Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees/media/Files/gmac/Research/Geographic Trends... · Geographic Trend Report for GMAT® Examinees ... averages to 3.4 score reports sent per

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Geographic Trend Report for GMAT® Examinees

T he World Geographic Trend Report for GMAT® Examinees identifies migratory trends among GMAT examinees applying to and attending

graduate business school. Geographic and background data collected after each test taker completes the GMAT exam are used and combined with score-sending patterns. Together they illustrate which countries and schools are of interest to citizens of various world regions. Data from the most recent testing year are compared against data from four years prior to identify changes in examinee preferences.

Geographic Trend Reports were first introduced in 2005 as part of the GMAC® Research Report Series. The trend series has since grown based on requests for annual updates and specialized reports for individual regions, including Asia, Europe and the United States.

If you’d like an electronic copy of this or any other Geographic Trend Report documents, visit www.gmac.com/GeographicTrends.

If you have questions about this publication, please contact us at [email protected]


The World Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees is a product of the Graduate Management Admission Council® (GMAC), a global nonprofit education organization of leading graduate business schools and the owner of the Graduate Management Admission Test® (GMAT). The GMAT exam is an important part of the admissions process for more than 4,000 graduate management programs around the world. GMAC is dedicated to creating access to and disseminating information about graduate management education; these schools and others rely on the Council as the premier provider of reliable data about the graduate management education industry.

© 2008 Graduate Management Admission Council® (GMAC®). All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of GMAC®. For permission contact the GMAC® legal department at [email protected].

Creating Access to Graduate Business Education®, Global MBA®, GMAC®, GMAT®, Graduate Management Admission Council®, and Graduate Management Admission Test® are registered trademarks of the Graduate Management Admission Council® in the United States and other countries.

CONTENTS

World Geographic Trend Report • 2003–2007 © 2008 Graduate Management Admission Council®. All rights reserved. 1

KEY FINDINGS ...........................................................................2

METHODOLOGY ........................................................................3

FINDINGS ..................................................................................3

Location of GMAT® Examinees.............................................................3 United States......................................................................................9 Canada ..........................................................................................10 Western Europe................................................................................11 Eastern Europe .................................................................................12 Asia ................................................................................................13 Central Asia .....................................................................................14 Africa ..............................................................................................15 The Middle East ...............................................................................16 Australia/Pacific Islands .....................................................................17 Mexico/Caribbean/Latin America......................................................18

DISCUSSION ............................................................................19

AUTHOR...................................................................................19

CONTACT INFORMATION........................................................19

REFERENCES.............................................................................20

APPENDIX A: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS .....................20

APPENDIX B: REGIONAL CATEGORIES ....................................21

INTRODUCTION

2 © 2008 Graduate Management Admission Council®. All rights reserved. World Geographic Trend Report • 2003–2007

his World Geographic Trend Report presents geographic and background data on the population of examinees taking the Graduate Management Admission Test® (GMAT®) exam during the 2003 and 2007 testing years (TY). The data were analyzed to identify geographic

trends among GMAT examinees applying to and attending graduate business school.

Student demand for graduate management education by country is examined two ways—by registrations within a country and by score reports sent to a country. Trends for GMAT score reports sent are used throughout this report to indicate examinee interest in studying in a particular region.

From TY 2003 to TY 2007, geographic trends for examinees have remained relatively stable in some regions, including the United States and Canada. Trends have shifted in other regions, including the Middle East and Central Asia. According to this analysis, examinees from certain geographic regions as a whole—Asia and Africa, for example—show strong regional preferences for graduate school location. Examinees from other world regions appear more open to attending school in other parts of the world.

Care should be taken when generalizing location-preference results because the trends are affected by other factors, such as changes in requirements by schools or governments. Additionally, TY 2003 followed a record-breaking year in terms of the number of GMAT exams taken, which may affect comparisons across the two testing years studied.

Key Findings • Schools in many regions of the world are

successfully attracting more students from their domestic pool. The United States remains the number one school-location choice for examinees overall.

• The percentage of GMAT score reports sent by U.S. citizens to non-U.S. schools increased slightly, however, it continues to be very unlikely that the majority of U.S. citizens will send their scores to schools outside the United States.

• Canadian citizens appear to have strong regional preferences; their list of top 10 countries for GMAT score report submissions stayed primarily the same for each of the years and age groups studied.

• Western European schools have become more attractive to students from within their domestic pools.

• Schools located in Asia appear to be more successful at attracting Asian citizens in the 25 to 30 age group. These students are slightly more likely to indicate a desire to stay within their native region compared with Asian citizens overall.

• Central Asian schools appear to be gaining in popularity among citizens native to that region. Interest in studying in India increased greatly during the period studied.

T

METHODOLOGY


Methodology The 10 world regions with the most GMAT score report submissions in TY 2007 are compared with the regions showing the greatest number of score reports in TY 2003. The figures presented in this report summarize TY 2003 (227,327) and TY 2007 (219,077) records data for examinees who took the GMAT one or more times during those years. This examinee data was obtained from the background information questionnaire, score report information, and registration information for testing years, in each case beginning July 1 and ending June 30. From this data, both country of citizenship and GMAT score reporting behavior were used to gauge potential regional trends and changes in examinee preferences with regard to school location.

Up to 10 instances of score report data is stored for every GMAT test taken. These score reports were aggregated and grouped by school location for both TY 2003 and TY 2007. Both examinee age on the date of test administration and geographic region were used for analysis. Examinees were grouped into 10 citizenship categories (see Appendix B) and two age categories: examinees overall and those age 25 to 30. “Typical” candidates for graduate business education—individuals in the 25 to 30 age group with three to five years of work experience—account for a very large group of examinees; they submitted 188,539 of the 681,042 TY 2003 score reports and 165,827 of the 655,506 score reports for TY 2007. 1

1 There were a total of 55,399 examinees who met the “typical” demographics in TY 2003 and 49,790 in TY 2007. This averages to 3.4 score reports sent per examinee in the “typical” demographic in TY 2003 and 3.3 score reports sent per examinee in the “typical” demographic in TY 2007.

