Gerund History

8/12/2019 Gerund History

1/14

GERUND HISTORY

Encyclopedia: English Language

Featured Sites

Aprenda Ingls - Aprenda el Ingls de manera fcil y rpida con el software de Rosetta Stone Learn the English Language - Learn to read! write! spea"! and understand the English language

with Rosetta Stone language software Si#-month money-$ac" guarantee English Language on eBay - Find english language items at low prices %ith o&er ' million items

for sale e&ery day! you(ll find all "inds of uni)ue things on e*ay - the %orld(s

+ore sites li"e this

Home: Search: Encyclopedia: English language

Search Related Encyclopedia Articles:

English language Go

,he English languageis a %estermaniclanguagethat originated inEnglandIt is the third most common.first. language/nati&e spea"ers0! with around 123 million people in 3223English haslingua francastatusin many parts of the world! due to the military! economic! scientific! political and cultural influence of the4nited 5ingdomand later the 4nited States%here possi$le! &irtually all students in higher educationworldwide are re)uired to learn some English! and "nowledge of English is &irtually a prere)uisite forwor"ing in many fields and occupations +ost higher academic institutions! for e#ample! re)uire a wor"ing

command of English

English (English)

Spo"en in: 4nited 5ingdom!4nitedStatesand a large num$er ofother countries

Region: +ainly%estern Europe!6orth AmericaandAustralasia

,otal spea"ers: First language: 123 million

Second language: possi$ly 7'2million89 $illion

Ran"ing: 7

eneticclassification:

Indo-European

ermanic %est

EnglishOicial status
http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=s1&k=english+language&lnk2=rhhE%3F..pAspl%27yekxpr9GH%27pDB.pgs-osC.pAsplhrxi%27pgs%3Ebm%3D6HG4G)I%3DeCgAsyr%26AkCgikge)NnR%3DEEwz3lvwLAtWnLfZVmLgpsMNDc4MPLmHMTS%26NfaxAEEuAk5tv3MHHR%26qFBljxOwEFNd11LF3rXGAsgSZsO1BhJjbt34fdQyDtiygKR16GNDgEFusWkO0s7f%266Y0r.nlX8%26GUBpzMHFIvMuonk7axIoR.QJxPcmiI4gflQ0KtM7KaJ5uRhsIKZkOqqJ4JYIx2P.2ga.7DTi.1BEGYLefj%26.6Q3l79oVrxbkw8tci0QngWA9qJDCecgW4vP7ExdzIN)w%3D9)Smd%3D9GHLM4)mP%3DG94%271G%2791G%2791L%7C%2728&p=8617&sid=370042&ex=1109556549650http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?id=19208698&r=2&a=31020&lid=3435077&la=2%272L&lnk2=rhhE%3F..vvv%27yekxprkqCehvDxl%27pDB.ADgpAspl%60p%27pfB%3EyhxsCg%3D9L2GG12%2C9M%2CH6M%2C&k=english+language&p=8617&sid=370042&ex=1109556549650http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=ls&k=english+language&lnk2=rhhE%3F..vvv%27ADDlyBkxh%27pDB.Dg.Ex%3DPyx%3AxD%3D9%3Axp%3DG%3AAk%3D98H9H9%3AAB%3DG6491M%3Alv%3D9912289M%3Aeq%3DG22L9G92%3Ass%3D68eM%27G8LL%27LGGG6qLM%27pL6HL%3AEC%3D%3AhD%3D%3Ahp%3DG%3AED%3D9%3AEp%3DG%3AEs%3DAup9%3Ahy%3D%7CrhhE%3F..kqfkxB%27BeqskEAew%27pDB.kq.pl.699-421-M84G-G%3EADp%3DrhhE%3F..yekxpr%27eokt%27pDB.yekxpr.yekxpr%27qAA%23HcFfpmYKPmXDBBkCq%3DnehJeyiAh%23G4rh%3D9%23G4Cevi%3D9%23G4YDxhPxDEexht%3DFehkbCqYDxh%23G45iext%3DeCgAsyr%26AkCgikge%23G4)5iext%3DeCgAsyr%26AkCgikge%7C2%272H&p=8617&sid=370042&ex=1109556549650http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/English_languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/West_Germanic_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/West_Germanic_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Germanic_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Germanic_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/England/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/England/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/England/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/First_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/2002/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/2002/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lingua_franca/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lingua_franca/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Western_Europe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Western_Europe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/North_America/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australasia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_languages_by_total_speakers/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Language_families_and_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Language_families_and_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indo-European_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Germanic_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Germanic_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/West_Germanic_languages/http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=s1&k=english+language&lnk2=rhhE%3F..pAspl%27yekxpr9GH%27pDB.pgs-osC.pAsplhrxi%27pgs%3Ebm%3D6HG4G)I%3DeCgAsyr%26AkCgikge)NnR%3DEEwz3lvwLAtWnLfZVmLgpsMNDc4MPLmHMTS%26NfaxAEEuAk5tv3MHHR%26qFBljxOwEFNd11LF3rXGAsgSZsO1BhJjbt34fdQyDtiygKR16GNDgEFusWkO0s7f%266Y0r.nlX8%26GUBpzMHFIvMuonk7axIoR.QJxPcmiI4gflQ0KtM7KaJ5uRhsIKZkOqqJ4JYIx2P.2ga.7DTi.1BEGYLefj%26.6Q3l79oVrxbkw8tci0QngWA9qJDCecgW4vP7ExdzIN)w%3D9)Smd%3D9GHLM4)mP%3DG94%271G%2791G%2791L%7C%2728&p=8617&sid=370042&ex=1109556549650http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?id=19208698&r=2&a=31020&lid=3435077&la=2%272L&lnk2=rhhE%3F..vvv%27yekxprkqCehvDxl%27pDB.ADgpAspl%60p%27pfB%3EyhxsCg%3D9L2GG12%2C9M%2CH6M%2C&k=english+language&p=8617&sid=370042&ex=1109556549650http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=ls&k=english+language&lnk2=rhhE%3F..vvv%27ADDlyBkxh%27pDB.Dg.Ex%3DPyx%3AxD%3D9%3Axp%3DG%3AAk%3D98H9H9%3AAB%3DG6491M%3Alv%3D9912289M%3Aeq%3DG22L9G92%3Ass%3D68eM%27G8LL%27LGGG6qLM%27pL6HL%3AEC%3D%3AhD%3D%3Ahp%3DG%3AED%3D9%3AEp%3DG%3AEs%3DAup9%3Ahy%3D%7CrhhE%3F..kqfkxB%27BeqskEAew%27pDB.kq.pl.699-421-M84G-G%3EADp%3DrhhE%3F..yekxpr%27eokt%27pDB.yekxpr.yekxpr%27qAA%23HcFfpmYKPmXDBBkCq%3DnehJeyiAh%23G4rh%3D9%23G4Cevi%3D9%23G4YDxhPxDEexht%3DFehkbCqYDxh%23G45iext%3DeCgAsyr%26AkCgikge%23G4)5iext%3DeCgAsyr%26AkCgikge%7C2%272H&p=8617&sid=370042&ex=1109556549650http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/English_languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/West_Germanic_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Germanic_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/England/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/First_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/2002/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lingua_franca/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Western_Europe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/North_America/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australasia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_languages_by_total_speakers/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Language_families_and_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Language_families_and_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indo-European_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Germanic_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/West_Germanic_languages/


