55
Chapter-II GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF HAVERI DISTRICT 2.1 Introduction The forms of agricultural activities and farm economy as a whole are influenced in a large measure by relief, soil and the climate. The study of the physical setting, physiographic pattern, geology, landscape characteristics, climate parameters, soil structure and use, cropping pattern marketing facilities and essential knowledge to the agricultural geographers for an effective cultivation and production of crops and development of the region are the most essential factors. Hence, in order to understand agriculture and agricultural practice of an area, it is very essential to study the salient geographical features of the study area. It is a universal fact that, many of present patterns of agricultural landuse are the products of human activity in the past and varying degree of modification of physical conditions which man has introduced with the help of science and technology, climate, soils and water resources remain the same and are inter related the impact of their share of influence on agriculture variations can never be under estimated. The study of the physical setting, physiographic pattern, geological history, climate, drainage, soil and rainfall provides the basic and essential knowledge for researcher and also to the geographers for understanding the taluk problems. These are giving knowledge to create plan for solving the taluk problems. The

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Page 1: GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND AND …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36275/4/...Chapter-II GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF HAVERI DISTRICT 2.1 Introduction

Chapter-II

GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF HAVERI

DISTRICT 2.1 Introduction

The forms of agricultural activities and farm economy as a

whole are influenced in a large measure by relief, soil and the climate.

The study of the physical setting, physiographic pattern, geology,

landscape characteristics, climate parameters, soil structure and use,

cropping pattern marketing facilities and essential knowledge to the

agricultural geographers for an effective cultivation and production of

crops and development of the region are the most essential factors.

Hence, in order to understand agriculture and agricultural

practice of an area, it is very essential to study the salient

geographical features of the study area. It is a universal fact that,

many of present patterns of agricultural landuse are the products of

human activity in the past and varying degree of modification of

physical conditions which man has introduced with the help of

science and technology, climate, soils and water resources remain the

same and are inter related the impact of their share of influence on

agriculture variations can never be under estimated.

The study of the physical setting, physiographic pattern,

geological history, climate, drainage, soil and rainfall provides the

basic and essential knowledge for researcher and also to the

geographers for understanding the taluk problems. These are giving

knowledge to create plan for solving the taluk problems. The

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34

agricultural activities and farm economy as a whole of the study area

are influenced in a large measure by physical factors.

2.2 Location and Extent

Haveri district is situated in the western sector of the Karnataka

state. The district encompasses an area 485156 hectares laying

between the latitudinal parallels of 1419 North and 1509 North and

the longitudes of 7501 East to 7550 East. In its shape the district

may be regarded as roughly resembling an inverted square shape as

per Peter Hagget’s method shape index. Its greatest length from north

to south is about 111 kms and its great growth from east to west is

about 87 km. The district is bounded on the North by the districts of

Dharwad and Gadag; on the south by the district of Chitradurga and

Shimoga and the west by the district of North Kanara. All these

districts which surround Haveri belong to Karnataka state itself.

Varada river act as the central part of the district and it flows west to

east direction about 128 kms on the north-east and south, the

Tungabhadra river flows in between Haveri-Gadag, Shimoga,

Chitradurga and Bellary districts (Fig. 2.1)

2.3 Topography and Minerals

Geographers are very particular about physiography of the

planning region. It plays a very important role in the spatial analysis

of agricultural saturation of the area in the district two physiographic

divisions have been made considering the local conditions of weather

phenomena and crops grown in the district. They are namely semi-

malanad and maidan division.

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35

Fig. 2.1 : LOCATION MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT

68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 36

32

28

24

20

16

12

8

100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500kms

74 75 76 77 78

18

17

16

15

14

13

40 0 40 80kms

12

750 7515 7530 7560

150

1545

1530

1415

SHIGGAON

7530

SAVANUR

HANAGAL

HAVERI

BYADAGI

RANEBENNUR

HIREKERUR

10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms

INDEX

District Head Quarters Taluk Head Quarters

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2.3.1 Semi-Malnad

Semi-malnad lies in the Western part of the district and covers

Shiggoan, Hanagal, Hirekerur and Byadagi talukas. It covers half of

the districts total area. It consists of a typical landscape having low

ranges with monsoonal forest cover. The hill ranges of Dundshi and

Hanagal are rounded and subdued in topography. The hill range of

Masur and Marvalli spread towards the extreme south.

2.3.2 Maidan

To the East of the semi-malnad belt lies the undulated plain

region called “Maidan Area”. It is characterized by isolated hills like

Devagirigudda, Nelogal Gudda, Siddapur Gudda and Malthihalli

Gudda. The isolated hills are 609 mts. above the sea level. The whole

ranges from 527 to 610 mts. above the sea level. The maidan region

extends over the talukas of Haveri, Ranebennur, Savanur and Eastern

part of Byadagi.

2.3.3 Geology

The district lies on the deccan plateau and comprises mainly

Dharwad system as it bed rocks Dharwad and Haveri. The Dharwad

belt passes through the western part Haveri district in a south east

direction, with an average width of 17 kms to 20 kms. The major

portion of this cellist belt has no mineral deposits of any commercial

importance, excepting the eastern part of Haveri district. The rocks

show a considerable variation in texture, are usually massive and are

pink to grey in colour. Bands of conglomerates occur in the northern

region of the district and these pebbles and holders comprise granite

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Fig. 2.2 : GEOLOGICAL MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT

750 7515 7530 7560

150

1545

1530

1415

7530

10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms

INDEX

BFQ

Shale

Schist

Manganese

Galena

Limestone

Asbestos

Moulding Sand

Yellow Ochre

Clay

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38

felsites appetite, quartzite and schist’s. Rocks belonging to the Kaladgi

series which consists mostly of quartzite’s conglomerates, breccias

and sandstones are found to occur in the north-eastern sector of the

district. Laterite too is found to occur in several parts, but chiefly in

the west as capping over granite, gneiss and quartzite. The mineral

wealth of the district includes gold copper iron and manganese

besides granite which is most useful as a construction material and is

extensively quarried in all parts of the district (fig. 2.2).

Amongst the district situated in central (middle) maidan of the

state Haveri district, especially its western portion is relatively rich in

flora and fauna. The district consists of various types of crystalline

schists and some acid and basic intrusive rocks commonly found in

other part of the state. The following formation is found in the district

Formation Age

Soil etc Recent

Laterite Sub recent

Kaladgi Series Cuddapah

Dolorite dykes

Conglomerates

Granite and gneiss

Dharwad

The forests of the district are the three type the monsoonal

forests, cover the western fringe where the rainfall is relatively heavy.

These forests exhibit regional variation from dense forests to the

poorer types. These forests are typical for dry black soil plains and the

tree growth consisting mainly of acacias and cassias is relatively

abundant along the banks of rivers and streams. The wild animals

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39

found in the district include the panther, leopard cat, bear, wolf,

hyena and the jackal besides the Indian fox and the deer.