In a previous version of this report, Turkey was classified under the Western Europe category. Due to a change in test vendors and classifications, however, Turkey has been reclassified to the Middle East category. It is also important to note that in TY 2007 testing was not available in Greece until the spring, which may slightly affect test counts in Europe.

Findings

Location of GMAT® Examinees Geographic data gathered for TY 2003 and TY 2007 include the examinee’s mailing address at the time of registration and country of citizenship. Although the majority of tests are taken within the United States, GMAT examinees span the globe, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

At the time of registration in TY 2003, 66% of examinees surveyed had U.S. addresses, which decreased to 65% in TY 2007. The next largest concentrations of examinees in both testing years came from Asia, Western Europe, and Central Asia in TY 2007, accounting for approximately 12%, 7%, and 7% of the examinee population, respectively.

9BLOCATION OF GMAT® EXAMINEES


Figure 1: TY 2002–03 GMAT® Tests Taken by Location around the World

LOCATION OF GMAT® EXAMINEES


Figure 2: TY 2006–07 GMAT® Tests Taken by Location around the World

Figures 3 and 4 display tests taken by U.S. state. The data include all examinees residing in the United States at the time of the test. Among GMAT

examinees with a U.S. address, the greatest concentrations at the state level were from California, New York, and Texas.



Figure 3: TY 2002–03 GMAT® Tests Taken by U.S. State

LOCATION OF GMAT® EXAMINEES


Figure 4: TY 2006–07 GMAT® Tests Taken by U.S. State

GMAT score-reporting tables throughout this report show a comparison between TY 2003 data and TY 2007 data for the 10 countries/regions with the most score report submissions in TY 2007. For each citizenship category, the tables include: the top I0 countries/regions where examinees would prefer to attend school, based on locations that received the most score reports; the percentage of score reports sent to each of the top 10 countries/ regions; the total number of score reports sent; and the average number of score reports sent per person. These categories of data are displayed for the examinee group overall, as well as for examinees age 25 to 30 years with three to five years of work experience.

The tables analyze GMA T score-reporting behavior for the following citizenship groups by region: the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Central Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Australia/Pacific Islands, and Mexico/Caribbean/ Latin America. The data are based on the total tests taken by individuals who responded to the GMAT exam background information questions on citizenship, date of birth, or both.



Table 1: Top 10* Countries by School Location – All Examinees

TY 2003 All examinees

TY 2007 All examinees

TY 2003 All examinees in the 25 – 30 age group

TY 2007 All examinees in the 25 – 30 age group

1. United States 83.90% 1. United States 82.76% 1. United States 83.87% 1. United States 81.78%

2. Canada 4.77% 2. Canada 3.40% 2. Canada 4.37% 2. United

Kingdom 3.70% 3. United

Kingdom 3.08% 3. United Kingdom 3.39% 3. United

Kingdom 3.26% 3. Canada 3.07% 4. France 1.75% 4. France 1.96% 4. France 2.08% 4. France 2.18% 5. Israel 1.06% 5. India 1.75% 5. Israel 0.92% 5. India 2.12% 6. Hong Kong 0.62% 6. Israel 1.05% 6. Spain 0.84% 6. Singapore 1.27% 7. Spain 0.52% 7. Singapore 1.03% 7. Hong Kong 0.65% 7. Israel 1.26% 8. Australia 0.43% 8. Spain 0.63% 8. Singapore 0.48% 8. Spain 0.94% 9. Netherlands 0.42% 9. Hong Kong 0.60% 9. Netherlands 0.46% 9. Hong Kong 0.58% 10. Singapore 0.40% 10. Netherlands 0.43% 10. Australia 0.45% 10. Australia 0.47% Total 681,042 Avg # 3.0 Total 655,506 Avg # 3.0 Total 188,539 Avg # 3.4 Total 165,827 Avg # 3.3 *Based on number of score reports received.

Approximately 83% of scores were sent to the United States from TY 2003 to TY 2007, which strongly suggests that examinees seek to study at schools located within the United States. However, there has been a steady decline in the proportion of

scores sent to U.S. schools—in TY 2000, 87.73% of all GMAT score reports were sent to U.S. schools. Since then, there has been increased interest in studying in the United Kingdom, France, India, Singapore, and Spain.

10BUNITED STATES


United States

Table 2: Top 10* Countries by School Location – U.S. Citizens

TY 2003 All U.S. citizens

TY 2007 All U.S. citizens

TY 2003 All U.S. citizens in the 25 – 30 age group

TY 2007 All U.S. citizens in the 25 – 30 age group


2. United Kingdom 0.51% 2. United



Kingdom 0.84% 3. France 0.30% 3. France 0.24% 3. France 0.37% 3. Spain 0.33% 4. Spain 0.13% 4. Spain 0.21% 4. Spain 0.21% 4. France 0.33% 5. Canada 0.12% 5. Canada 0.11% 5. Canada 0.13% 5. Canada 0.11% 6. Switzerland 0.05% 6. Switzerland 0.06% 6. Netherlands 0.07% 6. Switzerland 0.07% 7. Netherlands 0.05% 7. Italy 0.05% 7. Switzerland 0.06% 7. Italy 0.06% 8. Italy 0.05% 8. Israel 0.04% 8. Italy 0.04% 8. Hong Kong 0.04% 9. Australia 0.04% 9. China 0.04% 9. Australia 0.04% 9. Netherlands 0.04%

10. Ireland 0.03% 10. Australia/

Hong Kong 0.04% 10. Ireland 0.04% 10. Israel 0.04% Total 344,898 Avg # 2.9 Total 336,833 Avg # 2.9 Total 97,832 Avg # 3.3 Total 85,686 Avg # 3.3 *Based on number of score reports received.

