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Chapter-II
GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF HAVERI
DISTRICT 2.1 Introduction
The forms of agricultural activities and farm economy as a
whole are influenced in a large measure by relief, soil and the climate.
The study of the physical setting, physiographic pattern, geology,
landscape characteristics, climate parameters, soil structure and use,
cropping pattern marketing facilities and essential knowledge to the
agricultural geographers for an effective cultivation and production of
crops and development of the region are the most essential factors.
Hence, in order to understand agriculture and agricultural
practice of an area, it is very essential to study the salient
geographical features of the study area. It is a universal fact that,
many of present patterns of agricultural landuse are the products of
human activity in the past and varying degree of modification of
physical conditions which man has introduced with the help of
science and technology, climate, soils and water resources remain the
same and are inter related the impact of their share of influence on
agriculture variations can never be under estimated.
The study of the physical setting, physiographic pattern,
geological history, climate, drainage, soil and rainfall provides the
basic and essential knowledge for researcher and also to the
geographers for understanding the taluk problems. These are giving
knowledge to create plan for solving the taluk problems. The
34
agricultural activities and farm economy as a whole of the study area
are influenced in a large measure by physical factors.
2.2 Location and Extent
Haveri district is situated in the western sector of the Karnataka
state. The district encompasses an area 485156 hectares laying
between the latitudinal parallels of 1419 North and 1509 North and
the longitudes of 7501 East to 7550 East. In its shape the district
may be regarded as roughly resembling an inverted square shape as
per Peter Hagget’s method shape index. Its greatest length from north
to south is about 111 kms and its great growth from east to west is
about 87 km. The district is bounded on the North by the districts of
Dharwad and Gadag; on the south by the district of Chitradurga and
Shimoga and the west by the district of North Kanara. All these
districts which surround Haveri belong to Karnataka state itself.
Varada river act as the central part of the district and it flows west to
east direction about 128 kms on the north-east and south, the
Tungabhadra river flows in between Haveri-Gadag, Shimoga,
Chitradurga and Bellary districts (Fig. 2.1)
2.3 Topography and Minerals
Geographers are very particular about physiography of the
planning region. It plays a very important role in the spatial analysis
of agricultural saturation of the area in the district two physiographic
divisions have been made considering the local conditions of weather
phenomena and crops grown in the district. They are namely semi-
malanad and maidan division.
35
Fig. 2.1 : LOCATION MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT
68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500kms
74 75 76 77 78
18
17
16
15
14
13
40 0 40 80kms
12
750 7515 7530 7560
150
1545
1530
1415
SHIGGAON
7530
SAVANUR
HANAGAL
HAVERI
BYADAGI
RANEBENNUR
HIREKERUR
10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms
INDEX
District Head Quarters Taluk Head Quarters
36
2.3.1 Semi-Malnad
Semi-malnad lies in the Western part of the district and covers
Shiggoan, Hanagal, Hirekerur and Byadagi talukas. It covers half of
the districts total area. It consists of a typical landscape having low
ranges with monsoonal forest cover. The hill ranges of Dundshi and
Hanagal are rounded and subdued in topography. The hill range of
Masur and Marvalli spread towards the extreme south.
2.3.2 Maidan
To the East of the semi-malnad belt lies the undulated plain
region called “Maidan Area”. It is characterized by isolated hills like
Devagirigudda, Nelogal Gudda, Siddapur Gudda and Malthihalli
Gudda. The isolated hills are 609 mts. above the sea level. The whole
ranges from 527 to 610 mts. above the sea level. The maidan region
extends over the talukas of Haveri, Ranebennur, Savanur and Eastern
part of Byadagi.
2.3.3 Geology
The district lies on the deccan plateau and comprises mainly
Dharwad system as it bed rocks Dharwad and Haveri. The Dharwad
belt passes through the western part Haveri district in a south east
direction, with an average width of 17 kms to 20 kms. The major
portion of this cellist belt has no mineral deposits of any commercial
importance, excepting the eastern part of Haveri district. The rocks
show a considerable variation in texture, are usually massive and are
pink to grey in colour. Bands of conglomerates occur in the northern
region of the district and these pebbles and holders comprise granite
37
Fig. 2.2 : GEOLOGICAL MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT
750 7515 7530 7560
150
1545
1530
1415
7530
10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms
INDEX
BFQ
Shale
Schist
Manganese
Galena
Limestone
Asbestos
Moulding Sand
Yellow Ochre
Clay
38
felsites appetite, quartzite and schist’s. Rocks belonging to the Kaladgi
series which consists mostly of quartzite’s conglomerates, breccias
and sandstones are found to occur in the north-eastern sector of the
district. Laterite too is found to occur in several parts, but chiefly in
the west as capping over granite, gneiss and quartzite. The mineral
wealth of the district includes gold copper iron and manganese
besides granite which is most useful as a construction material and is
extensively quarried in all parts of the district (fig. 2.2).
Amongst the district situated in central (middle) maidan of the
state Haveri district, especially its western portion is relatively rich in
flora and fauna. The district consists of various types of crystalline
schists and some acid and basic intrusive rocks commonly found in
other part of the state. The following formation is found in the district
Formation Age
Soil etc Recent
Laterite Sub recent
Kaladgi Series Cuddapah
Dolorite dykes
Conglomerates
Granite and gneiss
Dharwad
The forests of the district are the three type the monsoonal
forests, cover the western fringe where the rainfall is relatively heavy.
These forests exhibit regional variation from dense forests to the
poorer types. These forests are typical for dry black soil plains and the
tree growth consisting mainly of acacias and cassias is relatively
abundant along the banks of rivers and streams. The wild animals
39
found in the district include the panther, leopard cat, bear, wolf,
hyena and the jackal besides the Indian fox and the deer.
2.3.4 Soils
Soil is natural body consisting of mineral matter, decaying
organic matters and micro organisms, one of the important natural
resources which provide bread and butter to human beings for
survival. Soil is a natural body consisting of mineral matter, decaying
organic matters and micro-organisms. It is a living body and reacts in
different manners depending on different climatic factors. Soil is one
of the important natural resources of nature which provides bread
and butter to human beings for survival. There is a relationship
between soil and vegetation, between soil and parent rock, between
soil and slope, and even climate and slope but all these factors co-
operate in the production of the actual soil. No life without soil and no
soil without life they have evolved together, so millions of people and
plants live and depend on the soil. It is one of the important factors for
the study of its varieties, properties and characteristics to know the
spatial variation in its distribution and its contribution to the spatial
development of the region.
The study area possesses soils derived from a variety of
potential materials, such as schists, traps, sandstones, limestones,
shales, granite and laterites. The mixed brown and lateritic soil occurs
mostly in the western high rainfall tract of Hanagal, Byadagi and
Hirekerur talukas of the district (fig. 2.3). They are medium deep,
granular to vesicular in structure bright red to mottled yellow and red.