2/14

fficiallanguage of:

see $elow

Regulated $y: 6one! although the #fordEnglish ;ictionaryisimportant

Language codes

IS


3/14

>istory

+ain article: >istory of the English language

English is descended from the language spo"en $y the ermanic tri$es/the Frisians! Angles! Sa#ons! andutes0 that migrated to the land that would $ecome "nown as England According to the Anglo-Sa#on?hronicle! around 11=A;! ortigern! 5ing of the *ritish Isles! issued an in&itation to the .Angle "in./Angles! led $y >engestand >orsa0 to help him against the Gicts In return! the Angles were granted landsin the southeast Further aid was sought! and in response .came men of Ald Sea#um of Anglum of Iotum./Sa#ons! Angles! and utes0 ,he ?hronicle documents the su$se)uent influ# of .settlers. who e&entuallyesta$lished se&en "ingdoms:6orthum$ria! +ercia! East Anglia! 5ent! Esse#! Susse#! and %esse#

,hese ermanic in&aders dominated theoriginal?eltic-spea"inginha$itants!the languages of whomsur&i&ed largely inScotland!%ales! ?ornwall! and Ireland ,he dialects spo"en $y these in&aders formedwhat would $e calledld Englishwhich was a&ery similar language to modern Frisianwhich was also

stronglyinfluenced $yyet another ermanic dialect! ld 6orse! spo"en $y i"ingin&aders who settledmainly in the 6orth-East /see or&i"0 English!England! andEast Angliaare deri&ed from words referringto theAngles: Englisc! Angelcynn! andEnglaland

For the 722 years following the 6orman ?on)uestin 92

+odernEnglish! the language descri$ed $y this article! $egan its rise around the time of %illiamSha"espeare Some scholarsdi&ide early +odern English and late+odern English at around9C22! inconcertwith *ritish con)uest of much of the rest of the world! as the influence of nati&e languagesaffected English enormously

Dedit

?lassification andrelated languages

English $elongs to the western su$-$ranch of the ermanic $ranchof the Indo-Europeanfamily oflanguages ,he closest undou$ted li&ing relati&es of English are Scotsand Frisian Frisian is a languagespo"en $y appro#imately half a million people in the ;utchpro&ince of Friesland/FryslHn0! in near$y areasof ermany! and on a few islands in the 6orth Sea

After Scots and Frisian! the ne#t closest relati&e is the modern Low Sa#on languageof the eastern6etherlandsand northern ermany ther less closely related li&ing languages include ;utch! Afri"aans!ermanandthe Scandina&ian languages +any Frenchwords are also intelligi$le to an English spea"er! asEnglisha$sor$ed a tremendous amount of &oca$ulary from the 6orman languageafter the 6ormancon)uestand fromFrench in further centuries as a result! a su$stantial share of English &oca$ulary is