U.S. citizens are most attracted to schools located within the United States—U.S. schools attracted and retained more than 97% of their domestic pool. Non-U.S. schools fared slightly better among those in the 25 to 30 age group. The United Kingdom, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy all showed increases in the percentage of GMAT score reports received from this group during the time period studied. Schools located within the United Kingdom gained the most ground among those 25 to 30, with an increase of 0.14% in the percentage of score reports received over the period, which is similar to the trend for all U.S. examinees. Also, two countries/regions—Hong Kong and Israel—debuted in the list among the 25 to 30 age group in TY 2007.

Observations

• The percentage of GMAT score reports sent to U.S. schools remained relatively stable, which suggests that U.S. schools are extremely successful at attracting and retaining the majority of their domestic pool. Though it continues to be very unlikely that the majority of U.S. citizens will send their scores to non-U.S. schools, the percentage of score reports sent to non-U.S. schools by U.S. citizens increased slightly.

• Non-U.S. business schools should take regional preferences and many external factors into consideration when marketing to U.S. citizens. Such schools should also highlight their positive qualities and emphasize the supportive attributes of their programs and employment opportunities, both of which may outweigh barriers such as distance, program requirements, and the availability of schools in the United States.

CANADA


Canada

Table 3: Top 10* Countries by School Location – Canadian Citizens

TY 2003 All Canadian citizens

TY 2007 All Canadian citizens

TY 2003 All Canadian citizens in the

25 – 30 age group

TY 2007 All Canadian citizens in the

25 – 30 age group 1. Canada 62.89% 1. Canada 62.80% 1. Canada 58.68% 1. Canada 56.40% 2. United States 30.42% 2. United States 29.21% 2. United States 33.49% 2. United States 32.69% 3. United




Kingdom 4.01% 4. France 1.56% 4. France 1.88% 4. France 2.12% 4. France 2.66% 5. Hong Kong 0.93% 5. Hong Kong 0.83% 5. Hong Kong 1.05% 5. Hong Kong 1.13% 6. Spain 0.36% 6. Spain 0.59% 6. Spain 0.62% 6. Spain 0.96% 7. Switzerland 0.28% 7. Switzerland 0.35% 7. Switzerland 0.31% 7. Switzerland 0.47% 8. Australia 0.25% 8. Australia 0.22% 8. Australia 0.29% 8. Australia 0.25% 9. Netherlands 0.24% 8. Netherlands 0.22% 9. Netherlands 0.28% 9. China 0.21%

10. Japan 0.12% 9. China 0.21% 10. Ireland/

Italy 0.14% 9. Netherlands 0.21% Total 20,770 Avg # 3.0 Total 18,035 Avg # 2.8 Total 6,495 Avg # 3.3 Total 5,117 Avg # 3.2 *Based on number of score reports received.

Among Canadian citizens, there was very little change from TY 2003 to TY 2007 in the percentage of GMAT score reports sent to Canadian schools. Canadian schools successfully attracted more than 60% of their domestic pool in both years—though not quite the high of 68.21% seen in TY 2000. Among both the overall and the 25 to 30 age groups, though, there has been an increased interest in those seeking to study in European countries such as the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Switzerland. China debuted in ninth place in TY 2007, receiving 0.21% of score reports each from the overall and 25 to 30 age groups. Hong Kong, which received fewer score reports from the overall group in TY 2007 but more score reports from the 25 to 30 age group, retained its fifth place position for both groups. Australia, the United States, and the Netherlands received fewer score reports in TY 2007 than they had received previously.

Observations

• GMAT-using Canadian schools appear successful at attracting students from within their domestic pool; the majority of score reports they receive come from Canadian citizens. The United States is the second most preferred school location among Canadian citizens.

• Canadian citizens in the 25 to 30 age group are more likely than Canadian citizens overall to consider studying outside of Canada.

• Canadian citizens appear to have strong regional preferences; the list of top 10 countries receiving the greatest percentage of their GMAT score reports remained primarily the same for both of the years and age groups studied.

• Canadian citizens send the smallest percentage of score reports to U.S. schools compared with citizens from any other world country/region studied in this report.

12BWESTERN EUROPE


Western Europe

Table 4: Top 10* Countries by School Location – Western European Citizens

TY 2003 All citizens of

Western Europe


Western Europe


Western Europe in the 25 – 30 age group


Western Europe in the 25 – 30 age group

1. United States 44.43% 1. United States 40.20% 1. United States 48.74% 1. United States 47.75% 2. United


Kingdom 15.22% 2. France 13.14% 2. United

Kingdom 14.81%

3. France 12.46% 3. France 13.29% 3. United

Kingdom 12.93% 3. France 12.48% 4. Spain 4.77% 4. Greece 5.44% 4. Spain 7.62% 4. Spain 8.16% 5. Greece 4.27% 5. Spain 5.24% 5. Switzerland 2.75% 5. Switzerland 2.98% 6. Switzerland 3.26% 6. Netherlands 4.90% 6. Portugal 2.58% 6. Portugal 2.12% 7. Netherlands 2.63% 7. Switzerland 3.34% 7. Netherlands 2.42% 7. Netherlands 1.92% 8. Portugal 2.10% 8. Italy 1.96% 8. Canada 1.94% 8. Italy 1.50% 9. Canada 2.03% 9. Germany 1.85% 9. Italy 1.85% 9. Greece 1.20% 10. Ireland 1.56% 10. Canada 1.62% 10. Greece 0.89% 10. Canada 1.14% Total 33,812 Avg # 2.3 Total 27,852 Avg # 2.1 Total 10,223 Avg # 2.8 Total 6,683 Avg # 2.6 *Based on number of score reports received.

