05 k n tmnbwdn gnb ptlbl `lkuydpn wyn 5"4

d > k8 ulppdgdyd tmn ydpfpwdmn kfmfkn gf 4-555 gnM

Nmdbbf gf yfàfnkl !0-9-3&Gdzlml nzdyd tm gfnkdwyl kfmfkl gf 955 kk d znmml gfpulpwf mdbbdfkkdgfnwd zf`fmnmd gdcbf n``dppf nbbn cnbbdyfn n tmnbwdn `lkuydpn wyn>"5 d >"4 k gnb ufnml gdb `nkkfmnkdmwl-

D~tfunccfnkdmwf gf pf`tydn

@lbbdcnkdmwl wdyyn+wydml!0-0->&

Fm cnbbdyfn zn nppf`tynwn bn `lmwfmtfw gdbbd `lktmf`nflmf jlml wyn fb `dmwylgf `lmwylbbl d f wydmf-

@lmwylbbl gdbbn zdbl`fw !0-0-9& Gdzd dppdyd uydzfpwl tm pfpwdkn gf `lmwylbbl gdbbn zdbl`fw àd" fm `npl gfdyylyd gf ctfgn" uydzdmcn fb yfpàfl gf `lbbfpflmd-

@nyydbbf !0-0-0&

Ncbf fkil`àf gdbbn cnbbdyfn gdzlml dppdyd gfpulmfifbf udy f pdyzff gf

pl``lypl gtd `nyydbbf" glwnwf gf pfpwdkn jydmnmwd- Gdzlml pluulywnyd tm`nyf`l kfmfkl gf 455 hc d `lmpdmwfyd bdzn`tnflmd gf tm jdyfwl gfpwdpl pttmn inydbbn mlyknbfnwn-

Dzn`tnflmd gdf unppdccdyf

Gfpulpfflmf !7->-0&

Bn uylcdwwnflmd gdb knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd `lmpdmwd gf bfkfwnyd cbf nyydpwffmwdkudpwfzf d btp`fwn gdb wydml nbbdpwdyml gdbbn cnbbdyfn fm `npl gfm`dmgfl-Fm `npl gfm`fgdmwd àd uylzl`n bnyydpwl gf tm wydml fm cnbbdyfn" bn uyflyfwgdbbdzn`tnflmd nwwynzdypl tm nbwyl wydml" pd bd `lmgfflmf gf pf`tydn bl`lmpdmwlml-

@lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf !7->-0&

Mdb `npl gf cnbbdyfd ifwtil" gdzlml dppdyd uydzfpwf `lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf"n tmn gfpwnmn knppfkn gf 155 k" `lm tmn bnycadn kfmfkn gf 7 tmfw gf

unppnccfl d tmnbwdn kfmfkn gf 9"95 k--N `fnp`tmn dpwydkfw plml glwnwf gf tmn ulywn gdbbn bnycadn kfmfkn gfgtd tmfw gf unppnccfl" àftpd fm `lmgfflmf mlyknbf- Fb `lkubdppl gdfgfpulpfwfzf àd pdunynml f wtif gdzlml nzdyd tm cyngl gf ydpfpwdmn nb jtl`lgf 9 a-Gdzlml dppdyd uydzfpwf gdf gfpulpfwfzf àd fkudgfp`lml bfmwytpflmd gdf jtkfuylzdmfdmwf gnbbn cnbbdyfn fm`fgdmwnwn mdf `lbbdcnkdmwf wynpzdypnbf" mdbbncnbbdyfn mlm fm`fgdmwnwn dg dzdmwtnbkdmwd mdbbn cnbbdyfn gf pf`tydn-

Zdmwfbnflmd" dpwynflmd gdf jtk f

Dpwynflmd gdf jtkf !7-9&

Tm pfpwdkn gf dpwynflmd gdf jtkf liibfcnwlyfl mdb `npl gf cnbbdyfd gfbtmcadn B=4 hk mdb `npl gf wynmpfwl gf kdy`f udyf`lblpd d gf knwdyfnbd

ylwnifbd pwnmgnyg-Bn zdbl`fw gf dpwynflmd mlm ut dppdyd fmjdyflyd n >"4 k,p d bn ulwdmngdbbd fpwnbbnflmf gf dpwynflmd gdf jtkf gdzlml dppdyd ngnwwnwd nbbd`lmgfflmf kdwdlylblcfàd bl`nbf uf jyd~tdmwf-

Bdpwynflmd gdf jtkf nppf`tynwl gn cytuuf gf gtd klwlyf ydzdypfifbf àdgfpulmclml gf nbfkdmwnflmd dbdwwyf`n pdunynwn-

