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GII THIU NI DUNG MN HC
STTNI DUNGS TIT1Cc khi nim c bn trong ha hu c42Cc loi hiu ng e v
h. khng gian43Khi nim v c ch p. (SR, E, A)34Ankan v
xycloankan45Anken36Ankaien27Ankin28Aren49Dn xut halogen v hp cht c
magie310Ancol, phenol, ete4
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GII THIU NI DUNG MN HC
STTNI DUNGS TIT11Anehit, xeton412Acid cacboxylic v dn
xut213Amin, mui diazoni v hp cht azo314Aminoaxit, protit, gluxit,
lipit215Gii thiu mt s hp cht d vng1
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NI DUNG1.1. Orbital nguyn t v s lai ha orbital1.1.1. Cu to lp v
nguyn t ca carbon1.1.2. Orbital nguyn t (AO)1.1.3. Lai ha
orbital1.2. Lin kt ha hc1.2.1. Lin kt cng ha tr1.2.2. Lin kt
ion1.2.3. Lin kt hidro1.3. ng ng; ng phn1.3.1. ng ng1.3.2. ng phn
1.3.2.1. ng phn cu to 1.3.2.2. ng phn hnh hc CC KHI NIM C BNChng 1:
(4tit)
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1.1. Orbital nguyn t v s lai ha orbital1.1.1. Cu to lp v nguyn t
ca carbonTrng thi c bn: 1s22s22p2. Trng thi kch thch:
1s22s12p3.
1.1.2. Trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t C- Sp3 trong hp cht no; sp2,
sp trong hp cht khng no.V d: Trng thi lai ha ca C trong CH4 l sp3,
C2H4 l sp2, trong C2H2 l sp. CC KHI NIM C BNChng 1: (4tit)
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1.2. Lin kt ha hc trong ha hu c1.2.1. Lin kt ion (Gia 1 KL mnh v
1 PK mnh) - c hnh thnh do s chuyn 1 hoc nhiu e t nguyn t ny n nguyn
t kia, to ra cc ion dng v ion m lin kt vi nhau bng lc ht tnh in.-
Hai nguyn t c s khc bit nhau v m in s to lin kt ion. ( 1,7).
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1.2.2. Lin kt cng ha tr (Gia 1 PK v 1 PK) - Bn cht: c hnh thnh
gia cc nguyn t do s dng chung cc cp electron ha tr t cu hnh bn vng
ca kh him.- Phn loi: + Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc: Hnh thnh gia
hai nguyn t c bn cht ging nhau, = 0, cp electron dng chung khng b
lch v pha no. + Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc: Hnh thnh gia hai
nguyn t c m in khc nhau, 0, cp e dng chung b lch v pha nguyn t c m
in ln hn.
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- c m: Lin kt cng ha tr c tnh nh hng, hai nguyn t tham gia lin
kt u tc dng lc ht ln cp e dng chung, lc ny c phng trng vi phng ca
ng ni tm hai ht nhn nguyn t.- Tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr:+ Nng lng
lin kt: bn ca lin kt cng ha tr c nh gi bng nng lng lin kt. l nng
lng thot ra khi hnh thnh lin kt t cc nguyn t v bng nng lng cn thit
ct t lin kt thnh hai nguyn t hay hai gc t do.
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+ di lin kt: L khong cch cn bng gia hai ht nhn ca nhng nguyn t
lin kt vi nhau. di lin kt cng nh th nng lng lin kt cng ln.V d: di
lin kt: Nng lng lin kt:
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* Lin kt v lin kt Lin kt : l kt qu xen ph trc ca cc obital nguyn
t tham gia lin kt.V d: S xen ph ca 2 obitan 2pz to thnh lin kt
trong phn t F2
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Lin kt : c to ra bi s xen ph 2 obital p nguyn cht ca 2 nguyn t
tham gia lin kt m mt phng cha lin kt ny vung gc vi trc lin kt gia
hai nguyn t .V d:
- Lin kt phi tr l mt trng hp c bit ca lin kt cng ha tr.
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1.2.3. Lin kt hiroBn cht: L mt loi lin kt yu c hnh thnh khi
nguyn t H tham gia lin kt cng ha tr vi nguyn t ca mt nguyn t m in
mnh li tng tc vi mt nguyn t m in khc c cp e cha lin kt.
V d:
- X, Y thng l F, O, N ( Y c t nht mt cp e t do).
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Phn loi: C 2 loi+ Lin kt H lin phn t: To thnh gia cc phn t khc
nhau.+ Lin kt H ni phn t: To thnh trong ni ti 1 phn t (phi to thnh
vng 5 hoc 6 cnh, i khi 7 cnh).V d:
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nh hng ca lin kt H n tnh cht vt l: + Lin kt H lin phn t lm tng
ts v tnc, nhng cht to lin kt H bn vi nhau th tan tt vo nhau.V d:
C2H5OH (M = 46): Lng, ts = 780C, tnc = -1150C, tan v hn trong nc.
CH3OCH3 (M = 46): Kh, ts = -240C, tnc = -1380C, khng tan trong nc.+
Hp cht c lin kt H ni phn t lm gim ts, tnc, lm tng tan trong dung mi
khng phn cc v lm gim tan trong dung mi phn cc so vi cht to lin kt H
ni phn t.
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1.3. ng ng, ng phn1.3.1. ng ngng ng l nhng hp cht hu c c thnh
phn phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm nguyn t nht nh nhng c tnh cht
ha hc tng t nhau.V d: Dy ng ng ca metan: CH4, C2H6, C3H8,
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1.3.2. ng phn* nh ngha: Nhng hp cht khc nhau nhngc cng cng thc
phn t.* Phn loi: - ng phn cu to: Khc nhau v cu to hahc.- ng phn lp
th: Khc nhau v s sp xptrong khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phnt.