Although the United States continues to receive the greatest number of GMAT score reports sent by Western European citizens, the proportion of score reports received has dropped from 60.13% in TY 2000. Instead, an increasing number of Western Europeans examined have chosen locations closer to home—eight of their top 10 countries of interest are located in Western Europe. Schools located within Western Europe attracted more than 50% of their domestic pool in TY 2007, an increase of more than 5% compared with TY 2003. The trend is similar for the 25 to 30 age group, although examinees in this group continue to send more score reports to the United States compared with Western European examinees as a whole. Additionally, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Spain, and Greece all received a greater number of score reports from TY 2003 to TY 2007 for the 25–30 age group from this region.

Observations2

• There has been an increase in the percentage of GMAT score reports sent to schools located within Western Europe, which suggests that Western European schools have improved upon their ability to attract students from within their domestic pool.

• Although their reputation and popularity remain strong throughout the region, U.S. schools are experiencing increased competition from Western European schools.

• An increase in local career opportunities, the quantity and quality of Western European programs, and barriers to entering the United States may be causes for the decreased interest among Western Europeans in studying in the United States.

2 For further information on score reporting trends in Europe, refer to the European Geographic Trend Reports on gmac.com. (Available at www.gmac.com/GeographicTrends.)

EASTERN EUROPE


Eastern Europe

Table 5: Top 10* Countries by School Location – Eastern European Citizens


Eastern Europe


Eastern Europe


Eastern Europe in the 25 – 30 age group


Eastern Europe in the 25 – 30 age group

1. United States 73.63% 1. United States 68.22% 1. United States 73.96% 1. United States 71.08% 2. United


Kingdom 10.06% 2. United Kingdom 5.71% 2. United

Kingdom 8.07% 3. Canada 5.49% 3. France 4.39% 3. France 5.43% 3. France 5.20% 4. France 4.40% 4. Canada 3.69% 4. Canada 5.30% 4. Canada 3.41% 5. Spain 1.77% 5. Netherlands 2.34% 5. Spain 2.34% 5. Spain 2.54% 6. Netherlands 1.62% 6. Spain 2.29% 6. Netherlands 1.92% 6. Hungary 1.54% 7. Switzerland 1.08% 7. Switzerland 1.50% 7. Switzerland 0.99% 6. Netherlands 1.54% 8. Germany 1.03% 8. Hungary 1.29% 8. Hungary 0.75% 7. Switzerland 1.25% 9. Hungary 0.67% 9. Italy 1.12% 9. Italy 0.70% 8. Italy 1.08% 10. Italy 0.66% 10. Germany 0.81% 10. Germany 0.62% 9. Germany 0.75% Total 13,739 Avg # 3.0 Total 10,583 Avg # 2.6 Total 3,852 Avg # 3.3 Total 2,403 Avg # 2.8 *Based on number of score reports received.

Eastern European citizens sent a smaller percentage of scores to schools located in Canada, but a greater percentage of scores to schools located in Western Europe during the period studied. Among schools located within their native region, Hungary is the only Eastern European country listed in either testing year among the top I0 school locations preferred by examinees from Eastern Europe. In addition, the percentage of GMAT score reports received by Hungary from both the overall and 25 to 30 age groups nearly doubled from TY 2003 to TY 2007.

Although schools in the United States continue to receive the greatest proportion of scores sent by Eastern Europeans, the percentage received dropped from 75.34% in TY 2000 to 73.63% in TY 2003—and this decline continues with a 5.41% decrease from TY 2003 to TY 2007. This decline is less pronounced, however, among the 25 to 30 age group, who appear more interested in studying in the United States compared with all citizens of Eastern Europe. Nonetheless, Eastern Europeans are increasingly interested in studying in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy.

Observations3

• Eastern European citizens are not seeking schools close to their native region. Only one Eastern European country made the top 10 list of preferred school locations during the time period studied.

• Distance is not likely a major decision-making factor for Eastern European examinees, as the greatest proportion seek to attend schools in the United States.

• More examinees from Eastern Europe are showing interest in studying at schools located in Western Europe.

3 For further information on score reporting trends in Europe, refer to the European Geographic Trend Reports on gmac.com. (Available at www.gmac.com/GeographicTrends.)

ASIA


Asia

Table 6: Top 10* Countries by School Location – Asian Citizens

TY 2003 All Asian citizens

TY 2007 All Asian citizens

TY 2003 All Asian citizens in the

25 – 30 age group

TY 2007 All Asian citizens in the

25 – 30 age group 1. United States 76.43% 1. United States 79.79% 1. United States 75.80% 1. United States 78.20%

2. Canada 8.12% 2. United

Kingdom 4.02% 2. Canada 6.46% 2. United



Kingdom 4.97% 3. Singapore 3.46% 4. Hong Kong 2.73% 4. Hong Kong 3.06% 4. Hong Kong 3.05% 4. Hong Kong 3.10% 5. France 1.78% 5. Singapore 2.54% 5. France 2.20% 5. China 2.70% 6. Singapore 1.42% 6. France 2.48% 6. Singapore 1.88% 6. France 2.58% 7. China 1.35% 7. China 1.63% 7. China 1.77% 7. Canada 2.27% 8. Australia 0.79% 8. Australia 0.50% 8. Australia 0.97% 8. Australia 0.69% 9.Netherlands 0.61% 9. Netherlands 0.44% 9. Netherlands 0.67% 9. Netherlands 0.60% 10. Japan 0.32% 10. Japan 0.41% 10. Germany 0.36% 10. Spain 0.52% Total 119,207 Avg # 3.1 Total 104,267 Avg # 3.0 Total 30,890 Avg # 3.4 Total 23,153 Avg # 3.0 *Based on number of score reports received.