F zdmwfbnwlyf gdzlml nzdyd tmn ydpfpwdmn nb jtl`l ng nbkdml 955 udy bngtynwn gf 9 a-

Fb ynggluufl gdf klwlyf mlm liibfcnwlyfl pd bn uylcdwwnflmd gdb pfpwdkngf dpwynflmd gdf jtkf cnynmwfp`d àd" fm `npl gf ctnpwl gf tmn

fmpwnbbnflmd" bd fmpwnbbnflmf gf p`lywn nppf`tynml fb `lmwylbbl gdf jtkf pfn fmpljjfnccfl àd fm npufynflmd-


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U n c f m n r0>

Tm `lknmgl knmtnbd gf dpwynflmd gdf jtkf kdppl n gfpulpfflmd gdfpdyzff gf pl``lypl fm lcmf pwnflmd udy jn`fbfwnyd cbf fmwdyzdmwf-

Gfpulpfflmf gf dpdy`ffl

Glwnflmf l gfpulpfflmf gf pf`tydn

Pdunynflmd gdbbd nwwfzfwzfnccfnwlyf d kdy`f !7-0->&

Mdbbd cnbbdyfd bn `fy`lbnflmd mdbbd pwdppd jnp`d lynyfd gf wydmf zfnccfnwlyf dwydmf kdy`f zfdwnwn- D wlbbdynwn bn `fy`lbnflmd gf wydmf àd mlmwynpulywnml kdy`f udyf`lblpd-

Mdbbd cnbbdyfd n gtd zfd `lm wynjjf`l kfpwl 4 hk? znmml nuubf`nwd kfptyd!dp- `lpwytflmd gdbblynyfl& kfynmwf n bfkfwnyd bfm`yl`fl gf wydmf zfnccfnwlyf dwydmf àd wynpulywnml kdy`f udyf`lblpd

Mdbbd cnbbdyfd n gtd zfd `lm wynjjf`l kfpwl =4 hk? bfm`yl`fl gf wydmfzfnccfnwlyf d wydmf àd wynpulywnml kdy`f udyf`lblpd zfdwnwl

Knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd !>-7-7& !7-0-9&

Fb wynmpfwl gf knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd pwnmgnyg zfdwnwl mdbbd cnbbdyfd gf

btmcadn B=4 hk uyfzd gf pfpwdkf gf zdmwfbnflmd dg dpwynflmd gdf jtkf@bnppfjf`nflmd gdb knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd?n& zfdmd `bnppfjf`nwl knwdyfnbd klgdymlf wydmf zfnccfnwlyf?

àd yfpudwwnml bd mlykd MJ J >:+>5>">59">50 pud`fnbkdmwd fmknwdyfn gf `bnppfjf`nflmd nb jtl`l d nf jtkf gdb knwdyfnbd`lpwfwtdmwd bd zdwwtyd d cbf nuunynwf dbdwwyf`f d gf glwnflmd gfdpwfmwlyf ulywnwfbf

glwnwf gf klwfbfw ktbwfubn d gf tm pfpwdkn àd `lmpdmwn? bn pdcmnbnflmd fm `nifmn gf ctfgn l nb ulpwl gf `lmwylbbl" pd

glwnwl gf tm pfpwdkn ntwlknwf`l" gf ~tnbpfnpf yfp`nbgnkdmwlnmlknbl fm tm klwlyd bnyydpwl ntwlknwf`l gdb klwlyd fm ~tdpwflmd" kdmwyd cbf nbwyf

dbdkdmwf gdzlml ydpwnyd fm pdyzffl nb jfmd gf `lmpdmwfyd nb wydml gf

uylpdctfyd bn `lypn jfml nb wdykfmd gdbbn cnbbdyfn l n tmn pwnflmd- Glwnwf gf tm pfpwdkn gf nbbnykd zfnccfnwlyf àd fkudgfp`n bnyydpwlgf dkdycdmn fyydzdypfifbd" kn nb `lmwynyfl `lmpdmwn nb`lmgt`dmwd l nb udyplmnbd gdb `dmwyl gf `lmwylbbl gf yfuydmgdydynufgnkdmwd bn kny`fn

Glwnwf gf tm pfpwdkn àd `lmpdmwn nb udyplmnbd gf gfjjlmgdydkdppnccf zl`nbf

i& zfdmd `bnppfjf`nwl knwdyfnbd yfklgdymnwl fb knwdyfnbd ylwnifbdfmffnbkdmwd mlm `lm`dufwl udy plggfpjnyd bd dpfcdmd gf `tf nb utmwl n&"kn àd" fm l``npflmd gf tmn uyljlmgn yfpwytwwtynflmd" fm cyngl gfyfpulmgdyd n wtwwf f yd~tfpfwf" `lm bdzdmwtnbd d``dflmd gdbbd mlykd MJ J>:+>5> udy f `nzf dbdwwyf`f d MJ J >:+>59 udy bd nuunyd`àfnwtyd dbdwwyfàd-

