GEOGRAPHY

TYPE OF LAND AND ITS FORMATION

SITI NURSUHAILAH NASUHA KHAIRUL PATAH

FACULTY OF INFORMATIC

UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

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GEOGRAPHY : TYPE OF LAND AND ITS FORMATION

SITI NURSUHAILAH NASUHA BINTI KHAIRUL PATAH

BACHELOR OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(INFORMATICS MEDIA) WITH HONOUR

FACULTY INFORMATIC AND COMPUTER

UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN

2018

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DECLARATION

This dissertation is submitted as a partial fulfillment for the award of a Bachelor Of

Information Technology (Informatics Media) With Honour at the University Sultan Zainal

Abidin (UniSZA). The work is the result of my own investigations. All sections of the text

and results which have been obtained from other workers / sources are fully referenced. I

understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of University regulations and

will be dealt with accordingly.

________________________________

Name : Siti Nursuhailah Nasuha Binti Khairul Patah

Date : 23 December 2018

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APPROVAL

This project report title GEOGRAPHY : Type Of Land And Its Formation was

prepared and submitted by Siti Nursuhailah Nasuha Binti Khairul Patah, matrix number

044627 and has been found satisfactory in terms of scope, quality and presentation as partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor Of Information Technology (Informatics

Media) With Honour in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA).

________________________________

Name : Puan Hasni Binti Hassan

Date : 23 December 2018

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DEDICATION

First and foremost, praised be to Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful

for blessing me and giving me the opportunity to undergo and accomplish my final year

project, GEOGRAPHY : Type Of Land And Its Formation. I would like to take this

opportunity say thank you to my supervisor, Puan Hasni Binti Hassan for her teachings,

guidance, patience, and motivations towards this project.

I would like to thank to my family for their support and understanding while

completing this project. I also would like to thank to all the lectures in Faculty Informatics

for teaching and helping me by giving ideas in order to complete my final year project. Not

forget to mentioned to all my friends for their teaching, high technical supports and good

skills. I was very appreciating for their kindness.

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ABSTRAK

Tidak dapat dinafikan pada zaman yang serba moden ini, maklumat dan juga

teknologi merupakan sesuatu yang amat penting dan tidak boleh dipisahkan dari kehidupan

manusia. Kita mendapat maklumat dari pelbagai sumber yang ada seperti internet, majalah,

buku, surat khabar dan sebagainya. Medium yang paling kerap sekali digunakan adalah

melalui medium perantaraan dunia internet. Sememangnya aplikasi mudah alih merupakan

satu teknologi yang semakin diberi perhatian kebelakangan ini. Kemajuan di dalam

teknologi berasaskan telefon pintar akhir-akhir ini telah banyak mempengaruhi

perkembangan beberapa bidang lain, termasuk pembelajaran subjek geografi.

Oleh itu, pembangunan aplikasi mudah alih ini dibangunkan untuk membantu

pelajar dan guru dalam pembelajaran sebagai alat tambahan mengajar dan pembelajaran.

Aplikasi ini dibangunkan dalam bentuk animasi dan multimedia bagi menarik minat pelajar

untuk mendalami subjek tersebut supaya senang faham dan hafal. Di samping itu,

pembelajaran geografi ini adalah perlu untuk membantu pelajar supaya faham dengan lebih

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baik. GEOGRAPHY : Type Of Land And Its Formation adalah salah satu topik yang

dipilih dalam buku teks geografi tingkatan satu dan dioleh dalam bentuk aplikasi untuk

membantu menarik minat pelajar. Sebagai kesimpulan, adalah menjadi harapan bahawa

projek ini boleh menjadi titik permulaan untuk pembelajaran geografi yang lebih baik.

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ABSTRACT

Undeniable in these modern times, information and technology are something that

is very important and inseparable from human life. We get information from various

sources such as internet, magazines, books, newspapers and so on. The most commonly

used medium is through the medium of Internet mediation. Indeed, mobile applications are

a technology that has been increasingly addressed lately. The advancements in smartphone-

based technology lately have greatly affected the development of several other areas,

including the teaching of geographic subjects.

