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General Studies Paper 3 , Section 3, CSE (Mains) Social Justice

2016

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Extract from Syllabus:

C. SOCIAL JUSTICE

1) Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies, Government policies, and

interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design

and implementation.

2) Development processes and the development industry:

a) the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities,

institutional and other stakeholders

b) Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and

States and the performance of these schemes;

c) Mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and

betterment of these vulnerable sections.

d) Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services

relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

e) Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

Information

number

Topic Page

1. Women Landmark Judgements of Supreme

Court in 2015 -16 in favour of women

2

2. Literacy rate of women 3

3. Education and Fertility Rates 3

4. Child marriages worldwide status 4

5. Correlation between birth and occupation 4

6. Anaemia among women and children 5

7. Women’s right to enter temples 5

8. Female representation in corporate boards across

the world

6

9. Child Labour in India 7

10. Gender disparity in education 7

11. Women in armed forces: 8

12. Financial Inclusion measures: Uses of Hemp.

JAM and Direct Benefit Transfers DBT 2.0

9

13. Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and

Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act,

10


2016


2016

14. Self Employment and Joblessness (National

Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)’s survey

12

15. Estimated impact of internet coverage in rural

India, by 2020.

13

16. Changing profile of passport applicants 13

17. Sedition cases registered and pending 14

18. Maan ki Baat 15

19. Aadhar 16

20. Debt-asset ratio of households in rural India 17

21. Free ATM transactions for financial inclusion 18

22. The National Food Security Act 19

23. MGNREGA Short Note 20

24. The Delhi High Court's ruling on woman Karta 20

25. Trust Gap between rich and poor 21

26. Illiteracy in India 21

27. A rural development model 21

28. OBC Reservations demands 22

29. Tembhurni project 23

30. A better yardstick for rural jobs 24

31. Employment Growth 25

32. Employment growth from 2012 to 2016 26

33. Homelessness 28

34. Status of LPG availability 29

35. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana 29

36. Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger in the

world

30

37. Chamaguri Satra (monastery) in Majuli and

Tribal population in Majuli

31

38. Stand Up India for SC and ST , fund corpus 32

39. Elderly population in India as per 2011 Census 34

40. Maternity Mortality Rates 2011 to2013 latest 35

41. Juvenile Crime 36

1. Supreme Court’s landmark judgements in 2015 in favour of women


2016


The court passed a series of orders in 2015 to reinforce the rights of

women who are despised by society for living an unconventional life.

a) In a path-breaking verdict, it ruled that an unwed mother must be

recognised as a legal guardian of her child and she cannot be

forced to reveal the name of the father or seek his consent to get

guardianship of the child.

b) It also held that an unmarried couple, living together as husband

and wife, would be presumed to be legally married and the

woman would be eligible to inherit the property after the death of

her partner. It also held that a woman was entitled to maintenance

from her live-in partner.

c) The court also expressed concern over women being used as

surrogate mothers by foreigners and directed the government to

ban commercial surrogacy.

This prompted the Centre to roll back its 2013 decision

allowing import of human embryos for artificial reproduction. On

24th August 2016, the Union Cabinet has cleared the Bill making

commercial surrogacy illegal in India.

2. Literacy growth


2016


Mar 29 2016 : The Economic Times (Delhi)

3. Education and Fertility Rates

Higher fertility rates are closely linked to lower education levels, as the

chart below shows. That's exactly why education for girls should count among

the top priorities for governments in developing countries...

4. Child Marriage

Across the globe, rates of child marriage are highest in South Asia, where

nearly half of all girls marry before age 18, and about one in six were

married or in union before age 15...

http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31816&articlexml=Education-Fertility-Rates-29032016014021


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5. Correlation between birth and occupation

The correlation between birth and occupation forms the material basis of

caste. Diversification of the economic structure, creating a variety of non-

traditional occupations, and organising and equipping Dalits to move into

these occupations, to become part of a global division of labour, would pay

real homage to Ambedkar.