40
Fig. 2.3 : SOIL MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT
INDEX
Red Sandy Soil
Black Cotton Soil
Red Loamy Soil
750 7515 7530 7560
150
1545
1530
1415
7530
10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms
SHIGGAON SAVANUR
HANAGAL
BYADAGI RANEBENNUR
HIREKERUR
HAVERI
41
There are extensive areas covered with black soil in the northern part
and some central part of the district. This black soil is driveled from
various parent materials such as traps, schists, granites and
limestone, usually contain lime nodules, have high base states and
rather shallow in the ridges. In some cases black soil and red soil
occur intermixed. In the southern talukas of Haveri, Ranebennur,
Byadagi, Hirekerur and Hanagal the soils are either red sandy loams
or black soils. The red sandy loams are derived from granites or
schists with predominant content of coarse particles and gravel and
babbles, rather shallow in depth and have poor water holding
capacity.
2.4 Climate
Climate is one of the important factors, through which the
activities of mankind find their place on the surface of earth. The
climatic of any locality or a region is not determined by a single factor
element, but rather by the combinations of climatic elements and of
weather types prevailing there. The climatic condition of a region also
depends upon man made features like industrial, upon the intensity
of the transportation system, the density of population and the green
spaces in the towns and villages of the region.
The climate of the Haveri district is characterized by the tropical
monsoon, which indicates the seasonal weather throughout the year,
and it is product of the inter play of the two opposing air masses of
the South-West and North East monsoon over Haveri district. The
climate of the district represents the thornthwaite classification of AW
42
and CAW. These symbols emphasize the districts dry season
combined with a moderate annual range of temperature. According to
recent Indian climatic classification the district falls in the semi-
humid zones. The summers are uncomfortably hot. Summers are
milder in the in the North Western part of the district rather then in
the in eastern part these are Hanagal and Shiggaon talukas, etc., in
the district on the whole the climate of the district is healthy and
agreeable.
The climate of any region is determined by the combination of
climatic elements such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and
wind direction, etc. The analysis of these is as follows.
Table-2.1
Actual Rainfall of Haveri District
Sl.No. Talukas Actual average rainfall (cms)
1 Byadagi 69.06
2 Hanagal 88.95
3 Haveri 67.84
4 Hirekerur 90.86
5 Ranebennur 60.92
6 Savanur 72.35
7 Shiggaon 84.15(534.13)
Dist. Total 76.30
Through the district is exposed to both the monsoons, it
receives most of the rainfall from the south-west monsoon. The
monsoon usually starts from the first week of June. Continuous
rainfall is found in the malnad region, till the end of September with a
43
break of few days in the middle. The yearly rainfall of Haveri district is
given in table 2.1.
The average annual rainfall for the district as a whole is 763.00
mm in 1998. The area lying western part of receives a higher amount
of rainfall. In the eastern belt near Ranebennur for instance the
average annual rainfall is about 620 mm. In contrast in the western
most parts around Hanagal the rainfall averages to about 1000 mm
per annum. The south-west monsoon is relatively more active in the
western zone and account for nearly 70 percent of the annual rainfall.
The north-east monsoon is however more active in the eastern zone
where it accounts for about 25 percent of the rainfall. Towards the end
of April and onward most parts of the district receive per-monsoon
showers. By the middle of May, the west wind begins to fresher and
lasts through the day. After the west breeze has set in sharp thunder
storms with rain and hail are common. These early showers are very
useful as these fill the ponds and soften the soil. Towards the end of
May the west wind begins to blow stronger, banks of clouds gather in
the south-west and end early in June the south-west monsoon sets in.
In eastern half September and October are the other with heavy
downpour.
The droughts are also common and frequent in Haveri district.
During south-west monsoon period normally the Hanagal and some part of
Shiggaon talukas receive even the minimum rainfall of 30 to 40 mms.
During the drought year as a result the effects of drought are rather
very less in these talukas, whereas in the others 5 talukas, droughts will
44
have profound impact when south west monsoon fails or scanty 6 kms
to 13 kms.
2.5 Drainage
The district is drained by two major river systems, namely river
Varada in the middle part and river Tungabhadra in the East. The
Tungabhadra river system covers about one-third of the total area of
the district, which flows through along the eastern borders of talukas
of Hirekerur, Ranebennur and Haveri. In the western margin a small
track of land is drained westwards towards the Arabian sea by Varada
and Dharma river (fig. 2.4).
The Tungabhadra stretch is almost uniformly masked by a
stony landscape derived from a granitic out scrap. Both these rivers
show a seasonal regime varying from a lean sluggish flow during
summer to a torrential muddy rush during the monsoon. Varada,
Kumudvati and Dharma are the other important rivers of the district.
The Varada river reach extends to about a hundred kilometers in
Haveri district and with several tributaries it drains an area of about
3120 sq.kms. Its main tributary Dharma drains about 625 sq.kms
and after traversing about 56 kms in the district it meets Varada to
create the holy confluence Kudala Sangameshwar. The Kumudvati
reaches about 32 kms in this district and drain an area of about 780
sq.kms. In addition to the four rivers, the district has several
important streams most of which are seasonal Haveri district has
numerous tanks as well. In the western belt, tanks have been formed
by throwing bunds across the shallow valley basins whereas in the river
45
Fig. 2.4 : RIVER BASINS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT
750 7515 7530 7560
150
1545
1530
1415
7530
10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms
HIREKERUR
RANEBENNUR BYADGI
HAVERI
HANAGAL
SAVANUR SHIGGAON
INDEX
Taluka Headquarters
Rainguage Stations
Basin Boundary
46
eastern sector the tanks are usually scooped out hollows such as
stone quarries which serve as storage tanks for the rain water.
Geographical Regions
Geographically the district belongs to three well known
formations: (1) The eastern black soil plan underlain by the basal
enchain complex, largely consisting of ancient gneisses and schists;
(2) the central portion which is marked by an outcrop of two famous
bands of Dharwad system and (3) The western extremities which are
characterized by Occasional outcrops of basal igneous complex. The
Dharwans represents the oldest rock formations and comprise schists,
phyllites, agrillites, felsites, hemabife-quertzites and limestones.
2.6 Vegetation
Vegetation or forest plays an important role in the development
of a region and they maintain the ecological balance. Farmers should
be encouraged to grow more trees. Vegetation’s are supplier of woods
to the farmers and domestic fire wood, for his multi-working in day to
day life. The highest vegetation area is found in Ranebennur (23.37%),
followed by Shiggaon (20.97%), Hirekerur (18.71%), Hanagal (17.86%)
and Byadagi (18.71%). It is because Ranebennur taluk has the highest
geographical area and other talukas are in semi-malnad region. The
lowest percentage of area under vegetation is found in Savanur taluk
(1.69%). The forest area can be increased by placing fallow and barren
land under natural vegetation (fig. 2.5).