Thus, the development of this mobile application was developed to help students

and teachers in learning as an additional tool for teaching and learning. This application is

developed in the form of animation and multimedia to attract students to explore the subject

so it is easy to understand and understand. In addition, this geographic learning is necessary

to help students better understand. GEOGRAPHY: Land Types And Its Formation is one

of the topics selected in the form one geography textbook and it is in the form of

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applications to help attract students. In conclusion, it is hoped that this project could be the

beginning of a better geographical teaching.

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Contents DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................. ii

APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................... iii

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................................ v

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... vii

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ......................................................................................... 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ........................................................................................... 4

1.3 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 4

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ......................................................................................... 5

1.5 LIMITATION ................................................................................................................ 5

1.7 EXPECTED RESULTS ................................................................................................ 6

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................ 7

2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7

2.2 COMPARISON ON EXISTING PROJECTS. ............................................................ 8

2.3 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 13

METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 14

3.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 14

3.1 ADDIE MODEL ........................................................................................................... 15

3.2 METHODOLOGY PHASE ........................................................................................ 16

3.2.1 Requirements Analysis ....................................................................................... 16

3.2.2 Design .................................................................................................................... 16

3.2.3 Development ......................................................................................................... 17

3.2.4 Implementation .................................................................................................... 17

3.2.5 Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 17

3.3.1 Software ................................................................................................................ 18

3.4.1 Project Implementation Approach ..................................................................... 20

3.4.2 Navigation Map. ................................................................................................... 20

3.4.3 Storyboard ............................................................................................................ 22

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3.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 22

1.6 ACTIVITIES AND MILESTONES ............................................................................. 3

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 5

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2. 1 Comparison Of The Projects Or Websites .................................................................... 12

Table 3. 1 Software Specification .................................................................................................. 18

Table 3. 2 Hardware And Justification .......................................................................................... 19

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1 The World Geography Games website .............................................................. 8

Figure 2. 2 The Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark Website .......................................... 9

Figure 2. 3 The National Geographic website ................................................................... 10

Figure 2. 4 The Oxford Owl website ................................................................................. 11

Figure 3. 1 ADDIE Model Phase ....................................................................................... 15

Figure 3. 2 Navigation Map ............................................................................................... 21

Figure 6. 1 Incoming Menu ............................................................................................... 23

Figure 6. 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 23

Figure 6. 3 Main Menu ...................................................................................................... 23

Figure 6. 4 Type Of Land And Its Formation .................................................................... 23

Figure 6. 5 Highlands ........................................................................................................... 1

Figure 6. 6 Seafront .............................................................................................................. 1

Figure 6. 7 Lowlands ........................................................................................................... 1

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Figure 6. 8 Physical Features Along The Seafront .............................................................. 1

Figure 6. 9 Drainage ............................................................................................................ 1

Figure 6. 10 Quiz 1 .............................................................................................................. 1

Figure 6. 11 Quiz 2 .............................................................................................................. 1

Figure 6. 12 Quiz 3 .............................................................................................................. 1

Figure 6. 13 Setting .............................................................................................................. 2

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LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix 1. 1 Key Activities and Timescales In Implementing This Project ................................. 4

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

In the current development of technology, most communities cannot escape the use

of Information Technology and Communications (ICT) sophistication and efficiency. This

phenomenon occurs because humankind face various changes and progress from the era of

agriculture to the industrial era and subsequently into the era of ICT. This paradigm shift

has led to the need for a change in many aspects of lives including educational system in

line with current technology development. It is time for ICT usage skills in the teaching

and learning process including Geography to be emphasized and prioritized. Furthermore,

with the development of the latest geography curriculum that requires high level of

application and thinking skills, it requires changes in the teaching and learning of

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Geography that involves critical and creative thinking through a combination of

constructivism, contextual and fieldwork studies.