(Extract from ET Editorial ‘The Race to Own Bhimrao Ambedkar’ dated 16.04.2016)

6. Anaemia also continues to be a major concern impacting the health of both

women and children.

a. In Meghalaya, the number of anaemic women in productive

age has increased from 46.2% during NFHS3 to 56.2% in

NFHS4.

b. In Haryana, the percentage of anaemic women has gone up

from 56.1% to 62.7%,

c. In Goa, it has gone up from 38.2% to 48.3%.

d. Madhya Pradesh has witnesses a marginal decline from

74% to 68.9%.

The fourth survey, covering 13 states and two union territories, showed

these states recorded an infant mortality rate (IMR) of less than 51 deaths

per 1,000 live births, with Andaman recording the lowest of 10 deaths

http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31816&articlexml=Child-Marriage-13052016016033


2016


and Madhya Pradesh recording the highest at 51.The current national MR

is 37.

7. While the Constitution protects religious freedom, clause 2(b) of Article 25

allows the state to intervene in religious practice. The Untouchability

Offences Act threw open temple doors to all castes, and many states passed

laws extending those rights to all classes and sections of Hindus. If temples

have no right to bar dalits or untouchables, why should they be allowed to

bar women? Institutions like Shani Shingnapur and Sabarimala argue that

they are defending particular customs. But traditional taboos against women

cannot pass constitutional muster, unless the guardians of the tradition

demonstrate that discrimination is an ‘essential practice’ for the

religion. Traditions should evolve with time

8. In top corporate boardrooms in the Asia-Pacific region, Australia had the

highest female representation while South Korea and Japan had the lowest...

9. Child Labour: Although the number of child labourers in India may have

declined since 2001, underage workforce still forms 4% to 2% of the regular

worker population in several cities. According to latest census data,

Firozabad in Uttar Pradesh has the highest proportion of child workers in the

country. Top 20 cities by proportion of child workers (5-14 years) (as

percentage of regular workers)


2016


10. Gender disparity in education: Almost 16 million girls between the ages 6

and 11 will never get the chance to learn to read or write in primary school

compared to about 8 million boys if current trends continue, according to a

new report from UNESCO. Gender disparities remain highest in the Arab

states, sub-Saharan Africa and South and West Asia...

11. Women in armed forces:

The government would induct women in all military combat roles in the

future, The armed forces have been opposing the idea on account of what

they term as operational, practical and socio-cultural hazards. The

induction of women as short service commission officers and as fighter

pilots in the IAF has been approved. In the future, government will


2016


induct women in all fighter streams of our armed forces. IAF inducted

three women last year, as mentioned by the President in his speech.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION MEASURES:

12. Hemp cultivation being encouraged by Government of Uttarkhand as a

means of rural income.


2016


13. Direct Benefit Transfer 2.0

DBT2.0 is now the Game Changer

PMO asks for action plan through panchayat level mapping of existing

financial services to ensure DBT payments go the last mile to the doorstep

a) 1.55 lakh post offices in India, 1.38 lakh of which are in

rural areas, to be used for DBT payments

b) 1.3 lakh gramin dak sewaks with post offices to be used to

deliver DBT payments door to door with Aadhar

authentication enabled machines

c) 5.45 lakh fair price shops to be automated to deliver DBT in

food target for 2016 17, is automating 3 lakh shops through

biometric Aadhaar authentication

Aim is to have 2 to 3 alternative systems in every village of India for

DBT payments. This is because there is a high attrition rate among

bank mitra. Government says it has 1.08 lakh active Bank Mitra, but

active definition means just minimum transaction every 3 days.


2016


For graphic : 20.03.2016 The Sunday Economic Times

14. Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and

Services) Act, 2016. National Security is the only ground on which a

Competent Authority can share core bio-metric information contained in

Aadhaar. The law seeks to better target subsidies and benefits through use of

UIN, contains stringent provisions both substantially and procedurally to

protect privacy. “The core bio-metric information cannot be shared with any

person even with the consent of the Aadhaar card holder,

Aadhaar coverage crossed the 100 crore people mark in April

2016, and is now at 93% of all people aged 18 and above. About 25.48

crore bank accounts are now linked with the unique identity number.

