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For sample on quick reference of statigraphy portion, refer below:

Salt Range (Paleozoic) (West Pakistan)

- Sequence commences with Cambrian rock ( no precambrian rock on the basement)- Cambrian rocks are directly overlain by glacial boulder beds of Up. Carboniferous age- Highly Folded and Faulted structures

Permian Productus Limestone Divided into upper middle and lower parts

Lower Carboniferous to Upper Carboniferous

Olive SeriesGlacial Boulder Beds

Cambrian

Salt PseudomorphshaleMagnesian Sandstone Mainly of massive dolomitic sandstones or

Arenaceous DolomitesCambrian Gastrobods - Stenotheca

Neobolus Beds Dark green and purple shales with intercalatations of Dolomite

Primitive BrachiopodsNeobolusLingulaTrilobites (Ptychoparia, reddichia)Pteropods

Purple Sandstone Marked by features characteristic of deposition in shallow water under arid climate

UNCONFORMITYSaline Series Made up of salt marls

Devoid of bedding planesTop part – Gypsum, dolomite, oil shales Altered Lava flows ( Khewra traps)Age is controversial – Camrian / Eocene

Paleozoic of Kashmir

- Rocks appear to have been folded conspicuously in the form of anticline and synclines- Fauna differs from salt range and Spiti

Middle to Up. Permian Zewan Beds Limestone and shales Brachiopods ( spirifer)Bryozoa, corals etc.

Up. Carboniferous to Lower Permian

Gangamopteris beds Plant fossils Gangamopetris, Glossopteris, vertebraria

Panjal Traps Volcanic, Andestic in composition

Agglomeratic Slates Generally unfossiliferousIn some places Brachiopods (Syringithyris Cuspidata), bryozoa etc.

Carboniferous

Fenestella Shales Brachipods (Productus, Spirifer)Bryozoa (Fenestella)Trilobites

Syringothyris Limestone Brachiopods (syringothyris Cuspidata)

Up. Silurian and Devonian Muth Quartzite 700 Mts. Thick Unfossiliferous

Silurian Arenaceous Shales and Limestone Fragmentary Corals, Crinoids, Brachiopods

Ordovician Limestone and Slates Brachiopods and Echinoderms

Cambrian Clays, Limestone, Quartzite Trilobites , Brachiopods

Paleozoic Of Spiti

Folded in synclinal depression with Axis in NW direction

Haimanta sys. Overlies Vaikrita system of Precambrian age

Permian Kuling System Productus shales(Siliceous and carbonaceous shales)

Cephalopods, (cyctolobus Oldham)Brachiopods

Calcareous sandstones and shales Brachiopods of middle Permian age (spirigera, productus, spirifer)

Up. Carboniferous Conglomerate bedsCarboniferous Kanwar System

(Limestone, Quartzite, shales)Po Series Fenestella

SeriesBryozoa, Brachipod

Thabo Series(quartzite and shales)

Plant fossils

Lipak Sties Brachiopods, TrilobitesUp. Silurian to Devonian Muth Quartzite UnfossiliferousOrdovician Sedimentary basal Conglomerate Succeeded by quartzite, shales,

sandstones and limestonesBrachiopods (Strophomena, orthis)Cephalopods(Orthoceras, Gonioceras)Trilobites (Illaneus, Asaphus)

Cambian Haimanta System Divided into U,M,L seriesSedimentary rocks ( Quartzite, Shales, slate etc) on each part

TrilobitesEchinoidsBrachiopodsPteropods

Cuddapah (Pre Cambrian Group) (Kis – nalla – ma –che- papa)

Crescentic in shape ( concave side facing east)Enormous thickness (6000 Mts.) shows – slow and quite submergence all through their depositionName developed from Cuddapah Basin of A.P. where it is best developedRocks devoid of fossils ,made up of alternate layers of quartzites and shalesFormations more or less horizontalFolding increases in Intensity from west to eastFolds are doubly plunging with several culminations and depressionsFormations related to end phase of Eastern Ghat cycle (1600 m. y.)

Kistna (600 Mts)Srisailam Quartzite Quartz arnite facies

Exhibit – planar cross bedding Ripple marks, Mud cracksPresence of glauconite in quartzite shows shallow marine or tidal flat env.

