Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

How is this possible?How is this possible?

Jelly Fish Gene Jelly Fish Gene Mice Mice

Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA TechnologyTechnology

Connecting fragments of DNA from Connecting fragments of DNA from different sourcesdifferent sources

Transgenic OrganismsTransgenic Organisms Plants and animals that contain Plants and animals that contain

fragments of DNA from different fragments of DNA from different sources.sources.

Example: tobacco plant with firefly Example: tobacco plant with firefly gene that makes the plant glowgene that makes the plant glow

Bacteria and Recombinant DNA Bacteria and Recombinant DNA TechnologyTechnology

Scientists commonly use bacteria to Scientists commonly use bacteria to produce substances like human produce substances like human insulin or human growth hormoneinsulin or human growth hormone

They all use bacteria because they They all use bacteria because they reproduce asexually and reproduce reproduce asexually and reproduce rapidlyrapidly

Creating Bacteria with Human Creating Bacteria with Human Genes (DNA) – Step 1Genes (DNA) – Step 1

Cut a piece of DNA that codes for a Cut a piece of DNA that codes for a specific gene using specific gene using restriction restriction enzymes enzymes (act like scissors). They cut (act like scissors). They cut DNA at a specific nucleotide DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence. sequence.

Example:Example:

Step 2Step 2

Cut plasmid (small circular DNA Cut plasmid (small circular DNA found in bacteria) with restriction found in bacteria) with restriction enzymes.enzymes.

Step 3Step 3

Gene splicing: Foreign DNA is Gene splicing: Foreign DNA is attached to the plasmid creating attached to the plasmid creating recombinant DNA.recombinant DNA.

The recombinant DNA is inserted into The recombinant DNA is inserted into the bacteria. The bacteria will the bacteria. The bacteria will reproduce asexually.reproduce asexually.

AnimationAnimation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2jUMG2E-ic

http://www.dnai.org/text/mediashowcase/index2.html?id=549

Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA TechnologyTechnology

What do scientists use this What do scientists use this for?for?

To produce insulin, human growth To produce insulin, human growth hormone, enzymes to break down hormone, enzymes to break down pollutants, produce natural pollutants, produce natural insecticides, etc.insecticides, etc.

The quest for the perfect The quest for the perfect tomato….tomato….

What would arctic fish have to What would arctic fish have to do with making the perfect do with making the perfect

tomato?tomato?

Transgenic PlantsTransgenic Plants

Genetically engineered plants with Genetically engineered plants with recombinant DNA.recombinant DNA.

Example – tomato with the antifreeze Example – tomato with the antifreeze gene from fishgene from fish

Transgenic AnimalsTransgenic Animals

Genetically engineered animals with Genetically engineered animals with recombinant DNA.recombinant DNA.

Ex – Creating animals with human Ex – Creating animals with human organs for transplantsorgans for transplants

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

Inserting normal genes into human Inserting normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorderscells to correct genetic disorders

Selective BreedingSelective Breeding

Choosing animals and plants to mate Choosing animals and plants to mate with desirable traits.with desirable traits.

Ex – Texas cattle and Brahman cattleEx – Texas cattle and Brahman cattle

What are they?What are they?

HybridizationHybridization

Mating individuals not closely related Mating individuals not closely related to introduce new beneficial genes to introduce new beneficial genes into a populationinto a population

Ex – Horse (obedient) + donkey Ex – Horse (obedient) + donkey (strong) = mule (obedient and (strong) = mule (obedient and strong)strong)

InbreedingInbreeding

Mating between closely related Mating between closely related individuals to maintain desirable individuals to maintain desirable traits.traits.

Choosing a MutationChoosing a Mutation

Seedless oranges, ancon sheep Seedless oranges, ancon sheep (short legged). We choose to breed (short legged). We choose to breed mutations for our benefit.mutations for our benefit.

CloningCloning

CloningCloning

Creating identical individuals with Creating identical individuals with the desired traits.the desired traits.

Ex – Dolly the sheep, vegetative Ex – Dolly the sheep, vegetative propagation, etc.propagation, etc.

Cloning Pros and ConsCloning Pros and Cons

ProsPros ConsCons-Study and fight Study and fight diseasesdiseases-Clone organisms Clone organisms with better traits with better traits (better meat, milk, (better meat, milk, etc.)etc.)

-Messing with natureMessing with nature-Cloning humansCloning humans-Change an Change an ecosystem – bring ecosystem – bring back organisms that back organisms that are extinctare extinct-Clones live shorter Clones live shorter lives because the lives because the DNA is agedDNA is aged