Schools located within Asia attracted nearly 8% of their domestic pool in TY 2007, which represents more than a 25% increase in the percentage of regional citizens they attracted in TY 2003. The percentage of GMAT score reports sent to the United States by Asian citizens increased from 76.43% in TY 2003 to 79.79% in TY 2007, but has yet to reach the TY 2000 high of 84.82%. The United Kingdom and Canada have experienced declines in the percentage of score reports received from TY 2003 to TY 2007, while Singapore, France, and China have all experienced slight increases.

With the exception of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and the Netherlands, all countries/regions on the top 10 list for examinees in the 25 to 30 age group experienced an increase in the percentage of score reports received—the percentage received by Asian schools increased from 6.70% to 9.26% from TY 2003 to TY 2007. Spain, which was not on the list in TY 2003 for the 25-30 age group, made its debut at number 10 in TY 2007.

Observations4

• Schools located in Asia were more successful at attracting Asian citizens in the 25 to 30 age group than Asian citizens overall.

• More Asian examinees are interested in studying in the United States than in other world regions. However, many external factors such as increasing employment opportunities, improvements in the quality of education, tougher immigration laws, perceived decreases in the cost-benefit ratio, and collaborations between universities offer increased opportunities in Asia, which may affect where examinees ultimately decide to enroll.

• Overall, in TY 2007 compared with TY 2003, fewer Asian citizens were interested in studying in Canada and Australia, or in European countries such as the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.

4 For further information on score reporting trends in Asia, refer to the Asian Geographic Trend Reports on gmac.com. (Available at www.gmac.com/GeographicTrends.)

CENTRAL ASIA


Central Asia

Table 7: Top 10* Countries by School Location – Central Asian Citizens TY 2003

All citizens of Central Asia

TY 2007 All citizens of Central Asia

TY 2003 All citizens of Central Asia in

the 25 – 30 age group

TY 2007 All citizens of Central Asia in

the 25 – 30 age group 1. United States 79.38% 1. United States 67.43% 1. United States 78.19% 1. United States 63.01%

2. Canada 5.01% 2. India 10.98% 2. United

Kingdom 5.42% 2. India 12.71% 3. United


Kingdom 6.80% 3. India 4.18% 3. United

Kingdom 7.45% 4. India 3.63% 4. Singapore 3.76% 4. Canada 4.12% 4. Singapore 4.58% 5. France 2.03% 5. Canada 3.35% 5. France 2.95% 5. France 3.99% 6. Singapore 1.30% 6. France 3.10% 6. Singapore 1.58% 6. Canada 2.93% 7. Australia 0.97% 7. Australia 1.29% 7. Australia 0.91% 7. Australia 1.43% 8. Pakistan 0.49% 8. Philippines 0.70% 8. Philippines 0.51% 8. Philippines 0.86% 9. Switzerland 0.41% 9. Switzerland 0.70% 9. Netherlands 0.49% 9. Switzerland 0.75% 10. Philippines 0.35% 10. Spain 0.50% 10. Switzerland 0.42% 10. Spain 0.73% Total 70,520 Avg # 4.4 Total 103,163 Avg # 4.4 Total 18,658 Avg # 4.7 Total 27,340 Avg # 4.7 *Based on number of score reports received.

The percentage of GMAT score reports sent to schools located in Central Asia by citizens of Central Asia more than doubled from 4.12% in TY 2003 to 10.98% in TY 2007. This increase, primarily due to an increase in the number of tests taken by Indian citizens, suggests that a greater proportion of Central Asian citizens are seeking to study in their home region. This shift in school location preference had the greatest negative impact on U.S. schools, which experienced a decrease of approximately 12% from TY 2003 to TY 2007—and approximately 23% from TY 2000—in the percentage of score reports received.

Conversely, schools located within India gained the most from this change. For all citizens from this region, study in countries outside Central Asia, such as the United Kingdom and Singapore, holds increased interest, and the trend is similar for examinees in the 25 to 30 age group. The percentage of score reports sent to schools in the United States from citizens of Central Asia age 25 to 30 decreased by 15%. This particular decrease, as with that of the all-examinees group, is primarily due to increased interest in studying in India, the United Kingdom,

and Singapore. Spain debuted in tenth place in TY 2007 among both age groups.

Observations5

• Central Asian schools appear to be gaining in popularity among citizens native to that region.

• Interest in studying in India increased greatly among both the overall and 25 to 30 age groups from TY 2003 to TY 2007. Changes in school entrance requirements, as well as the greater number of business schools and employment opportunities now available in India, are likely reasons.

• Central Asian examinees indicate an interest in studying in a variety of world regions. Non-U.S. schools will likely gain from this region’s decreasing interest in studying in the United States.

5 For further information on score reporting trends in Asia, refer to the Asian Geographic Trend Reports on gmac.com. (Available at www.gmac.com/GeographicTrends.)

AFRICA


Africa

Table 8: Top 10* Countries by School Location – African Citizens

TY 2003 All African citizens

TY 2007 All African citizens

TY 2003 All African citizens in the

25 – 30 age group

TY 2007 All African citizens in the

25 – 30 age group 1. United States 76.81% 1. United States 72.08% 1. United States 74.57% 1. United States 66.48% 2. United




Kingdom 11.30% 3. Canada 6.07% 3. Canada 5.95% 3. Canada 7.02% 3. Canada 6.11% 4. South Africa 2.97% 4. South Africa 2.80% 4. South Africa 3.28% 4. France 3.60% 5. France 2.19% 5. France 2.55% 5. France 3.12% 5. South Africa 3.25% 6. Kenya 1.54% 6. Kenya 2.06% 6. Netherlands 0.87% 6. Egypt 2.15% 7. Netherlands 0.70% 7. Egypt 1.60% 7. Australia 0.59% 7. Kenya 2.01% 8. Egypt 0.59% 8. Switzerland 0.55% 7. Kenya 0.59% 8. Spain 0.78% 9. Australia 0.50% 9. Netherlands 0.52% 8. Egypt 0.48% 9. Netherlands 0.74% 10. Germany 0.36% 10. Australia 0.44% 9. Switzerland 0.39% 10. Switzerland 0.64% Total 14,485 Avg # 2.9 Total 13,318 Avg # 2.7 Total 3,563 Avg # 3.2 Total 2,831 Avg # 2.8 *Based on number of score reports received.