47
Fig. 2.5 : FOREST AND CANAL IRRIGATION MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT
INDEX
Forests
Canal Irrigation
750 7515 7530 7560
150
1545
1530
1415
7530
10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms
SHIGGAON SAVANUR
HANAGAL
BYADAGI RANEBENNUR
HIREKERUR
HAVERI
48
2.7 Livestock
Since from ancient time cows, bullocks, buffaloes, sheeps, goats
and poultry have formed important possessions of the farmers. The
plough animal is still bullocks, which continues to be the main source
of the cultivation providing artificial water means for lifting of water
and transportation of the produced goods to the agricultural field to
market. Supply of manure to the agricultural field, as the study region
has not yet made much headway in respect of mechanical agriculture.
In the year 1940 or at the time of liberation of India the
condition of livestock was at a very low level, with interior quality
cattle, low yield of milk, absence of veterinary hospitals, etc. There
was much more (dier) need of the development in this field in order to
produce more milk, meat and eggs, etc. After the liberation, a separate
department of animal husbandry and veterinary services was
established so as to give necessary attention to this field.
Development of this field various programmes are undertaken to
improve the quality and quantity of milk production, poultry, piggery
and facilities to livestock population. Animal health is maintained by
regular mass vaccination programmes in the study region.
The study region (district) is experienced deficit (deficient) in
milk production. The government dairy plant has been established in
all talukas of the district to process the milk collected from rural co-
operative societies. There are 375 Milk Societies registered and only
350 Milk Societies are working in the study region. In Haveri district
49
Table-2.2A
Talukwise Milk Societies and Milk Productions – 2010-11
Sl.No. Name of the Taluk Registered Milk Society Working Milk Society Milk Collected Daily in Liters
1 Haveri 55 51 578.84
2 Byadgi 45 41 272.09
3 Hanagal 56 53 355.00
4 Hirekerur 95 89 1317.23
5 Ranebennur 49 48 150.90
6 Savanur 38 34 285.20
7 Shiggaon 37 34 220.50
Dist. Total 375 350 3129.70
Source: Haveri Milk Cooperative Societies, Haveri, 2010-11.
50
350 (as per 31-3-2011 census) Milk Production Co-operative Societies
have been established and they collect about 31297 lakh liters
everyday, this amounts to 47 percent of its production and remaining
53 percent milk is collected by neighbouring districts. The remaining
demand of milk is supplied from neighbouring districts, private dairies
and local gauvalies. Milk, butter, ghee and other milk products are the
important items produced in the study region.
Under poultry development programme a government poultry
farm is established at Haveri district in order to provide good quality
chickens to poultry breeds and to act as practical training center for
the farmers. There were more than 616851 hens in the Haveri district
in the year 2007. The study region has a sizeable livestock population
in which piggery and poultry have gained greater importance.
Livestock population is shown in table 2.2 and they highlight the clear
picture of the animal resources of the study region.
The above table 2.2 explains that, there are considerably large
numbers of cattle in the study area. The highest numbers of cattle are
found in Hirekerur taluk. This is followed by Hanagal, Haveri, Shiggaon,
Ranebennur, Byadagi and Savanur talukas. Buffaloes are a major
contribution for the production of milk in the study region. The
highest numbers of buffaloes are found in Ranebennur taluk followed
by Hirekerur, Haveri, Hanagal, Savanur, Byadagi and Shiggaon talukas.
The goats and sheep are used especially for meat and for some
extent for the production of milk also for themselves only (who are
rearing). The study region had vast area under grass land. This is a
favourable condition for grazing these livestock population (fig. 2.6).
51
Table-2.2B
Livestock Population in Haveri District (2011)
Sl.No. Taluk Cattles Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs Dogs Others Total Poultry
1 Haveri 41676 18687 23093 51702 1331 8556 65 145110 299594
2 Byadgi 32593 10675 13331 17569 452 3131 04 77755 33551
3 Hanagal 57931 15154 21319 33647 823 9167 343 138384 41015
4 Hirekerur 70871 23263 26338 20455 469 7502 12 148910 61286
5 Ranebennur 38049 27804 31275 93292 1008 9518 91 201037 100406
6 Savanur 31142 12662 22000 31418 1099 4490 70 102881 56278
7 Shiggaon 39560 11619 13186 17740 587 6186 87 88965 24721
Dist. Total 311822 119864 150542 265823 5769 48550 672 903042 616851
Percent 34.53 13.27 16.67 29.43 0.62 5.37 0.07 100.00
Source: District at a Glance of Haveri District, 2011-12.
52
The highest numbers of goats are found in Ranebennur taluk
(31275) and lowest numbers of goats are found in Shiggaon taluk
(13186). Sheeps contribute a major contribution for the production of
meat in the district and so many people are engaged in rearing of
these animals as their primary activities. Highest numbers of sheeps
are found in Ranebennur taluk (93292) and lowest numbers of sheeps
are found in Byadagi taluk (17569).
Fig. 2.6 : Haveri District Livestock Population
34.53
13.2716.67
29.43
0.62
5.37
0.07
Cattles Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs Dogs Others
In recent years poultry farming has become popular and
dominant activity because of more demand from the public and
moreover poultry farms are located near the urban centres. The highest
numbers of poultries are found in Haveri taluk, it is because of district
headquarter in the study region, followed by Ranebennur, Hirekerur,
Savanur, Hanagal, Byadagi and lowest is found in Shiggaon taluk
53
respectively in the district. It reveals that people are more interested to
use poultry production and they export them to the neighbouring
districts and talukas.
2.7.1 Fisheries
The Haveri district is one of the inland district, has only two
important rivers namely the Tungabhadra and Varada, others many
streams and irrigation channels. The fish fauna of the district consists
of crops, cat fishes, murrels, bandaga and other varieties. In the study
region there is only one ice plant and one cold storage center situated
in Haveri taluk.
The three important centres for marketing the fish are Haveri,
Ranebennur and Savanur, which fishes as well as dry fishes are sold
regularly.
2.7.2 Livestock based Industries
The above table 2.2 reveals that the quality of livestock
population is 903042 in the study region, which produces various
types of materials and raw materials for the use of people and
industries. The district has various and different livestock based
industries, for example like;
Albumin flakes from Heg eggs
Bone meal
Children shoes
Leather travel goods like purses
Key chains and Vanity bags
54
The above mentioned industries are in the study region by
making use of available livestock resources and have provided
employment opportunities to the skilled labour and unskilled labour
force in different talukas of the district.
2.8 Population
The development of a nation depends upon human resources,
i.e. it depends upon his skill, ability to understand and work. So
manpower plays a vital role for the development of a nation. National
development in general state and study area particularly depends
upon the available natural and human resources. Development of a
nation income also depends upon how best natural resources are
utilized by population. Population sometimes acts as capital but there
is need for proper utilization and management of this capital. Human
resources is the key to operate the treasury of natural resources.
