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Genomes and Genetic Architecture
Life on Earth
Operons are a prokaryotic variant of gene organization
Lower (yeast) and more advanced (anything but the damned yeast) eukaryotes
typical genome structures:
Gene size and mRNA size
Taxa Average exon number Average gene length (kb)
Average mRNA length (kb)
Hemophilus influenzae (prokaryote)single celled prokaryotic microorganism
1 1.0 1.0
Methanoccoccus jannachii (prokaryote)single celled prokaryotic microorganism
1 1.0 1.0
S. Cervisiae (Fungi, eukaryote)single celled eukaryotic microorganism
1 1.6 1.6
Filamentous Fungi (eukaryote)multicellular eukaryotic microorganism
3 1.5 1.5
C. Elegans (nematode, eukaryote)multicellular eukaryote
4 4.0 3.0
D. melanogaster (fruit fly, eukaryote)multicellular eukaryote
4 11.3 2.7
Chicken (eukaryote)multicellular eukaryote
9 13.9 2.4
mammalsmulticellular eukaryote
7 16.6 2.2
Gene Topography
Bacterium
Saccharomyces
Drosophila
Homo sapiens
Intergenic region exon intron
geneIntergenic region
Numbers of Exons per Gene
Histone genes - tandem repeats
Chromosome Duplication and Disjunction
Mouse Simple Sequence Centromere DNA Probes Autoradiographed
Dispersed Reptitive DNA
• VNTRVariable number tandem repeatsminisatellite DNADNA fingerprints
• Dinucleotide repeats
microsatellite DNA
VNTR
Retroelements
use reverse transcription
RNA to DNA
Retro Elements
• Transposons and Retrotransposons
– LINES - Long interspersed elements (1-5 kb, 20,00-40,000 copies per genome in humans)
• Alu (sequence similar to 7SL RNA, involved in transport through ER)
– SINES - Short interspersed elements
Repetitive Elements - HGO gene (alkaptonuria)
Spacer DNA
function unknown
may have functions …may reflect our ignorance
DNA Packaging
Chromosome Structure
A eukaryotic chromosomal landscape
Chromosomes
Nucleolus and rRNA genes
HumanKaryotype