Data suggest that schools located in Africa have increased their effectiveness in attracting individuals from their domestic pool. African citizens sent 5.10% of their GMAT score reports to African schools in TY 2003 compared with 6.46% in TY 2007; Western European countries such as the United Kingdom and France also experienced an increase during the period, with the United Kingdom replacing Canada as second on the list of top 10 school locations preferred by African citizens. The United States remained at the top of the list, although there was a 4.73% decrease in the percentage of score reports sent to U.S. schools between TY 2003 and TY 2007 for African citizens overall. The percentage of score reports sent to South Africa decreased among both age groups during the period studied, but South Africa continues to be a popular school-location choice for citizens in the region, as do Kenya and Egypt.

Observations

• Schools located within the African region are beginning to attract more of their domestic pool, and African citizens in the 25 to 30 age group show a slight preference for attending schools within their native region.

• The majority of African citizens appear to favor study in the United States. For these examinees, distance and other associated obstacles do not appear to be decision-making factors. African examinees are more interested in studying in Western European countries, such as the United Kingdom and France, than are interested in studying in Canada.

• African citizens appear to have strong regional preferences for study locations, as there has been very little change in their list of preferred school-locations.

THE MIDDLE EAST


The Middle East

Table 9: Top 10* Countries by School Location – Middle Eastern Citizens


the Middle East


the Middle East

TY 2003 All citizens of the

Middle East in the 25 – 30 age group

TY 2007 All citizens of the

Middle East in the 25 – 30 age group

1. United States 48.69% 1. United States 43.22% 1. United States 48.75% 1. United States 43.60% 2. Israel 32.02% 2. Israel 34.57% 2. Israel 36.49% 2. Israel 41.62% 3. Canada 4.20% 3. Turkey 4.62% 3. Canada 4.09% 3. United Kingdom 3.99% 4. United


Kingdom 3.45% 4. France 2.86%

5. Turkey 3.43% 5. United

Kingdom 3.86% 5. France 2.62% 5. Canada 2.58% 6. France 3.33% 6. France 3.30% 6. Turkey 1.06% 6. Lebanon 1.10% 7. Lebanon 1.09% 7. Lebanon 1.92% 7. Netherlands 0.75% 7. Turkey 1.08% 8. Germany 0.64% 8. Spain 0.69% 8. Lebanon 0.47% 8. Spain 0.72%

9. Netherlands 0.57% 9. United Arab

Emirates 0.64% 9. Australia 0.45% 9. United Arab

Emirates 0.41%

10. Spain 0.39% 10. Switzerland 0.38% 10. Spain 0.34% 10. Saudi Arabia/

Switzerland 0.35% Total 20,187 Avg # 3.1 Total 19,183 Avg # 2.7 Total 4,695 Avg # 3.4 Total 4,892 Avg # 3.0 *Based on number of score reports received.

GMAT-using schools located within the Middle East attracted nearly 42% of their domestic pool in TY 2007, an increase of more than 5% compared with TY 2003. This data indicates that Middle Eastern schools successfully attracted a large portion of their domestic pool. Interest in studying in the United States among Middle Eastern citizens decreased during the period studied, while interest in Israel, Turkey, and Lebanon increased. The proportion of Middle Easterners sending GMAT score reports to Israel is lower than the high of 49.36% seen in TY 2004, however. Examinees from the Middle East overall show an increased interest in studying in other countries, such as Canada, the United Kingdom, Lebanon, Spain, and the Netherlands. The trend is nearly identical for Middle Eastern examinees age 25 to 30. The United Arab Emirates debuted on the list of top 10 preferred school-location countries for both Middle Eastern examinee age groups in TY 2007.

Turkey was classified as a Western European country in previous versions of this report. Due to a

change in test vendors and classifications, Turkey has been reclassified to the Middle East category.

Observations

• The percentage of GMAT score reports sent by Middle Eastern citizens to schools located within the Middle East has increased, which suggests these schools are gaining in popularity among citizens native to that region.

• Overall, of all the countries/regions studied in this report, citizens from the Middle East send the second lowest percentage of GMAT score reports to U.S. schools, but those in the 25 to 30 age group from the Middle East send a slightly greater percentage to U.S. schools compared to all citizens from that region.

• Middle Eastern examinees in the 25 to 30 age group are slightly more likely to seek studies within their native region when compared to all examinees from the region.

AUSTRALIA/PACIFIC ISLANDS


Australia/Pacific Islands

Table 10: Top 10* Countries by School Location – Australian/Pacific Island Citizens

TY 2003 All Australian/

Pacific Island citizens


Pacific Island citizens


Pacific Island citizens in the 25 – 30 age group


Pacific Island citizens in the 25 – 30 age group


2. Australia 20.41% 2. Australia 14.42% 2. Australia 20.35% 2. United




Kingdom 12.06% 3. Australia 11.75% 4. France 5.00% 4. France 6.18% 4. France 5.67% 4. France 4.76% 5. New Zealand 2.52% 5. Spain 1.88% 5. Hong Kong 2.33% N/A N/A 6. Hong Kong 2.39% 6. Switzerland 1.56% N/A N/A N/A N/A 7. Switzerland 1.81% 7. Canada 1.51% N/A N/A N/A N/A 8. Canada 1.60% 8. India 1.33% N/A N/A N/A N/A 9. Spain 1.09% 9. Hong Kong 1.24% N/A N/A N/A N/A

10. Netherlands 0.59% 10. New

Zealand 1.05% N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 2,381 Avg # 2.8 Total 2,184 Avg # 2.5 Total 688 Avg # 2.9 Total 630 Avg # 3.2 *Based on number of score reports received.