These are closely related to property of a nation. The development of a
nation also depends upon the industrialization, this leads to industrial
and economical growth. So it is necessary to know how the growth or
population has helped for the development of the study area in
particular, state and nation in general.
Population resource is a key for all developments as well as
industrial development. But it depends upon his skill, ability and his
technological advances which are closely related to prosperity of a
nation. This is very interesting to note that the industrial regions
having high concentrations of population and also these are showing
55
high growth rate of population, this growth leads to industrial and
economical growth of a region.
2.8.1 Decadal Growth
The total population of Haveri district in 1901 was only 473218.
In 2011 it has reached 1598506, thus it shows nearly four times of
the population increase over a period of 110 years. During 1911 and
1921 the study region had negative growth of population, which was
due to great epidemics, natural calamities and world war. First, this
situation of population growth were found in the whole country (Table
2.3), where as in the year 1911 it was 439600 and in the year 1921 it
was 414028.
Table-2.3
Decadal Growth of Population in Haveri District 1901 to 2011
Sl.No. Year Population %
1 1901 473218 4.76
2 1911 439600 4.42
3 1921 414028 4.17
4 1931 457356 4.60
5 1941 491410 4.94
6 1951 644490 6.49
7 1961 804731 8.10
8 1971 844026 8.50
9 1981 1052989 10.60
10 1991 1269213 12.78
11 2001 1439116 14.49
12 2011 1598506 16.09
Total 9928683 100.00
Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri
56
Fig. 2.7 : Decadal Growth of Population in Haveri District 1901 to 2011
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Year
Pe
rce
nt
From the year 1931 onwards upto 2011 the district has shown
continuous increased growth of population. The decadal growth of
population shows 4.76 percent in the year 1901 followed by 4.60
percent increase in 1931, 4.94 percent in 1941, 6.49 percent in 1951,
8.10 percent in 1961, 8.50 percent in 1971, 10.60 percent in 1981,
12.78 percent in 1991, 14.49 percent in 2001 and lastly 16.09 percent
in 2011 in the study region (Table 2.3 and Fig. 2.7).
The table 2.4 explains the talukawise distribution in Haveri
district. In the study region Ranebennur taluk has the highest
concentration of population, this is because Ranebennur town, being
a taluka headquarter besides being as an educational, industrial and
more over due to different seeds companies are located in the town.
Haveri taluk has the second highest concentration of population being
a district headquarter, followed by Hanagal with 16.38 percent,
57
Hirekerur with 14.45 percent, Shiggaon with 11.78 percent, Savanur
with 10.07 percent and lastly the lowest concentration of population
can be found in Byadagi with 8.82 percent, it is because it falls in an
agricultural dominance and low productivity area i.e. undulating
region makes it to have low concentration of population in the study
region (Table 2.4 and Fig. 2.8).
Table-2.4
Talukawise Distribution of Population in Haveri District (2011)
Sl. No.
Taluk Males Females Total Percentage to Total
1 Haveri 143669 136421 280090 17.53
2 Byadgi 72109 68931 141040 8.82
3 Hanagal 133902 128018 261920 16.38
4 Hirekerur 118185 112820 231005 14.45
5 Ranebennur 171690 163394 335084 20.96
6 Savanur 82774 78192 160966 10.08
7 Shiggaon 96966 91435 188401 11.78
Dist. Total 819295 779211 1598506 99.98
Source: District at a Glance of Haveri District, 2011-12.
58
Fig. 2.8 : Talukawise Distribution of Population in Haveri District (2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Hav
eri
Byadg
i
Han
agal
Hire
keru
r
Ran
eben
nur
Savan
ur
Shigg
aon
Taluk
Pe
rce
nt
2.8.2 Density of Population
Geography is more concerned with spatial and temporal
distribution of population and its density variations. The geographical
area of the study region is 4848 sq.kms. The lans remains the same,
whereas the density of population changes from one year to another
(decade to decade) which is a natural phenomena in the study region
or any other regions.
The talukawise density of population is calculated and observed
from the year 1951 to 2011. The density of population is in increasing
trend, due to better medical facilities, low mortality rates and due to
education. The density of population in the study region is not uniform
due to above said various reasons. Population concentration also varies
from one taluk to another taluk, it is because of the degree of fertility
of soil, water facilities and most of other environmental factors.
59
Table-2.5A
Population Density – 1901 to 2011
Year Population Density per sq.km.
1901 98
1911 91
1921 85
1931 94
1941 101
1951 133
1961 164
1971 174
1981 217
1991 262
2001 298
2011 310
Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.
Fig. 2.9 : Population Density – 1901 to 2011
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Year
De
ns
ity
pe
r s
q.k
m.
60
Talukawise density of population in the study region is shown in
table 2.5. The highest density of population is found in Ranebennur
taluk with 337 and it is followed by Haveri with 316, Hanagal with
301 due to availability of medical facilities and industrial growth, etc.
(Fig. 2.9). The low density of population is found in Hirekerur which is
263, followed by Savanur with 267, Shiggaon with 283 and Byadagi
with 293, it is due to non-availability of infrastructural facilities and
low development of industries.
Table-2.5B
Talukawise Density of Population of Haveri District (2011)
Sl.No. Name of the Taluk
Area (km2) Population Density
1 Haveri 799 280090 316
2 Byadgi 436 141040 293
3 Hanagal 773 261920 301
4 Hirekerur 806 231005 263
5 Ranebennur 907 335084 337
6 Savanur 539 160966 267
7 Shiggaon 588 188401 283
Dist. Total 4848 1598506 298
Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.
2.8.3 Sex Ratio
The sex ratio is also one of the important factors to measure the
growth and composition of population. According to 2011 census the
female ratio is 956 per 1000 males. The highest sex ratio can be found in
Hanagal taluk and lowest in Shiggaon taluk, this is due to natural
birth rate and migration from one taluk to another as well as one
district to another.
61
Table-2.6
Sex Composition of Haveri District (2011) (Females/1000 Males)
Sl.No. Name of the Taluk
Rural Urban Total
1 Haveri 938 985 961
2 Byadgi 948 983 962
3 Hanagal 953 974 963
4 Hirekerur 953 968 960
5 Ranebennur 942 968 955
6 Savanur 940 955 947
7 Shiggaon 940 949 944
Dist. Total 945 969 956
Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.
The composition of sex ratio in the study region is shown in
table 2.6. The highest female population is found in Hanagal taluk,
which amounts for 963 females per 1000 males followed by Byadagi,
Haveri, Ranebennur and Shiggaon talukas, this is because of more
movement of male population in search of jobs and high death rate of
females.
2.8.4 Literacy
In the country as a whole a little less than one out of every four
females were literates that are able to read, write and understand.
