GCSE

Geography

Unit Two: Tourism.

Question 6.

Tourism Revision Checklist:

1. Read through your notes and tick off whether you have notes on the topics that have been covered. If not, you must

copy up ASAP.

2. For each topic you must provide a score to reflect how well you think you understand what you’ve covered. This will

help you focus your revision. Provide a score of 1-5.

3. Identify the topics you most need to revise – and do this as a priority!

1 = Don’t understand 3 = Understand some 5 = Understand all

Section of Topic Pages: Notes? Understanding?

THE GROWTH OF TOURISM:

Reasons: For the global increase in tourism. Destinations: The potential of cities, mountains and coastal areas for the development of tourism. Economics: The economic importance of tourism to countries in contrasting parts of the world. Contribution of tourism to the UK economy. Impact of external factors on visitor numbers to the UK.

122 / 123

MANAGING TOURISM:

The rise & fall of tourism: Tourist area/resort life cycle model. Case study: A case study of either a UK National Park or a UK coastal resort. The reasons for its growth as a tourist destination. The effectiveness of strategies to cope with the impact of large numbers of tourists. Plans to ensure the continuing success of the tourism industry in the area.

123 / 124

MASS TOURISM:

What is mass tourism? The meaning of mass tourism. Case study: A case study of an established tropical tourist area which attracts large numbers of visitors. The positive and negative effects of mass tourism on the economy and environment. Strategies for maintaining the importance of tourism in the area and reducing its negative effects.

125 / 126

TOURISM IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS:

Tourism in extreme environments: The attractions of extreme environments to tourists. The increased demand for adventure holidays. The impact of tourism on an extreme environment. Case study: A case study of one extreme area and the extent to which it can cope with the development of a tourist industry.

127 / 128

ECOTOURISM:

Stewardship & Conservation: The need for stewardship and conservation. Case study: A case study of the ways that ecotourism can benefit the environment, the local economy and the lives of the people. A consideration that this form of tourism can contribute to sustainable development.

129 / 130

Can you provide definitions for the following key terms?

Disposable income, grey pound, pensioners, package holiday, GDP, mass tourism, multiplier effect, economic leakage, economic issue, social issue, environmental issue, cultural issue, sustainable development, management, conservation, stewardship, ecotourism, niche market, domestic tourism, foreign tourism, Butler model, National Park

Tourism

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/topics/secondary/geography/tourism.shtml

Tourism Why has Global Tourism grown?

Tourism is the world’s largest industry.

There were 900 million tourists in 2007 and this number is expected to rise to 1.6

billion by 2020.

Therefore tourism is a massive provider of jobs and income.

In some countries or regions like the Caribbean tourism provides half its money.

Region 2006 2007 Percentage

change

2006-7

Percentage

of world

Tourism

Africa 40.9 44.2 +7.9 4.8

Americas 135.7 142.1 +4.7 16.1

Asia and

Pacific

167.8 184.9 +10.2 19.8

Europe 460.8 480.1 +4.2 54.4

Middle

East

41.0 46.4 +13.4 4.9

World 846* 898 +6.1 100.0

* To the nearest Million

Social and Economic Factors affecting Tourism’s growth

• In the last 50 years people have got richer and have more disposable income.

• People are having fewer children.

• Car ownership has grown

• People have more leisure time

• Older people have good pensions

• Ryan air- the growth of the budget airline

Technological reasons affecting Tourism’s growth

What technology is better now than 50 years ago?

• Motorways

• Faster jet aircraft

• Better train network e.g. Eurostar

Expansion of holiday choice

1950s and 1960s Coastal resorts were popular, National Parks were opening.

1970s saw a decline in the British Coastal Resort, and the start of the cheap package

holiday in mainland Europe, especially Spain

More destinations available globally

Eco Tourism

Extreme Tourism- Antarctica

Tourist Pull Factors

Mountain resort

Bars/Restaurants

Skiing in the Alps

Variety of Winter

sports

Beautiful Scenery Adventure

Families

Expensive Groups of young

Adults

Summertime- Hiking,

Mountain biking, rock

climbing

Gap Year: work/ski

City Breaks

Beach holiday

City Breaks

Different Cultures

Shopping

Hotels and

restaurants

Exotic Foods

Famous Landmarks

and buildings

Families

Romance

Architecture

Beach holiday Beautiful Landscapes

Relaxation

Water sports

Families

Climate

Food and drink

Hotels

Nightlife

Cheap Package

holidays Activities for all the

family

Exotic and different

Importance of Tourism

Tourism is an important part of the economies of both rich and poor countries.

In some poor countries it is the most important and sometimes only source of foreign income.