2.3.4 Soils

Soil is natural body consisting of mineral matter, decaying

organic matters and micro organisms, one of the important natural

resources which provide bread and butter to human beings for

survival. Soil is a natural body consisting of mineral matter, decaying

organic matters and micro-organisms. It is a living body and reacts in

different manners depending on different climatic factors. Soil is one

of the important natural resources of nature which provides bread

and butter to human beings for survival. There is a relationship

between soil and vegetation, between soil and parent rock, between

soil and slope, and even climate and slope but all these factors co-

operate in the production of the actual soil. No life without soil and no

soil without life they have evolved together, so millions of people and

plants live and depend on the soil. It is one of the important factors for

the study of its varieties, properties and characteristics to know the

spatial variation in its distribution and its contribution to the spatial

development of the region.

The study area possesses soils derived from a variety of

potential materials, such as schists, traps, sandstones, limestones,

shales, granite and laterites. The mixed brown and lateritic soil occurs

mostly in the western high rainfall tract of Hanagal, Byadagi and

Hirekerur talukas of the district (fig. 2.3). They are medium deep,

granular to vesicular in structure bright red to mottled yellow and red.

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Fig. 2.3 : SOIL MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT

INDEX

Red Sandy Soil

Black Cotton Soil

Red Loamy Soil

750 7515 7530 7560

150

1545

1530

1415

7530

10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms

SHIGGAON SAVANUR

HANAGAL

BYADAGI RANEBENNUR

HIREKERUR

HAVERI

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There are extensive areas covered with black soil in the northern part

and some central part of the district. This black soil is driveled from

various parent materials such as traps, schists, granites and

limestone, usually contain lime nodules, have high base states and

rather shallow in the ridges. In some cases black soil and red soil

occur intermixed. In the southern talukas of Haveri, Ranebennur,

Byadagi, Hirekerur and Hanagal the soils are either red sandy loams

or black soils. The red sandy loams are derived from granites or

schists with predominant content of coarse particles and gravel and

babbles, rather shallow in depth and have poor water holding

capacity.

2.4 Climate

Climate is one of the important factors, through which the

activities of mankind find their place on the surface of earth. The

climatic of any locality or a region is not determined by a single factor

element, but rather by the combinations of climatic elements and of

weather types prevailing there. The climatic condition of a region also

depends upon man made features like industrial, upon the intensity

of the transportation system, the density of population and the green

spaces in the towns and villages of the region.

The climate of the Haveri district is characterized by the tropical

monsoon, which indicates the seasonal weather throughout the year,

and it is product of the inter play of the two opposing air masses of

the South-West and North East monsoon over Haveri district. The

climate of the district represents the thornthwaite classification of AW

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42

and CAW. These symbols emphasize the districts dry season

combined with a moderate annual range of temperature. According to

recent Indian climatic classification the district falls in the semi-

humid zones. The summers are uncomfortably hot. Summers are

milder in the in the North Western part of the district rather then in

the in eastern part these are Hanagal and Shiggaon talukas, etc., in

the district on the whole the climate of the district is healthy and

agreeable.

The climate of any region is determined by the combination of

climatic elements such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and

wind direction, etc. The analysis of these is as follows.

Table-2.1

Actual Rainfall of Haveri District

Sl.No. Talukas Actual average rainfall (cms)

1 Byadagi 69.06

2 Hanagal 88.95

3 Haveri 67.84

4 Hirekerur 90.86

5 Ranebennur 60.92

6 Savanur 72.35

7 Shiggaon 84.15(534.13)

Dist. Total 76.30

Through the district is exposed to both the monsoons, it

receives most of the rainfall from the south-west monsoon. The

monsoon usually starts from the first week of June. Continuous

rainfall is found in the malnad region, till the end of September with a

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43

break of few days in the middle. The yearly rainfall of Haveri district is

given in table 2.1.

The average annual rainfall for the district as a whole is 763.00

mm in 1998. The area lying western part of receives a higher amount

of rainfall. In the eastern belt near Ranebennur for instance the

average annual rainfall is about 620 mm. In contrast in the western

most parts around Hanagal the rainfall averages to about 1000 mm

per annum. The south-west monsoon is relatively more active in the

western zone and account for nearly 70 percent of the annual rainfall.

The north-east monsoon is however more active in the eastern zone

where it accounts for about 25 percent of the rainfall. Towards the end

of April and onward most parts of the district receive per-monsoon

showers. By the middle of May, the west wind begins to fresher and

lasts through the day. After the west breeze has set in sharp thunder

storms with rain and hail are common. These early showers are very

useful as these fill the ponds and soften the soil. Towards the end of

May the west wind begins to blow stronger, banks of clouds gather in

the south-west and end early in June the south-west monsoon sets in.

In eastern half September and October are the other with heavy

downpour.

The droughts are also common and frequent in Haveri district.

During south-west monsoon period normally the Hanagal and some part of

Shiggaon talukas receive even the minimum rainfall of 30 to 40 mms.

During the drought year as a result the effects of drought are rather

very less in these talukas, whereas in the others 5 talukas, droughts will

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44

have profound impact when south west monsoon fails or scanty 6 kms

to 13 kms.

2.5 Drainage

The district is drained by two major river systems, namely river

Varada in the middle part and river Tungabhadra in the East. The

Tungabhadra river system covers about one-third of the total area of

the district, which flows through along the eastern borders of talukas

of Hirekerur, Ranebennur and Haveri. In the western margin a small

track of land is drained westwards towards the Arabian sea by Varada

and Dharma river (fig. 2.4).

The Tungabhadra stretch is almost uniformly masked by a

stony landscape derived from a granitic out scrap. Both these rivers

show a seasonal regime varying from a lean sluggish flow during

summer to a torrential muddy rush during the monsoon. Varada,

Kumudvati and Dharma are the other important rivers of the district.

The Varada river reach extends to about a hundred kilometers in

Haveri district and with several tributaries it drains an area of about

3120 sq.kms. Its main tributary Dharma drains about 625 sq.kms

and after traversing about 56 kms in the district it meets Varada to

create the holy confluence Kudala Sangameshwar. The Kumudvati

reaches about 32 kms in this district and drain an area of about 780

sq.kms. In addition to the four rivers, the district has several

important streams most of which are seasonal Haveri district has

numerous tanks as well. In the western belt, tanks have been formed

by throwing bunds across the shallow valley basins whereas in the river

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Fig. 2.4 : RIVER BASINS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT

750 7515 7530 7560

150

1545

1530

1415

7530

10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms

HIREKERUR

RANEBENNUR BYADGI

HAVERI

HANAGAL

SAVANUR SHIGGAON

INDEX

Taluka Headquarters

Rainguage Stations

Basin Boundary

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46

eastern sector the tanks are usually scooped out hollows such as

stone quarries which serve as storage tanks for the rain water.