Literacy is a tool to develop a nation/state/district throughout the
world. It plays an important role in the development of a nation in
respect of economic and technological know how. So, literally it is
unquestionably the largest source of human capital consistory
acquired abilities.
62
Table-2.7
Population and Literates by Sex in Haveri District 2011
Sl. No.
Taluk Total Population
Male Literates Female Literates Total Literates
% of Literates
Total Population
% of Literates
Total District
Population
Rural Urban Total % Rural Urban Total %
1 Haveri 280090 77833 28017 105850 55.98 57887 25345 83232 44.01 189082 67.51 11.83
2 Byadgi 141040 42429 11477 53906 56.09 32348 9843 42191 43.90 96097 68.13 6.01
3 Hanagal 261920 87819 10844 98663 55.29 70066 9914 79980 44.77 178643 68.20 11.17
4 Hirekerur 231005 85339 8032 93371 55.50 67484 7382 74866 44.50 168237 72.82 10.52
5 Ranebennur 335084 82225 45701 127926 54.36 60850 46519 107369 45.63 235295 70.21 14.72
6 Savanur 160966 43506 12743 56249 56.46 32026 11335 43361 43.53 99610 61.88 6.23
7 Shiggaon 188401 50570 19186 69756 55.87 38744 16335 55079 44.12 124835 66.26 7.81
Dist. Total 1598506 469721 139006 605721 55.48 359405 126673 486078 44.52 1091799 68.30 68.30
Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.
63
In the year 2001 the study area had the literacy rate of 68.09
percent, but in the year 2011 it increased by 0.21 percent i.e. to 68.30
percent. The highest percentage of literacy can be found in Hirekerur
taluk (72.82%) followed by Ranebennur (70.21%), Hanagal (68.20%),
Byadagi (68.13%), Haveri (67.51%) and Shiggaon (66.26%) talukas
due to the facilities provided by the government, as well as by private
institutions. The lowest percentage of literacy is found in Savanur
taluk (61.88%) due to its background situation in respect of
educational institutions and industrial development.
Among the male literacy Savanur taluk (55.46%) ranks first,
followed by Haveri (55.98%), Shiggaon (55.87%), Hirekerur (55.50%),
Hanagal (55.29%) talukas and the lowest male literacy is found in
Ranebennur taluk (54.36%) in the study region. Among the females
the highest literacy rate was found in Ranebennur taluk (45.63%),
followed by Hanagal (44.77%), Hirekerur (44.50%), Shiggaon (44.12%),
Haveri (44.01%) and Byadagi taluk (43.90%). The lowest female
literacy rate was found in Savanur taluk (43.53%) due to above said
reasons (Table 2.7).
Illiteracy remains much high among the females of rural areas
than urban areas. This is mainly due to the lack of understanding
importance of literacy to the female population. It is adequate
educational institutions, social and economical backward of people in
the study region.
64
Urbanization
The slow urbanization started in 19th century and it started to
grow rapidly during the 20th century. This process of urbanization can
be seen all over the world. The percentage of the urban population
was living in urban areas which reached 28 percent in 1950 and 33
percent in the year 1965. So the study region is also having same
urbanization process in India and Karnataka.
Urbanization is the most important aspect because of industrial
development and the industrialization intensification of agriculture,
etc. are vital, and these are interlinked with each other. Karpov and
Gokhman (1968) while analyzing the impact of modern urbanization
on the industrial location, states that the majority of manufacturing
plants are located in large cities in industrialized countries and new
urban settlements often provide industrial locations for plants and
subsidiaries. Towns also became part of suburbs of large cities with
favourable perspectives for the growth of industries. The accelerated
industrialization and growth of existing urban agglomeration results in
the modern process of urbanization in which a network of new
colonies and towns are created.
Urbanization and industrialization go hand in hand. This
situation has been seen in the study region from 30 years and they
have been viewed as an inevitable consequence of economic
transformation and they march more towards the higher standards of
living.
65
Table-2.8
Sexwise Rural & Urban Population of Haveri District (2011)
Sl. No.
Taluk Rural Population Urban Population Rural + Urban Total
Population Males Females Total % to Total
Population Males Females Total % to Total
Population
1 Haveri 109878 103124 213002 76.04 33791 33297 67088 23.95 280090
2 Byadgi 56951 54026 110977 78.68 15158 14905 30063 21.31 141040
3 Hanagal 119313 113803 233116 89.02 14589 14215 28804 10.99 261920
4 Hirekeru 108440 103379 211819 91.69 9745 9441 19186 8.30 231005
5 Ranebennur 110893 104500 215393 64.28 60797 58894 119691 35.71 335084
6 Savanur 62310 58633 120943 75.13 20464 19559 40023 24.86 160966
7 Shiggaon 70700 66492 137192 72.81 26266 24943 51209 27.18 188401
Dist. Total 638485 603957 1242442 77.72 180810 175254 356054 22.27 1598506
Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.
66
The above table 2.8 explains distribution of urban and rural
population in the study area. The highest rural population is found in
Hirekerur taluk (91.69%), followed by Hanagal (89.02%), Byadagi
(78.68%), Haveri (76.04%), Savanur (75.13%) and Shiggaon talukas
(72.81%). These talukas have shown considerably maximum ration of
rural population, this is because of agricultural oriented population.
The lowest rural population can be found in Ranebennur taluk
(64.28%) due to industrialization.
The urban population data shows that Ranebennur taluk ranks
first with 35.71 percent of the total population of the district. This is
because of industrialization as well as taluk headquarter. This is
followed by Shiggaon (27.18%), Savanur (24.86%), Haveri (23.75%)
and Byadagi (21.31%) talukas. The minimum urban population
registered in Hirekerur (8.30%) and Hanagal (10.99%) talukas due to
low industrial unit development.
2.8.5 Land and Population Ratio (L/P Ratio)
The spatial distribution of absolute population presents some
aspects of the picture not in the totality, whereas the land and
population ratio (L/P) presents a comprehensive account of the
population distribution of the study region and is used as a tool to
gauge the degree of population concentration in different talukas of
the study region. In this technique both area and population figures
are represented in percentage, in order to get the common
denominator. Theoretically it is conceived that 1 percent land should
accommodate 1 percent of population considering the ideal ratio of
67
L/P is 1:1, when ration is disturbed, the population concentration will
be either high or low.
Table-2.9
Land and Population Ratio in Haveri District (2011)
Sl. No.