)uite close to the French! with some minor spelling differences /word endings! use of old French spellings!etc0! as well as occasional differences in meaning
http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=s7&k=history+of+the+english+language&lnk2=rhhE%3F..Behk%276yekxpr%27pDB.ypxsEhy.xeqsxeph%27kyE%3EixAsq%3D9L999HMH)kffsAskhesq%3D4L9G1)letvDxq%3DeCgAsyr%26AkCgikge)yl%3DrsyhDxt%26Df%26hre%26eCgAsyr%26AkCgikge)y%3DEAy)i%3DrhhE%23Hk%23Gf%23Gfyekxprfeeq%27pDB)xkCl%3D9%7C2%272G&p=8617&sid=381032&ex=1109556860511http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=wf&k=history+of+the+english+language&lnk2=rhhE%3F..iy29%27wBAyekxpr%27fsCqvrkh%27pDB.osC.fsCqvrkh%27qAA%3EpAsplhrxDigr)t%3DH8441)w%3DHqv5DilPCngc1OaXdDgcN76GfoH38yAF9%3AhGLwhD8YcJNwhBVNa8a%3A37P56gWnIz02PQd%3AC72nvji%3AYBbk5jmp55aaPWXK6BZfCxBi6%3FiK5kgwGKTkvRqilsy2gBCaXQQFzcck3UMFSf0Dm%3AgwyvSqCioFlckkIEqtvnExTWQZ%22%22Z%7C2%2729&p=8617&sid=381032&ex=1109556860511http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Bahamas/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Bahamas/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Bahamas/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Barbados/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Barbados/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Barbados/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Caribbean_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Caribbean_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Caribbean_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Bermuda/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Dominica/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Gibraltar/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Grenada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Guyana/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Jamaica/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Jamaica/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Jamaican_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Jamaican_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/New_Zealand/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/History_of_the_English_languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Trinidad_and_Tobago/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/New_Zealand_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Antigua/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/St._Lucia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/St._Lucia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/British_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Trinidad_and_Tobago/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/British_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/British_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/British_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Belize/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Spanish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Spanish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Canada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Canada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/French_in_Canada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/India/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Hindi/http://www.localcolorart.com/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Belize/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Belize/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Ireland/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Ireland/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Spanish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Spanish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Irish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Canada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Canada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Singapore/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/French_in_Canada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Malay/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/India/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Mandarin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Hindi/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Mandarin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Tamil_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/South_Africa/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/South_Africa/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/South_Africa/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Hong_Kong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Official_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Kindergarten/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Hong_Kong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Hong_Kong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Official_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Official_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Primary_education/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Primary_education/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Secondary_education/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Kindergarten/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Universities/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Second_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Foreign_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Old_English%23Old_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Official_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Official_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/The_Gambia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Papua_New_Guinea/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Kiribati/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lesotho/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Liberia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Rwanda/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Kenya/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Namibia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Solomon_Islands/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Nigeria/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Samoa/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Malta/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Sierra_Leone/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Marshall_Islands/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Pakistan/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Pakistan/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Tanzania/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Papua_New_Guinea/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Zimbabwe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Zimbabwe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Philippines/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Historic_English_text_samples%23Historic_English_text_sampleshttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Rwanda/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Solomon_Islands/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Samoa/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Sierra_Leone/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Swaziland/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Tanzania/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Zambia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Old_English_2%23Old_English_2http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Zimbabwe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Old_English_2%23Old_English_2http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Middle_English%23Middle_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Early_Modern_English%23Early_Modern_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Early_Modern_English%23Early_Modern_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Early_Modern_English%23Early_Modern_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#See_also%23See_alsohttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Europe/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=4http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/5th_century/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/5th_century/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/England/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/England/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Angle_tribe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saxon/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Jutes/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Dialect/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Mandarin_Chinese/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Mandarin_Chinese/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Creole/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Pidgin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_dialects.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Bahamas/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Barbados/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Caribbean_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Bermuda/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Dominica/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Gibraltar/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Grenada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Guyana/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Jamaica/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Jamaican_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/New_Zealand/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/New_Zealand_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/New_Zealand_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Antigua/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/St._Lucia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Trinidad_and_Tobago/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/British_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Belize/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Spanish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Canada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/French_in_Canada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/India/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Hindi/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Ireland/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Irish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Singapore/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Malay/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Mandarin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Tamil_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/South_Africa/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Zulu/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Xhosa_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Afrikaans/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Northern_Sotho_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Northern_Sotho_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Israel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Hong_Kong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Official_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Kindergarten/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Primary_education/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Secondary_education/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Universities/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Native-speaker/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Second_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Foreign_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Official_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Cameroon/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Fiji/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Federated_States_of_Micronesia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Ghana/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/The_Gambia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Kiribati/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lesotho/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Liberia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Kenya/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Namibia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Nigeria/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Malta/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Marshall_Islands/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Pakistan/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Papua_New_Guinea/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Papua_New_Guinea/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Philippines/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Rwanda/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Solomon_Islands/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Samoa/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Sierra_Leone/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Swaziland/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Tanzania/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Zambia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Zimbabwe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Europe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/French_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/German_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Spanish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Japan/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/China/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=4http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Mandarin_Chinese/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Creole/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Pidgin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Cockney/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/British_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Newfoundland_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Canadian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/African_American_Vernacular_English/http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?id=14205805&k=history+of+the+english+language&r=100&a=23645&s=sff&lid=1903982&la=2%2729&lnk2=rhhE%3F..yekxpr%27yhkxvkxe%27pDB.yekxpr%27ErE%3EExDqiph%3Dryekxpr)hBEA%3D9Q)yxp%60sq%3D1222)5xt%3D+rsyhDxt%26Df%26hre%26eCgAsyr%26AkCgikge&p=8617&sid=381032&ex=1109556860511http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=s7&k=history+of+the+english+language&lnk2=rhhE%3F..Behk%276yekxpr%27pDB.ypxsEhy.xeqsxeph%27kyE%3EixAsq%3D9L999HMH)kffsAskhesq%3D4L9G1)letvDxq%3DeCgAsyr%26AkCgikge)yl%3DrsyhDxt%26Df%26hre%26eCgAsyr%26AkCgikge)y%3DEAy)i%3DrhhE%23Hk%23Gf%23Gfyekxprfeeq%27pDB)xkCl%3D9%7C2%272G&p=8617&sid=381032&ex=1109556860511http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=wf&k=history+of+the+english+language&lnk2=rhhE%3F..iy29%27wBAyekxpr%27fsCqvrkh%27pDB.osC.fsCqvrkh%27qAA%3EpAsplhrxDigr)t%3DH8441)w%3DHqv5DilPCngc1OaXdDgcN76GfoH38yAF9%3AhGLwhD8YcJNwhBVNa8a%3A37P56gWnIz02PQd%3AC72nvji%3AYBbk5jmp55aaPWXK6BZfCxBi6%3FiK5kgwGKTkvRqilsy2gBCaXQQFzcck3UMFSf0Dm%3AgwyvSqCioFlckkIEqtvnExTWQZ%22%22Z%7C2%2729&p=8617&sid=381032&ex=1109556860511http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/History_of_the_English_languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Old_English%23Old_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Old_to_Middle_English%23Old_to_Middle_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Middle_and_Modern_English%23Middle_and_Modern_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Historic_English_text_samples%23Historic_English_text_sampleshttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Old_English_2%23Old_English_2http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Middle_English%23Middle_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Early_Modern_English%23Early_Modern_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#Modern_English%23Modern_Englishhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#See_also%23See_alsohttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/#External_References%23External_Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=1http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Old_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/5th_century/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/England/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Angle_tribe/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saxon/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Jutes/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Dialect/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Christianity/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Latin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Greek_language/