Tourism can create jobs and improve standards of living.

Country Annual Tourist Income

($ millions)

Number of Tourists

(millions)

USA 66,547 46.1

Spain 33,609 55.6

France 32,329 76.0

Italy 26,915 36.5

China 20,385 41.8

Germany 19,158 21.5

UK 17,591 30.0

Austria 11,237 20.0

Hong Kong 10,117

Greece 9,741

Mexico 20.6

Turkey 20.2

France has had more tourists than any other country for many years, French tourism

includes:

o City Breaks,

o Holiday cottages,

o Camping,

o Skiing,

o Beach Holidays.

The USA earns the most money. People stay longer and spend more money.

Essential jobs are created in all countries from tourism. In rich countries tourism forms a

varied part of the GDP (the amount of money a country earns).

In less well off countries tourism is essential. In the Caribbean small Island countries

rely heavily on tourism, in Barbados it forms 80% of its national income.

Case Study: Dubai

Dubai is a tiny state, part of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) along

the Gulf Coast. It neighbours Saudi Arabia.

Dubai is very accessible from Europe, Asia and Africa with 120

airlines flying there.

Hotel revenue was up 22% for the first quarter of 2008

compared with the same period the previous year.

Attractions

Huge duty free department stores.

Sightseeing

Markets

Zoos

Dhow building yards

Beaches- water sports and diving

Desert and wildlife

Bird watching

Vietnam – Tourism in a poor country

Vietnam is in Asia

Vietnam is one of the least developed Asia-Pacific countries, held

back by decades of war

Tourism could help Vietnam develop quickly with little investment.

Year Visitor

Numbers

2000 2.8 million

2003 4.9 million

2004 5.4 million

2010

(predicted)

10 million+

Year Visitor Numbers

2000 2.2 million

2004 3.0 million

Over the past ten years Vietnam has seen an

extraordinary growth in tourist numbers - a

286% rise since 1998, and in recent years

growth has been as 20% compared to the

previous year

Attractions

Sight seeing

Exotic and beautiful Landscapes

Culture

Beaches- water sports

Jungle

Cheap

Benefits of Tourism in a poor country

Many people employed to serve tourists such as waiters, shop assistants and tour

guides

Tourists spend their money in US dollars, Pound Sterling, or Euros.

Governments can tax tourists to help pay for extra services

Jobs are created indirectly, ie local food providers

Encourages small businesses

How do we Manage Tourism in the UK?

The Growth of Tourism in the UK

Almost all UK Tourism used to be

domestic. Only the very rich could

holiday abroad

Domestic holidays grew in the 1960s

with higher rates of pay, and more

holidays.

UK Holidays peaked in the 1970s with

the UK seaside break attracting 40

million visitors.

In the late 1970s cheap package holidays with guaranteed “sun sea and sangria” exploded in

popularity. It was cheaper to go to a Spanish resort like Benidorm, than holiday in the rain in

the UK.

2008 4.5 million

2010 6.0 million

The contribution of tourism to the UK economy

UK tourism earns over £80 billion every year

Most money is spent in restaurants and hotels

Over 100 new hotels are opened every year in the UK

The London Eye is the most visited attraction

The 2012 Olympics will boost tourism to the UK

The Butler tourist resort life-cycle model

1. Small numbers of visitors are attracted by good

beaches, history or culture etc

2. The local population sees the potential and starts to

provide accommodation, food, guides etc

3. Large numbers invest, tourist numbers increase

dramatically

4. Tourism is now a major part of the local economy

5. Resort becomes unfashionable- numbers drop

6. Decline- Only day trippers visit.

7. Rejuvenation?

Case study: Brighton

1. Exploration – in 1750 Brighton underwent a period of exploration, as it was recognised

that bathing in the sea allowed people to was and would therefore lead to an

improvement in their health.

2. Involvement – Local people began to see the potential and set up local businesses,

businesses which included small hotels and guesthouses, as well as changing facilities

for women, who could pay to be wheeled down across the stones to the water’s edge.

3. Development – The 1800’s saw the development of Brighton as a tourist resort. Over

the course of the 19th Century large hotels were built, such as the Kings Hotel in 1820.

In 1841 the railway reached Brighton, allowing the raid increase in the number of

tourists visiting the resort.

4. Consolidation – By the late 19th Century tourism was a major part of Brighton’s

economy. Its importance was consolidated with further hotels being constructed and

attractions like the Brighton’s Piers being built.

5. Stagnation - Into the 20th Century, Brighton as a tourist resort was starting to lose

favour and numbers dropped. This wasn’t helped by Brighton being described as being

“unattractive and outdated holiday resort”.