Name of the Taluk
Area in % of Total
Population % of Total
L:P Ratio
1 Haveri 16.48 17.52 1:1.0631
2 Byadgi 9.00 8.82 1:0.9800
3 Hanagal 15.97 16.38 1:1.0256
4 Hirekeru 16.63 14.45 1:0.8689
5 Ranebennur 18.65 20.96 1:1.1238
6 Savanur 11.11 10.07 1:0.9063
7 Shiggaon 12.14 11.78 1:0.9703
Dist. Total 99.98 99.98 1:1.0000
Source: Computed by Researcher
The above table 2.9 represents the percentage of area and
population in the study region as per 2011 census. It is evident from
this table that L/P ratio is highest in Ranebennur taluk where it is
1:1.1238 in other words Ranebennur taluk accommodated about 1.12
times more population as compared to its total area which is due to
large number of industries and employment opportunities. It is
followed by Haveri taluk with 1:1.0631 as one of the district
headquarter, followed by Hanagal taluk with 1:1.0256 accommodating
more population than their areas because of commercial centres.
Whereas minimum L/P ratio is found in Hirekerur taluk with
1:0,8689, Savanur taluk with 1:0.9063, Shiggaon taluk with 1:0.9800
and Byadagi taluk with 1:0.9800 accommodating less population than
68
their area. They have less industries and high percent of undulating
terrain.
2.8.6 Concentration Index
The concentration index is one of the tools used to know the
population movement in different talukas and uneven distribution of
population in the study region. This indicates an amount of
concentration at a particular point of time. The concentration index is
calculated by the following equation.
2
)( PAWC
Where,
C = Concentration Index
A = Area of a taluka in percentage
P = Population of that taluka in percentage to the district total
By using this formula concentration index for the study area
has been prepared as per 2011 census (Table 2.10 and Fig. 2.10).
Therefore, W (A–P) = 49.06
C = 7.45/2
(Concentration Index) C = 3.72
Thus to achieve leading towards uniformity in the distribution of
population in all talukas of Haveri district 3.72 percent will be
involved in an inter-taluk movement, which is quite uneven to
approach the optimum distribution. This concentration index helps in
understanding the regional disparity in population distribution.
69
Table-2.10
Concentration Index of Haveri District
Sl. No.
Name of the Taluk
Area in % Population in %
W (A–P)
1 Haveri 16.48 17.52 1.04
2 Byadgi 9.00 8.82 0.18
3 Hanagal 15.97 16.38 0.34
4 Hirekerur 16.63 14.45 2.18
5 Ranebennur 18.65 20.96 2.31
6 Savanur 11.11 10.07 1.04
7 Shiggaon 12.14 11.78 0.36
Dist. Total 99.98 99.98 7.45
Source: Computed by Researcher
Fig. 2.10 : Concentration Index of Haveri District
0
5
10
15
20
25
Hav
eri
Bya
dgi
Han
agal
Hire
keru
r
Ran
eben
nur
Sav
anur
Shigg
aon
Taluk
Pe
rce
nt
Area in % Population in %
2.8.7 Working Population
Working population is also one of the important factors to the
human resources. A worker is defined as a person who had
participated in any activity or any economically productive activity, as
70
per this definition the term ‘worker’ included all the full-time worker,
seasons workers, part-time workers and even those persons whose
contribution to work would generally be considered significant. The
workers are classified in different categories in the study region as
‘worker’ and ‘non-worker’ according to 1961 and 1971 census. This
concept was declared in 1981 census and new concept as main
workers, marginal workers and non-workers (trichotomy) has been
introduced in 1991 census. The main workers were those who have
worked major part of the year (i.e. more than 6 months). Marginal
workers were those who have worked less than six months and those
who have never worked anytime during last one year, where these
workers are considered as non-workers. The main workers have been
classified into four broad categories such as cultivators, agricultural
labourers, household industry and other workers.
71
Table-2.11A
Distribution of Main, Marginal and Non Workers with Percentage 2011-12
Sl. No.
Taluk Total Working
Population
Total Main
Workers
% of Total Main Workers
Total Marginal Workers
% of Marginal Workers
Total Non
Worker
% of Non Workers
1 Haveri 252347 97518 38.64 17306 6.85 137523 54.49
2 Byadgi 127944 45523 35.58 16042 12.53 66379 51.88
3 Hanagal 230750 78973 34.22 24486 10.61 127291 55.16
4 Hirekerur 212458 78737 37.05 21093 9.92 112628 53.01
5 Ranebennur 304990 114054 37.39 25358 8.31 165578 54.28
6 Savanur 143885 55120 38.30 12972 9.01 75793 52.67
7 Shiggaon 166742 61296 36.76 18236 10.93 87210 52.30
Dist. Total 1439116 531221 36.91 135493 9.41 772402 53.67
Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.
72
The economy of any region greatly depends on the economic
participation i.e. higher percentage of workers would mean a well
developed economy with more avenues for employment says Savita
Sinha (1998).
Main Workers
According to 2001 census, out of 553700 total workers, total
main workers are 500700 and total marginal workers are 53000. As
many as 500700 persons accounting for about 90.42 percent of the
total workers are classified as main workers in the study region. In the
year 2011 the main workers are 531221 to the total population
workers 36.91 percent, as against for this 39.45 percent in the year
2001. Among the male work participation rate works out to be 73.95
percent, while among the females it is 26.04 percent during the year
2011-12. The distribution of main workers in the study region as per
2011 census is shown in table 2.11B and fig. 2.11.
Table-2.11B
Talukawise Distribution of Main Workers in Haveri District (2011)
Sl. No.
Taluk Main Workers % to Total Working
Population Males Females Total
1 Byadagi 33551 11972 45523 3.16
2 Hanagal 61140 17833 78973 5.48
3 Haveri 69277 28241 97518 6.77
4 Hirekerur 56878 21859 78737 5.47
5 Ranebennur 82317 31737 114054 7.92
6 Savanur 40073 15047 55120 3.83
7 Shiggaon 46366 14930 61296 4.25
Total 389602 141619 531221 36.91
Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.
73
Fig. 2.11: Talukawise Distribution of Main Workers in Haveri District (2011)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
Bya
dagi
Han
agal
Hav
eri
Hire
keru
r
Ran
eben
nur
Sav
anur
Shigg
aon
Taluk
Ma
in W
ork
ers
In the study area, talukawise main workers data records that
Haveri taluk has 38.64 percent followed by Savanur taluk 38.30
percent, Ranebennur taluk 37.39 percent and Hirekerur taluk 37.06
percent of main workers of total population. Here the main workers
are found in high percentage, most of these workers are agricultural
workers. The average main workers in the Haveri district are 36.91
percent. This percentage also indicates that depending ratio except
above mentioned talukas show low percentage.
Marginal Workers
The distribution of marginal workers in Haveri district is shown
in table 2.12. The concept of marginal workers are one who has
worked any time in the last one year preceding the data of
enumeration but for a period of less than six months.
74
Table-2.12
Talukawise Distribution of Marginal Workers in Haveri District as on 2011-12
Sl.No. Taluk Marginal Workers % Total Population
1 Haveri 17306 1.20
2 Byadagi 16042 1.11
3 Hanagal 24486 1.70
4 Hirekerur 21093 1.46
5 Ranebennur 25358 1.76
6 Savanur 12972 0.90
7 Shiggaon 18236 1.26
Dist. Total 135493 9.41
Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.