As in April 2016, only 75,000 fair price shops are automated, out of

5.45 lakh fair price shops. A target of 3 lakh has been set for March 2017

. the distribution of food subsidy can start only thereafter.

15. Self Employment and Joblessness increased in villages across all religious

communities, with the unemployment rate rising from 1.6% in 2004-05 to

1.7% in 2011-12, according to the National Sample Survey Organisation


2016


(NSSO). Though the unemployment rate in urban areas came down across

all religions from 4.5% in 2004-05 to 3.4% in 2011-12, it remained higher

than in rural areas.

Majority of workers in rural areas were self-employed. The

proportion of self-employment among males was the highest for

Christians (56.6%); among females the share of self-employment was the

highest among Sikhs (79%).

In rural areas, a significant proportion of workers (about 35%)

both males and females were engaged as casual labour. Among males,

share of casual labour was the highest for Muslims (37.3%) and

lowest among Christians (27.4%) while among females, share of

casual labour was the highest among Hindus (36.6%) and lowest

among Sikhs (14.8%).

Among rural males and females, proportion of regular wage or

salaried employment was the highest for Christians (16.1% for males

and 14% for females).

In urban India, the share of self employed and salaried employees

were almost the same. In cities, highest self employment was among

Muslims and Sikhs male (52.8%) and for females it was the highest

for Muslims (61.3%). The proportion of salaried employment was

highest for Christians (49.4%for males and 64.7% for females).


2016


South Asia has witnessed a decrease in labour force participation

rates for both men and women in the last two decades. Also, the

region's gender gap in participation remains substantial. But in

Bangladesh and Pakistan, women labour force participation rate has

been inching upward. A look at select countries...


2016


16. Rise in Wages for MNREGA for unskilled workers: Tamil Nadu, Goa and

Karnataka have got the maximum increase of almost 10% in the daily wages

under MNREGA. States with the least increase include the poll-bound states

of West Bengal, `2 jump to `176, and Assam which has seen a mere `3

increase to `182. The rural development ministry from April 1 “Compared

with 2015-16, there is overall increase of 5.71.

17. Major schemes are monitored regularly by Prime Minister:

a) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna (PMJDY),

b) Swachh Bharat (Gramin),

c) Swachh Vidhyalaya and

d) Soil Health Card.


2016


18. Estimated impact of internet coverage in rural India, by 2020.

19. Changing profile of passport applicants

20.


2016


21. Sedition cases:

The highest number of cases of sedition were in Bihar and Jharkhand,

the hub of left wing extremism in 2014. Other acts, considered offences

against the State, but not sedition, were filed in significant numbers in

Assam, Meghalaya, Bihar, Jharkhand and Manipur, all of which have

witnessed insurgency or Maoist violence. Experts are still debating

whether all cases of sedition are actually linked to anti-national activity.


2016


3. Maan ki Baat a new institution

22. The rise in Aadhaar transactions has been steady through 2015--to 7.9 crore

transactions in November from 1.3 crore in January,2015. Since the


2016


inception of Aadhaar authentication services in 2010, more than 110 crore

transactions have taken place. nearly As per PM, Rs 40,000 crore had been

transferred directly to the bank accounts, which was always one of Aadhaar's

main aims-accurate targeting and zero leakage of welfare payments. Out of

9.5 crore MGNREGS active workers, over 53% in 300 districts are now

seeded with the ID and 2.84 crore payment transactions so far have been

carried out using the Aadhaar payment bridge directly into accounts. The

mobile number, 8190881908, will now allow people to listen to the Mann Ki

Baat broadcast any time on their mobile phones after leaving a missed call,

AADHAAR(Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and

Services) Act 2016

23. National Security is the only ground on which a Competent Authority

can share core bio-metric information contained in Aadhaar. The law seeks

to better target subsidies and benefits through use of UIN, contains stringent

provisions both substantially and procedurally to protect privacy. “The core

bio-metric information cannot be shared with any person even with the

consent of the Aadhaar card holder,


2016


06.04.2016

24. Debt-asset ratio of households in rural India rose during 1991 to 2002 for all

states except West Bengal, and the rate of increase was very high for Andhra

Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. The scenario was

different from 2002 to 2012...