Geographical Regions

Geographically the district belongs to three well known

formations: (1) The eastern black soil plan underlain by the basal

enchain complex, largely consisting of ancient gneisses and schists;

(2) the central portion which is marked by an outcrop of two famous

bands of Dharwad system and (3) The western extremities which are

characterized by Occasional outcrops of basal igneous complex. The

Dharwans represents the oldest rock formations and comprise schists,

phyllites, agrillites, felsites, hemabife-quertzites and limestones.

2.6 Vegetation

Vegetation or forest plays an important role in the development

of a region and they maintain the ecological balance. Farmers should

be encouraged to grow more trees. Vegetation’s are supplier of woods

to the farmers and domestic fire wood, for his multi-working in day to

day life. The highest vegetation area is found in Ranebennur (23.37%),

followed by Shiggaon (20.97%), Hirekerur (18.71%), Hanagal (17.86%)

and Byadagi (18.71%). It is because Ranebennur taluk has the highest

geographical area and other talukas are in semi-malnad region. The

lowest percentage of area under vegetation is found in Savanur taluk

(1.69%). The forest area can be increased by placing fallow and barren

land under natural vegetation (fig. 2.5).

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Fig. 2.5 : FOREST AND CANAL IRRIGATION MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT

INDEX

Forests

Canal Irrigation

750 7515 7530 7560

150

1545

1530

1415

7530

10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms

SHIGGAON SAVANUR

HANAGAL

BYADAGI RANEBENNUR

HIREKERUR

HAVERI

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2.7 Livestock

Since from ancient time cows, bullocks, buffaloes, sheeps, goats

and poultry have formed important possessions of the farmers. The

plough animal is still bullocks, which continues to be the main source

of the cultivation providing artificial water means for lifting of water

and transportation of the produced goods to the agricultural field to

market. Supply of manure to the agricultural field, as the study region

has not yet made much headway in respect of mechanical agriculture.

In the year 1940 or at the time of liberation of India the

condition of livestock was at a very low level, with interior quality

cattle, low yield of milk, absence of veterinary hospitals, etc. There

was much more (dier) need of the development in this field in order to

produce more milk, meat and eggs, etc. After the liberation, a separate

department of animal husbandry and veterinary services was

established so as to give necessary attention to this field.

Development of this field various programmes are undertaken to

improve the quality and quantity of milk production, poultry, piggery

and facilities to livestock population. Animal health is maintained by

regular mass vaccination programmes in the study region.

The study region (district) is experienced deficit (deficient) in

milk production. The government dairy plant has been established in

all talukas of the district to process the milk collected from rural co-

operative societies. There are 375 Milk Societies registered and only

350 Milk Societies are working in the study region. In Haveri district

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Table-2.2A

Talukwise Milk Societies and Milk Productions – 2010-11

Sl.No. Name of the Taluk Registered Milk Society Working Milk Society Milk Collected Daily in Liters

1 Haveri 55 51 578.84

2 Byadgi 45 41 272.09

3 Hanagal 56 53 355.00

4 Hirekerur 95 89 1317.23

5 Ranebennur 49 48 150.90

6 Savanur 38 34 285.20

7 Shiggaon 37 34 220.50

Dist. Total 375 350 3129.70

Source: Haveri Milk Cooperative Societies, Haveri, 2010-11.

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350 (as per 31-3-2011 census) Milk Production Co-operative Societies

have been established and they collect about 31297 lakh liters

everyday, this amounts to 47 percent of its production and remaining

53 percent milk is collected by neighbouring districts. The remaining

demand of milk is supplied from neighbouring districts, private dairies

and local gauvalies. Milk, butter, ghee and other milk products are the

important items produced in the study region.

Under poultry development programme a government poultry

farm is established at Haveri district in order to provide good quality

chickens to poultry breeds and to act as practical training center for

the farmers. There were more than 616851 hens in the Haveri district

in the year 2007. The study region has a sizeable livestock population

in which piggery and poultry have gained greater importance.

Livestock population is shown in table 2.2 and they highlight the clear

picture of the animal resources of the study region.

The above table 2.2 explains that, there are considerably large

numbers of cattle in the study area. The highest numbers of cattle are

found in Hirekerur taluk. This is followed by Hanagal, Haveri, Shiggaon,

Ranebennur, Byadagi and Savanur talukas. Buffaloes are a major

contribution for the production of milk in the study region. The

highest numbers of buffaloes are found in Ranebennur taluk followed

by Hirekerur, Haveri, Hanagal, Savanur, Byadagi and Shiggaon talukas.

The goats and sheep are used especially for meat and for some

extent for the production of milk also for themselves only (who are

rearing). The study region had vast area under grass land. This is a

favourable condition for grazing these livestock population (fig. 2.6).

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Table-2.2B

Livestock Population in Haveri District (2011)

Sl.No. Taluk Cattles Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs Dogs Others Total Poultry

1 Haveri 41676 18687 23093 51702 1331 8556 65 145110 299594

2 Byadgi 32593 10675 13331 17569 452 3131 04 77755 33551

3 Hanagal 57931 15154 21319 33647 823 9167 343 138384 41015

4 Hirekerur 70871 23263 26338 20455 469 7502 12 148910 61286

5 Ranebennur 38049 27804 31275 93292 1008 9518 91 201037 100406

6 Savanur 31142 12662 22000 31418 1099 4490 70 102881 56278

7 Shiggaon 39560 11619 13186 17740 587 6186 87 88965 24721

Dist. Total 311822 119864 150542 265823 5769 48550 672 903042 616851

Percent 34.53 13.27 16.67 29.43 0.62 5.37 0.07 100.00

Source: District at a Glance of Haveri District, 2011-12.

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52

The highest numbers of goats are found in Ranebennur taluk

(31275) and lowest numbers of goats are found in Shiggaon taluk

(13186). Sheeps contribute a major contribution for the production of

meat in the district and so many people are engaged in rearing of

these animals as their primary activities. Highest numbers of sheeps

are found in Ranebennur taluk (93292) and lowest numbers of sheeps

are found in Byadagi taluk (17569).

Fig. 2.6 : Haveri District Livestock Population

34.53

13.2716.67

29.43

0.62

5.37

0.07

Cattles Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs Dogs Others

In recent years poultry farming has become popular and

dominant activity because of more demand from the public and

moreover poultry farms are located near the urban centres. The highest

numbers of poultries are found in Haveri taluk, it is because of district

headquarter in the study region, followed by Ranebennur, Hirekerur,

Savanur, Hanagal, Byadagi and lowest is found in Shiggaon taluk

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53

respectively in the district. It reveals that people are more interested to

use poultry production and they export them to the neighbouring

districts and talukas.

2.7.1 Fisheries

The Haveri district is one of the inland district, has only two

important rivers namely the Tungabhadra and Varada, others many

streams and irrigation channels. The fish fauna of the district consists

of crops, cat fishes, murrels, bandaga and other varieties. In the study

region there is only one ice plant and one cold storage center situated

in Haveri taluk.

The three important centres for marketing the fish are Haveri,

Ranebennur and Savanur, which fishes as well as dry fishes are sold

regularly.

