geoplate l3

8/17/2019 geoplate l3

1/84

Types of mountains


2/84

Block mountains formation


3/84

• Fault-block mt.

• Due to forces withininterior of the earth

• Uplifted part = horst• depressed part =

Grabben

• Horst = blockmountains

• Grabben = rift!alley

Block mountains


4/84

"hases of Di!er#ent continentalcrust


5/84

$frican rift !alley % block mountains


6/84

EuropeIndia

&'ample of block mountains


7/84

Fold mountains

• True mountains

• (ompressi!e force -foldin#

• Due to collision ofplates )(-(* +-(,

• Foldin# of sedimentaryrocks

• ot true mountains

• Tensile force -faultin#

• Di!er#in# plates)(onti,

• Dierential erosion ofhorst of fault % lookslike mountains

Block mountains

comparison


8/84

/andforms on earth


9/84

0eanin#1

Flat* Tableland* upland*

hi#her thansurroundin#areas

"lateaus


10/84

• 2aised land durin# mountainsbuildin# process

• Deposition from la!a

• Deposition from wind

• &roded due to #laciers

Formation of "lateaus


11/84

Intermontane plateau

• Boli!ia plateau

• Tibetan plateau

• (olumbia plateau

• (olorado plateau

• $natolia "lateau)Turkey,

• Deccan plateau

• 3atan#a plateau

• +4ark plateau)U5$,

• &thiopianhi#hland

Continental plateau

Types of plateau


12/84

Glacial

plateau

• Grahwal

plateau

• /aurentian

plateau)(anada,

• (olumbia-

snakeplateau

)U5$,• Deccan

"lateau• 5hanplateau

Lava

plateau

Types of "lateau


13/84

Bolivia plateauColumbia- colorado


14/84

Ozark plateauAnatolia plateau


15/84

Loess plateauLaurentian plateau


16/84

• +ri#in of 2i!er(on#o and6ambe4i

•

Dense e7uatorialforest

• 3nown forresources

- Gold* diamonds*(opper

3atan#a "lateau


17/84

• &7uatorial re#ion

• Dense rainforest

• 3nown for #oldreser!e

"lateau of 0ato Grasso* Bra4il


18/84

• "lateau crossed by5alween ri!er

• 8rrawaddy ri!erpassed in eastern

side• 5han plateau- chief

source of lead* 4incand sil!er

0yanmar

• 3nown for teakforest

)Burmese Teak,

5han plateau* 0yanmar


19/84

92oof of theworld: % hi#hest

and lar#estplateau

• 5ource of8ndus*

Brahmaputra*5alween*0ekon#*

;an#tse*Hwan# He

• 8mp role in8ndian

monsoon

Tibetan plateau


20/84

• Granite

• /ess mobile*cannot

mo!eupward

• Backbone offold

mountains

Batholith


21/84

/andforms on earth


22/84

"lains

• 0eanin#

• Flat areas with lowhei#hts

• Best for humanhabitation

• 0ost populatedareas of the world %allu!ial plains ofri!ers

• Depositional plains

- 2i!ers

- 5ea )sub-mer#edcoast,

• &rosional plains- &rosion of plateau


23/84

Asia Eur

ope

Afri

ca

Sout

America

!ort

America

8ndus Danu

be

ile $ma4

on

0ississippi %

0issouriGan#a %Brahmaputra

2hine (on#o

"arana-"ara#

uay

(olorado

;an#t4e)(hina,

2hone

i#er 5t. /awrence

Hwan# He

)(hina,

"o 6am

be4i

;ukon

-

8mportant ri!er basins of the world


24/84

;an#t4e ri!er* (hina


25/84

• ;an#t4e %


26/84

&uphrates- Ti#ris ri!er* 8ra7


27/84

• /ake an*

• /ake Urmia

•

8mportant centers in 8ra71• Ba#hdad* 0osul* 3irkuk* $l Basra

/ocations near &uphrates-Ti#ris


28/84

$ma4on ri!er* Bra4il


29/84

• /ar#est* Cnd lon#est ri!er

• 5el!as % e7uatorial rain forest

•

Tin* rubber in 5el!as• 5ertao % ranchin# re#ion

• "etroleum reser!e at the mouth

•

0anaus % 8ron ore* na!i#able• plateau of 0ato Grasso % #old

reser!e

/ocations near $ma4on ri!er


30/84

0ississippi * U5$


31/84

• Temperate #rasslands % "rairies