4/14

Dedit

eographic distri$ution

;istri$ution of nati&e English spea"ers $y dialect

English is the first languagein Australia/AustralianEnglish0! the *ahamas! *ar$ados/?ari$$ean English0!*ermuda! ;ominica! i$raltar! renada! uyana! amaica/amaican English0! 6ew Jealand/6ew JealandEnglish0! Antigua! St Lucia! Saint 5itts and 6e&is! Saint incent and the renadines! ,rinidad and ,o$ago!the 4nited 5ingdom/*ritish English0 and the 4nited States of America/American English0

English is also one of the primary languages of *eliKe/with Spanish0! ?anada/with French0! India/>indiand English in addition to 39 other state languages0! Ireland/with Irish0! Singapore/with +alay! +andarin!,amiland other Asian languages0 andSouth Africa/along with Julu! hosa! Afri"aans! and 6orthernSotho0 It is the most commonly used unofficial language of Israel

In >ong5ongit is an official languageand is widely used in $usiness acti&ities It is taught from"indergartenle&el! and is the medium of instruction for a few primary schools! many secondary schoolsand all uni&ersities Su$stantial num$er ofstudents ac)uire nati&e-spea"erle&el It is so widely used andspo"en!that it is inade)uate to say it is merely a secondor foreignlanguage

It is an official language! $ut not nati&e! in ?ameroon! Fi@i! the Federated States of +icronesia! hana!am$ia! 5iri$ati! Lesotho! Li$eria! 5enya! 6ami$ia! 6igeria! +alta! the +arshall Islands! Ga"istan! Gapua6ew uinea! the Ghilippines! Rwanda! the Solomon Islands! Samoa! Sierra Leone! SwaKiland! ,anKania!Jam$iaand Jim$a$we

English is the most widely used .second. and .learning. language in the world! and as such! many linguists$elie&e!it is no longer the e#clusi&e cultural em$lem of .nati&e English spea"ers.! $ut rather a languagethat is a$sor$ing aspects of cultures worldwide as it grows in use thers theorise that there are limitsto how far English can go in suiting e&eryone for communication purposes It is the language most oftenstudied as a foreign language in Europe/73< percent0! followed $y French! ermanand Spanish It is alsothe most studied in apan! and in ?hina! where it is compulsory for most high-school students

Dedit

;ialects and regional &ariants

+ain article: List of dialects of the English language

,he e#pansi&enessof the *ritish and the Americans has spread English throughout the glo$e It is now
http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/African_American_Vernacular_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/African_American_Vernacular_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/African_American_Vernacular_English/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=8http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Europanto/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Europanto/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=5http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/New_Zealand_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/New_Zealand_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/New_Zealand_English/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=6http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1154/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/French_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Latin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Manglish/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Manglish/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Singlish/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Orderic_Vitalis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1075/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Philippine_English/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=10http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1200/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglo-Norman_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglo-Norman_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglo-Norman_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/South_African_English/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwean_English&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=11http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Basic_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Basic_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Basic_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Special_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Special_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Great_Vowel_Shift/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/African_American_Vernacular_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/African_American_Vernacular_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Pluricentric_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Scots_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglic/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Scottish_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Accent_(language)/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Pidgin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Creole_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Engrish/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Franglais/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Spanglish/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Europanto/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=6http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/British_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Hiberno-English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Scottish_English/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=7http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Canadian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Caribbean_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Jamaican_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Newfoundland_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Spanglish/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=8http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/New_Zealand_English/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=9http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Hong_Kong_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Manglish/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Singlish/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Philippine_English/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=10http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Liberian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/South_African_English/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwean_English&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=11http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Basic_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Special_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voice_of_America/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Scandinavia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Old_Norse_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Inflection/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Danish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Middle_Ages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Norman_conquest/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Norman_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Normans/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois_Fundis&action=edithttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Elizabeth_I/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/William_Camden/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=2http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1154/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/French_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Latin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Orderic_Vitalis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1075/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1200/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglo-Norman_language/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=3http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Middle_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Modern_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Renaissance/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/15th_century/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Great_Vowel_Shift/