This “GEOGRAPHY : Type of land and its formation” is a project to develop

learning using multimedia in mobile applications. This project aims to make it easier for

users to understand the subject. For example, with this mobile applications, users will have

the opportunity to be more familiar with what is being learned since the project that

embraces multimedia elements help users to better understand the subject matters. Not only

the multimedia elements will attract users’ interests in viewing and memorizing, it will also

help them comprehend the process of learning. Additionally, the project is easy to use can

where users learn the subject materials any time, at their own space.

A landform is a feature on the earth's surface that is part of the terrain. Douglass, A.

E. (1935). Dating Pueblo Bonito and other ruins of the Southwest (No. 1). National

Geographic Society. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of

landforms. Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys, and basins. Tectonic plate

movement under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills.

Dietrich, W. E., & Perron, J. T. (2006). The search for a topographic signature of

life. Nature, 439(7075), 411. Erosion by water and wind can wear down land and create

landforms like valleys and canyons. Both processes happen over a long period of time,

sometimes millions of years. Malaysia has many beautiful terrains and ranges, such as the

Titiwangsa Range, the Crocker Ranges and the highlands of Kapuas Hulu Mountains with

varying altitudes. So this project aims to encouraging students to use modern technology

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to keep pace with today's technology circulation. It also aims to help students to understand

the subject. Additionally, this project is also accessible everywhere.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The emphasis on memorization techniques among students might cause students

not to think scientifically. Geography is a new subject to Form One students and sometimes

they find it difficult to understand certain concepts or prone to misinterpret a concept.

Teachers need to diversify the methods of teaching and learning by using more teaching

aids in the process of teaching and learning. Therefore, this project serves as an aid to the

process of teaching and learning in Geography by providing fun learning via interactive

mobile applications to help students understand the subject materials.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project is to develop an accessible mobile applications

for students to learn geography regarding land and its formation. The main objective can

be divided into three, that are :

➢ To design an interactive mobile apps for students to learn geography subject

regarding land and its formation.

➢ To develop mobile applications using multimedia elements which is Text, image,

audio, video, and animation.

➢ To evaluate the mobile apps.

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1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Scope is very important in every project that to be developed since the scope will

facilitate the selection and determination of elements and contents in the project. This

project is intended to be used by Geography teachers and Form 1 to Form 3 students. It

aims to help students in recognizing the types of land and its formation in Malaysia. The

scope of the project can be defined as in the scope of :

A. Students :

➢ Can achieve the desired learning goals.

➢ Can nurture creative thinking in geography.

➢ Easier to understand and interpret geographic concepts using multimedia

elements.

B. Geography teachers :

➢ Can help facilitate the process of learning by providing appropriate guidelines

or explanation.

1.5 LIMITATION

There are also limitations to the one of mobile applications. Firstly, small screens

on touch devices results in reduced context. This tend to be more difficult for the users to

get an overview of the page, compare various options, and remember prior content. Besides

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that on touch devices people use their fingers to click links and buttons on the screen, which

significantly decrease the accuracy of clicks. This is also known as the “fat finger problem”.

1.6 REPORT ORGANIZATION

This report is organized as follows. The first chapter provides brief introduction of

the project. Chapter 2 summarizes previous research regarding the technique to learn the

subject of geography with respect to the type of land and its formation and also to identify

what are the issues, drawbacks, and contributions from the previous researches. Chapter 3

discusses the methodology used in this study. Chapter 4 focuses on the analysis and the

design of the project. Finally, summarizes the contributions and the future works of this

study.