• @heat* corn and cotton culti!ation

•

8mportant cites1• 3ansas % a#riculture

• 5t. "ittsbur# % iron and steel

•

ew +rleans % port* ship buildin#

/ocations near 0ississippi basin


32/84

0urray-Darlin# basin* $ustralia


33/84

• Temperate #rassland % downs

• @heat culti!ation

•

5heep rearin# *$nimal husbandry• @ool and dairy production

/ocation near 0urray-darlin# basin


34/84

/andforms on earth

0ountains )fold andblock,

"lateaus

"lains


35/84

atural (atastrophic

e!ents


36/84

!olcanism

Geomor


37/84

complete se7uence ofprocesses of creationand mo!ement ofma#ma creation of

!olcanic landformsolcanism is notrandom

2eason associatedwith !olcanism is also

not random

olcanism

Geomorpho


38/84

•

Est

• "acic 2in# ofFire

• +-+con!er#ence

• +-(con!er#ence

Distribution of olcanism


39/84

O-O " #olcanic arc

O-C "#olcanic

mountains

"late mo!ements


40/84

Cnd

• +-+di!er#ence

• Basaltic %peacefuleruption

0id +ceanic 2id#e


41/84


42/84

•0editerranean seais residual part of Tethys sea

• Tethys sea was

located between %/aurasia andGondwana

• (ollision of $frica to

/aurasia % breakin#up of plates of0editerranean sea

History of 0editerranean sea


43/84

• th

• 0a#ma Fromdeep interior-Basaltic

• Fi'ed place -

"late mo!ement% 8sland arc

• Direction ofplate

• Hawaii* 2eunion*3urile* $leutian

Hot 5pot olcanoes


44/84

$leutian 8slands


45/84

Basaltic eruption

• +ccur at mid-oceanic

rid#e and hot spot!olcanism

• Basalt hi#hly uid %mobile

• 5pread across easily

• Iuite eruption

• olcanic arcs* !olcanicmountains

• $ndesite % less uid %less mobile

• 5olidies at shortdistance- intense

pressure de!elopinside %e'plosi!e

Andesitic eruption

comparison


46/84

Basaltic eruption Andesitic eruption

comparison


47/84

olcanic /andforms


48/84

8ntrusi!e /andforms


49/84

8ntrusi!e /andforms

•8ntrusion of 0a#ma in sedimentary rocks

•5ills )Hori4ontal,

•Dyke )ertical,

•/accolith % ma#ma which could not come out

•/opolith % saucer-shaped

•"hacolith % shape like wa!es•Batholith % intrusi!e #ranitic rock

8ntrusi!e olcanic /andforms


50/84

&'trusi!e !olcanic /andforms


51/84

•

Hot spot !olcanoon continentalcrust

• (racks on

continental crust %Basaltic eruption

• 5pread across the

land• /ayer o!er layer

• &J. Deccan la!atrapps

/a!a plateaus


52/84

• 8ndian plate passedo!er a hot spotnear 2eunion

8sland• Basaltic eruption

• /ayer o!er layers %looks like steps =

Deccan la!a traps• 5oil % black soil

Kre#ur?

8ndian Deccan trap


53/84

5patial distribution of /a!a "lateau


54/84

• (olumbia-snakeplateau* U5$

• +4ark plateau* U5$

•

"arana-"ata#onia* 5.$merica

• $damawa plateau*$frica

• Bie plateau* $frica• 3atan#a "lateau*

$frica

Deccan plateau* 8ndia

• $rabian plateau

• Balkan plateau*&urope

• 5iberian plateau*2ussia

• ;unan "lateau* (hina

• 5han plateau*0yanmar

• 3imberly plateau*$ustralia

/ist of la!a plateaus of the world


55/84

&'trusi!e !olcanic /andforms


56/84

• olcanic 8slands)Hot spot,

• Hi#hly uid la!a

)basaltic, builddome

• Gentle slope

•Iuite !olcano

• olcanoes ofHawaii

5hield L Dome !olcano


57/84

• +-( collision %

!olcanicmountains

• /ess uid la!a)$ndesitic,e'plode !iolently

• iscous la!asolidies at short

distance

• 0t. "aricutin* 0e'ico

(inder cones


58/84

olcanic

mountains&ach neweruption % newlayers of ash orla!a

0t. 5tromboli* 0t.