2016


25. World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2016 : Continuing high

rates of unemployment worldwide & chronic vulnerable employment in

many emerging and developing economies are still deeply affecting the

world of work, warns a new ILO report. The final figure for unemployment

in 2015 is estimated to stand at 197.1 million and is forecast to rise by about

2.3 million to reach 199.4 million this year. An additional 1.1 million jobless

will likely be added to the global tally in 2017.


2016


26. The National Food Security Act that came into force in 2013, the central

government has to share 50% of the cost of handling and transportation of

food grain (75% in case of hilly and difficult areas) incurred by states and

the dealers' margin so that it is not passed on to the ultimate beneficiaries.

More than 70 crore beneficiaries have been identified in 27 states

and union territories. The Act covered 11 states and 33 crore people

when its implementation began in June 2014.

Some 1.8 lakh fair price shops across the country will have electronic

point of sale devices, to authenticate beneficiaries at the time of

distribution and also electronically capture the quantum of grains

distributed to each family. The number of these shops, at 70,000 now,

will increase to 5.52 lakh by March 2017.

The nine states and union territories that are still to implement the Act,

four -Gujarat, Kerala Jammu & Kashmir, Dadra and Nagar Haveli would

do it by the end of February, while another four -Arunachal Pradesh

Manipur, Mizoram and Naga land -have committed to star by March.

The last holdout state -Tamil Nadu -has sought time until July.

“The entire process of grains moving from godowns to shops to the

beneficiary is captured online. Even the electronic receipts given to

beneficiaries and closing balance of shops are up for public scrutiny.

This data and automation of process has also made the allocation of food

grain and their release to district administration easier.


2016


27. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

(MGNREGA) The objective of the scheme is to prevent distress and not give

jobs. It embodies the right to work, representing a new contract between the

state and the citizen. The name of the scheme is misleading. The purpose of

the scheme is not to offer jobs. Rather, the aim is to provide a safety net to

the poor in times of seasonal unemployment. Turning up to perform manual

labour is used as a fool proof self-selection tool, to ensure that local elites do

not corner the benefit meant for the rural poor. Even as MGNREGA's goal

is to prevent distress, it can be and has been used to create rural assets that

raise production and productivity. Its guidelines have sensibly evolved to

allow it to be combined with other rural development schemes to build

lasting assets. Some states implement the scheme well, others do not.

28. The Delhi High Court's ruling to allow the eldest female member of a

Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) to be a karta , which denotes manager of a

joint family is wholly welcome. It removes another huge barrier for women

to perform the role that traditionally has been in the domain of men. The

high court gave due weight to Section 6 of the Hindu Succession

(Amendment) Act 2005, that gave equal rights to daughters in ancestral


2016


property as the sons have. The idea was to end gender discrimination under

the Mitakshara coparcenary that had excluded women from inheritance.

With the disqualification removed, there is no reason why Hindu women

should be denied the position of a Karta. Implementation of the right could,

however, pose challenges. In a patriarchal society like India's, there is a

notion that daughters who live away from the joint family after their

marriage will not have the ability to manage ancestral property .

29. Trust Gap

A widening trust gap is emerging between elite and mass populations,

according to Edelman Trust Barometer 2016. While trust* in institutions

is rising in the `informed public' group (those with at least a college

degree and falling in the top 25% income category), for the `mass

population', trust levels have barely budged since the 2008 financial

crisis...

28.01.2016

30. The overall literacy rate in India have gone up to 74.4%, but the drop in the

illiteracy rate has not matched the increase in population. Between 2001 and

2011, the population above the age of 7 grew by 18.65 crore but the decrease

in the number of illiterates is just 3.11 crore.