5/14

the second-most spo"en language in the world after +andarin ?hinese As such! it has $red a &ariety ofregional Englishes/generally referred to as English dialects0 and English-$ased creolesand pidgins

,he ma@or &arieties of English may! and in most cases do! contain se&eral su$&arieties! such as ?oc"neywithin *ritish English! 6ewfoundland Englishwithin ?anadianEnglish! and African American ernacular

English/.E$onics.0 within American English English is considered a pluricentric language! with no &ariety$eing clearly considered the only standard

Some people dispute the status of Scotsas a closely relatedseparate language from English and considerit a group of English dialects Scots has a long tradition as aseparate written and spo"en languageGronunciation! grammar and le#is differ! sometimes su$stantially! from other Anglic&arieties includingScottish English

;ue to English(s wide use as a second language! Englishspea"ers can ha&e many different accents! whichmay identify the spea"er(s nati&e dialect or language For more distincti&e characteristics of regionalaccents! see Regional accents of English spea"ers For more distincti&e characteristics of regional

dialects! see List of dialects of the English language

+any countries around the world ha&e $lended English words and phrases into their e&eryday speech andrefer to the result $y a collo)uial name that implies its $ilingual origins! which parallels the Englishlanguage(s own addiction to loan words and $orrowings 6amed e#amples of these ad-hoc constructions!distinctfrom pidginand creole languages!include Engrish! Franglaisand Spanglish /See List of dialects ofthe English languagefor a complete list0 Europantocom$ines many languages $ut has an English core

Dedit

+a@or regional &ariations

Dedit

Europe

*ritish English >i$erno-English Scottish English

Dedit

,he Americas

American English ?anadian English ?ari$$ean English amaican English 6ewfoundland English Spanglish

Dedit
http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Dictionary/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Dictionary/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Vowel_space/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Beowulf/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/900/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Monophthong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open_back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open_back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Diphthongs/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Diphthongs/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Diphthongs/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=6http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/The_Canterbury_Tales/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Image:English_vowels.png/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_reform/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seaspeak&action=edithttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Airspeak/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policespeak&action=edithttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1980s/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=13http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Vowel_space/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Monophthong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open_back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open_back_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Close_back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Schwa/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Close_central_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Diphthongs/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Cot-caught_merger/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Rhoticism/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Schwa/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=14http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Latin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Greek_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Mispronunciation/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/West_Country_Accent/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1755/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Samuel_Johnson/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Dictionary/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=5http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Beowulf/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/900/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=6http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/The_Canterbury_Tales/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Geoffry_Chaucer/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/14th_century/


6/14

ceania

Australian English 6ew Jealand English

Dedit

Asia

>ong 5ong English Indian English +anglish Singlish Ghilippine English

Dedit

Africa

Li$erian English South AfricanEnglish Jim$a$wean English

Dedit

?onstructed &ariants of English*asic Englishis simplified for easy international use It is used $y some aircraft manufacturers and otherinternational$usinesses to write manuals and communicate Some English schools in the Far East teach itas an initial practical su$set of English

Special Englishis a simplified &ersion of English used $y the oice of America It uses a &oca$ulary of9'22 words

English reformis a an attempt to collecti&ely impro&e upon the English language

Seaspea"and the related Airspea"and Golicespea"! all $ased on restricted &oca$ularies! were designed $yEdward ohnson in the 9=C2sto aid international cooperation and communication in specific areas

Dedit

Sounds

Dedit

owels
http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Bilabial_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Plosive_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Fricative_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Fricative_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Fricative_consonant/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=7http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Syllable_coda/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Syllable_coda/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Alveolar_flap/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/North_American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/North_American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Othello/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiced_dental_fricative/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=8http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Scottish_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Affricate/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Alveolar_approximant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Alveolar_approximant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_grammar/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_grammar/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indo-European/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indo-European/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Latin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indo-European/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saxon_genitive/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Middle_English_creole_hypothesis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Bilabial_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Labiodental_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Interdental_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Alveolar_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Palato-alveolar_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Palatal_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Velar_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Glottal_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Plosive_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Nasal_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Flap_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Fricative_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Affricate_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Approximant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lateral_consonant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Velar_nasal/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Syllable_coda/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Syllable_coda/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Alveolar_flap/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/North_American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/North_American_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Australian_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Spanish_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Cockney/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/African-American_Vernacular_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_velar_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Liverpool/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Affricate/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=15http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_velar_plosive/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiced_velar_plosive/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Bilabial_nasal/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Alveolar_nasal/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Velar_nasal/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Palatal_nasal/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Alveolar_flap/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_dental_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiced_dental_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_velar_fricative/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Scottish_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_postalveolar_africate&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiced_postalveolar_africate&action=edithttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Alveolar_approximant/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Palatal_approximant/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=16http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_grammar/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1700/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1800/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Latin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Indo-European/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Inflected_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Saxon_genitive/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Clitic/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=7http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Othello/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/William_Shakespeare/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1603/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=8http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/United_States/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Declaration_of_Independence/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/1776/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Thomas_Jefferson/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=9http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_archaic_English_words_and_their_modern_equivalents/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lists_of_English_words_of_international_origin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Languages_in_the_United_Kingdom/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Middle_English_creole_hypothesis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/UK_topics/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_language&action=edit&section=10