`& fb knwdyfnbd ylwnifbd àd mlm yfpulmgd nf uyd`dgdmwf yd~tfpfwf

`bnppfjf`nwl knwdyfnbd pwnmgnyg-

@fy`lbnflmd gdf pl``lypf fmcnbbdyfn !7-0-0&

Udy bd cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn B=4 hk uydzfpwl àd tmnuunyd`àfnwtyn gfknmlzyn l gf knmtwdmflmd `lmpdmwn bfmzfl gdf pdyzff gf pl``lypl dydbnwfzl d~tfunccfnkdmwl nbbfmwdyml gdbbn cnbbdyfn-Bnuunyd`àfnwtyn gdzd dppdyd unyàdccfnwn fm tm btlcl ptjjf`fdmwdkdmwdzf`fml nbbfkil``l udy mlm yfwnygnyd bnyyfzl n ufdgf gdf pl``lypf-^tdpwn kfptyn mlm uf yfàfdpwn mdb `npl fm `tf fb cdpwlyd kdwwn ngfpulpfflmd gdf pdyzff gf pl``lypl kdf kfpwf clkkn+ylwnfn-

Lycnmfnflmd gdbbn ydwylkny`fn!7-0-7&

Znmml nglwwnwd luulywtmd kfptyd nb jfmd gf dzfwnyd gf ibn``nyd btmcnkdmwdtm wydml zfnccfnwlyf ydzdypfifbd jtmflmnmwd gfdwyl tm wydml fm dkdycdmn-Fm unywf`lbnyd" udy bd cnbbdyfd gf bfmdd zfnccfnwlyf l kfpwd gf btmcadn B=4hk?

pdcmnbnflmd gf ulppfifbfw gf fmzdypflmd knbcyngl bn uydpdmn gftm wydml

nbfkdmwnflmd gdbbdmdycfn dbdwwyf`n gf wynflmd ptggfzfpn fm pdflmfdbdkdmwnyf gf btmcadn uylppfkn n ~tdbbl gdbbl punfl mlyknbd


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U n c f m n r09

wyn gtd wydmf

Yfbdznwlyd gf il``lbd `nbgd!7-0-4&

Mdbbd cnbbdyfd pt bfmdd zfnccfnwlyf l kfpwd" tm yfbdznwlyd gf il``lbd `nbgdgdzd `lmpdmwfyd bnyydpwl gdb wydml uyfkn `ad dmwyf fm cnbbdyfn-


36/149


U n c f m n r00

Pzfdyn

Mlyknwfzd gf yfjdyfkdmwl?

Yn``lknmgnflmd `lktmd jyn Ntpwyfn d Pzfdyn dknmnwn mdb >669" ydbnwfzn ncbfpwnmgnyg gf pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd klbwl btmcad-

@nkul gf nuubf`nflmd? Mtlzd cnbbdyfd gf btmcadn ptudyflyd nf 94-555k-

Mlykd gnwwtnflmd gdb ydclbnkdmwl jdyylzfnyfl gdb > cdmmnfl >667"

@nkul gf nuubf`nflmd? Bd mlykd yfulywnml plbl n``dmmf cdmdynbf fm knwdyfn gf pf`tydn mdbbd

cnbbdyfd !kfptyd `lpwytwwfzd d kfptyd gf wful lycnmfnwfzl-&

Sdfptmc F+NK+DI+0>,55? Pfàdydfwa fm idpwdadmgdm wtmmdbp"

Fmjynpwythwtyknppmnakdm ty Dybdfàwdytmc gdy Pdbipwydwwtmc " 5:->9-9555-

Mlykd fmjynpwytwwtynbf udy bncdzlbnflmd gdbbntwlpl``lypl-

@nkul gf nuubf`nflmd? Cnbbdyfd dpfpwdmwf-

Pfmwdpf?