esu!ius* 0t. FuAi

(omposite (ones


59/84

Sield$

dome

Cinder Composit

eHi#hlyuid

/ess uid Lhi#hly

!iscous

Fluid !iscous

5ilent ow iolenteruption

0ultipleand!iolenteruption

Gentle 5teep Hi#hest

Types of olcanic cones


60/84

• Geysers

=fountains ofHot water

• Ground waterheated by

shallowsource ofma#ma

• +ld faithful#eyser* ;ellowstone park*U5$

Geysers


61/84

• Hot 5prin#1

• @ater reachdeep enou#h %heated byinterior

• /ocate any partof the world

Hot 5prin#

Dierence bet een #e ser and


62/84

• Geyser % GLw heatedby shallow ma#masource

• Hot sprin# % #Lwheated by eitherma#ma source or

heated rocks• Geyser % chamber in

interior % pressure %comes out like

fountain

• Hot %sprin# - 7uite

Dierence between #eyser and

Hotsprin#


63/84

%e&ser

• Geysers are rare

•

Hot water dissol!edwith silicaaccumulated onsurface % #i!esdierent colours

• U5$* - ;ellowstonepark

• Found anywhere

• They #ets dierent

colors from heat-lo!in# bacteria* likecyanobacteria

• 0edicinal !alues

• (an be helpful inharness #eo-thermalener#y

'ot sprin%

comparison


64/84

• Heated wateris taken out %used formo!in#

turbine %#eneration ofelectricity

• (ooled water

own backinto interior

Geo-thermal ener#y


65/84

• DiMcult to locate a #ood source of#eothermal reser!oir with currenttechnolo#y

• DiMcult to di# a deep well with hardand hot bedrock

• Harmful #ases can escape from the

earth interior while e'ploration % GHG#ases and dissol!ed to'ic elements

/imitations of #eo-thermal ener#y


66/84

!olcanism

5 dd t

Geomor


67/84

5udden mo!ement or!ibration in earth?s

crust.

2elease of the ener#ydue to intense pressure acti!e internal

dynamism of the earth

&arth7uake

Geo opho


68/84

E, 5hallow focus

&IC, 8ntermediatefocus &I


69/84

At (unction of ) plates

Subduction of *aci+cplate

&arth7uakes in Napan


70/84

Est

(ollision of"lateboundaries

+-+ collision

+-( collision

(-( collision

2easons behind &I


71/84

Cnd

Di!er#ent"lateboundaries

+-+di!er#ence0+2

2easons behind &I


72/84

•


73/84

th

0editerraneansea re#ion

umerous smallplates

Fre7uentinteractions

2easons behind &I


74/84

th

(raton = stable partof crust

2e-emer#ence of oldfractures

Oth

Human 8nduced

E, 285

C, minin#


75/84

!olcanism

5ubmarine &IGeomor


76/84

5ubmarine &I

5udden disturbancesof underlyin# platestransmit the shock

wa!es to surfacewa!es

Tsunami

pho


77/84

!ormal ,aves

5peed % EPP kmph

(o!er shorter distances

@a!elen#th QEPP km

• 5peed % RPP kmph• (o!er lon#er distances

• @a!elen#th % EPkm

sunami ,aves

comparison

l h


78/84

• Distance betweentwo crests oftrou#hs =

wa!elen#th

• @a!es of Tsunami

are wider thannormal wa!es ofthe ocean water

wa!elen#th

h


79/84

• &I on ocean crust %uplift the waterupward

• Tsunami wa!e

#enerated

• essels in the mid-sea cannotrecon#nise the

tsunami wa!es

• 5ea water recede atthe shore

"hase E

"h C


80/84

• $t coast % depth

decrease %wa!elen#thdecreases % wa!ehei#ht increases

• $ hu#e wall ofwater % EP-ECoor hi#h created

•

&normous ener#yreleased at theshore

"hase C

"h


81/84

• Hit the coast

•

Tsunami- not asin#le wa!e butmultiple wa!es

• th and Sth wa!es

are the mostdan#erous

• Time lapse

between eachwa!es % E to Pminutes

"hase <

"h f t i


82/84

"hases of tsunami

8ndian preparedness a#ainst


83/84

• Tsunami &arly warnin# system- #i!es warnin# inEP minutes of submarine earth7uake

• 8ndian ational centre for +cean 8nformation5ciences )8(+85,*Hyderabad

• To capture Tsunami wa!e amplitude on C'Rbasis

• real time sea-le!el sensors with bottom pressurerecorders

• HF radars for coastal currents• (oastal tide #au#e stations

8ndian preparedness a#ainst

Tsunami

(atastrophic e!ents on


84/84

(atastrophic e!ents onearth

Their reasons anddistributions

olcanism&I

Tsunami

Documents

geoplate l3