1.7 EXPECTED RESULTS

The expected results for Geography : type of land and its formation using

multimedia is to be implemented in the mobile applications. That can facilitate the process

of teaching and learning. Furthermore, this mobile applications can help the students to

improve themselves in geography.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Literature review is very significant in any research process prior to developing a

system including a mobile applications. The review has been made on read media and

existing websites as reference materials for the mobile applications project to be developed

that are "Geography: land type and its formation". It was discovered that the sources for

teaching and learning are mostly in the form of reading materials that are not suitable for

the students. Through observations of reading materials such as power point slides and

textbooks, there are several disadvantages, among which is too much use of texts making

them less attractive. Additionally, some references are simply static and without any

interactions.

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2.2 COMPARISON ON EXISTING PROJECTS.

A review of the current learning courseware has been conducted to find out how

other developer implemented their projects. As a results, a few existing interactive project

courseware have been found.

First, The World Geography Games as shown in Figure 2.1. This website provides

simple geography learning games regarding the world. Patterson, T. C. (2007). Google

Earth as a (not just) geography education tool. Journal of Geography, 106(4), 145-152.

This website will bring you many entertaining and stimulating map games to improve

geographical knowledge. The quizzes include questions about countries, capitals, flags,

regions, bodies of water, mountains, deserts, metropolitan areas and other topics that will

test and challenge everyone who wants to explore and learn about the world.

Figure 2. 1 The World Geography Games website

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The philosophy behind the Geoparks concept was first introduced at the Digne

Convention in 1991 as a means to protect and promote geological heritage and sustainable

local development through a global network of territories containing geology of

outstanding value. Jones, C. (2008). History of geoparks. Geological Society, London,

Special Publications, 300(1), 273-277.

Secondly, Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark website as shown in Figure 2.2,

users can read learn about geography. This website has many functions such as, home,

news, calendar and so on. This is a Geopark that can be enjoyed by all and provides the

opportunity to experience and learn about its impressive landscape and all to be found

within it – geology, wildlife, archaeology, art and heritage.

Figure 2. 2 The Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark Website

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Third, National Geographic as shown in Figure 2.3. The website allows users to

search any information about geography and without having to login.

Through the world’s best scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers,

National Geographic captivates and entertains a global community through television

channels, magazines, children’s media, travel expeditions, books, maps, consumer

products, location-based entertainment and experiences, and some of the most engaging

digital and social media platforms in the world. A joint venture with 21st Century Fox,

National Geographic reinvests 27% of proceeds to help fund the conservation and

education efforts of the National Geographic Society.

Figure 2. 3 The National Geographic website

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Lastly, the website for Oxford Owl is shown in Figure 2.4. This website gives

information to children about learning geography Especially the earth. Oxford Owl is an

award-winning website from Oxford University Press, created to support children’s

learning both at home and at school. Navigating the education system can be tricky

sometimes. The things children are expected to learn and the way they are taught at school

have changed since many of us were at school. As parents, we all want the very best for

our child, but finding the right advice and resources can be a challenge.

Oxford Owl for Home is written specially for parents to help be as well-informed

as you can be, making sure best equipped to help their child have the smoothest journey

through school. From learning to read to understanding a tricky bit of maths, from the first

day at school to making sense of exams, Oxford Owl can provide the important

information.

Figure 2. 4 The Oxford Owl website

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Based on the literature review regarding the existing courseware, it can be

concluded that there on various type of website that learn about geography. But there is still

no website that provide the courseware multimedia to learn geography using creative ideas.

WEB NAME ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE TECHNIQUE

The World

Geography Games

• Easy to use.

• Easy to understand.

• Do not have audio. i. 2D

ii. Multimedia

elements

Abberley and

Malvern Hills

Geopark

• Many function

• Lots of text.

• Crowded interface

iii. 2D picture

National

Geographic

• User can search the

information that

user want and need.

• Attractive interface

• Very simple.