6. Decline – The town fell into decline as a tourist resort, as it gained a reputation for

being “unsavoury” with gangs and violence of increasing concern. The seafront became

rundown and Brighton hit an all time low as a tourism destination.

7. Rejuvenation – Towards the late 20th Century and into the 21st Century Brighton was

the subject of huge investment, with the seafront gaining a facelift, which attracted

new bars, pubs, clubs and restaurants. In the town a new shopping centre – Churchill

Square opened and an artist’s quarter was created. In addition to the new

developments tourism in the Brighton benefitted from its cultural offerings

particularly in the form of festivals with the Brighton Festival and Brighton Pride, just

two of them. Today Brighton is a fashionable hotspot home to a trendy vibrant culture

which attracts 8 million tourists each year who spend £408 million each year.

Impacts of Tourism in Brighton

Increased in crime as tourists are targets for thieves

Stag and Hen Parties result in increased drunken and unsociable behaviour

Noise pollution created from late night restaurants, bars and clubs

Increased amounts of litter, particularly on beaches

Increased traffic has led to congestion in the city

Ways of ensuring the sustainability of tourism in Brighton

Brighton’s tourist board must work hard to attract an ever increasing range of

potential tourists, widening the cities appeal further than just young people.

Brighton must continue to invest in potential tourist attractions that attract

increasingly wider audience – families, young people, elderly.

Brighton must continue to develop and run successful annual events, such as festivals

which bring large numbers of people into the area.

Brighton must look to tackle and limit the negative impacts of tourism in the city.

External Factors affecting UK Tourism in the early 21st Century

Many factors can affect how many people travel to the UK.

Two key factors have affected UK tourism:

Terrorism

The London Bombings in 2005 resulted in a sharp decline in the number of tourists visiting

the UK and London. Potential tourists worried over the possibility of further attacks,

choosing to holiday in other countries.

However, with the threat of terrorism being global, there was a rise in domestic UK tourism

as people worried about travel or remained put off by increased security checks. In addition

tourists who did visit the UK avoided London looking to holiday in other areas of the country,

benefiting other cities and rural areas.

Banking Crisis

The economic downturn which has dogged the early 21st Century has meant a rapid rise in

unemployment and an ongoing squeeze on household incomes. This has resulted in a slowdown

in the growth of tourism. Many people are now choosing to have less holidays or instead

holiday in their own country.

The result has been an increase number of domestic tourists and a slowdown in the number

international visitors.

Exchange Rates

Changes in foreign currency can make the UK very attractive for overseas visitors. A weak

pound has meant that foreign tourists get more pounds in exchange for their own currency,

meaning that the UK is cheaper to visit.

However, for British people a weak pound means it is more expensive to go abroad, putting

them off from travelling, perhaps persuading them to holiday in the UK.

Why do so many countries want mass tourism?

Advantages Disadvantages

Jobs

It provides regular work with reliable wages

Seasonal Jobs

Work may be seasonal meaning when there

are no tourists there is no work.

New infrastructure

It is built for tourists, but used by the locals

who benefit – airports, hotels, attractions,

power stations, roads etc

Hotel Chains

The industry is dominated by a few large

companies, who are able to make the lion’s

share of the money generated through

tourism

Construction jobs

The building of hotels and tourist

infrastructure creates jobs which go to local

people (although temporary)

Low Income Customers

Mass tourism tends to be aimed at low and

middle income customers, who do not spend

as much as wealthy tourists.

New leisure facilities

New leisure facilities are opened for

tourists, but are often available for the local

population to use e.g. water park.

Low Wages

Few local employees are well paid – people in

the well paid jobs are moved in from other

countries.

New skills

The arrival of tourists mean that local people

must develop new skills, perhaps developing

Foreign Companies

Investing companies are often from

overseas. Profits therefore go out the

understanding and use of languages country where mass tourism is taking place

Multiplier Effect

New money being earned is fed into the local

economy with many new businesses set up to

support tourist industry or the people

working in it. E.g. local restaurants for hotel

workers.

Loss of Land

New developments need land taking it from

local farmers. Local food production

decreases – unsustainable.

Imported Foods

Tourists often will only eat imported food

rather than local food, meaning that local

farmers rarely benefit

Increasing Costs

As an area becomes more popular, local

people may not be able to afford the rising

cost of land, or everyday items such as food

stuffs or access to facilities.

Case Study: Kenya – A Tropical Tourism Destination

Tourism in Kenya

Tourism in Kenya’s 2nd largest source of income.