The above table indicates that 135493 persons were classified
as marginal workers in the study region as per 2011 census i.e. the
marginal workers to the total population works out to be 9.41 percent.
The highest percentage can be seen in Ranebennur taluk (1.76%),
followed by Hanagal taluk (1.40%), Haveri taluk (1.46%), etc. and the
lowest is found in Savanur taluk (0.90%).
Distribution of Main Workers by Industrial Category
The main workers are broadly classified into (a) Agricultural
labours, (b) Workers in household industry and (c) Other workers. The
category of ‘other workers’ includes workers in forestry, livestock,
hunting, fishing, mining and quarrying, manufacturing processing,
repair services, electricity, gas and water supply, contraction wholesale
and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, transport, storage and
communications, financing insurance, real estate and business
services, community, personal and social services including all public
75
Table-2.13
Workers/Non-Workers Ratio in Haveri District as per 2011 Census
Sl. No.
Taluk Total Working
Population
Main Workers
Marginal Workers
Total Workers
Non Workers
% of Workers
Total Population
% of Non Workers
Total Population
Workers/ Non
Workers Ratio
1 Haveri 252347 97518 17306 114824 137523 45.50 54.49 1:1.197
2 Byadgi 127944 45523 16042 61565 66379 48.11 51.88 1:1.078
3 Hanagal 230750 78973 24486 103459 127291 44.83 55.16 1:1.230
4 Hirekerur 212458 78737 21093 99830 112628 46.98 53.03 1:1.128
5 Ranebennur 304990 114054 25358 139412 165578 45.71 54.28 1:1.187
6 Savanur 143885 55120 12972 68092 75793 47.32 52.67 1:1.113
7 Shiggaon 166742 61296 18236 79532 87210 47.69 52.30 1:1.096
Dist. Total 1439116 531221 135493 666714 772402 46.32 53.67 1:1.158
Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.
76
sector and local self government employees of the total 6667149 main
workers, 203628 (30.54%) are cultivators, 291275 (43.68%) are
agricultural labours, 27640 (4.15%) are working in household
industries and 144171 (21.62%) are other workers.
Non-Workers
The main workers, cultivators, agricultural labourers,
household industry workers and other workers forms the major
working force, the non-working population forms the other component
of the population. The census reveals 772402 (53.67%) persons
depend upon the working population. The proportion of workers to
non-workers ratio is calculated and indicated in the table 2.13.
The workers and non-workers ratio in the study region works
out to be 1.15 which better in Haveri and Ranebennur talukas than
other talukas ratio. Minimum ratio of workers and non-workers is in
Byadagi taluk and maximum ratio is in Hanagal taluk.
Population Projection
The future population of Haveri district for 2021 AD is designed
to find out the aggregate population and the pattern of distribution by
the district census department of Haveri district. The estimated
population projection is shown in table 2.14.
77
Table-2.14
Estimate of Population Projection for 2021
Sl. No.
Taluk 2011 Final Population
2021 Projected Population
1 Haveri 280090 312027
2 Byadgi 141040 156746
3 Hanagal 261920 288350
4 Hirekerur 231005 253685
5 Ranebennur 335084 377271
6 Savanur 160966 179461
7 Shiggaon 188401 210487
Dist. Total 1598506 1778027
Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri
It is estimated that the total population of the study region is
likely to reach little over 1778027 i.e. 17.78 lakhs in 2012.
2.9 Settlement System
The term settlement broadly refers to the humanization of the
physical landscape, but in human geography it generally includes a
group of houses with their surroundings, clustered together at a
favourable place. The geography of settlement studies the locational
patterns, morphology and functional setting of settlements and traces
their historical growth. In general, it deals with the facilities, men built
in the process of occupying an area and their groupings. These
facilities are designed and grouped to serve specific purposes and to
carry functional meanings. Settlements are topography expressions of
their groupings or arrangements. The settlement is central to all
human geography modifying as it does the natural environment by
introducing a central element. Every settlement is unique and has a
78
personality of its own. Settlement geography is an off short of social
geography, it itself is a branch of the main tree of human geography.
Table-2.15
Settlement Density in Haveri District – 2011-12
Sl. No.
Taluk Area in sq.kms.
No. of Rural Settlements
No. of Urban Settlements
Total No. of Settlements
Settlement Density per 100 sq.kms.
1 Byadagi 436 62 1 63 14
2 Hanagal 773 144 1 145 18
3 Haveri 799 86 1 87 10
4 Hirekerur 806 125 1 126 15
5 Ranebennur 907 103 1 104 11
6 Savanur 539 62 1 63 11
7 Shiggaon 588 93 1 94 15
Total 4848 675 7 682 14
Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.
Gosal has suggested triple criteria to assess the significance of
these settlement studies in geography. They are: (1) range of spatial
distribution and variation, (2) extent to which it co-vary and can be
integrated with other attributes, and (3) importance to man.
Settlements are of two types ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ whereas the former is
concerned with the simpler societies and the latter includes more
complex areas possessing sharp internal differentiation. In the present
study the researcher has tried to explain the spatial pattern of
settlements and their amenities in Haveri district.
Pattern of Settlement
There are 682 settlements of which 7 are urban settlements and
675 are rural settlements in the district.
79
Table 2.15 highlights that, Hanagal taluk has the maximum
number of settlements and it is followed by Hirekerur and
Ranebennur talukas. These talukas come under semi-malnad area.
The lowest density of settlement is found in Byadagi and Savanur
talukas because of maidan characteristics while considering density of
settlements, Hanagal taluk stands first followed by Hirekerur,
Shiggaon and Byadagi talukas. The lowest is found in Haveri taluk
which is due to less geographical area.
Urban Settlements
The study of urbanization also holds equal importance as the
rural. In the year 2001 there were 7 towns in the district. Using the
revised ‘Rn’ scale, formulated by Karennever M.F. has tested the
spatial pattern of urban settlement. This depicts the approaching
uniform distribution of urban settlements and it indicates ‘Rn’ value of
1.22. It is also found that most of the urban settlements are along the
National Highway No. 4.
Rural Settlements
Rural settlements of long settled part of the area or region have
been inherited from the past, and governed by the physical and
cultural factors. Village patterns makes itself manifest in the physical
form and structure including means external and internal form of
settlement which in turn depends upon the physical and cultural
conditions of the landscape and the society. The physical factors such
as water bodies, sloped and elevation of land such as plains, upland
or valleys, water table, water logged area, etc. have affected the form of
80
rural settlements. All these have paramount importance in growth of
village patterns under the natural environment.