7/14

;iagram of English &owels arranged in the &owel space

I"A #escription $ord

monophthongs

i/i: ?lose front unrounded &owel $ead

6ear-close near-front unrounded &owel $id

pen-mid front unrounded &owel $ed

6ear-open front unrounded &owel $ad

pen $ac" rounded &owel $od 9

pen-mid $ac" rounded &owel pa$ed 3

/: pen $ac" unrounded &owel $ra

6ear-close near-$ac" rounded &owel good

u/u: ?lose $ac" rounded &owel $ooed

pen-mid $ac" unrounded &owel $ud

/ pen-mid central unrounded &owel $ird 7

Schwa Rosa(s 1

?lose central unrounded &owel roses '

diphthongs

e?lose-mid front unrounded &owel?lose front unrounded &owel

$ayed

o/ ?lose-mid $ac" rounded &owel6ear-close near-$ac" rounded &owel

$ode
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=1&t=History+of+the+English+languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/directory/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Court/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/discussion/History_of_the_English_language/http://karr.net/search/directory/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.languagemonitor.com/wst_page7.htmlhttp://www.languagemonitor.com/wst_page7.htmlhttp://www.languagemonitor.com/wst_page7.htmlhttp://www.languagemonitor.com/wst_page7.htmlhttp://www.languagemonitor.com/wst_page7.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=19http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Germanic_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Romance_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/American_and_British_English_differences/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_plural/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=17http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Pronoun/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Grammatical_conjunction/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/George_Orwell/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Essay/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Politics_and_the_English_Language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Synonym/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Court/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Slang/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Sociolinguistics/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=18http://www.languagemonitor.com/wst_page7.htmlhttp://www.languagemonitor.com/wst_page7.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=19ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext97/bwulf10.txthttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&article=History_of_the_English_languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:History_of_the_English_language/http://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=1&t=History+of+the+English+languagehttp://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=2&t=History+of+the+English+languagehttp://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=3&t=History+of+the+English+languagehttp://www.google.com/custom?q=History+of+the+English+language&cof=T%3ABlack%3BLW%3A226%3BALC%3A%23e60000%3BL%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.artlex.com%2FArtLex%2FImages%2Fartlex.lg.titl.GIF%3BLC%3A&domains=artlex.com&sitesearch=artlex.comhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=History+of+the+English+languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/directory/History_of_the_English_language/http://localcolorart.master.com/texis/master/search/?q=History+of+the+English+language&s=ODhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/news/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/discussion/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=History+of+the+English+language&category=googlehttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/prints/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/supplies/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/auctions/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/books/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/merchandise/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/catalogs/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=History+of+the+English+language&category=comparisonshttp://karr.net/search/directory/History_of_the_English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/reciprocal_links.shtmhttp://void%280%29/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=Egon+Schiele&category=encyclopedia


8/14

apenfront unrounded &owel6ear-close near-front rounded &owel

$uy

apen front unrounded &owel6ear-close near-$ac" rounded &owel

$ough

pen-mid $ac" rounded &owel?lose front unrounded &owel $oy

%otes:

It is the &owels that differ most from region to region

%here sym$ols appear in pairs! the first corresponds to the sounds used in6orth American English! thesecond corresponds to English spo"en elsewhere

1.6orth American English lac"s this sound words with this sound are pronounced with

//or

//2. +any dialects of 6orth American English don(t ha&e this &owelSee cot-caught merger

3. ,he 6orth American &ariation of this sound is rhotic4. +any spea"ers of 6orth American English don(t distinguish $etween these two unstressed &owels

For them! rosesand Rosa(sare pronounced the same! and the sym$ol usually used is schwa//5. ,his sound is often transcri$ed with /i/or with //

Dedit

?onsonants

,his is English(s ?onsonantal System /including dialect sounds0 using IGAsym$ols

&ila&ial la&iodental interdental al'eolar palatoal'eolar palatal 'elar glottal

plosi'e p b t ! "

nasal # $ %9

lap 3

ricati'e & ' ( )7 * + ,1 -

aricate t

approimant

lateral approimant

1. ,he &elar nasal0%is a non-phonemic allophone of MnM in somenortherly *ritish accents! appearingonly $efore MgM In all other dialects it is a separate phoneme! although it only occurs in sylla$lecodas

2. ,he al&eolar flap0is an allophone of MtM and MdM in unstressed sylla$les in 6orth AmericanEnglishand increasingly in Australian English ,his is the sound of .tt. or .dd. in the words latter