2.7.2 Livestock based Industries

The above table 2.2 reveals that the quality of livestock

population is 903042 in the study region, which produces various

types of materials and raw materials for the use of people and

industries. The district has various and different livestock based

industries, for example like;

Albumin flakes from Heg eggs

Bone meal

Children shoes

Leather travel goods like purses

Key chains and Vanity bags

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The above mentioned industries are in the study region by

making use of available livestock resources and have provided

employment opportunities to the skilled labour and unskilled labour

force in different talukas of the district.

2.8 Population

The development of a nation depends upon human resources,

i.e. it depends upon his skill, ability to understand and work. So

manpower plays a vital role for the development of a nation. National

development in general state and study area particularly depends

upon the available natural and human resources. Development of a

nation income also depends upon how best natural resources are

utilized by population. Population sometimes acts as capital but there

is need for proper utilization and management of this capital. Human

resources is the key to operate the treasury of natural resources.

These are closely related to property of a nation. The development of a

nation also depends upon the industrialization, this leads to industrial

and economical growth. So it is necessary to know how the growth or

population has helped for the development of the study area in

particular, state and nation in general.

Population resource is a key for all developments as well as

industrial development. But it depends upon his skill, ability and his

technological advances which are closely related to prosperity of a

nation. This is very interesting to note that the industrial regions

having high concentrations of population and also these are showing

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high growth rate of population, this growth leads to industrial and

economical growth of a region.

2.8.1 Decadal Growth

The total population of Haveri district in 1901 was only 473218.

In 2011 it has reached 1598506, thus it shows nearly four times of

the population increase over a period of 110 years. During 1911 and

1921 the study region had negative growth of population, which was

due to great epidemics, natural calamities and world war. First, this

situation of population growth were found in the whole country (Table

2.3), where as in the year 1911 it was 439600 and in the year 1921 it

was 414028.

Table-2.3

Decadal Growth of Population in Haveri District 1901 to 2011

Sl.No. Year Population %

1 1901 473218 4.76

2 1911 439600 4.42

3 1921 414028 4.17

4 1931 457356 4.60

5 1941 491410 4.94

6 1951 644490 6.49

7 1961 804731 8.10

8 1971 844026 8.50

9 1981 1052989 10.60

10 1991 1269213 12.78

11 2001 1439116 14.49

12 2011 1598506 16.09

Total 9928683 100.00

Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri

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Fig. 2.7 : Decadal Growth of Population in Haveri District 1901 to 2011

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Year

Pe

rce

nt

From the year 1931 onwards upto 2011 the district has shown

continuous increased growth of population. The decadal growth of

population shows 4.76 percent in the year 1901 followed by 4.60

percent increase in 1931, 4.94 percent in 1941, 6.49 percent in 1951,

8.10 percent in 1961, 8.50 percent in 1971, 10.60 percent in 1981,

12.78 percent in 1991, 14.49 percent in 2001 and lastly 16.09 percent

in 2011 in the study region (Table 2.3 and Fig. 2.7).

The table 2.4 explains the talukawise distribution in Haveri

district. In the study region Ranebennur taluk has the highest

concentration of population, this is because Ranebennur town, being

a taluka headquarter besides being as an educational, industrial and

more over due to different seeds companies are located in the town.

Haveri taluk has the second highest concentration of population being

a district headquarter, followed by Hanagal with 16.38 percent,

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Hirekerur with 14.45 percent, Shiggaon with 11.78 percent, Savanur

with 10.07 percent and lastly the lowest concentration of population

can be found in Byadagi with 8.82 percent, it is because it falls in an

agricultural dominance and low productivity area i.e. undulating

region makes it to have low concentration of population in the study

region (Table 2.4 and Fig. 2.8).

Table-2.4

Talukawise Distribution of Population in Haveri District (2011)

Sl. No.

Taluk Males Females Total Percentage to Total

1 Haveri 143669 136421 280090 17.53

2 Byadgi 72109 68931 141040 8.82

3 Hanagal 133902 128018 261920 16.38

4 Hirekerur 118185 112820 231005 14.45

5 Ranebennur 171690 163394 335084 20.96

6 Savanur 82774 78192 160966 10.08

7 Shiggaon 96966 91435 188401 11.78

Dist. Total 819295 779211 1598506 99.98

Source: District at a Glance of Haveri District, 2011-12.

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Fig. 2.8 : Talukawise Distribution of Population in Haveri District (2011)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Hav

eri

Byadg

i

Han

agal

Hire

keru

r

Ran

eben

nur

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ur

Shigg

aon

Taluk

Pe

rce

nt

2.8.2 Density of Population

Geography is more concerned with spatial and temporal

distribution of population and its density variations. The geographical

area of the study region is 4848 sq.kms. The lans remains the same,

whereas the density of population changes from one year to another

(decade to decade) which is a natural phenomena in the study region

or any other regions.

The talukawise density of population is calculated and observed

from the year 1951 to 2011. The density of population is in increasing

trend, due to better medical facilities, low mortality rates and due to

education. The density of population in the study region is not uniform

due to above said various reasons. Population concentration also varies

from one taluk to another taluk, it is because of the degree of fertility

of soil, water facilities and most of other environmental factors.

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Table-2.5A

Population Density – 1901 to 2011

Year Population Density per sq.km.

1901 98

1911 91

1921 85

1931 94

1941 101

1951 133

1961 164

1971 174

1981 217

1991 262

2001 298

2011 310

Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.

Fig. 2.9 : Population Density – 1901 to 2011

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Year

De

ns

ity

pe

r s

q.k

m.

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Talukawise density of population in the study region is shown in

table 2.5. The highest density of population is found in Ranebennur

taluk with 337 and it is followed by Haveri with 316, Hanagal with

301 due to availability of medical facilities and industrial growth, etc.

(Fig. 2.9). The low density of population is found in Hirekerur which is

263, followed by Savanur with 267, Shiggaon with 283 and Byadagi

with 293, it is due to non-availability of infrastructural facilities and

low development of industries.

Table-2.5B

Talukawise Density of Population of Haveri District (2011)

Sl.No. Name of the Taluk

Area (km2) Population Density

1 Haveri 799 280090 316

2 Byadgi 436 141040 293

3 Hanagal 773 261920 301

4 Hirekerur 806 231005 263

5 Ranebennur 907 335084 337

6 Savanur 539 160966 267

7 Shiggaon 588 188401 283

Dist. Total 4848 1598506 298

Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.

2.8.3 Sex Ratio

The sex ratio is also one of the important factors to measure the

growth and composition of population. According to 2011 census the

female ratio is 956 per 1000 males. The highest sex ratio can be found in

Hanagal taluk and lowest in Shiggaon taluk, this is due to natural

birth rate and migration from one taluk to another as well as one

district to another.

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Table-2.6

Sex Composition of Haveri District (2011) (Females/1000 Males)

Sl.No. Name of the Taluk

Rural Urban Total

1 Haveri 938 985 961

2 Byadgi 948 983 962

3 Hanagal 953 974 963

4 Hirekerur 953 968 960

5 Ranebennur 942 968 955

6 Savanur 940 955 947

7 Shiggaon 940 949 944

Dist. Total 945 969 956

Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.