A 2015 UNESCO report said that in terms of absolute numbers,

India with 28.7 crore illiterates, was the country with the largest number


2016


of adults without basic literacy skills in 2010-11 compared to 2000-01

when it had 30.4 crore illiterates. The fact that illiteracy is not being

tackled is evident from the enrolment rates in primary and upper primary

schools. Over 12 years (2000-01 to 2013-14), the number of children

who enrolled in primary schools increased by just 1.86 crore, and at the

upper primary level by just over 2 crore. The population during this

period, however, increased by more than 18 crore. What is lacking are

skills, vocational training, aspiration and confidence. Honing the skills of

the youth from the rural hinterlands can help create a strong workforce to

build India, while simultaneously raising their families out of poverty

31. A rural development model cannot work unless it's replicable over a

minimum cluster of 500-1,000 villages. To form a model for all to follow,

we will need a needle-moving number of model villages in each

constituency to be able to make any significant impact. Deeply embedded

phenomenon of poverty needs permanent change, not continued support. To

be able to truly help improve the lives of rural communities and be

disruptive, four things are needed together for permanent change: trust,

empathy, aspiration and empowerment. These will create an enabling

environment for transformation.

Trust-building is not an overnight process. It requires sustained

presence on the ground as well as ongoing communication. Locals need

to understand and participate in the development that is proposed for

them

Once trust is secured, it is essential to build empathetic relationships

that transform community feedback into channels for locally sustainable

solutions. These solutions then increase the access of deprived

communities to essential services like education, healthcare and

sanitation and, most important, creating livelihood opportunities. With

individual taps at home, the villagers took ownership and felt

empowered. This cannot happen unless rural India felt that tomorrow

was going to be better than yesterday.

32. OBC List inclusion: Kapus in Andhra Pradesh, form part of the southern

state's political and financial fibre is generally agreed. The community


2016


makes up 12% of the state's population, and has moved up the social ladder

with enterprise. It now wants to be put in the OBC list.

Gujarat was convulsed by the agitation of Patels. The community is

known for its numerical and financial muscle, generally a byword for

entrepreneurship. Likewise, Marathas forced Maharashtra to grant them

backward status, as did Jats of north India, before they hit the judicial

firewall. To proponents of social justice, goes against the grain of backward

caste mutiny which sought up liftment of castes too weak socially ,

educationally and numerically -to have a say in the political process. The

demand for sub-categorisation of OBC list or call from certain “most

backwards“ to be put in the Scheduled Caste list show that Mandal quotas

have been monopolised by dominant groups. As insiders argue, the pressure

from dominant groups for OBC status puts political parties in an unenviable

position -by accepting it they risk antagonizing the existing backwards who

fear a superior competitor would eat into their quota share, while

questioning it would incur the wrath of a community with strong electoral

muscle. However, sociologists blame political parties for the mess. As the

counter voices in Andhra point out, TDP chief and CM Chandrababu Naidu

made a poll promise to Kapus.

33. Tembhurni project: A decade-long successful experiment in Tembhurni

village in Himayat Nagar taluka. Adopting the Gandhian principle of

shramdaan (voluntary contribution for a cause), sarpanch Pralhad Patil

carried panch Pralhad Patil carried out construction of soak pits behind every

house to collect waste water. The project had an unexpected additional

benefit. The village, which was heavily dependent on tankers for water

supply till 2002, became self-sufficient after half-a-dozen hand pumps in

different parts began spewing water. “Water flowing into the 200 soak pits

gradually drains down into aquifers, thereby recharging groundwater. Our

village hasn't faced water scarcity in recent years,“ Patil says. Tembhurni

project in 2014 and decided to replicate it across the district.


2016


34. Funds from the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

Scheme (MNREGS) are being used to construct the pits.


2016


35. EMPLOYMENT GROWTH - Rescue from Data's Prison

The Indian economy has two big problems today. First, the headline GDP

growth number seems askew. Second, the policy shift to look only at the

consumer price index (CPI) misleads.

Growth of GDP reflects what is happening across the economy: from jobs

and livelihood creation to disposable incomes and, hence, domestic demand to

savings and, hence, capacity to invest.