The cultural factors like roads, lanes, field patterns, religious
institutions, etc. have influenced the structure of the villages. Apart
from the above mentioned factors, it also includes the economic
conditions of inhabitants, tradition and social conditions, superstitions
and the materials used in the construction of houses. The influence of
these factors in the study area can also be seen by the way they have
influenced the construction of the house, using of materials, layout of
street, etc. in both the semi-malnad and maidan areas of the district.
In the semi-malnad area, houses are built of fired and sun dried
bricks, mud, wood, trees and thatches. The roofs are sloping /
slanting at different angles due to heavy rainfall as compared to
maidan area. The amount of rainfall determined the variation in the
construction of roofs. The intensity of slope of the roofs depends upon
the intensity of amount of rainfall and wind velocity. Generally the
sloped of roofs ranges between 40 to 60, so that rain water may
quickly be drained down. In the maidan areas, houses are built of
mud, stones, sun dried and fired bricks and wood. The roofs are flat in
their nature as the area receiving less amount of rainfall. During the
summer season’s flat topped roofs keep the houses cool and
comfortable. Recently in both the areas i.e. semi-malnad and maidan
areas, people have started using cement and cement materials for
construction purpose. In recent years, construction of some
government offices in rural areas viz. education institutions, hospitals,
81
etc. shows pucca flat roofs, brick or stone walls reinforced with
cement and concrete.
2.10 Transportation and Communication
Transportation plays a vital role in bringing goods and services,
an interaction between the people residing in different surrounding
areas of a particular district, state or any other region of the world. It
is well recognized fact that the absence of transportation facilities
results in the subsistence level of economy in any region.
Table-2.16
Talukawise Extent of Roads in Kms – 2011-12
Sl. No.
Taluk National Highway
s
State Highway
s
Main Roads
Rural Roads
Others
1 Byadagi 13.00 46.60 188.32 424.50 12.20
2 Hanagal - 114.48 321.40 896.70 0.00
3 Haveri 20.00 113.06 280.46 776.20 8.40
4 Hirekerur - 95.86 347.37 781.05 0.00
5 Ranebennur
32.00 83.03 288.56 770.00 0.00
6 Savanur 5.00 34.69 236.01 507.45 0.00
7 Shiggaon 31.00 99.49 181.55 644.70 0.00
Total 103.00 587.21 1843.67
4800.60
20.60
Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.
The study region has a well developed transportation network.
The district has 103 kms of national highways, 587.21 kms of state
highways, 1843.67 kms of main district roads, 4800.60 kms of rural
village roads and only 20.60 kms of other district roads (table 2.16).
The national highways NH4 which connected Pune to Bangalore
82
passes through Haverity city (see fig. 2.12), Shiggaon and Ranebennur
talukas.
Fig. 2.12 : TRANSPORTATION MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT
750 7515 7530 7560
150
1545
1530
1415
7530
10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms
83
84
The state highways and main roads constitute about 2430.88
kms. It is observed that the rural roads are to the extent of 4800.60
kms which pictures the thrust accorded to rural sector/rural
infrastructure. The roads laid under NABARD and schemes are
tending towards rural sectors maintaining high quality work, because
of NABARDs thrust on laying quality roads almost all rural roads will
be converted into unmetalled to metalled or tar roads within few
years. In the district, there are 6115 cars, 385 jeeps, 441 omni bus
and 5421 auto’s and 156683 transport and other vehicles exist in the
study region.
Table-2.17
Talukawise Railway Lines in Kms – 2011-12
Sl.No. Taluk Kms Number of Stations
1 Byadagi 15 (Broad-Gauge) 01
2 Hanagal Nil Nil
3 Haveri 31 (Broad-Gauge) 02
4 Hirekerur Nil Nil
5 Ranebennur 27 (Broad-Gauge) 03
6 Savanur 26 (Broad-Gauge) 03
7 Shiggaon Nil Nil
Total 99 (Broad-Gauge) 09
Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.
In the district there is a broad-gauge railway network with 99
kms except Hanagal, Hirekerur and Shiggaon talukas. The railway line
passes through all the other four talukas connecting important suburban
or town centres in the district. There are 9 important railway stations
in the study region. Railways are used for transportation of maize,
groundnut and other agricultural goods (table 2.17).
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Telecommunication
District telephone department has provided telephone connection
extensively in urban areas and also providing connection in rural
areas on a phased way. There are 259 telephones, 64 telephone
exchanges and 34616 telephones functioning in the district. The
district is connected with 1332 internet connectivity with 166
numbers of internet users or institutions. SIPI is located in Hubli
connectivity is yet to attach to the study region.
Now all the talukas or block areas are connected with fax facility
and internet connection. Ranebennur and Haveri talukas are doing
better in mobile services. The mobile services in the study area are
covered by Airtel, BSNL, Vodaphone, Spice and Docomo. The mobile
facility is well extended in all other town and important big villages.
2.11 General Socio-economic Scenario
The location of Haveri district headquarters is situated at
Devagiri Hill just two kms away from NH4 as well as Haveri town. The
four talukas namely Ranebennur, Haveri, Byadagi and Shiggaon are
at advantageous locations and hence tend to spread developmental
activities from one taluk to another taluk. The talukas such as
Savanur, Hirekerur and Hanagal are at disadvantageous locations and
far away from district headquarter. This is the main problem for the
study region administration and people of these above mentioned
talukas.
Ranebennur taluk is known for its irrigation. Tungabhadra
canal as well as Haveri taluk is also well developed by Varada river
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pumpset lift irrigation and three talukas such as Byadagi, Hanagal
and Hirekerur talukas are practicing tank and borewell irrigation, but
two talukas Savanur and Shiggaon suffer from drought conditions.
The underground water is available at deeper levels in many parts of
these two talukas. However, sincere attempts are being made for
utilization of both surface and underground water in two talukas.
Further, a lot of areas in these areas have remained uncultivated,
thereby representing the highest area of fallow, pasture and
uncultivated lands. Although these talukas are suitable for animal
husbandry, dairy farming and poultry farming, no sincere attempts
have been made in this direction. Thus major part of the districts
covered by agriculture is in hands of the gambling of monsoons.
Although the hilly tracks of Hanagal, Hirekerur, Ranebennur
and parts of Haveri talukas are dominated by deciduous and dry
deciduous forests or trees, but they are the only source for local and
domestic consumption. Due to economically poor background farmers
do not use scientific equipments and use wood to make their
agricultural equipments for tilling their land. It is important to note
that elevated parts of the study regions are known for economically
important trees. There is large scope for extension of forest in the
elevated slopes, hilltops and mountain slopes afforestation schemes.
The district is well endowed with suitable water resources for
human habitation, which is clear from the study of earlier settlers
along the river basin of Varada and Tungabhadra. It is surprising to
note that there is some kind of inherent weaknesses relying to the
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demographic characters of the population. This is mainly due to the
rigid topography, scanty rainfall, hot climate and frequent draught
conditions in the study region.