The composition of sex ratio in the study region is shown in

table 2.6. The highest female population is found in Hanagal taluk,

which amounts for 963 females per 1000 males followed by Byadagi,

Haveri, Ranebennur and Shiggaon talukas, this is because of more

movement of male population in search of jobs and high death rate of

females.

2.8.4 Literacy

In the country as a whole a little less than one out of every four

females were literates that are able to read, write and understand.

Literacy is a tool to develop a nation/state/district throughout the

world. It plays an important role in the development of a nation in

respect of economic and technological know how. So, literally it is

unquestionably the largest source of human capital consistory

acquired abilities.

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Table-2.7

Population and Literates by Sex in Haveri District 2011

Sl. No.

Taluk Total Population

Male Literates Female Literates Total Literates

% of Literates

Total Population

% of Literates

Total District

Population

Rural Urban Total % Rural Urban Total %

1 Haveri 280090 77833 28017 105850 55.98 57887 25345 83232 44.01 189082 67.51 11.83

2 Byadgi 141040 42429 11477 53906 56.09 32348 9843 42191 43.90 96097 68.13 6.01

3 Hanagal 261920 87819 10844 98663 55.29 70066 9914 79980 44.77 178643 68.20 11.17

4 Hirekerur 231005 85339 8032 93371 55.50 67484 7382 74866 44.50 168237 72.82 10.52

5 Ranebennur 335084 82225 45701 127926 54.36 60850 46519 107369 45.63 235295 70.21 14.72

6 Savanur 160966 43506 12743 56249 56.46 32026 11335 43361 43.53 99610 61.88 6.23

7 Shiggaon 188401 50570 19186 69756 55.87 38744 16335 55079 44.12 124835 66.26 7.81

Dist. Total 1598506 469721 139006 605721 55.48 359405 126673 486078 44.52 1091799 68.30 68.30

Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.

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In the year 2001 the study area had the literacy rate of 68.09

percent, but in the year 2011 it increased by 0.21 percent i.e. to 68.30

percent. The highest percentage of literacy can be found in Hirekerur

taluk (72.82%) followed by Ranebennur (70.21%), Hanagal (68.20%),

Byadagi (68.13%), Haveri (67.51%) and Shiggaon (66.26%) talukas

due to the facilities provided by the government, as well as by private

institutions. The lowest percentage of literacy is found in Savanur

taluk (61.88%) due to its background situation in respect of

educational institutions and industrial development.

Among the male literacy Savanur taluk (55.46%) ranks first,

followed by Haveri (55.98%), Shiggaon (55.87%), Hirekerur (55.50%),

Hanagal (55.29%) talukas and the lowest male literacy is found in

Ranebennur taluk (54.36%) in the study region. Among the females

the highest literacy rate was found in Ranebennur taluk (45.63%),

followed by Hanagal (44.77%), Hirekerur (44.50%), Shiggaon (44.12%),

Haveri (44.01%) and Byadagi taluk (43.90%). The lowest female

literacy rate was found in Savanur taluk (43.53%) due to above said

reasons (Table 2.7).

Illiteracy remains much high among the females of rural areas

than urban areas. This is mainly due to the lack of understanding

importance of literacy to the female population. It is adequate

educational institutions, social and economical backward of people in

the study region.

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Urbanization

The slow urbanization started in 19th century and it started to

grow rapidly during the 20th century. This process of urbanization can

be seen all over the world. The percentage of the urban population

was living in urban areas which reached 28 percent in 1950 and 33

percent in the year 1965. So the study region is also having same

urbanization process in India and Karnataka.

Urbanization is the most important aspect because of industrial

development and the industrialization intensification of agriculture,

etc. are vital, and these are interlinked with each other. Karpov and

Gokhman (1968) while analyzing the impact of modern urbanization

on the industrial location, states that the majority of manufacturing

plants are located in large cities in industrialized countries and new

urban settlements often provide industrial locations for plants and

subsidiaries. Towns also became part of suburbs of large cities with

favourable perspectives for the growth of industries. The accelerated

industrialization and growth of existing urban agglomeration results in

the modern process of urbanization in which a network of new

colonies and towns are created.

Urbanization and industrialization go hand in hand. This

situation has been seen in the study region from 30 years and they

have been viewed as an inevitable consequence of economic

transformation and they march more towards the higher standards of

living.

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Table-2.8

Sexwise Rural & Urban Population of Haveri District (2011)

Sl. No.

Taluk Rural Population Urban Population Rural + Urban Total

Population Males Females Total % to Total

Population Males Females Total % to Total

Population

1 Haveri 109878 103124 213002 76.04 33791 33297 67088 23.95 280090

2 Byadgi 56951 54026 110977 78.68 15158 14905 30063 21.31 141040

3 Hanagal 119313 113803 233116 89.02 14589 14215 28804 10.99 261920

4 Hirekeru 108440 103379 211819 91.69 9745 9441 19186 8.30 231005

5 Ranebennur 110893 104500 215393 64.28 60797 58894 119691 35.71 335084

6 Savanur 62310 58633 120943 75.13 20464 19559 40023 24.86 160966

7 Shiggaon 70700 66492 137192 72.81 26266 24943 51209 27.18 188401

Dist. Total 638485 603957 1242442 77.72 180810 175254 356054 22.27 1598506

Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.

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The above table 2.8 explains distribution of urban and rural

population in the study area. The highest rural population is found in

Hirekerur taluk (91.69%), followed by Hanagal (89.02%), Byadagi

(78.68%), Haveri (76.04%), Savanur (75.13%) and Shiggaon talukas

(72.81%). These talukas have shown considerably maximum ration of

rural population, this is because of agricultural oriented population.

The lowest rural population can be found in Ranebennur taluk

(64.28%) due to industrialization.

The urban population data shows that Ranebennur taluk ranks

first with 35.71 percent of the total population of the district. This is

because of industrialization as well as taluk headquarter. This is

followed by Shiggaon (27.18%), Savanur (24.86%), Haveri (23.75%)

and Byadagi (21.31%) talukas. The minimum urban population

registered in Hirekerur (8.30%) and Hanagal (10.99%) talukas due to

low industrial unit development.

2.8.5 Land and Population Ratio (L/P Ratio)

The spatial distribution of absolute population presents some

aspects of the picture not in the totality, whereas the land and

population ratio (L/P) presents a comprehensive account of the

population distribution of the study region and is used as a tool to

gauge the degree of population concentration in different talukas of

the study region. In this technique both area and population figures

are represented in percentage, in order to get the common

denominator. Theoretically it is conceived that 1 percent land should

accommodate 1 percent of population considering the ideal ratio of

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L/P is 1:1, when ration is disturbed, the population concentration will

be either high or low.

Table-2.9

Land and Population Ratio in Haveri District (2011)

Sl. No.

