GeologyThe Himalayas were thrust up when India collided with Asia 50 million years ago

Geology’s Factors on Himalayan Life

Ammonites, fossilized sea creatures found up to 18,000 ft. in the region, are sacred to Hindus as symbols of Vishnu.

SHALIGRAM

Kathmandu 1934

Geological-Geographical Regions in Cross Section

Peaks to Gangetic Plain: 100-120 miles

Monsoon Climate: Atmospheric forces and

Himalayan Micro-ecological regions

Monsoon as Primary Factor in South Asian Life

Flora

Fauna

Indic Culture Migrates North

Later, Tibetanization transforms mid-hills with Tibeto-Burman speaking migrants and who practice Buddhism

Kathmandu Valley

Six Ethnographic Regions in the Himalayas

Submontane Ethnic Groups: Hindu and Tribal

Mid-hills: Pluralistic of Tibetanized and Indicized Groups