Gross value added (GVA) for private non-financial companies is taken from

the RBI's published sample data. There exists a very widely divergent inflation

rates, the real growth rate corresponding to these nominal rates is dependent on

the choice of deflator.

http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31816&articlexml=EMPLOYMENT-GROWTH-Rescue-from-Datas-Prison-12042016016034


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National accounts system first computed the real growth rate based on

quantity indices and then on current price data. The jobs data is based on the

Quarterly Employment Survey (QES) of eight select industries, published by

the Labour Bureau and conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation

(NSSO) covering about 2,000 units. It was started at the time of the global crisis

in 2008. This is the only more-or-less contemporary quality data on jobs, even if

it is for eight select industries (including ITBPO) as it permits inter-temporal

comparison.

Employment data is a lagging variable , meaning that it tends to create jobs

a bit after economic conditions improve. It is the final arbiter of growth. Which

is why the mandate of the US Federal Reserve is “maximum employment with

price stability“.

It is precisely because of the heterogeneity of data across sectors that GDP

is vital as the unifying parameter. Has GDP growth picked up by nearly 2

percentage points, even as one does not see the effect in other critical data?

What is the purpose of public policy? High GDP growth rate is not an end in

itself. But it is critical, since it leads to creating jobs and livelihood

opportunities and improving the material well-being of the people.

Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, the Indian economy created 7.2 million non-

farm jobs and livelihoods each year, even as 4.2 million farm jobs were lost.

That is the demographic and workplace transformation underway and which

will continue in the decades ahead as young rural Indians move away from their

parents' avocation.

In 2010-11and 2011-12, over 10 million non-farm jobs and livelihoods were

added In the next 15 years, about 14 million non-farm jobs and livelihoods each

year for our educated and skilled youth. For the record, in 2009-10, 2010-11and

2011-12, an average of 9,61,000 jobs were added each year in the eight select

industries.


2016


36. Status of LPG

37. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), which envisages lower

annual premiums from farmers and higher sum insured for crops damaged

due to natural calamities, and the united package, which offers overall

protection to farmers and their families by providing accidental insurance

and cover for their assets such as tractors and farm equipment, will be

implemented by state governments. The Centre hopes the revamped


2016


insurance scheme, which will charge low premiums from farmers, will more

than double the number of farmers under insurance net to 50%, from about

20% now, even as more states join the scheme in the coming months.

PMFBY will help farmers insure their crops against calamities, because

insurance companies will reverse bid for higher sum insured and lower

premium.

38. Homelessness

A UN report has called for recognising homelessness as a human rights crisis

and ensuring its eradication by 2030. According to a UN estimate, there were

100 million homeless globally in 2005. However, the homeless figures depend

on the counting criteria. Figures based on just lack of shelter are much lower

than estimates that also account for habitat quality or other amenities. Here's a

look...

http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31816&articlexml=Homelessness-05032016010034


2016


39. ISSUES RELATING TO POVERTY AND HUNGER

Poverty is conventionally measured by defining threshold level of

expenditure or income required to purchase goods and services necessary to

satisfy basic needs at the minimal socially acceptable level. This threshold

level of expenditure is called the poverty line and the proportion of

population living below it is called the poverty ratio.

The current official measures of poverty in India are based on the

Tendulkar Poverty Line which has pegged the number of poor in the

country at 269.8 million or 21.9% of the population based on the National

Sample Survey Organisation data for 2011-12. NITI Aayog has underlined

the need for a poverty line that will help the government track the progress

in combating extreme poverty rather than identifying the poor. The

Tendulkar committee had pegged the daily per capita expenditure at ` . 27

for rural and ` . 40 for urban poor, which turned out to be the average

monthly per capita expenditure Rs. 816 in rural India and Rs 1,000 in

urban areas.

40. The objective behind an official poverty line is to track progress in

combating extreme poverty and not identification of the poor for purpose of

distributing government benefits.“ The poverty line is extremely significant

as a large number of social sector flagship schemes of the government are

directed toward the below poverty line people. If the poverty line is lowered,

a large section of the poor are deprived of the benefits of these schemes and


2016


is if it is raised too much then only the upper ones in the bracket benefit

while the poorest of the poor are left out of the growth process.