Schools in the Australian/Pacific Islands region attracted at least 15% or more of their domestic pool in both TY 2007 and TY 2003. The percentage of GMAT score reports sent to schools located within the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Spain increased during the period. Meanwhile, the percentage of GMAT score reports sent to schools in Hong Kong, Switzerland, and Canada decreased. India debuted at number eight on the list of top 10 preferred school locations for citizens of the Australia/Pacific Islands region in TY 2007.

Among the 25 to 30 age group specifically: interest in studying close to home decreased; interest in studying in the United States increased; and India, New Zealand, and Singapore—all absent from their TY 2003 list—debuted on their top 10 list for preferred school locations in TY 2007. Italy, Canada, and the Netherlands made the list in TY 2003, but did not make the list in TY 2007.

Observations

• Schools located in the Australian/Pacific Islands region appear to be more successful at attracting Australian/Pacific Islands citizens in the overall group, who are slightly more likely to indicate a desire to attend school within their native region than those in the 25 to 30 age group.

• Australian/Pacific Island examinees in the 25 to 30 age group are more likely than their fellow citizens in the overall group to want to study in the United States.

• Australian/Pacific Island citizens appear open to studying in a variety of geographic locations.

MEXICO/CARIBBEAN/LATIN AMERICA


Mexico/Caribbean/Latin America

Table 11: Top 10* Countries by School Location – Mexican/Caribbean/Latin American Citizens

TY 2003 All Mexican/Caribbean/ Latin American citizens

TY 2007 All Mexican/Caribbean/ Latin American citizens

TY 2003 All Mexican/Caribbean/

Latin American citizens in the 25 – 30 year group

TY 2007 All Mexican/Caribbean/

Latin American citizens in the 25 – 30 year group


2. Canada 5.80% 2. United




Kingdom 5.57% 3. Canada 4.99% 3. Canada 5.83% 3. Canada 4.62% 4. France 2.95% 4. France 3.15% 4. France 3.24% 4. France 3.79% 5. Spain 2.53% 5. Spain 2.80% 5. Spain 3.04% 5. Spain 3.38% 6. Brazil 1.65% 6. Brazil 0.72% 6. Netherlands 0.81% 6. Switzerland 0.72% 7. Netherlands 0.83% 7. Switzerland 0.72% 7. Brazil 0.76% 7. Netherlands 0.65% 8. Switzerland 0.66% 8. Netherlands 0.66% 8. Italy 0.69% 8. Germany 0.55% 9. Italy 0.61% 9. Germany 0.46% 9. Germany 0.65% 9. Italy 0.54% 10. Germany 0.54% 10. Italy 0.45% 10. Switzerland 0.60% 10. Brazil 0.48% Total 27,825 Avg # 3.1 Total 20,088 Avg # 2.8 Total 10,856 Avg # 3.5 Total 7,092 Avg # 3.1 *Based on number of score reports received.

In both testing years, Brazil was the only Mexican, Caribbean, or Latin American country included among the top I0 preferred school locations for examinees from this region. The percentage of GMAT score reports sent to Brazil by regional citizens decreased, however, from TY 2003 to TY 2007 among both the overall and 25 to 30 age group. Instead, the majority of this region’s citizens appear interested in schools located within the United States, and the percentage of GMAT score reports sent to U.S. schools increased from TY 2003 to TY 2007 for the overall group, as well as for those age 25 to 30. Examinees from this region also show an increased interest in studying in other countries, such as France, Spain, and Switzerland. The trend among those 25 to 30 years of age within the group is nearly identical to the trend for all citizens Mexico, the Caribbean, and Latin America.

Observations

• GMAT-using schools located within the Mexico, Caribbean, and Latin America region attracted very few citizens from their native region and lost more than 50% of their market share from TY 2003 to TY 2007.

• Examinees from this region appear to have strong regional preferences; countries on their list of top 10 preferred school locations remained the same during the period studied.

• The number of citizens from Mexico, the Caribbean, and Latin America, especially those in the 25 to 30 age group, interested in studying in Europe is increasing. Distance does not appear to factor highly into the decision-making process of examinees from this region.

DISCUSSION


Discussion The potential demand for education can affect decisions that both students and schools make about education, and migratory flows along with a given population’s geographic distribution will directly impact decisions regarding school types, school mapping, and staff recruitment (Mizikaci & Baumgartl, 2007). Initiatives to recruit international students, coordination between governments and universities, and national policies may all be contributing to the growth in international student-enrollment rates in countries competing with the United States (Luu, Bain, & Green, 2007). Among non-U.S. examinees, there are a number of major factors that may affect decisions to study in the United States or elsewhere—for example, the quality of schools available in an examinee’s home region, changes in economies, and delays in the visa obtainment process. Presumably, these factors have resulted in a shift in education and global workforce trends in recent years.

Several major economies—most notably, India’s and China’s—have grown substantially enough to offer competitive opportunities for those who attend school at home or who return home to work after graduating abroad (Florida, 2004). Also, degree standardizations introduced with the Bologna Accord in 1999 have now been adopted by 40 countries (Loades, 2007), which has clarified requirements and simplified the application process for graduate programs around the globe, including MBA programs. UNESCO, which has estimated that 1.7 million students worldwide were educated abroad in 2003, expects that number will swell to more than eight million by 2025. Countries that are able to attract students who wish to study abroad will inevitably have a huge advantage in the coming war for global talent (Florida, 2004).