• Do not have audio

iv. Data based

Oxford Owl • Attractive interface. • So many texts and not

suitable for kid.

v. 2D picture

Table 2. 1 Comparison Of The Projects Or Websites

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2.3 SUMMARY

In conclusion, if multimedia technique is very important to make sure that the

mobile applications successfully implemented and can achieved the objectives. Literature

review helps to develop mobile applications as an analysis has been conducted as a guide

to developing the Geography : type of land and its formation mobile applications.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the research method in developing an accessible and usable

mobile applications for teacher and student geography. Methodology is the set of complete

guideline that includes the models of tools to carry out research or design activities.

Methodology splits the work into phases of activities for better planning and management.

GEOGRAPHY : Type of land and its formation mobile applications development use

ADDIE model as the methodology. It is a systematic way of accomplishing certain tasks

and is defined as a collection of procedures, techniques, tools and documentation aid that

helps a software developer to speed up and simplify the mobile applications development

process. Mobile applications requirement which include tools and software that are used in

mobile applications development are also described in this chapter.

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3.1 ADDIE MODEL

Addie is an acronym for the five stages of a development process: Analysis, Design,

Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The ADDIE model relies on each stage

being done in the given order but with a focus on reflection and iteration. The model gives

you a streamlined, focused approach that provides feedback for continuous improvement.

The great strength of the ADDIE Model is implied in the title we give it. A model is a

template, a structure, an approach to be used. Bichelmeyer, B. (2005). The ADDIE model:

A metaphor for the lack of clarity in the field of IDT. IDT Record.

Figure 3. 1 ADDIE Model Phase

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3.2 METHODOLOGY PHASE

The explanation of each phase involves for developing GEOGRAPHY : Type of

land and its formation mobile applications as below :

3.2.1 Requirements Analysis

The analysis phase is the first stage in the development module of this project. In

this phase, an analysis will be conducted to find the problems that exist for the development

of type of land and its formation applications. Among the important things analyzed are the

types of terrains found in Malaysia and the elements that need to be there to entice users to

use this interactive application. Through this phase, the process of developing this

interactive application will be much easier especially to set the information and choose the

appropriate contents and elements.

3.2.2 Design

The second phase is a design that explains the design of interactive applications in

the form of clearer storyboards. This phase will also describe the technologies and tools

involved. This level focuses more on the sketches of the storyboard that have been made to

tell the whole idea of interactive application development. Additionally, there is also an

overview of the overall appearance, overall structure of interactive applications, images,

texts, buttons and content of content that can be viewed more clearly as a storyboard as a

17

guide. Storyboard also helps the development process so that every design used

corresponds to the content of the bricks.

3.2.3 Development

This phase is the process of developing the entire design and being a guideline for

the authoring process. The development process is a process where all elements will be

incorporated into interactive applications using Adobe Flash CS6, Adobe Photoshop and

Adobe Illustrator. This software is selected because it is capable of producing interactive

applications with navigation. In this development stage, development also uses all agreed

approaches or designs at the design stage.

3.2.4 Implementation

Interactive applications that have been developed will be tested by the supervisor

for clarification and opinion. The purpose of this phase is to detect minor errors that may

not be realized during the project development process.

3.2.5 Evaluation

The last phase is evaluation the process of obtaining user feedback on the content,

strategic, audio, animation, graphic, interface and others contained in the applications either

through supervisors, meeting users, questionnaires, interviews, tests and so on. This action

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is intended to ensure that this application is appropriate or not within the scope of the user

set. If there is a feedback stating that it does not fit the needs of the user, the modification

process will be made.

3.3 APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS

In developing a mobile applications, application requirements which consist of

software resources and hardware components is necessary to ensure the project that being

developed meets the user requirements. These applications requirements will support the

development and functional of the mobile applications.

3.3.1 Software

Table 3.1 listed the software specification categories consists of application

software used in developing the mobile apps.

No. Categories Software names

1. Application software I. Google chrome version 70.0.3538.102

II. Mozilla Firefox version 61.0.2

III. Adobe photoshop cs6

IV. Adobe flash cs6

Table 3. 1 Software Specification

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3.3.2 Hardware

Table 3.2 listed hardware and justification in order to perform its function usually

paired with software.