Kolamnala ShalesIrlakonda Quartzite

UNCONFORMITY

Nallamlai (1000 Mts.)Cumbum Shales Extensive slate phyllite sequences with thin quartzite intercalationsBairenkonda quartzite

UNCONFORMITY

Cheyair (3,300 Mts.)Pullampet Shale Purple shale with chert jasper

Shows that sediments of fine clastic nature in lagoonal Env.Nagri quartzite

UNCONFORMITY

Papaghni (1400 Mts)Vampella Shale and Limestone Lies in western part of the basin

Known for gabbro sills, basaltic flowsGulcheru Quartzite Mostly quartz arnite with ferruginous cement and accessory glauconite

Conglomerate predominantly of mature quartz pebbles at the base –

indicative of high energy environment by wavesMineral Deposits

Store house of diff. types of minerals

Magmatic emanations associated with intrusion of sills is responsible for mineralization

Large reserves of barytes occurs in veins and beds

Major prospect ( vempalle bed)

Veins – Criss cross pattern – 1 Mt. thick

Magampetta bedded barytes in upper horizon of carbonaceous sequence of pullampet formation

Generation of barium rich melts is the reason for origin of vein type of barytes

Sulphide mineralization –cumbum formation

Cement grade and BF grade Limestone occur in Narji Limestones in vempalle formations

Vempalle limestones have been intruded by basaltic sills which ranges in thickness and are responsible for development and deposits of barites and asbestos

Limestone has been metamorphosed to shales. On account of it being impure has developed minerals such as serpentine and talc.

MESOZOIC (ARYAN ERA)

Stratigraphic changes

Himalayan region was converted into vast geosynclinals area known as Tethys sea during Up. Carboniferous Volcanic activity in Kashmir region – from Pirpanjal – Hazara in NW and Ladakh in NE Hercynian or Veriscan revolution took place in this time Hypothetical continent, the Gondwanaland developed fissures and its different parts began drifting apart Stupendous mass of Basaltic lava welled out from the Earth’s interior in different part of the globe. Deccan peninsula is an instace of this kind Alpine mountain building movement set in and gave rise to alpine system, rockies, andes, etc. Sub continent of India assumed its present set up

GONDWANA GROUP:

Subsequent to the deposition and uplift of the vindhyan group, the Penisula witnessed no further deposition of sediments for a long time

During the Up carboniferous, there was new cycle of sedimentation in the interconnected basin of fluvatile and lacustrine origin.

Continued up to Jurrasic period

These sediments occupying a vast tract in the peninsula are called Gondwana group or system

Features:

Deposition of sediments commenced under glacial climatic conditions

Rest of the Up. Carboniferous and Permian - Warm and humid climate

Triassic – Dry, arid

Jurassic – Warm and humid

Each individual cycle commenced with the deposition of coarse sand. The Gondwana rocks were subjected to tectonic disturbances during the mid Triassic, Jurassic and post Eocene period, leading to the development of a no. of faults in them.

Total thickness (6000 – 7000 mts,), barakar and raniganj stages together constitutes for the maximum coal bearing horizon.

Subdivisions Series Stages Ages Features Fossils

Upper Gondwana

Jabalpur Umia Low Cretaceous Well known in Kutch, Sandstones, oolitic Limestones and shales

Ptilophyllium acutifolium, pelecypods, trigonia

Jabalpur Up. JurassicSandstones, shales, carbonaceous bands

Taeniopteris spatulata, ptilophyllium acutifoilum

Rajmahal Kota Mid JurassicWell developed in Godavari valley, formation of sandstones and grits of about 700 Mt. thicknessThin bands of Limestones and clay

Taeniopteris spatulata, ptilophlyllum acutifolium, fish( lepidottus, dupedius

Rajmahal Low JurassicBasaltic lava flows with intercalated carbonaceous shalesand clays, Individual Lava flow is of varied thickness (17 -100 mt.) Intertrappean sediments between the flow carries the plant fossils

Plant fossils, Taeniopteris spatulata, ptyllophylium acutifolium, fish (dupedius)

Mahadeva Maleri Up TriassicSandstones and clays(Tiki beds of Rewa)