Within the United States, numerous studies have found that college students are more likely to migrate compared with those who are only high school educated. This may indicate a relationship between higher education and adaptability. According to Kodrzycki’s (2003) study on the migration of college graduates, most shifts in location take place shortly after graduation from

college. It is also noted by Eberts (as cited in Kodrzycki, 2003) that in the general population, the propensity for persons between the ages of 22 and 24 to migrate is nearly double the propensity to migrate at age 30. This finding is particularly relevant among the GMAT examinee population within the United States, whose average age is 28.

When reviewing these results, it is important to note that examinees are not required to respond to background information questions6 in order to register for the GMAT exam. Also, examinees who take the test more than once are represented in the analyses multiple times, once for each test taken.7 The results presented in this report are generalizations, and will not necessarily apply to every student. In fact, location preferences vary from individual to individual and circumstances unobservable to researchers also help determine location decisions (Kodrzycki, 2003).

Author Johnette Peyton, Associate Director, Research, Graduate Management Admission Council®.

Contact Information For questions or comments regarding study findings, methodology or data, please contact the GMAC® Research and Development department at [email protected].

Acknowledgements Rachel Edgington, Director, Market Research and Analysis, GMAC, manuscript review; Lawrence Rudner, Vice President of Research and Development, GMAC, manuscript review; Carole C. Mahoney, editorial services; Aaron Pascoe, Research Assistant, GMAC, manuscript assistance; Veronica Sinz, Research Writer/Editor, GMAC, editorial services.

6 As a result of online registration, the percentage of “missing” or unreported BIQ information has decreased dramatically in recent years. 7 The average percentage of tests taken by repeat examinees is approximately 18–21%.

APPENDIX A


References Florida, R. (2004). America’s Looming Creativity Crisis. Harvard Business Review, 82(10), 122-131.

Kodrzycki, Y.K. (2003, January/February). Migration of Recent College Graduates: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. New England Economic Review, 13-35.

Loades, R. (2007). The future of graduate management education in the context of the Bologna Accord. McLean, VA: Graduate Management Admission Council.

Luu, D., Bain, O., & Green, M. (2007, Spring). Students on the Move: The Future of International Students in the United States. International Higher Education, 11-12.

Mizikaci, F., & Baumgartl, B. (2007, Spring). Demographic Trends and Risks for European Higher Education. International Higher Education, 15-16.

Appendix A: Frequently Asked QuestionsHas the population of GMAT examinees changed?

In recent years, the number of GMAT exams taken by non-U.S. citizens has risen. From TY 2000 to TY 2007, the percentage of tests taken by Non-U.S. citizens increased from 42.6% to 46.4%.

Is the growth primarily being driven by particular world regions?

The world regions that are largely responsible for this growth are Asia and Central Asia. Tests taken by Indian citizens have driven the growth in Central Asia, and growth in Asia is due to growth in countries such as China and South Korea.

There are fewer GMAT score reports being sent to U.S. schools by Western European citizens. Is this due to the Bologna Accord?

From TY 2000 to TY 2007, the percentage of score reports sent to U.S. schools by European citizens decreased from 60% to 40%. Although some of this may be due to the Bologna Accord, a number of factors—such as changing demographics, increasing program options, and better job opportunities available closer to home—could be affecting this trend. The full impact of the Bologna Accord cannot be adequately measured until the system is implemented in 2010.

The report mentions that fewer GMAT score reports are being sent to U.S. schools by citizens of Central Asia. My school has not noticed a drop in applications from Indian citizens. Why is that?

You may not notice a drop in applications because the numbers of tests taken increased during the period as

U.S. market share for the group decreased. In testing year 2000, India received less than 1% of score reports from Central Asian citizens. This increased to 11% in TY 2007.

Speaking of applications, this report talks about score-sending patterns. How does this compare to application and enrollment trends?

According to mba.com Registrants Survey data on enrolled students collected from September 2006 to August 2007, these score-sending patterns do mirror application and enrollment rates for the regions studied. The survey grouped respondents by citizenship and asked participants to indicate how many programs they applied to were local, regional, national or international programs. The respondents were also asked where the graduate degree business program to which they enrolled was located.

I would like to find out more information. Where do I go?

If you have additional questions about this and other reports in our series, please send an e-mail to [email protected]. To get more information about additional Geographic Trend reports or other research publications available from GMAC, please visit www.gmac.com/ResearchandTrends.

APPENDIX B


Appendix B: Regional Categories

AFRICA Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Congo, Republic of the Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea

Cote D’ivoire (Ivory Coast) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Zimbabwe

Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Burkina Faso Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Zambia

ASIA Brunei Myanmar (Burma) Hong Kong Indonesia Japan Cambodia Korea, D.P.R. of (North)

Korea, Rep. of (South) Laos Macau (SAR of China) Malaysia Maldives Mongolia China, People’s Republic

Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam

AUSTRALIA AND PACIFIC ISLANDS American Samoa Australia Christmas Island Fiji

Kiribati Marshall Islands Papua New Guinea New Zealand

Palau Tonga Samoa

CANADA Canada

CENTRAL ASIA Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Nepal Pakistan

Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan

EASTERN EUROPE Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia-Herzegovina Bulgaria Belarus Croatia

Czech Republic Estonia Georgia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Macedonia, The F.Y.R. of Moldova

Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine Yugoslavia

APPENDIX B


MEXICO, CARIBBEAN, AND LATIN AMERICA Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica

Cuba Dominica, Commonwealth Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico

Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts St. Lucia St. Vincent and The Grenandines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Uruguay Venezuela

MIDDLE EAST Bahrain Gaza Strip Iran Iraq Israel

Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Saudi Arabia

Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates West Bank Yemen

UNITED STATES United States of America

WESTERN EUROPEAustria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece

Iceland Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Monaco

Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom

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