No. Tools Minimum Requirements

1. Computer Processing Unit (CPU) Intel ® Core™ i5-6200U CPU @ 2.30GHz

2. Installed RAM 12.0 GB DDR4

3. System type 64-bit operating system, x 64-based processor

4. Hard disc Capacity 558GB

5. Pendrive TDK 4GB

6. Printer canon Pixma G2000

Table 3. 2 Hardware And Justification

3.4 APPLICATION DESIGN

This stages it explains in detail the entire sketch of the storyboard, design and the

technologies involved. This level is more focused on designs that have been rolled out in

the storyboards that the developers have created. In this applications it is presented with an

overview of the appearance, shape, structure, graphics, text, content and technology

involved.

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3.4.1 Project Implementation Approach

Interactive applications developed according to designs, storyboards and navigation

that have been made to facilitate the development phase because they are systematic and

organized.

The approach used in this application is an exploration method. This method is a

self-colonization method in which users are able to interact with this interactive

applications. Therefore, the navigation buttons provided by the interactive applications for

the user will enable the user to use the interactive applications as they wish.

3.4.2 Navigation Map.

This map explains the flow of interactive applications and the content they contain

in the stream. It is important that users can understand the concepts of this application

properly.

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Figure 3. 2 Navigation Map

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3.4.3 Storyboard

Every application that you want to develop should have its own storyboard. It will

be the main guideline in the authoring process of the application. The story sketches explain

the elements to be used and the arrangement of elements in an interface so that the app can

be developed exactly according to the storyboard. In fact it is also used as a reference for

the required content. Please refer to attachment A.

3.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY

In this chapter, we have discuss the general methodology of design research that

was chosen as the major methodology to be followed when doing this study since from all

the phases in this methodology, it provided four general outputs for design research :

proposal. Design specification, application, performance measures and the result.

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Figure 6. 1 Incoming Menu

Figure 6. 2 Introduction

Figure 6. 3 Main Menu

Figure 6. 4 Type Of Land And Its

Formation

1

Figure 6. 5 Highlands

Figure 6. 6 Seafront

Figure 6. 7 Lowlands

Figure 6. 8 Physical Features Along The

Seafront

1

Figure 6. 9 Drainage

Figure 6. 10 Quiz 1

Figure 6. 11 Quiz 2

Figure 6. 12 Quiz 3

2

Figure 6. 13 Setting

3

1.6 ACTIVITIES AND MILESTONES

Gantt Chart that describes key activities and timescales in implementing this project

is shown in Figure 1.1.

ACTIVITY

WEEK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1

1

1

2

1

3

1

4

1

5

Topic Discussion

And Determination

Project Title

Proposal

Proposal Writing

Introduction

Proposal Writing-

Literature Review

Proposal Pogress

Presentation &

Evaluation

Discussion &

Correction Proposal

& Proposed

4

Solution

Methodology

Proposed Solution

Methodology

Proposed Solution -

Methodology

Proof Of Concept

Drafting Report Of

Proposal

Drafting Report Of

Proposal (Cont)

Submission of Draf

Report To

Supervisor

Seminar

Presentation

Report Correction

Final Report

Submission

Appendix 1. 1 Key Activities and Timescales In Implementing This Project

5

REFERENCES

Douglass, A. E. (1935). Dating Pueblo Bonito and other ruins of the Southwest (No. 1).

National Geographic Society.

Dietrich, W. E., & Perron, J. T. (2006). The search for a topographic signature of

life. Nature, 439(7075), 411.

Jones, C. (2008). History of geoparks. Geological Society, London, Special

Publications, 300(1), 273-277

Patterson, T. C. (2007). Google Earth as a (not just) geography education tool. Journal of

Geography, 106(4), 145-152.

Bichelmeyer, B. (2005). The ADDIE model: A metaphor for the lack of clarity in the field

of IDT. IDT Record.