Fossils of fish and reptiles

Pachmari Up triassic Red Sandstone and clays with ferruginous materials

UNCONFORMITYPanchet Panchet Low Triassic Sandstones and shales, devoid of

coal seams, brown sandstone shows deposition under arid condition

Few plant fossils in lower beds

Lower Gondwana

Damuda

Raniganj Up. Permian1000 Mt.Developed in Raniganj CoalfieldCoal seams are associated with sandstones and shales

Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi, taeniopteris, phyllotheca Indica

Barren measures Mid permian 700 mts.Sandstones, carbonaceous shales and clay ironstone nodulesDoes not contain workable coal seams, devoid of fossils

Barakar Low permian Jharia coalfield, formations are made up of sandstone, shales, coal seams with grits and conglomerates800 Mt. thick ( 1/3 is coal seams)Repetition of sandstone, shales and coal seams

Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi, taeniopteris, dadoxylon indicum

karharbari Low Permian Sandstones and Grits with coal seams e.g. Girdhi coal fields

Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi

Talchir

Rikba Up. Carboniferous Sandstone with shaly horizons Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi

Talchir Up. Carboniferous Greenish splintery shales known as needle shales due to the characteristic weathering they exhibit. Contain sandstone layer

Boulber Bed Up. Carboniferous Glacial origin , Unsorted boulders and pebbles of sandy matrix, Facetted and striated pebbles, unsorted nature of formation bears evidence of glacial origin

TRIASSIC SYSTEM OF SPITI: (Q M.C. Jitesh Theke Gaya hai? DD ! Uske liye nayi Bottle Hai, Mujhe?? Oh - Oh

- Conformably overlie over Permian rocks- Entirely marine in character- Rocks extend over enormous distance without much variation in composition- Consist of Limestone and shales- Arid climatic conditions and universal marine regression is their characteristic- Deposits are marine geosynclinal- Divided on the basis of fossil system

Age Series Stages Features Fossils

Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic

Kito Limestone

Range in age from Rheotic to Lias

Tagling unfossiliferous

Para Unfossiliferous in most of the parts Megalodon Ladakhensis (characterisitic fossil)

Upper Triassic(Keuper- 1600 Mt.)Limestones, Shaly Limestones, Quartzite

Lies conformably

NoricQuartzite Series Spirigera maniensisMonotis Shale Monotis Salinaria, RynchonellaCoral Limestones Crinoids, corals, Brachiopods

Spiriferina, rynchonellaJuvavite beds Juvavie angulatus

Carnic Tropites bedsTropites Subbullatus

Grey beds Joannites, Spiriferina, RynchonellaHalobia beds Halobia Comata, Joannites

Mid Triassic(Muschelkalk -120 Mt.)

LadinicDaonella limestones

Daonella Indica, Rynchonella, Joannites

Daonella Shales No noticeable change in stratigraphical unit between muschelkalk and Ladinic stages

Daonella Indica, Ptychites geradi

- Limestone, shales, shaly LImestones.- Lie conformably over the lower rocks- Highly fossiliferous

Muschelkalk

Up. Muschelkalk Highly fossiliferous Cephalopods- Ceratites, Ptychites rugiferBrachiopods

Low. Mushchelkalk

Ammonitic cephalopods – Sibirites Prahlada, Ceratites, Spiriferrina, Rynchonella

Nodular Limestone

No important fossils

Basal MuschelkalkBrachiopods –Rynchonella Griesbach

Low. Triassic(Bunter -30 Mt.)

Principally constituted by limestones

Hedenstroemia Separated from the lower beds by an unfossiliferous zone, 1.5 m thick

Hadenstroemia Mojsisovicsi, flemingites

Unfossiliferous zone, 1.5 m. thick

MeekocerasCephalopods - Meekoceras Varaha

OphicerasZone fossil – ophiceras Shakuntala

Otoceras Basal Parts of the lower triassic sequence, named after characteristic ammonite genus Otoceras

Cephalopods – Otoceras, otoceras draupadi, otoceras parbatiBrachiopods – RynchonellaLamillibranchs – pseudomontis griesbachia

JURASSIC SYSTEM OF KUTCH ( Main Bahut Udas Un Bhai, Tu Ab Za, Gxxx Uski Maar Li Kisine Dekha Abhi Abhi Rig Mein ), (gajana ka sar kon kate)