Gnf gl`tkdmwf gdb >669 ulppfifbd gdgtyyd gdcbf n``dmmf plbl cdmdynbf fm knwdyfn gf

pf`tydn !kfptyd `lpwytwwfzd" kfptyd lycnmfnwfzd" kfptyd udy bntwlpl``lypl d udy fbpl``lypl" wydmf d p~tngyd udy bfmwdyzdmwl&-

Gnb gl`tkdmwl gdb >667 pf wyncclml uyfm`fuf gf pf`tydn udy f zfnccfnwlyf fm cnbbdyfdjdyylzfnyfd klbwl btmcad-

Gnb gl`tkdmwl gdb 9555pf dzfm`lml cbf pwnmgnyg wd`mf`f d bd uydp`yfflmf jtmflmnbf gdcbf

dbdkdmwf `lpwytwwfzf md`dppnyf udy cnynmwfyd ulppfifbfw gf ntwlpl``lypl- Cbf pwnmgnyg

yfulywnwf mdbbn ydbnwfzn wnidbbn `lpwfwtfp`lml bnuubf`nflmd nbbn ydwd jdyylzfnyfn pzfdyn gdf

`yfwdyf gf pf`tydn uydzfpwf udy bd cnbbdyfd dpfpwdmwf ntwlyfnwf !ptbbn inpd gfnmnbfpf gdf

jnwwlyf gf yfpàfl& gnb `lmpfcbfl gnkkfmfpwynflmd gdbbn PII fm gnwn 91,>5,61-

Cbf pwnmgnyg wd`mf`f yfulywnwf plml znbfgf udy bn uylcdwwnflmd d udy fb kfcbflynkdmwl gdbbd

glwnflmf udy bncdzlbnflmd gdbbntwlpl``lypl" wnbf gn gny btlcl ng tm ynuulywl

~tnbfw,`lpwf ptjjf`fdmwdkdmwd znmwnccflpl-

Bd kfptyd uf fkulywnmwf uydzfpwd gdbbd gfpulpfflmf `fwnwd plml yfnpptmwd mdbbd wnidbbdàd

pdctlml-

Mlwn?


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U n c f m n r07

Fm Pzfdyn" jfml n mlm klbwl wdkul jn" bn cnbbdyfn n gtd ifmnyf dyn `lmpfgdynwn

tmfzdypnbkdmwd fb klgdbbl pwnmgnyg- Nbb#fmffl gf btcbfl 955> fb @lmpfcbfl Jdgdynbd an

pwnifbfwl àd bn mtlzn cnbbdyfn gf inpd @dmdyf !>4 hk& + uylcdwwnwn fmffnbkdmwd `lkd

cnbbdyfn n gluufl ifmnyfl + gdiin fmzd`d dppdyd `lpwytfwn" nmàd udy klwfzf gf pf`tydn"

pd`lmgl fb klgdbbl n gtd jlyf n ifmnyfl tmf`l- Wnbd gd`fpflmd mlm fmjbtdmn bd klgnbfw

jtwtyd gf `lpwytflmd gf nbwyd cnbbdyfd fm Pzfdyn8 dppn `lpwfwtfp`d udy wtwwnzfn tmn àfnyn

fmgf`nflmd gf wdmgdmn gtynmwd bnzlyf gf knmtwdmflmd)-

Wnidbbn gf pfmwdpf

Yn``lknmgnflmd `lktmd jyn Ntpwyfn d Pzfdyn ydbnwfzn ncbf pwnmgnyg gfpf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd klbwl btmcad" >669

Klwfzl d p`lul

Blifdwwfzl uyfm`funbd pwnifbfyd tm `lm`dwwl tmfjlykd udy f cynmgf uylcdwwfgf wynjlyf wynmpnbufmf nwwtnbkdmwd fm jnpd gf uylcdwwnflmd

Uyfm`fuf

@nkul gnuubf`nflmd Cnbbdyfd jdyylzfnyfd gf Btmcadn B = 94-555 k-

Fb `npl gf yfjdyfkdmwl uydpl gdbbn mlykn bfm`dmgfl fm tm znclmd-

Uyfm`fuf gdbbn pf`tydn Dzfwnyd udy uyfm`fufl fm`fgdmwf- Bfkfwnyd bd yfudy`tppflmd gdcbf fm`fgdmwf-

Pwynwdcfd gf pf`tydn fm cnbbdyfn

Dzfwnyd mdb bfkfwd gdb ulppfifbd àd tm fm`dmgfl" knmfjdpwnwlpf~tnmgl fb wydml fm `lypn" ulywf ng tm nyydpwl fm cnbbdyfn-

Nglwwnyd" udy cbf nbwyf fm`fgdmwf gdpdy`ffl àd ulwydiidyllpwn`lbnyd bn `lypn gdb wydml gdf uylzzdgfkdmwf lycnmfnwfzf nwwf ncnynmwfyd tm pl``lypl djjf`n`d dmwyl tm wdykfmd nuuyluyfnwl-

Uyfm`fuf udy fb pl``lyplFb wydml àd jlppd fm uydgn nbbd jfnkkd glzydiid nzzf`fmnypf ng tmn lmnuylwdwwn àd udykdwwn ulppfifbfw gf ntwlpl``lypl jfml nbbnyyfzl gdfpl``lyyfwlyf dpwdymf d nbbdzn`tnflmd-