Tourism is worth US$300 million to Kenya every year

Activities and Attractions

Safari

Year round tropical climate

Long stretches of beaches

Luxury all inclusive hotels

Maasai Culture

Scenery of the savannah landscape

Economic Impacts of Tourism in Kenya

Positive Economic Impacts Negative Economic Impacts

Provides people with jobs Money spent by tourists is leaked from Kenya

back into EU countries/travel agents

Jobs provide people with a source of income Tourism in Kenya involves most tourists

staying in all inclusive hotels. People rarely

venture out and do not spend money in the

local economy.

People given a decent minimum wage of £3

per day

Tourism can be irregular, particularly in

Kenya where political instability and

terrorism can result in a decline in the

number of tourists

Local tribe the Maasai able to make money by

selling handmade souvenirs

Tourists who visit local villages, believe that

the £10 they pay in going directly to

tourists, where in reality as little as £3 goes

to the local villagers

Social Impacts of Tourism in Kenya

Positive Social Impacts Negative Social Impacts

Tourist Developments can benefit locals,

perhaps through community projects like a

well providing fresh water

Unsustainable tourists developments are

having a negative impact on the lives of the

locals, e.g. loss of land, polluted water.

Local Kenyans have the opportunity to

experience new cultures

Workers endure poor working conditions,

forced to work extremely long hours.

Local Kenyans have the opportunity to

develop new skills

Despite a minimum wage of £3 it is unable to

support a basic standard of living

Infrastructure built for tourists can benefit

local people, for example new roads

Maasai tribes turn their back on their own

cultures, adopting western cultures.

Tourism in Kenya a Positive Multiplier Effect

Mass

Tourism

Jobs for

locals

Workers

develop new

skills

Language

Service

Workers

receive a

minimum

wage £3

Workers spend

earnings in local

economy

Tax is paid Invested into

schools,

healthcare and

infrastructure

Workers

start out own

small tourist

enterprise New skills

learnt better

infrastructur

e e.g. roads

and airports

Strategies for improving tourism whilst reducing its negative effects

Limit the number of all-inclusive resorts

Reduce the emphasis upon package holidays

Tax hotels, enforce a tourist tax to provide money to be spent on people/environment

Community Tourism – encourage tourists top stay with local tribes – Maasai

Family Bed and Breakfast

Ecotourism – Porini Camp

Ecotourism – The Porini Camp, Kenya

Activities

Visit and stay in a luxury safari lodge, constructed on land owned and rented by the

Maasai Tribes people.

The lodge and stay is all inclusive and costs £400 per night

Tourists stay in a canvas safari tent

Tourists visit local Maasai villages to experience Maasai culture

Tourists go on safari, which is small scale as only 18 people are allowed in the area at

any one time to ensure animals are not affected.

Benefits

The canvas tents are non-permanent and do not scar the environment, they can be

removed without trace at any time.

Local people earn from tourism directly so they benefit

The money generated provides local people with an incentive to look after the animals

The money from the tourists has helped to fund schools and community water supplies

Local people are encouraged to maintain their culture as it is what attracts tourists

The camp is powered sustainably with biomass and solar energy used.

What attracts people to extreme environments?

Extreme environment tourism involves dangerous landscapes with

difficult climates.

Access is often difficult and few people live there.

More and more people are attracted to extreme environments preferring to escape the

beaten track, and hordes of fellow tourists. Some tourists are looking for more a thrill

pursuing activities such as rock climbing, paragliding and white water rafting

Location Extreme Holiday

White sea, North Russia Ice-diving

Ukraine Travelling across Chernobyl Zone of alienation

Jamaica Waterfall/cliff diving

Greenland Husky sledding

Brazil Amazon Rainforest Trekking

Nepal Hiking/mountaineering

Extreme Tourism is one of the fastest-growing types of tourism in the world.

The target market

The main market is people around 30 who do not have children, have high powered jobs and a

good income – trips to extreme areas are expensive- who’re looking for a thrill!

It will never be a large market and is known as a niche market.

Little money is needed to set it up as roads and hotels are irrelevant. Sleeping rough is part

of the experience.

This is a sector of tourism that is rapidly growing in very poor countries like Chile, Northern

Pakistan etc. Camping next to Al Qaeda is not a thrill too far for some.

Case study: Antarctica

Tourism began in the 1950s. The first cruise ships visited

the area in the 1970s.

Tourist numbers have grown to 46,000 mainly from the USA

brought in by over 100 companies.

Tourist Activities

Scuba Diving

Kayaking

Walking

Ship Cruise

Wildlife Observation

Environmental Impacts

Honey pot sites have developed; this is where large numbers of tourists visit one area. It

has damaged the area and affected wildlife such as Penguins who are disturbed and may

abandon their eggs and their young.