Name of the Taluk

Area in % of Total

Population % of Total

L:P Ratio

1 Haveri 16.48 17.52 1:1.0631

2 Byadgi 9.00 8.82 1:0.9800

3 Hanagal 15.97 16.38 1:1.0256

4 Hirekeru 16.63 14.45 1:0.8689

5 Ranebennur 18.65 20.96 1:1.1238

6 Savanur 11.11 10.07 1:0.9063

7 Shiggaon 12.14 11.78 1:0.9703

Dist. Total 99.98 99.98 1:1.0000

Source: Computed by Researcher

The above table 2.9 represents the percentage of area and

population in the study region as per 2011 census. It is evident from

this table that L/P ratio is highest in Ranebennur taluk where it is

1:1.1238 in other words Ranebennur taluk accommodated about 1.12

times more population as compared to its total area which is due to

large number of industries and employment opportunities. It is

followed by Haveri taluk with 1:1.0631 as one of the district

headquarter, followed by Hanagal taluk with 1:1.0256 accommodating

more population than their areas because of commercial centres.

Whereas minimum L/P ratio is found in Hirekerur taluk with

1:0,8689, Savanur taluk with 1:0.9063, Shiggaon taluk with 1:0.9800

and Byadagi taluk with 1:0.9800 accommodating less population than

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their area. They have less industries and high percent of undulating

terrain.

2.8.6 Concentration Index

The concentration index is one of the tools used to know the

population movement in different talukas and uneven distribution of

population in the study region. This indicates an amount of

concentration at a particular point of time. The concentration index is

calculated by the following equation.

2

)( PAWC

Where,

C = Concentration Index

A = Area of a taluka in percentage

P = Population of that taluka in percentage to the district total

By using this formula concentration index for the study area

has been prepared as per 2011 census (Table 2.10 and Fig. 2.10).

Therefore, W (A–P) = 49.06

C = 7.45/2

(Concentration Index) C = 3.72

Thus to achieve leading towards uniformity in the distribution of

population in all talukas of Haveri district 3.72 percent will be

involved in an inter-taluk movement, which is quite uneven to

approach the optimum distribution. This concentration index helps in

understanding the regional disparity in population distribution.

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Table-2.10

Concentration Index of Haveri District

Sl. No.

Name of the Taluk

Area in % Population in %

W (A–P)

1 Haveri 16.48 17.52 1.04

2 Byadgi 9.00 8.82 0.18

3 Hanagal 15.97 16.38 0.34

4 Hirekerur 16.63 14.45 2.18

5 Ranebennur 18.65 20.96 2.31

6 Savanur 11.11 10.07 1.04

7 Shiggaon 12.14 11.78 0.36

Dist. Total 99.98 99.98 7.45

Source: Computed by Researcher

Fig. 2.10 : Concentration Index of Haveri District

0

5

10

15

20

25

Hav

eri

Bya

dgi

Han

agal

Hire

keru

r

Ran

eben

nur

Sav

anur

Shigg

aon

Taluk

Pe

rce

nt

Area in % Population in %

2.8.7 Working Population

Working population is also one of the important factors to the

human resources. A worker is defined as a person who had

participated in any activity or any economically productive activity, as

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per this definition the term ‘worker’ included all the full-time worker,

seasons workers, part-time workers and even those persons whose

contribution to work would generally be considered significant. The

workers are classified in different categories in the study region as

‘worker’ and ‘non-worker’ according to 1961 and 1971 census. This

concept was declared in 1981 census and new concept as main

workers, marginal workers and non-workers (trichotomy) has been

introduced in 1991 census. The main workers were those who have

worked major part of the year (i.e. more than 6 months). Marginal

workers were those who have worked less than six months and those

who have never worked anytime during last one year, where these

workers are considered as non-workers. The main workers have been

classified into four broad categories such as cultivators, agricultural

labourers, household industry and other workers.

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Table-2.11A

Distribution of Main, Marginal and Non Workers with Percentage 2011-12

Sl. No.

Taluk Total Working

Population

Total Main

Workers

% of Total Main Workers

Total Marginal Workers

% of Marginal Workers

Total Non

Worker

% of Non Workers

1 Haveri 252347 97518 38.64 17306 6.85 137523 54.49

2 Byadgi 127944 45523 35.58 16042 12.53 66379 51.88

3 Hanagal 230750 78973 34.22 24486 10.61 127291 55.16

4 Hirekerur 212458 78737 37.05 21093 9.92 112628 53.01

5 Ranebennur 304990 114054 37.39 25358 8.31 165578 54.28

6 Savanur 143885 55120 38.30 12972 9.01 75793 52.67

7 Shiggaon 166742 61296 36.76 18236 10.93 87210 52.30

Dist. Total 1439116 531221 36.91 135493 9.41 772402 53.67

Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.

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The economy of any region greatly depends on the economic

participation i.e. higher percentage of workers would mean a well

developed economy with more avenues for employment says Savita

Sinha (1998).

Main Workers

According to 2001 census, out of 553700 total workers, total

main workers are 500700 and total marginal workers are 53000. As

many as 500700 persons accounting for about 90.42 percent of the

total workers are classified as main workers in the study region. In the

year 2011 the main workers are 531221 to the total population

workers 36.91 percent, as against for this 39.45 percent in the year

2001. Among the male work participation rate works out to be 73.95

percent, while among the females it is 26.04 percent during the year

2011-12. The distribution of main workers in the study region as per

2011 census is shown in table 2.11B and fig. 2.11.

Table-2.11B

Talukawise Distribution of Main Workers in Haveri District (2011)

Sl. No.

Taluk Main Workers % to Total Working

Population Males Females Total

1 Byadagi 33551 11972 45523 3.16

2 Hanagal 61140 17833 78973 5.48

3 Haveri 69277 28241 97518 6.77

4 Hirekerur 56878 21859 78737 5.47

5 Ranebennur 82317 31737 114054 7.92

6 Savanur 40073 15047 55120 3.83

7 Shiggaon 46366 14930 61296 4.25

Total 389602 141619 531221 36.91

Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.

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Fig. 2.11: Talukawise Distribution of Main Workers in Haveri District (2011)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

Bya

dagi

Han

agal

Hav

eri

Hire

keru

r

Ran

eben

nur

Sav

anur

Shigg

aon

Taluk

Ma

in W

ork

ers

In the study area, talukawise main workers data records that

Haveri taluk has 38.64 percent followed by Savanur taluk 38.30

percent, Ranebennur taluk 37.39 percent and Hirekerur taluk 37.06

percent of main workers of total population. Here the main workers

are found in high percentage, most of these workers are agricultural

workers. The average main workers in the Haveri district are 36.91

percent. This percentage also indicates that depending ratio except

above mentioned talukas show low percentage.

Marginal Workers

The distribution of marginal workers in Haveri district is shown

in table 2.12. The concept of marginal workers are one who has

worked any time in the last one year preceding the data of

enumeration but for a period of less than six months.