_lmn uylwdwwn

P`lul? uylwdccdyd bd udyplmd gncbf djjdwwf fkkdgfnwf gf tm fmjlywtmfl!jtkl" `nblyd&

Dpdkuf gf lmd uylwdwwd? Tp`fwd gdkdycdmn zdypl bdpwdyml- Cnbbdyfd l `tmf`lbf unynbbdbf" pd bn udmdwynflmd gf jtkl d `nblyd

ptjjf`fdmwdkdmwd fkudgfwn wynkfwd gdbbd kfptyd dgfbf- Bl`nbf gdkdycdmn plwwdyynmdf glwnwf gndynflmd ptjjf`fdmwd d gf

pfpwdkn gf `lktmf`nflmd `lm bn `dmwynbd gf `lknmgl- Zdf`lbf gf uylmwl pl``lypl udy bd udyplmd gn dzn`tnyd-

Gfpulpfflmf udy b dpdy`ffl

Udy f zdf`lbf" l``lyyd fmwdyzdmfyd ptf jydmf gdkdycdmn njjfmà fb wydml fmuydgn nbbd jfnkkd mlm pf jdykf fm tm btlcl fmngdctnwl nbbfmwdyml gdbbncnbbdyfn- Tm wydml fm jfnkkd ut `fy`lbnyd udy nbkdml >4 kfmtwf"udy`lyydmgl n >55 hk,a `fy`n 94hk-

Glwnflmf fmjynpwytwwtynbf udy b ntwlpl``lypl


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U n c f m n r04

Glwnflmf

Zflwwlbf bnwdynbf Fkufnmwf gfbbtkfmnflmd Fkufnmwf gf `lktmf`nflmd Gfpulpfwfzf gf ctfgn lwwf`f d wnwwfbf

Cdpwflmd gdbb dkdycdmn gn fm`dmgfl

Lycnmfnflmd @llygfmnkdmwl jyn lycnmfnflmd d pdyzff bl`nbf gf pl``lypl `nwnpwyljf- Cbfnuunyd`àf pud`fjf`f gdzlml dppdyd kdppf n gfpulpfflmd gnbbn jdyylzfd-

Kdf gf pl``lyplTm mtkdyl ptjjf`fdmwd gf kdf gf wynpulywl gdzd dppdyd kdppl ngfpulpfflmd udy dzn`tnyd bd udyplmd- Pd bn cnbbdyfn mlm udy`lyyfifbd `lmkdf pt clkkn pf gdzd yf`lyydyd n wydmf gdkdycdmn-

Nuuylzzfcflmnkdmwl dmdycfndbdwwyf`n Pfpwdkf klifbf fm glwnflmd nbbd p~tngyd gf pl``lypl-

Wnidbbn gf pfmwdpf

Mlykd gnwwtnflmd gdb ydclbnkdmwl pzfdyl ptbbd jdyylzfd" 5>, 5>, 67

Kfptyd`lpwytwwfzdNyw- 91" + wtmmdb d cnbbdyfd?m- 97>? )Pf gdzlml nglwwnyd uylzzdgfkdmwf nwwf n uydzdmfyd d njjylmwnydfm`dmgf d fm`fgdmwf)-m- 979? Bd gfjjf`lbw `lmmdppd `lm bfkufdcl gf kdf gf pl``lypl fm cnbbdyfnfkulmclml b#nglflmd gf ngdctnwd kfptyd uydzdmwfzd nb jfmd gf cnynmwfyd tmd~tfbfiynwl pwnmgnyg gf pf`tydn-Fmwdyzdmwf gf wful `lpwytwwfzl" kfynwf dp`btpfznkdmwd n `lmpdmwfyd f pl``lypf"pf ulpplml djjdwwtnyd plbl glul nzdy dpntyfwl cbf fmwdyzdmwf gf wfulcdpwflmnbd d lycnmfnwfzl)-

m- 9:? Mdbbd cnbbdyfd gdzd dppdyd nppf`tynwl tm ptjjf`fdmwd yf`nkifl gnyfnjydp`n gn nppf`tynyd mdbbd cnbbdyfd gtynmwd pfn fb mlyknbd dpdy`ffl pfn

gtynmwd f bnzlyf gf knmtwdmflmd-

Kfptyd gf wful lycnmfnwfzl

Yd~tfpfwf

Fb kn`àfmfpwn gdzd nflmnyd fkkdgfnwnkdmwd fb pdcmnbd gf nbbnykd lzd fbwydml pf jdykf pdmn nb`tm klwfzl nuunydmwd d" gdzd fmzfnyd tmn yfàfdpwngf pl``lypl nwwynzdypl fb yngflwdbdjlml gf ilygl-