- marked by extensive marine transgression and humid tropical climate- shows more divergent facies of deposits in different parts of the country- Marine Geosynclinal deposit- upper part – shales, lower part - limestones- total thickness -2000 Mts in Kutch- Rocks are result of marine transgression- Jurassic rocks oldest in Kutch

Age Series Stage Features FossilsUp. Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous

Umia Beds

Marine Sandstones AcentocerasBhuj Beds Esturine

Closely related to Jabalpur series of Gondwana system

Ptilophylum

Umia Beds WilliamsoniaUkra Beds Unfossiliferous but some

plant remainsBarren Sandstones and shalesTrigonia beds Trigonia ventricosaAmmonite bedsZamia beds Cycads and other plants

Up Jurassic KatrolDiff type of sandstones and shales

Gajansar PhyllocerasUpper Katrol No fossilsMidde Katrol Red sandstones Katrolceras, waageniaLower Katrol Waagania, streblites

Kontkate Oldest stageMiddle to Upper Jurassic Chari / Habo

Takes its name from the Chari village

Dhosa oolites Green and Brown oolitic limestones

Dhosites, mayaites maya

Atheleta beds Marlas and gypceous shales

Peltoceras Athleta

Anceps beds Perisphinctes AncepsRehmani beds Ammonites – Reineckia

Rehmani, shivajiceras ,Lytoceras

Macrocephalus Made up of shales and LimestonesUpper part of the middle division of this stage contains a few layer of golden oolites.

Macrocephalits – Macrocephalus (Char.)

Middle Jurassic PatchamLimestone, some sandstone and shale

Patcham coral beds Remains of Corals (stylina)Ammonites

Patcham shell Limestones Pelecypods – Trigonia, CorulaAmmonites

Patcham Basal Limestones Megateuthis

CRETCEOUS SYSTEM OF TRICHINOPOLY/ TIRUCHIRAPALLI

- Uniqueness of its own that it has developed mostvaried facies of deposits- Shows a widely divergent facies of deposits in different parts of the country- Type of deposition:

Type area of Spiti, extra peninsula – Marine GeosynclinalCoromondal coastal strip – Marine transgressional MP – fluvatile and esturine

- Igneous facies is represented in both its intrusive and extrusive phases by the records of gigantic volcanic outburst in the peninsula, and by intrusion of granites, gabbros etc in various parts of the country.

- Heterogeneous constitution of the cretaceous is a part of the pre valence of the very diversified physical conditions in India at the time of its formation Distribution:i) In the peninsula ii) In the extra peninsula

Penisula:

- Continued to be as a landmass after the vindhyan period, only a few patches of rocks of sedimentary origin in the post vindhyan period were deposited along the coastal tracts.

- I) Trichinopoly ii) Vridhachalam iii) Pondicherry

Features:

- Rest upon a basement of Archean Gneisses and Charnockites ( sometimes fringed along westen margin by thin strips of rocks of Upper Gondwana age)

- Trichinopoly has largest geographical extent, than other two patches- Deposited as a result of Universal marine transgression occurred during middle Cretaceous. Known as Cenomanian Transgression.- Contains remains of thousands of extinct sea animals , sir T. Holland called it “a little museum of paleozoology”

- Fossil fauna indicates at least 4 phases of marine transgression during this period- Thickness in Trichonopoly – 1000 Mts., exhibit complete succession from Aptian to Maestrichitian

STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION (TRICHINOPOLY):

Age Stage Characteristics Fossils

Danian Niniyur Ammonites disappeared in the stage

Brown and grey Sandstones, shales and Arenaceous Limestones

Cephalopods – NautilusGastropods – TurritellaCorals – StylinaAlgae

UNCONFORMITYSenonian to Maestrichitian Ariyalur Argillaceous sandstones, white

sandstones

Fauna resembles the underlying stage

Formed in the final phase of Marine transgression

Cephalopods –Schloenbachia, NautilusGastopods – Cerithium, NeritaPelecypods –Cardita, NuculaEchinoids – CidarisFishes - Otodus

UNCONFORMITYTuronian – Senonian Trichinopoly Shallow marine formation

Sandstones, calcerous grits, occasional shales and limestones

Limestones are full of white shells of gastropods and pelecypods and known as trichinopoly marble.

