This Powerpoint contains information for chapters 11, 12, and 13.

Gene Expression RoleActivation of gene

= ____________________

When transcription occurs

Mechanisms ensure that each protein is produced only when needed

2 steps = ________________________________________

Gene Expression in ProkaryotesFrancois Jacob and Jacques Monod

Discovered how genes control metabolism of sugar lactose E. Coli

See Concept Map

Gene Expression in EukaryotesVastly different from prokaryotesLarger ______________DNA located in several individual

chromosomes instead of single circular oneMost are __________________________________Expression is far more complex No _______________ found in eukaryotes

Three regulatory elements:Structural genes: ____________________Promoter: __________________________Operator: __________________________All three of the above terms form the

_______________________________What is the lac operon?

Let’s talk about E. coliLactose…found in cows milk…disaccharide

(glucose + galactose)Let’s say you drink a glass of milk:

Lactose entering your body _______________________________________________ Control the metabolism of lactose Adjacent on chromosome

Production is controlled by 3 regulatory elements

Repressor attaches to operator

If lactose is absent…Repressor protein attaches to ____________

Inhibits a specific gene from being expressedProhibits ______________from binding to

structural genes = no _______________

Jobs on structural genesIntrons – _________________________________Exons – __________________________________

Unsure of benefits of intron-exon patternMay provide options for producing different

_________Could facilitate the exchange of exons among

homologous chromosomes during crossing over in meiosis = _________________________ Pattern could serve as an additional source of the

genetic diversity that is essential for evolution

Control after transcriptionGene expression can be controlled by

modifying _____ after ___________________________________ – lg. molecule; from transcription of

introns and exonsEnzyme comes in and splits the pre-mRNA at

each end of an intron and then splices the exons together, forming ________________

mRNA leaves nucleus and enters the cytoplasm mRNA begins the manufacturing of proteins on

the ribosomesBUT WE ALREADY KNOW THIS!!!!

Nature of CancerTumor – uncontrolled, abnormal cell division

Benign – ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Malignant – _____________________________________

Metastasis – ____________________________________

Kinds of cancerCarcinomas –

______________________________________________________________________________________________

Sarcomas – ____________________________________

Lymphomas – solid tumors that grow _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cancer and the cell cycleNormal cell division – divide when needed

and when conditions are right; governed by ______________________________________________________________________________________Adequate nutritionAttachment to other cells, membrane, or fibers

between cellsCancer cell division – continue to divide in

dense environments_____________________________________________Continues to divide after

_______________________________________________

Causes of cancerMutations that alter the expression of

genes coding for growth factor proteinsCan be ________________________Mostly caused by

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Depends on factorsMaybe genetic predisposition (mutations in

gametes can be passed to offspring)Exposure time to _______________Amount of ____________________More than one ________________ is usually

needed to produce cancer

OncogenesBegin as _______________– normal genes;

control cell growth and differentiationNormally code for ______________

Regulate ________________________________________

Mutation in proto-oncogene Produce more

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Increases rate of cell cycle = ___________________

Tumor-suppressor genesCode for ________________________________Mutations = proteins for which they code are

either expressed _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Viruses and CancerMany viral genes are ________________Viruses can stimulate _________________by

causing ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Viruses may activate the cell’s own _________________

Found to cause various types of ___________________

ReviewKnow all vocabulary (would you expect anything

less?) you know, morphogenesis, homeoboxes, introns, exons, etc.

Know the pictures depicting gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and what is happening (be able to identify what is happening and where; steps)make sure you understand the lac operon!steps leading to formation of protein in eukaryotic cells

Know difference between oncogene and tumor-suppressor gene

Know how Drosophila is used as an example with regards to mutations.

Know how genes can be expressed – the processKnow types of cancer and what happens for a

cell to become cancerous

Sex DeterminationThomas Hunt Morgan

Studied __________________4 Pairs of ______________________________Noticed one pair was different between males

and females X – appeared same in male and females Y – shorter, hook shaped

Gametes from meiosis II have either ____________________(depending on sex of parent)

Sex Determination (cont.)Morgan believed ____________________ it to

carry more genesX = X-linked genesY = Y-linked genesGenes on sex chromosomes =

___________________Morgan’s fruit fly experiments confirmed the

existence of X-linked traits

Morgan’s findings on eye colorWhite-eyed male x red-eyed female =

(followed Mendel’s predictions)F1 generation all had __________________

Crossed F1 generation = F2 generation exhibited _______________________________________________

Hypothesized that the gene for ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Linkage groupsLinked genes tend to be ___________________Typically a _______ ratioIf on a different chromosome, they are

_________________Key: Grey (G) is _______________ to black (g);

Long (L) is ____________________ to short (l)Morgan crossed: GGLL x ggll

F1 = GgLl; crossed two F1 generations F2 = Morgan thought if alleles were on different

chromosomes, should _______________________ Phenotypic ratio should be ____________ If on same chromosome, __ gray, long-winged: __ black,

short-winged Result closely approximated the ___________ Hypothesized that genes are linked

What about …Gray, short-winged and black, long-winged

appearing?If on same chromosome, must be some kind of

_______________________________Possibly couldn’t be ________________ = Occur

in one individual out of tens of thousandsRearrangement occurred during

_________________ Rearrangement of alleles =

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chromosome MappingAlfred H Sturtevant

Morgan’s studentUsed

____________________________________________________________________________________of Drosophila

Know what a chromosome map is, you won’t have to calculate map units, etc.

MutationsChg in DNA of organism

Entire ________________ or single ___________________Germ Cell =

______________________________________________________________________________________________

Somatic = ______________________________________

Lethal = death, often before birthBeneficial? = better chance of reproducing and have

evolutionary advantage Variation upon which natural selection acts

Chromosome MutationsDeletion=

_____________________________________Inversion=

____________________________________Translocation=

________________________________Nondisjunction=

_______________________________Ex. ____________________________________________

Gene MutationsPoint = substitution, addition, or removal of

Substitutions = __________________________________ Nucleotide Insertions –

________________________________ Nucleotide Deletions -

________________________________

Frame-shift = __________________________________What happens?

12.2 (Page 230-231 only)Familiarize yourself with Table 12-3 on page

230Disorders due to _________________________

Can cause gametes to lack a ________________________________________________

Zygotes (______________) can have either 45 or 47 (often __________) 45 = ____________________ (one copy of chromosome) 47 = ____________________ (three copies)

TrisomyTrisomy 21 = extra copy of

_______________________= Down SyndromeList 5 characteristics:

Down Syndrome

Nondisjunction and sex chromosomesMales with extra copy of _____ =

__________________________________________________Some feminine characteristicsSome are mentally retarded Some are infertile

Individuals that inherit ______________do not survive = ___________contains information essential for development

Individuals that have __________________= Turner’s syndromeFemale appearanceDo not mature sexually infertile

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Turner’s Syndrome

DNA TechnologyUsed to

______________________________________________________________________________________________

Trace the path of the restriction enzyme using 5 post-its…be able to explain what is happening. Use your text, pages 239-240 to better gain an understanding for your explanation.

How does it all happen?DNA is a long chain of ________________________________________________________ cut DNA

into more manageable segments___________________ are created

Readily bind to _____________________________________Can be used to isolate a

_________________________A __________________can transfer the gene to an

organism

Transplanting GenesWhat would be the need to transplant genes?

Talk with your table and discuss.