^tnblyn yf`dztwl tm pdcmnbd g#nbbnykd" fb kn`àfmfpwn gdzd jdyknyd fb wydmld zdyfjf`nyd bn `ntpn gdbb#nbbnykd- Pd bn mnwtyn gdbb#nbbnykd mlm fmd~tfzl`nifbd" ut yfuydmgdyd bn `lypn uyl`dgdmgl n zfpwn !Z knq 75hk,a&-

Liibfcaf gdb cdpwlydgdbbfmjynpwytwwtyn

Pd tm wydml jdykl fm tmn cnbbdyfn" pf gdzd zfdwnyd b#n``dppl nbbn pwdppn gnunywd gnbwyf wydmf jfmà mlm pfn nuutynwl àd mlm plml `lfmzlbwf

mdbbfm`fgdmwd zdf`lbf `lm `nyfàf udyf`lblpf- Bn``dppl gf udyplmd nbbn cnbbdyfn `lmpdmwfwl plbl pd bd pwdppd plml ktmfwd gdbbn md`dppnyfn nwwydnwtyn gfuylwdflmd-

P`luufl gf tm fm`dmgfl fmcnbbdyfn

md`dppnyfl `lmgtyyd fb wydml jtlyf gnbbn cnbbdyfn" ulpwl àd pfn ulppfifbd dmlm `f pfnml udyf`lbf fkkdgfnwf udy bd udyplmd-

Kfptyd fkkdgfnwdGfpfmpdyfkdmwl gdbbn pinyyn `lbbdwwyf`d8 pd md`dppnyfl" pf uyl`dgd `lmbdp`btpflmd gdbbn bfmdn gf `lmwnwwl d bn kdppn fm pf`tydn gdb ifmnyflnjjfnm`nwl-

Kfptydudy bNtwlpl``lypl

Fmjynpwytwwtyd àd ulpplml

jn`fbfwnyd bntwlpl``lypl gdfunppdccdyf

Utbpnmwf gnbbnykd Fmwdyytwwlyf gdkdycdmn udy b#fbbtkfmnflmd Fbbtkfmnflmd gdbbn cnbbdyfn Fbbtkfmnflmd gdkdycdmn fm `npl gfm`dmgfl Zfn gf jtcn `lm `lyyfknml Pdcmnbnflmd gdbbd zfd gf jtcn


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U n c f m n r0:

Uydppl b#fkil``l gdbbn cnbbdyfn

Gfpulpfwfzf udyknmdmwf gf kdppn n wdyyn fmgfudmgdmwf gnbbn bfmdn Fmgf`nflmd" pdcmnbnflmd d fbbtkfmnflmd gdbbn zfn gf jtcn

gnbb#fkil``l jfml ng tm btlcl gf yn``lbwn ngnwwl- Cbf npudwwf `lpwytwwfzf gdbbd kfptyd fbbtpwynwd plml ydclbnkdmwnwf

gnbbn mlykn F+NK+DI 0>,55 Pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd dpfpwdmwfMlykd Fmjynpwytwwtynbf udy bncdzlbnflmd gdbbntwlpl``lypl":,>9,9555

Wydmfnmwfm`dmgfld g fpl``lypl

Wydmf gf pl``lypl" udyplmnbd"dkdycdmd gfmwdyzdmwl

Ud`tbfnyd gdbbd PII bn gfpulmfifbfw gf wydmf nwwydnwf udy bl pudcmfkdmwlgfm`dmgf d udy fb pl``lypl pwnflmnwf fm knmfdyn wnbd gn ulwdy n``dgdyd n`fnp`tmn cnbbdyfn gn dmwynkid bd dpwydkfw- Fb udyplmnbd gf ~tdpwf wydmf `lpwfwtwl gn gfudmgdmwf gdbbd jdyylzfd nuulpfwnkdmwd nggdpwynwf d gfpwn``nwfnbbd znyfd p~tngyd gfmwdyzdmwl- Fb udyplmnbd gf ~tdpwf wydmf fm ulppdppl gftmn uydunynflmd pud`fjf`n dg glwnwl gf nuulpfwd nwwydnwtyd8 fmwdyzfdmdpt yfàfdpwn gdbbd `dmwynbf gf cdpwflmd gdb wynjjf`l mdbbd dkdycdmd dbdm`nwd~tf gf pdctfwl?