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a. ng phn cu to- ng phn mch C: Khc nhau v cch phnnhnh mch C.V
d:- ng phn nhm chc: + Khc nhau v bn cht nhm chc.V d: C2H6O: CH3OCH3
C2H5OH
+ ng phn v tr nhm chc
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b. ng phn lp thb1. ng phn hnh hcKhi nim: L loi ng phn lp th, n
xut hin do s b tr khc nhau trong khng gian ca cc nguyn t hoc nhm
nguyn t xung quanh b phn cng nhc (ni i hoc vng no) ca phn t.
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iu kin:- iu kin cn: C ni i hoc vng no (b phn cng nhc).- iu kin :
+ abC=Ced (a # b, e # d) + abC=Nd + aN=Nb + a(CH=CH)nb + H c nhiu
ni i l lin nhau. + i vi hp cht vng th t nht 2 nguyn t C trong vng u
phi mang hai nhm nguyn t khc nhau.
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Danh php: - H danh php cis - trans:+ Da vo bn cht nhm th: Hai
nhm th c bn cht ging nhau nm cng mt pha l ng phn cis, khc pha l ng
phn trans.V d:
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+ Da vo mch chnh: Cc nhm th nm trn mch chnh cng pha l ng phn
cis, khc pha l ng phn trans.
H danh php cis - trans trong nhiu trng hp t ra bt lc, chng hn i
vi cc hp cht sau:
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- H danh php syn anti (i vi hp cht cha N ni i):V d:
- H danh php Z E: Da vo hn cp ca nhm th, nu cc nhm th c hn cp ln
cng pha ca ni i hoc vng no l ng phn Z, khc pha l ng phn trans.
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* hn cp ca nhm th: c xc nh theo s th t ca nguyn t hay in tch ht
nhn ca nguyn t.- hn cp ca cp e t do bng 0.- Nguyn t th nht (nguyn t
gn trc tip vi trung tm cn xc nh) ca nhm no c s th t ln hn th nhm c
cp cao hn.V d: -Cl > -F > -OH > -NH2 > -CH3
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- Nu nguyn t th nht ging nhau ta xt n cc nguyn t th hai (nguyn t
lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t th nht). V d: -CH3 C(H,H,H), -CH2CH3
C(C,H,H), -CH2OH C(O,H,H),Khi : -CH2OH > -CH2-CH3 > -CH3.-
Trng hp trong nhm c hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt i hoc lin kt ba th
c coi nh lin kt n vi hai hoc ba nguyn t.V d:
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b2. ng phn quang hcKhi nim: Cc cht c cng cu to ha hc, c cng dng
hnh hc, c cc tnh cht ha hc v vt l ging nhau, ch khc nhau v kh nng
lm quay nh sng phn cc v tnh cht sinh ha.
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iu kin: C yu t bt i trong phn t: + Nguyn t bt i: nguyn t lin kt
vi 4 nhm th c bn cht khc nhau.V d:
2- Clobutan Anehit glixeric (glixeranehit)+ Bt i phn t: ng phn
alen, ng phn spiran, ng phn cn quay,
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Danh php- Danh php D, L (cu hnh tng i): Ly cu hnh ca
glixeranehit lm chun, nu cht c cu hnh ging D-glixeranehit th c k
hiu D, nu c cu hnh ging L-glixeranehit th c cu hnh L.V d:
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- Danh php R, S (cu hnh tuyt i).So snh cp ca 4 nhm nguyn t nh vi
C*. i vi cng thc phi cnh: Gi s C*(a,b,c,d), hn cp a > b > c
> d, nhn theo hng C* d, nu th t a > b > c theo chiu kim ng
h ta c cu hnh R, ngc li l S. i vi cng thc Fis : Nu th t a > b
> c theo chiu kim ng h ta c cu hnh S, ngc li l RV d:
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1.4. Phn loi lp cht hu c1.4.1. Phn loi da vo mch C: Hp cht mch
h, mch vng, d vng.1.4.2. Phn loi theo nhm chc: Hirocacbon, dn xut
ca hirocacbon
BI TP V NHBi tp mu.Bi tp t gii chng 1 trong gio trnh Ha hu c: bi
1-22/trang 59-63.
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*BI TP P DNGHp cht no di y c lin kt ion:Cl2NaClIClH2Op n: b
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*BI TP P DNG2.Hp cht no di y c bn cht lin kt ion:NH4ClCaSO4 NF3
CHCl3p n : b
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*BI TP P DNG3. Cu to in t lp v ngoi cng ca nguyn t C trng thi
kch thch l hnh no di y:
IIIIIIIVp n: b
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*BI TP P DNG4. Hnh no di y biu din AO p:
IIIIIIIVp n: a
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*BI TP P DNG5. Hnh no di y biu din AO lai ha sp:
IIIIIIIVp n: b
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*BI TP P DNG6. Nguyn t C ca cc hp cht sau c lai ha kiu tng ng
no:CH4; CH2=CH2; sp3; sp2; sp sp3; sp, sp2 sp; sp2; sp3sp2; sp;
sp3p n: a
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*BI TP P DNG7. Cht no di y c ng phn hnh hc:
1, 2, 32, 3, 41, 2, 41, 2, 3, 4p n: b
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*BI TP P DNG8. Cht no di y c cu hnh Z: 1, 21, 32, 31, 4p n:
d
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*BI TP P DNG9. Cht no di y c cu hnh E:1, 32, 31, 21, 4p d
