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Geology of Fossil Fuels
Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
Global uneven distribution of natural Global uneven distribution of natural resourcesresources
Global uneven use of natural resourcesGlobal uneven use of natural resources 20% of the wealthiest population use 20% of the wealthiest population use
80% of natural resources; 80% use the 80% of natural resources; 80% use the rest of 20%rest of 20%
U.S. with 6% of the world’s population U.S. with 6% of the world’s population uses 30% of world’s yearly natural uses 30% of world’s yearly natural resourcesresources
Primitive
Hunter–gatherer
Earlyagricultural
Advancedagricultural
Earlyindustrial
Modern industrial(other developed
nations)
Modern industrial(United States)
Society Kilocalories per Person per Day
260,000
130,000
60,000
20,000
12,000
5,000
2,000
Daily Energy Use Per Person
in Different Stages of
Development
Per Capita Energy Use and GNP
Energy SourcesEnergy Sources
Non-renewable (82%, 92% in US)Non-renewable (82%, 92% in US) Oil, Coal, Natural gas, Nuclear Oil, Coal, Natural gas, Nuclear
powerpower Renewable (18%, 8% in US)Renewable (18%, 8% in US)
Biomass, hydropower, geothermal, Biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, windsolar, wind
World
Nuclear power
6% Hydropower, geothermal,solar, wind
7%
NaturalGas23%
Biomass11%
Oil32%
Coal21%
United States
Nuclear power8% Hydropower
geothermalsolar, wind
4%
Biomass4%
NaturalGas23%
Oil39%
Coal22%
Oil e
qu
ivale
nt
(million
s o
f m
etr
ic t
on
s)
Oil
Coal
Natural gas
Year
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Global Consumption of Fossil Fuels
Petroleum/Hydrocarbons
Petroleum forms from oceanic micro-organisms
SOURCE ROCKJurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation,
Kimmeridge, Dorset
Jurassic shale and limestone cliffs of Lyme Regis, Dorset
Fossil ammonites from Jurassic
Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface
Reservoir rockMiddle Jurassic, Bridport Sands, Dorset
Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface
Location of petroleum deposits worldwide
Regional Shares of Proved Oil Reserves
The World’s Oil Reserves
Middle East 67.9%
Western Europe
2%North
America6.7%
Africa5%
Latin America
6.5%
Eastern Europe and Russia 8%
Far East and Oceania
5.9%
Who uses petroleum? 2000
US Dept. of Energy
Oil Use in US
• 62% of energy comes from oil and natural gas
• 95% of energy used for transportation comes from oil
• 3% of world oil reserve• Use 30% of global oil
production– 68% for transportation
• Import 60% of oil supplies
Oil Discovery (3 year average - past and projected) 1930-2050
Petroleum depletion
In the next 50 years, we will see the end of “inexpensive” petroleum
Coal – the “other” Fossil Fuel
Coal forms from plant material in Coastal Swamps
Formation of coal
Coal deposits in North America
Major Coal Basins
Worldwide coal deposits
Coal StatisticsCoal Statistics UsageUsage
21% of energy (62% of electricity)21% of energy (62% of electricity) 22% of energy (52% of electricity) in US22% of energy (52% of electricity) in US
Identified reservesIdentified reserves 225 years at current rate225 years at current rate 65 years (with 2% annual increase)65 years (with 2% annual increase)
Depletion is not as imminent, but…Depletion is not as imminent, but…
Pollution from Coal
• Radioactivity and toxic metals• Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides• Largest single source of acid rain• CO2 and global warming - 36% emission• Land disturbance• Water pollution by mine drainage and toxic chemicals
“The good old days”