Cephalopods –Desmoceras, HolocerasPelecypods – Trigonia, SpondylusGastropods – Cerethium, TurritellaCorals – trochosmilia, Astrocoenia

Distingueshed from the formation below by presence of large no. of granite pebbles in the gravels and conglomerates

Formed during third phase of marine transgression.

UNCONFORMITYUp. Albian – Turonian Uttatur Limestone, clays and Arenaceous

rocks

Stage lies on charnockites for the greater part

Lower part is made up of limestone beds, coral reefs and clays

Uncoiled ammonites are characteristic fossil formed during second phase of marine transgression

Schloenbachia Inflata, TurrilitesAcanthoceras ( all cephalopods)Rynchonella (brachiopod)Arca, Lima, Pelecypods

Few fragments of fishes, cycadeous woods, ostracods etc.

UNCONFORMITYAptian – Lo. Albian Dalmiapuram Subbaraman (1969)

Grey Shales and abundant pyrite, Marcasite crystals, tiny flakes of muscovite

Resulted by earliest Marine transgression

Ammonites, Smaller foraminifera, Ostrocods

UNCONFORMITY Tripati and Pavulur formation

BAGH BEDS:

- Marine Cretaceous rocks developed in the Narmada Valley- Covering an extensive area from Gwalior to Kathiawad- Consist of –

i) Sandstonesii) Shalesiii) Marliv) Impure Limestonesv) Some quartzites

- Lower part – Arenaceous, upper part – calcareous- Nimar Sandstones – Marked by fluorite bearing veins , Nodular Limestone – compact and light coloured- Deola Marls – brachiopods, cephalopods, gastropods, echinoids and fishes, Coralline Limestone – Red to yellow coloured, contains bryozoa

DECCAN TRAPS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

METAMORPHICS

bagh beds

upper

Coralline Limestone

Deola Marl

nodular Argillaceous Limestone

Lower

Nimar sandstones

DECCAN TRAPS:

- After the formation of bagh and lameta beds, towards the end of Mesozoic period, Indian peninsula was affected by massive volcanic activitities.

- Stupendous masses of lava and pyroclastic material ejected out.- Covered larger part of peninsula in southern, western and central part.- Flow occurred in the form of beds, obliterating the previous topography and converting the country into pleatues- Because of their tendency to form flat topped pleatue like features and their basaltic composition, they are termed as pleatue basalt.- Because of their stepped or terraced appearance, they are called deccan traps.

CHARACTERISTICS:

- Eruption was mostly through fissures and the deccan traps are believed to be the result of fissure type of eruption. At some places, it was central type.

- Thickness : Lava flows generally occur in the form of horizontal sheets. Thickness ranges from 7 Mt. to 30 Mt. Maximum thickness of 3300 Mt. near Bombay

- Areal Extension: lava flows flooded several hundred thousand KMs of western, southern and central part of the country. Area = 3,20,000 Sq. Km. Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kutch, Kathiawar, Gujarat.

- Structure : Shows well developed columnar jointing caused by tensile stress, the result of contraction due to cooling. Columns are long and polygonal in shape. Step like appearance because of differential composition and weathering.

- Composition of Texture: Traps are basic rocks of basaltic composition and are dark colored or melanocratic rock. Little sign of differentiation between rocks, but in Girnar hills (kathiawad) and Pavagarh hills (Gujarat), it can be differentiated.Labradorite – 40 -50%Pyroxene – 30 – 40%Iron Oxide – 10 – 12%Orthoclase – 5 -7% Quartz – 2 – 5%

- Inter Trappean Beds : Volcanic eruption was not continous but episodic, hence no. of gaps were formed in the lava flows

Successive lava flows are separated from each other by sedimentary beds, which were formed under water containing valuable paleontological and paleobotnical data throwing light on the history of periods of quiesce which intervened b/w the volcanic outbursts.

In the long intervals b/w successive outbursts, some rivers originated and transported materials which were laid down in depressions.Thus fluvatile and lacustrine sediments of small horizontal extent and thickness were intercalated in the lava flows.

Helped in understanding the age of trap rocks. Esturine fauna found in an intertrappean bed in Kateru, A.P. is thought to have affinity with late cretaceous formation of trichinpoly

area in T.N.