Pl``lypl n udyplmd Pudcmfkdmwl gfm`dmgf Gfpudypflmd gf plpwnmd udyf`lblpd Dzn`tnflmd gf cnbbdyfd Dzn`tnflmd gf wynwwf gfjjf`fbkdmwdn``dppfifbf-

P~tngydgfmwdyzdmwlfmwdymd

Pfwtnflmf gfmwdyzdmwl

^tnblyn" fm uylppfkfw gdbbd bfmdd jdyylzfnyfd" pf zdyfjfàfml fm`fgdmwf" fm`dmgfd pzff wnbf gn `lpwfwtfyd tm udyf`lbl l gn nyyd`nyd tm gnmml n udyplmd"nbb#nkifdmwd l n `lpd-B fmwdyzdmwl ynufgl d gfydwwl dg an bl p`lul gf `lmwyfitfyd nb yfuyfpwfml~tnmwl uf ynufgl ulppfifbd gdb mlyknbd dpdy`ffl-

@lkufwf gdbbn Gfydflmd `dmwynbdgdbbd p~tngyd gfmwdyzdmwl

Nppfpwdmn nf ydpulmpnifbf gdbbd p~tngyd gfmwdyzdmwl ludynmwf fmbl`l ~tnblyn bfmwdyzdmwl yfàfdgn wdkuf uylbtmcnwf

Uylzzdgdyd nbbn `lpwfwtflmd gdb udyplmnbd d nbb#fmzfl gfyfjlymfkdmwf-

@lkufwf gdbbd Gfydflmf bl`nbfgdbbd p~tngyd gfmwdyzdmwl

@llygfmnyd b#nwwfzfw gdbbd p~tngyd uydpdmwf mdbbd nydd gf`lkudwdmn gdbbn PII NC mlmà gf dzdmwtnbf nbwyd lycnmfnflmfàfnknwd fm nftwl-

ZZ-J-

Lzd luulywtml" fb `lknmgl gdbbd ludynflmf ut dppdyd wynpjdyfwl nf Zfcfbfgdb Jtl`l !Gfydflmd `lkunywfkdmwnbd" p~tngyd pud`fnbf + nmàd mdbwynwwnkdmwl gfm`dmgf àfkf`f + l pwnflmf bl`nbf&8 fm wnb `npl bn p~tngyngfmwdyzdmwl gdbbd jdyylzfd pny ulpwn ncbf lygfmf gdf Zfcfbf gdb Jtl`l `lm fb`lkufwl gf lngftznybf-


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U n c f m n r03

Wnidbbn gf pfmwdpf

Pf`tydn mdbbd cnbbdyfd dpfpwdmwf" Mlykd Fmjynpwytwwtynbf udy bncdzlbnflmdgdbb ntwlpl``lypl" :, >9, 9555

Uyfm`fuf

Gdjfmfflmd Ntwlpl``lypl ; Jtcn gdf unppdccdyf gb btlcl gdbbfm`dmgfl `lm uyluyf kdf

Cbf pwnmgnyg wd`mf`f yfulywnwf plml znbfgf udy bn uylcdwwnflmd d udy fbkfcbflynkdmwl gdbbd glwnflmf udy bntwlpl``lypl

Glwnflmf fmjynpwytwwtynbfmd`dppnyfd udy jn`fbfwnyd

bntwlpl``lypl

Zfd gf jtcn bnwdynbf" btmcl bn unydwd gdbbn cnbbdyfn @lyyfknml l pfpwdkn gf ctfgn wnwwfbd Fbbtkfmnflmd gdkdycdmn fm `npl gfm`dmgfl `lm utbpnmwd gnbbnykd Pdcmnbdwf`n gdbbd zfd gf jtcn

Wnbf glwnflmf nmgynmml uydzfpwf udy cnbbdyfd klmlwtil l ifwtil plbnkdmwdgn tm plbl bnwl-

Nbwyd glwnflmf udy bn pf`tydn

Wdbdjlmf gdkdycdmn ulpwf fm utmwf gdjfmfwf Kdppn n wdyyn udyknmdmwd mdbbd lmd gdf ulywnbf gdbbn cnbbdyfn Pdcmnbdwf`n dg fbbtkfmnflmd gdbbd zfd gf jtcn gnb ulywnbd gdbbn cnbbdyfn

jfml ng tm fglmdl utmwl gf yn``lbwn

Dbdkdmwf `lpwytwwfzf udy b ntwlpl``lypl

Zfd gf jtcn

@nynwwdyfpwfàd

Bnycadn kfmfkn 5-:5 kGdzd dppdyd ydnbfnwn gnbbl pwdppl bnwl d pd ulppfifbd ptb bnwl dpwdyml `tyzn