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Table-2.12

Talukawise Distribution of Marginal Workers in Haveri District as on 2011-12

Sl.No. Taluk Marginal Workers % Total Population

1 Haveri 17306 1.20

2 Byadagi 16042 1.11

3 Hanagal 24486 1.70

4 Hirekerur 21093 1.46

5 Ranebennur 25358 1.76

6 Savanur 12972 0.90

7 Shiggaon 18236 1.26

Dist. Total 135493 9.41

Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri, 2011-12.

The above table indicates that 135493 persons were classified

as marginal workers in the study region as per 2011 census i.e. the

marginal workers to the total population works out to be 9.41 percent.

The highest percentage can be seen in Ranebennur taluk (1.76%),

followed by Hanagal taluk (1.40%), Haveri taluk (1.46%), etc. and the

lowest is found in Savanur taluk (0.90%).

Distribution of Main Workers by Industrial Category

The main workers are broadly classified into (a) Agricultural

labours, (b) Workers in household industry and (c) Other workers. The

category of ‘other workers’ includes workers in forestry, livestock,

hunting, fishing, mining and quarrying, manufacturing processing,

repair services, electricity, gas and water supply, contraction wholesale

and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, transport, storage and

communications, financing insurance, real estate and business

services, community, personal and social services including all public

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Table-2.13

Workers/Non-Workers Ratio in Haveri District as per 2011 Census

Sl. No.

Taluk Total Working

Population

Main Workers

Marginal Workers

Total Workers

Non Workers

% of Workers

Total Population

% of Non Workers

Total Population

Workers/ Non

Workers Ratio

1 Haveri 252347 97518 17306 114824 137523 45.50 54.49 1:1.197

2 Byadgi 127944 45523 16042 61565 66379 48.11 51.88 1:1.078

3 Hanagal 230750 78973 24486 103459 127291 44.83 55.16 1:1.230

4 Hirekerur 212458 78737 21093 99830 112628 46.98 53.03 1:1.128

5 Ranebennur 304990 114054 25358 139412 165578 45.71 54.28 1:1.187

6 Savanur 143885 55120 12972 68092 75793 47.32 52.67 1:1.113

7 Shiggaon 166742 61296 18236 79532 87210 47.69 52.30 1:1.096

Dist. Total 1439116 531221 135493 666714 772402 46.32 53.67 1:1.158

Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.

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sector and local self government employees of the total 6667149 main

workers, 203628 (30.54%) are cultivators, 291275 (43.68%) are

agricultural labours, 27640 (4.15%) are working in household

industries and 144171 (21.62%) are other workers.

Non-Workers

The main workers, cultivators, agricultural labourers,

household industry workers and other workers forms the major

working force, the non-working population forms the other component

of the population. The census reveals 772402 (53.67%) persons

depend upon the working population. The proportion of workers to

non-workers ratio is calculated and indicated in the table 2.13.

The workers and non-workers ratio in the study region works

out to be 1.15 which better in Haveri and Ranebennur talukas than

other talukas ratio. Minimum ratio of workers and non-workers is in

Byadagi taluk and maximum ratio is in Hanagal taluk.

Population Projection

The future population of Haveri district for 2021 AD is designed

to find out the aggregate population and the pattern of distribution by

the district census department of Haveri district. The estimated

population projection is shown in table 2.14.

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Table-2.14

Estimate of Population Projection for 2021

Sl. No.

Taluk 2011 Final Population

2021 Projected Population

1 Haveri 280090 312027

2 Byadgi 141040 156746

3 Hanagal 261920 288350

4 Hirekerur 231005 253685

5 Ranebennur 335084 377271

6 Savanur 160966 179461

7 Shiggaon 188401 210487

Dist. Total 1598506 1778027

Source: District Statistical Office, Haveri

It is estimated that the total population of the study region is

likely to reach little over 1778027 i.e. 17.78 lakhs in 2012.

2.9 Settlement System

The term settlement broadly refers to the humanization of the

physical landscape, but in human geography it generally includes a

group of houses with their surroundings, clustered together at a

favourable place. The geography of settlement studies the locational

patterns, morphology and functional setting of settlements and traces

their historical growth. In general, it deals with the facilities, men built

in the process of occupying an area and their groupings. These

facilities are designed and grouped to serve specific purposes and to

carry functional meanings. Settlements are topography expressions of

their groupings or arrangements. The settlement is central to all

human geography modifying as it does the natural environment by

introducing a central element. Every settlement is unique and has a

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personality of its own. Settlement geography is an off short of social

geography, it itself is a branch of the main tree of human geography.

Table-2.15

Settlement Density in Haveri District – 2011-12

Sl. No.

Taluk Area in sq.kms.

No. of Rural Settlements

No. of Urban Settlements

Total No. of Settlements

Settlement Density per 100 sq.kms.

1 Byadagi 436 62 1 63 14

2 Hanagal 773 144 1 145 18

3 Haveri 799 86 1 87 10

4 Hirekerur 806 125 1 126 15

5 Ranebennur 907 103 1 104 11

6 Savanur 539 62 1 63 11

7 Shiggaon 588 93 1 94 15

Total 4848 675 7 682 14

Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.

Gosal has suggested triple criteria to assess the significance of

these settlement studies in geography. They are: (1) range of spatial

distribution and variation, (2) extent to which it co-vary and can be

integrated with other attributes, and (3) importance to man.

Settlements are of two types ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ whereas the former is

concerned with the simpler societies and the latter includes more

complex areas possessing sharp internal differentiation. In the present

study the researcher has tried to explain the spatial pattern of

settlements and their amenities in Haveri district.

Pattern of Settlement

There are 682 settlements of which 7 are urban settlements and

675 are rural settlements in the district.

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Table 2.15 highlights that, Hanagal taluk has the maximum

number of settlements and it is followed by Hirekerur and

Ranebennur talukas. These talukas come under semi-malnad area.

The lowest density of settlement is found in Byadagi and Savanur

talukas because of maidan characteristics while considering density of

settlements, Hanagal taluk stands first followed by Hirekerur,

Shiggaon and Byadagi talukas. The lowest is found in Haveri taluk

which is due to less geographical area.

Urban Settlements

The study of urbanization also holds equal importance as the

rural. In the year 2001 there were 7 towns in the district. Using the

revised ‘Rn’ scale, formulated by Karennever M.F. has tested the

spatial pattern of urban settlement. This depicts the approaching

uniform distribution of urban settlements and it indicates ‘Rn’ value of

1.22. It is also found that most of the urban settlements are along the

National Highway No. 4.

Rural Settlements

Rural settlements of long settled part of the area or region have

been inherited from the past, and governed by the physical and

cultural factors. Village patterns makes itself manifest in the physical

form and structure including means external and internal form of

settlement which in turn depends upon the physical and cultural

conditions of the landscape and the society. The physical factors such

as water bodies, sloped and elevation of land such as plains, upland

or valleys, water table, water logged area, etc. have affected the form of

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rural settlements. All these have paramount importance in growth of

village patterns under the natural environment.