41. The world faces a major challenge in feeding an expanding world

population. This challenge is compounded by the additional threats of

climate change, increasing water and land scarcity, soil and land

degradation, and a deteriorating natural resource base, threats that will

mainly hurt the world's poor and vulnerable. Six numbers...

42. . Women tourists from India

Black water rafting in New Zealand's Waitomo Caves; shark diving in Cape

Town, South Africa; learning Muay Thai boxing in Thailand; performing the

world's highest bungee jump at the Macau Tower! Indian women travellers have

graduated from the standard city tours and are pushing the boundary in travel in

pursuit of adventure.

43. Muslims are 14.5% of the country's population. In Lok Sabha they have

4.4% representation. Muslims are in majority in Lakshadweep and Kashmir.

The percentage of Muslim in Assam is 34% , in West Bengal 26% and in

Kerala ( 26%). Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) in Kerala has 20

MLAs from the richest Malabar region out of the total 33 Muslim MLAs.

The strength of Kerala assembly is 140.


2016


44. The Chamaguri Satra (monastery) in Majuli island on the Brahmaputra

river. Hem Chandra Goswami's splendid dance mask of the crane demon

Bakasura, with its large golden beak and speckled silver head, and the black-

and-blue body mask of the five headed snake Kaliya, are now displayed at

the British Museum in London. He has been improving upon his masks,

experimenting with sounds and eye movements, making them more

appealing for GenNext.

Half of Majuli population belongs to tribes such as Mising, Deori, and

Sonowal Kachari. Mising tribe has dominated politics of the island.

Members are mostly Hindus with a few Christians. Main festival is Ali

(edible root’Aye means seed and Ligang means sowing festival of Ali-Aye-

Ligang.

06.04.2016

STAND UP INDIA

45. Under the Stand up India scheme people from Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes, and women entrepreneurs, will get support such as pre-

loan training, facilitating loan, factoring and marketing.

There will be a Rs. 10,000 crore refinance window through Small

Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) and the National Credit

Guarantee Trustee Company Ltd (NCGTC) will create a corpus of Rs.

5,000 crore. SIDBI will engage with the Dalit Indian Chamber of

Commerce and Industry and various other institutions to take the scheme

forward. The offices of SIDBI and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development will be designated `Stand Up Connect Centres'.

46. About half of India's 1.3 billion people are employed in agriculture, which

accounts for almost 20% of the nation's $2 trillion economy.


2016


01.06.2016

22.04.2016 ET


2016


May 11 2016 : The Economic Times (Delhi)

Safe Birth

India has managed to reduce its Maternal Mortality Ratio by 70% since

1990, when the indicator stood at 556, but there is still a large variation among

states...

Percentages in round figures ++MDG target already achieved +SDG target

already achieved Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is defined as the number of

maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to causes related to pregnancy or

within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, regardless of the site or duration of

pregnancy MDG: Millennium Development Goals; SDG: Sustainable

Development Goals

Percentages in round figures ++MDG target already achieved +SDG target

already achieved Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is defined as the number of

maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to causes related to pregnancy or

within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, regardless of the site or duration of

pregnancy MDG: Millennium Development Goals; SDG: Sustainable

Development Goals


2016


ET (Delhi) 28.03.2016

47. Juvenile Crime

a) As per National Crime Records Bureau, 66.3% of crimes

committed by juveniles or those below 18 years were committed

by those between the age of 16 and 18 years.

b) Cases registered against Juveniles in 2014

a) 7,802 in MP

b) 7,228 Maharashtra

c) 6,404 Bihar

d) 4,647 Gujarat

e) 2,547 Delhi

c) Total cases in 2012 = 31,973 ;

2013 = 35,861;

2014 = 38,565

d) Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 has replaced the 2000 Act.

a) It allows for those between 16 to 18 years to be tried as adults for

heinous crimes

b) For lesser serious offences they can be tried like adults if they are

caught after 21 years

http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31816&articlexml=Safe-Birth-11052016016044


2016


Documents

General Studies Paper 3 , Section 3, CSE (Mains)10x10learning.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/CSE-Main-Paper-3.2... · General Studies Paper 3 , Section 3, CSE (Mains) Social Justice