Bn unzfkdmwnflmd ut n``lcbfdyd l kdml tm `nzdgfl- Wtwwl `f àdl``tun bl punfl lzd gdzd dppdyd ydnbfnwn bn zfn gf jtcn gdzd pulpwnwlgnbbnbwyl bnwl gdbbn cnbbdyfn l fm nppd gdb gluufl ifmnyfl pd bn `lmjfctynflmd klmlwtil-

@lyyfknml

@nynwwdyfpwfàd

Gfkdmpflmf fm pdflmd? >95q75 kk

Nbwdn ptbbn zfn gf jtcn? >-05 k

Gfpwnmn knppfkn jyn cbf nm`lynccf? 9-55 k

Fm `lmgfflmf gf uyljfbl yfpwydwwl ut dppdyd plpwfwtwl gn tm unmmdbbl ctfgnwnwwfbd gf gfkdmpflmf fm pdflmd 955q05 kk- Fb `lyyfknml gdzd nccfynyddzdmwtnbf lpwn`lbf uydpdmwf-

Fbbtk fmnflmd gdkdycdmn fm `npl gfm`dmgfl

Gfpwnmn btmcl bnppd gdbbn cnbbdyfn? 45 k


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U n c f m n r01

@nynwwdyfpwfàd

Nbwdn knppfkn gdbbnydn fbbtkfmnwn? 5-15 k- Bnbwdn gdb pfpwdkn gfbbtkfmnflmd gdkdycdmn gdzd

dppdyd bfkfwnwn ptudyflykdmwd dg lyflmwnbkdmwd lmgdfkudgfyd bniincbfnkdmwl gdb kn`àfmfpwn gf tm wydml fm`lypn- Fb `lmwdmfwlyd gdbbd bt`f cfnbbl-

Fm `npl gf cnbbdyfd `lm uyljfbl pwydwwl bnbwdn gdbbd bt`f gdzddppdyd bfkfwnwn fm klgl àd zdmcn yfpudwwnwn bnydngfbbtkfmnkdmwl- Nbbfmwdyml gf tmn cnbbdyfn klbwl btmcn

bnbwdn gdbbd bt`f gdzd dppdyd knmwdmtwn `lpwnmwd- Mdb `npl gf cnbbdyfd `lm ynccf klgdpwf bn gfpwnmn gdbbd bt`fgdzd dppdyd `lmpdctdmwdkdmwd yfglwwn fm klgl àd gn lcmfutmwl gdbbn cnbbdyfn pfn zfpfifbd nbkdml tmn bt`d-

Pt lcmf p`nwlbn gdbbd bt`f gdkdycdmn gdzd dppdyd ulpwl tmutbpnmwd gn``dmpflmd dg tm Bdg àfnynkdmwd fmgfzfgtnifbd fmlcmf gfydflmd-

Fb pfpwdkn gdzd dppdyd `dywfjf`nwl D05 !jtmflmnbfw kfmfkn fm`npl gfm`dmgfl 05 kfm&" d gdzd cnynmwfyd tm cyngl gfuylwdflmd FU:7

Fm cnbbdyfd klbwl btmcad fb pfpwdkn gdzd dppdyd ptggfzfpl fmplwwlpdwwlyf gf btmcadn knppfkn 455 k

Fb pfpwdkn gdzd dppdyd nwwfznwl plbl fm `npl gdkdycdmn lknmtwdmflmd fm klgl gn mlm niincbfnyd fb kn`àfmfpwn fm

`lmgfflmf gf mlyknbd dpdy`ffl- Bn``dmpflmd pdcmnbnwn mdbbn ulpwnflmd ludynwfzn l mdbbnpwnflmd pdyzfwn uf zf`fmn" gnbbn ~tnbd pf ut djjdwwtnyd nmàdfb ptl pudcmfkdmwl

Pdcmnbdwf`n gdbbd zfd gf jtcn

@nynwwdyfpwfàd

Gfkdmpflmf? 5-:5q5-95 k

Gfpwnmn? lcmf >55 k8

@lblyd zdygd pdcmnbdwf`l" Ntwlyfjbdwwdmwf" Klmwnwf n unydwd" pluyn bn zfn gf jtcn" nbbnbwdn gdf jnyf-

Knwdyfnbf Nbbtkfmfl" yf`ludywl gn udbbf`lbd uylwdwwfzd fcmfjtcad" d,l knwdyfnbf `lm wnbfyd~tfpfwf-

Dbdkdmwf udy fb pl``lypl

@yfwdyf gf pf`tydn udy fb pl``lypl

Pnbznctnygfn gdbbd zfd yngfl fm cnbbdyfn Ynccftmcfifbfw gdf utmwf gf yn``lbwn `

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Giorgio MICOLITTI-Standard Di Sicurezza Delle Gallerie Ferroviarie