and ladder! which are homophones in 6orth American English ,his is the same sound represented$y single .r. in some &arieties of Spanish3. In some dialects! such as ?oc"ney! the interdentals MNM and MOM are usually merged with MfM and
http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lists_of_English_words_of_international_origin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Germanic_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lists_of_English_words_of_international_origin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lists_of_English_words_of_international_origin/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=20http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=ls&k=art&lnk2=rhhE%3F..vvv%27ADDlyBkxh%27pDB.Dg.Ex%3DPyx%3AxD%3D9%3Axp%3DG%3AAk%3DHM2G26%3AAB%3DG68H42%3Alv%3D9GG9H1M9%3Aeq%3DG22L9G96%3Ass%3D68ef%27L4p4%27LGGG6fMp%27pL481%3AEC%3D%3AhD%3D%3Ahp%3DG%3AED%3D9%3AEp%3DG%3AEs%3DAup9%3Ahy%3D%7CrhhE%3F..vvv%27yrDEusAAk%27pDB.Blh%27wEBA%3EBlh%60sq%3DGG222LH6%7C2%2724&p=8617&sid=172252&ex=1109557084282http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Old_Norse/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Dutch_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Phonology/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/GERUNDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_D._Nicoll&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_D._Nicoll&action=edithttp://www.localcolorart.com/encyclopedia/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=21http://groups.google.com/[email protected]&oe=UTF-8&output=gplainhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_(language)/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Tenses_of_the_gerund%23Tenses_of_the_gerundhttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Tenses_of_the_gerund%23Tenses_of_the_gerundhttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Tenses_of_the_gerund%23Tenses_of_the_gerundhttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Tenses_of_the_gerund%23Tenses_of_the_gerundhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Poetry/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Drama/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verb_patterns_with_the_gerund%23Verb_patterns_with_the_gerundhttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitive%23Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitivehttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitive%23Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitivehttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitive%23Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitivehttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitive%23Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitivehttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitive%23Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitivehttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitive%23Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitivehttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitive%23Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitivehttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitive%23Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitivehttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#With_little_change_in_meaning%23With_little_change_in_meaninghttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#With_little_change_in_meaning%23With_little_change_in_meaninghttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#With_little_change_in_meaning%23With_little_change_in_meaninghttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/British_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Ligature_(typography)/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#With_a_change_in_meaning%23With_a_change_in_meaninghttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Lists_of_English_words_of_international_origin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Germanic_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Anglo-Saxon/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Latin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/French_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Old_Norse/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Dutch_language/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_D._Nicoll&action=edithttp://groups.google.com/[email protected]&oe=UTF-8&output=gplainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=20http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_alphabet/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Latin_alphabet/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Orthography/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Phonology/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_orthography/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_language&action=edit&section=21http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Time_Magazine/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Diaeresis/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Poetry/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Drama/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/British_English/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Ligature_(typography)/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Latin/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Greek_language/http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=ls&k=art&lnk2=rhhE%3F..vvv%27ADDlyBkxh%27pDB.Dg.Ex%3DPyx%3AxD%3DG%3Axp%3DG%3AAk%3D98H9MM%3AAB%3DGH89GL%3Alv%3D69M9142%3Aeq%3DG22L9229%3Ass%3D68ef%27L4p4%27LGGG6fMp%27pL481%3AEC%3D%3AhD%3D%3Ahp%3DG%3AED%3DG%3AEp%3DG%3AEs%3DAup9%3Ahy%3D%7CrhhE%3F..vvv%27osuxkhe%27pDB.Blh%27wEBA%3EBlh%60sq%3D998M8921%7C2%2724&p=8617&sid=172252&ex=1109557084282http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?s=ls&k=art&lnk2=rhhE%3F..vvv%27ADDlyBkxh%27pDB.Dg.Ex%3DPyx%3AxD%3D9%3Axp%3DG%3AAk%3DHM2G26%3AAB%3DG68H42%3Alv%3D9GG9H1M9%3Aeq%3DG22L9G96%3Ass%3D68ef%27L4p4%27LGGG6fMp%27pL481%3AEC%3D%3AhD%3D%3Ahp%3DG%3AED%3D9%3AEp%3DG%3AEs%3DAup9%3Ahy%3D%7CrhhE%3F..vvv%27yrDEusAAk%27pDB.Blh%27wEBA%3EBlh%60sq%3DGG222LH6%7C2%2724&p=8617&sid=172252&ex=1109557084282http://www.searchfeed.com/rd/Clk.jsp?id=19089598&r=14&a=212&lid=3405856&la=2%272L&lnk2=rhhE%3F..vvv%275isyhD%27pDB.&k=art&p=8617&sid=172252&ex=1109557084282http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/GERUNDhttp://www.localcolorart.com/http://www.localcolorart.com/encyclopedia/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Linguistics/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Verbal_noun/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Verb/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_(language)/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Participle/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Participle/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Syntax/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Direct_object/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Subject_(grammar)/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Tenses_of_the_gerund%23Tenses_of_the_gerundhttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verb_patterns_with_the_gerund%23Verb_patterns_with_the_gerundhttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitive%23Verbs_followed_by_a_gerund_or_a_to-infinitivehttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#With_little_change_in_meaning%23With_little_change_in_meaninghttp://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=GERUND&category=encyclopedia#With_a_change_in_meaning%23With_a_change_in_meaning


9/14


10/14

t ch

@! g /medially or occasionally initially0

r

@ y /initially or surrounded $y &owels0

l l

l /as in mil"! this sound in most English dialects0

Dedit

rammar

+ain article: English grammar

English grammar is $ased on that of its ermanic roots! though some scholars during the 9B22sand 9C22sattempted to impose Latingrammar upon it! with little success English is a much less inflected languagethan most Indo-Europeanlanguages! placing much grammatical information in au#iliary words and wordorder English is a slightly inflected language! retaining features li"e:

Gossessi&e /sometimes called the sa#on geniti&e! $ut which has de&eloped into a clitic09 >e is Alfredo(s $estfriend -(s