The cultural factors like roads, lanes, field patterns, religious

institutions, etc. have influenced the structure of the villages. Apart

from the above mentioned factors, it also includes the economic

conditions of inhabitants, tradition and social conditions, superstitions

and the materials used in the construction of houses. The influence of

these factors in the study area can also be seen by the way they have

influenced the construction of the house, using of materials, layout of

street, etc. in both the semi-malnad and maidan areas of the district.

In the semi-malnad area, houses are built of fired and sun dried

bricks, mud, wood, trees and thatches. The roofs are sloping /

slanting at different angles due to heavy rainfall as compared to

maidan area. The amount of rainfall determined the variation in the

construction of roofs. The intensity of slope of the roofs depends upon

the intensity of amount of rainfall and wind velocity. Generally the

sloped of roofs ranges between 40 to 60, so that rain water may

quickly be drained down. In the maidan areas, houses are built of

mud, stones, sun dried and fired bricks and wood. The roofs are flat in

their nature as the area receiving less amount of rainfall. During the

summer season’s flat topped roofs keep the houses cool and

comfortable. Recently in both the areas i.e. semi-malnad and maidan

areas, people have started using cement and cement materials for

construction purpose. In recent years, construction of some

government offices in rural areas viz. education institutions, hospitals,

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etc. shows pucca flat roofs, brick or stone walls reinforced with

cement and concrete.

2.10 Transportation and Communication

Transportation plays a vital role in bringing goods and services,

an interaction between the people residing in different surrounding

areas of a particular district, state or any other region of the world. It

is well recognized fact that the absence of transportation facilities

results in the subsistence level of economy in any region.

Table-2.16

Talukawise Extent of Roads in Kms – 2011-12

Sl. No.

Taluk National Highway

s

State Highway

s

Main Roads

Rural Roads

Others

1 Byadagi 13.00 46.60 188.32 424.50 12.20

2 Hanagal - 114.48 321.40 896.70 0.00

3 Haveri 20.00 113.06 280.46 776.20 8.40

4 Hirekerur - 95.86 347.37 781.05 0.00

5 Ranebennur

32.00 83.03 288.56 770.00 0.00

6 Savanur 5.00 34.69 236.01 507.45 0.00

7 Shiggaon 31.00 99.49 181.55 644.70 0.00

Total 103.00 587.21 1843.67

4800.60

20.60

Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.

The study region has a well developed transportation network.

The district has 103 kms of national highways, 587.21 kms of state

highways, 1843.67 kms of main district roads, 4800.60 kms of rural

village roads and only 20.60 kms of other district roads (table 2.16).

The national highways NH4 which connected Pune to Bangalore

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passes through Haverity city (see fig. 2.12), Shiggaon and Ranebennur

talukas.

Fig. 2.12 : TRANSPORTATION MAP OF HAVERI DISTRICT

750 7515 7530 7560

150

1545

1530

1415

7530

10 5 0 5 10 15 Kms

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The state highways and main roads constitute about 2430.88

kms. It is observed that the rural roads are to the extent of 4800.60

kms which pictures the thrust accorded to rural sector/rural

infrastructure. The roads laid under NABARD and schemes are

tending towards rural sectors maintaining high quality work, because

of NABARDs thrust on laying quality roads almost all rural roads will

be converted into unmetalled to metalled or tar roads within few

years. In the district, there are 6115 cars, 385 jeeps, 441 omni bus

and 5421 auto’s and 156683 transport and other vehicles exist in the

study region.

Table-2.17

Talukawise Railway Lines in Kms – 2011-12

Sl.No. Taluk Kms Number of Stations

1 Byadagi 15 (Broad-Gauge) 01

2 Hanagal Nil Nil

3 Haveri 31 (Broad-Gauge) 02

4 Hirekerur Nil Nil

5 Ranebennur 27 (Broad-Gauge) 03

6 Savanur 26 (Broad-Gauge) 03

7 Shiggaon Nil Nil

Total 99 (Broad-Gauge) 09

Source: Haveri District at a Glance, 2011-12.

In the district there is a broad-gauge railway network with 99

kms except Hanagal, Hirekerur and Shiggaon talukas. The railway line

passes through all the other four talukas connecting important suburban

or town centres in the district. There are 9 important railway stations

in the study region. Railways are used for transportation of maize,

groundnut and other agricultural goods (table 2.17).

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Telecommunication

District telephone department has provided telephone connection

extensively in urban areas and also providing connection in rural

areas on a phased way. There are 259 telephones, 64 telephone

exchanges and 34616 telephones functioning in the district. The

district is connected with 1332 internet connectivity with 166

numbers of internet users or institutions. SIPI is located in Hubli

connectivity is yet to attach to the study region.

Now all the talukas or block areas are connected with fax facility

and internet connection. Ranebennur and Haveri talukas are doing

better in mobile services. The mobile services in the study area are

covered by Airtel, BSNL, Vodaphone, Spice and Docomo. The mobile

facility is well extended in all other town and important big villages.

2.11 General Socio-economic Scenario

The location of Haveri district headquarters is situated at

Devagiri Hill just two kms away from NH4 as well as Haveri town. The

four talukas namely Ranebennur, Haveri, Byadagi and Shiggaon are

at advantageous locations and hence tend to spread developmental

activities from one taluk to another taluk. The talukas such as

Savanur, Hirekerur and Hanagal are at disadvantageous locations and

far away from district headquarter. This is the main problem for the

study region administration and people of these above mentioned

talukas.

Ranebennur taluk is known for its irrigation. Tungabhadra

canal as well as Haveri taluk is also well developed by Varada river

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pumpset lift irrigation and three talukas such as Byadagi, Hanagal

and Hirekerur talukas are practicing tank and borewell irrigation, but

two talukas Savanur and Shiggaon suffer from drought conditions.

The underground water is available at deeper levels in many parts of

these two talukas. However, sincere attempts are being made for

utilization of both surface and underground water in two talukas.

Further, a lot of areas in these areas have remained uncultivated,

thereby representing the highest area of fallow, pasture and

uncultivated lands. Although these talukas are suitable for animal

husbandry, dairy farming and poultry farming, no sincere attempts

have been made in this direction. Thus major part of the districts

covered by agriculture is in hands of the gambling of monsoons.

Although the hilly tracks of Hanagal, Hirekerur, Ranebennur

and parts of Haveri talukas are dominated by deciduous and dry

deciduous forests or trees, but they are the only source for local and

domestic consumption. Due to economically poor background farmers

do not use scientific equipments and use wood to make their

agricultural equipments for tilling their land. It is important to note

that elevated parts of the study regions are known for economically

important trees. There is large scope for extension of forest in the

elevated slopes, hilltops and mountain slopes afforestation schemes.

The district is well endowed with suitable water resources for

human habitation, which is clear from the study of earlier settlers

along the river basin of Varada and Tungabhadra. It is surprising to

note that there is some kind of inherent weaknesses relying to the

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demographic characters of the population. This is mainly due to the

rigid topography, scanty rainfall, hot climate and frequent draught

conditions in the study region.