7rd person singular present9 Alfredo wor"s -s

past tense9 Alfredo wor"ed -ed

present participleM progressi&e9 Alfredo is wor"ing -ing

past participle

9 ,he car was stolen -en3 Alfredo has tal"ed to the police -ed

gerund9 %or"ing is good for the soul -ing

plural9 All your sigs are mine -s

comparati&e9 Alfredo is smarter than Ric"y -er

superlati&e
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&article=English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&article=English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&article=English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&article=English_languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:Languages_of_Hong_Kong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:Languages_of_Hong_Kong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:Languages_of_Hong_Kong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:Languages_of_Hong_Kong/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:Languages_of_Hong_Kong/http://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=1&t=English+languagehttp://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=1&t=English+languagehttp://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=1&t=English+languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerund&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerund&action=edit&section=5http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/prints/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/directory/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/directory/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/directory/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/supplies/English_language/http://localcolorart.master.com/texis/master/search/?q=English+language&s=ODhttp://localcolorart.master.com/texis/master/search/?q=English+language&s=ODhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/auctions/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/news/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/merchandise/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/merchandise/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/merchandise/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/discussion/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=English+language&category=googlehttp://www.google.com/search?hl=ro&q=GERUND+HISTORY&btnG=C%C4%83utare+Google&lr=lang_en%7Clang_rohttp://www.google.com/search?q=English+Conjugation+History&hl=en&lr=&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&start=10&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com/search?q=influence+of+english+language+on+other+language+in+nigeria&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&start=20&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com/search?q=the+important+of+english+language+in+nigeria&hl=en&lr=&start=10&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com.pk/search?q=encyclopaedia+ON+ENGLISH+LANGUAGE&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&start=20&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com/search?q=Definition+of+English+Secondary+Language&hl=en&lr=&start=20&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com.vn/search?q=THE+ORIGIN+OF+TENSE+IN+ENGLISH+LANGUAGE+&hl=vi&lr=&start=10&sa=Nhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_language/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Categories&article=English_languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:Languages_of_Canada/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:Languages_of_the_Philippines/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:Germanic_languages/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/Category:Languages_of_Hong_Kong/http://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=1&t=English+languagehttp://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=2&t=English+languagehttp://www.artcyclopedia.com/scripts/tsearch.pl?type=3&t=English+languagehttp://www.google.com/custom?q=English+language&cof=T%3ABlack%3BLW%3A226%3BALC%3A%23e60000%3BL%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.artlex.com%2FArtLex%2FImages%2Fartlex.lg.titl.GIF%3BLC%3A&domains=artlex.com&sitesearch=artlex.comhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=English+languagehttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/featured/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/directory/English_language/http://localcolorart.master.com/texis/master/search/?q=English+language&s=ODhttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/encyclopedia/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/news/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/discussion/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=English+language&category=googlehttp://www.localcolorart.com/search/prints/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/supplies/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/auctions/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/books/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/merchandise/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/search/catalogs/English_language/http://www.localcolorart.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search=English+language&category=comparisonshttp://www.google.com/search?hl=ro&q=GERUND+HISTORY&btnG=C%C4%83utare+Google&lr=lang_en%7Clang_rohttp://www.google.ca/search?q=latinate+word+list&hl=en&lr=&start=10&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com/search?q=English+Conjugation+History&hl=en&lr=&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&start=10&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com/search?q=influence+of+english+language+on+other+language+in+nigeria&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&start=20&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com/search?q=the+important+of+english+language+in+nigeria&hl=en&lr=&start=10&sa=Nhttp://www.google.pl/search?q=definition+grammar+article&hl=pl&lr=&start=10&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com.pk/search?q=encyclopaedia+ON+ENGLISH+LANGUAGE&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&start=20&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com/search?q=Definition+of+English+Secondary+Language&hl=en&lr=&start=20&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com/search?q=english+language+accent+stress+word+secondary&hl=en&lr=&start=20&sa=Nhttp://www.google.com.vn/search?q=THE+ORIGIN+OF+TENSE+IN+ENGLISH+LANGUAGE+&hl=vi&lr=&start=10&sa=Nhttp://www.localcolorart.com/reciprocal_links.shtmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerund&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerund&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerund&action=edit&section=5


11/14

9 Alfredo has the $luest eyes -est

It must $e noted that! unli"e other ermanic languagesor the Romance languages! English nouns do notta"e gender and &er$s can ta"e the .ing. ending >owe&er! despite this relati&e straightforwardness! asany nati&e spea"er /or those attempting to master it0 "nows! English has its own set of maddeningidiosyncrasies See American and *ritish English differences See also English plural

Dedit

oca$ulary

Almost without e#ception! ermanic words /which include all the $asics such as pronounsand con@unctions0are shorter! and more informal Latinate words are often regarded as more elegant or educated >owe&er!the e#cessi&e use of Latinate words is often a sign of either pretentiousness /as in the stereotypicalpoliceman(s tal" of .apprehending the suspect.0 or o$fuscation /as in a military document which says.neutraliKe. when it means ."ill.0 eorge rwell(s essayGolitics and the English Languagegi&es a

thorough treatment of this feature of English

An English-spea"er is often a$le to choose $etween ermanic and Latinate synonyms: .come. or .arri&e..sight. or .&ision. .freedom. or .li$erty. ,he richness of the language is that such synonyms ha&eslightly different meanings! ena$ling the language to $e used in a &ery fle#i$le way to e#press fine&ariations or shades of thought List of ermanic and Latinate e)ui&alents

In e&eryday speech the ma@ority of words will normally $e ermanic If one wishes to ma"e a forcefulpoint in an argument in a &ery $lunt way! ermanic words will in&aria$ly $e chosen A ma@ority of Latinatewords /or at least a ma@ority of content words0 will normally

Documents

Gerund History