There is a risk of ships crushing into uncharted rocks or icebergs which could lead to the

risk of oil spills in this sensitive area.

Waste material generated by tourists and on ships is left in this sensitive area.

Coping with Tourism in Antarctica

All tour operators have to belong to the IAATO which directs tourists to safe and

environmentally friendly areas

Tourists are not allowed on Sites of Special Scientific Interest e.g. South Georgia

No ships with over 500 people can land in Antarctica

Permits are needed for all activities on the continent

How can tourism become more sustainable?

Eco tourism

Eco tourism is environmentally friendly tourism, which is focused on protecting the

environment and the local way of life.

Tourism is being blamed not only for environmental but also social and cultural damage

Beaches are polluted, coral reefs destroyed and countries too dependent on an unreliable

tourist income.

Eco tourism a niche market caters for environmentally aware tourists who wish to experience

the natural environment directly.

They are often more expensive

Use sustainable energies

Minimise waste

Prefer small scale accommodation, often without amenities such as electricity.

Eat local food

Employ local guides, aim to spend their money directly on the area, and not give it to a

large western multinational company.

Case study: Morgan’s Rock, Nicaragua

Activities

Morgan’s Rock is a luxury resort, made up of individual Eco lodges.

During your stay you can:

o Learn about free range farming techniques

o Enjoy local food

o Laze on the beach in a pool

o Visit the 800 hectares of forest which has been conserved around the lodge

o Have the opportunity to plant a tree during your stay costing £20 each allowing

you to give something back during your visit.

Benefits

Morgan’s Rock takes seriously its role in conserving the environment

It employs local people, allowing them to benefit directly

Only renewable energies are used, with no mini bar or air conditioning

Free range farming techniques are used

70% of food production is from Morgan’s Rock’s farm reducing its carbon footprint.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Eco Tourism

Advantages Disadvantages

Ecotourism is attracting more and more

tourists, it is now the fastest growing

tourism sector

Ecotourism costs a lot of money, only people

with enough money can do it

Eco tourists want to have as little impact on

the environment as possible

Ecotourism has a limited market as the

accommodation is small scale

Energy use is sustainable Ecotourism cannot replace mass tourism

Ecotourism keeps waste production to a

minimum disposing of it in a sustainable

manner

Less well-off people cannot get involved in

ecotourism.

Ecotourism offers small scale

accommodation, resulting in little impact on

the environment

Ecotourism encourages people to eat local

foods, reducing the amount of food miles

Eco tourists gain knowledge and experience

from local people

Ecotourism helps to pay for things that are

of benefit to the local people, for example

schools, ambulances and waste incinerators.

Stewardship

Careful management of the environment on a large scale: regionally, nationally and globally

Conservation

Is stewardship on a smaller and more manageable scale.

Tourism in a UK National Park

Case Study: The Lake District, UK Reasons For Growth

Offers magnificent and unique landscapes- Rivers and Mountains. Vast Range of things to do- From Climbing to Sailing. Becoming more accessible. Wide Range of ecosystems and Nature Reserves. Releases the pressures from Urban Living.

Problems caused by tourism • 12 million visitors per year – compared to 42,000 residents. • 89% of visitors come by car. • Honeypot sites = Lake Windermere, Grasmere • 15% of houses are second homes. This drives up house prices and an average home in Windermere is

£300,000. • On a busy day pollution from cars can reach the same levels as central London.

How do people solve and reduce impacts of Tourism in the Lake District?

Traffic: Traffic is a big problem in the Lake District and is reduced by setting speed limits to 40 mph as well as restricting on-street parking and introduces new trunk roads to space the traffic out.

Landscape: People maintain the natural beauty of the Lake District by Planting trees and Repairing Eroded Footpaths.

Noise Pollution: In order to maintain a sense of peace and tranquillity for both residents and tourists, there has been a water skiing ban on Lake Windermere and a permanent speed limit of 10 mph was set in 2005.

Shortage of Housing: allot of tourists buy second homes and this leads to increase in price for the locals. This has been solved by affordable houses being built just available to local people, allowing both local people and tourists to enjoy the National Park.

Summary Questions

1. Define Tourism. (1 Mark)

2. Describe the attractions of the Lake District. (3 Marks)

3. Describe the management strategies that are used to cope with the impact of tourists in a Named UK

National Park. (8 Marks)

4. Explain why Tourism is constantly increasing. (4 Marks)

5. What is meant by the term “Mass tourism”? (1 Mark)

6. Describe the impacts of mass tourism on a named tropical area and how they are being reduced

(8 Marks)

7. Why do people go on extreme holidays and why has the demand for them increased? (6 Marks)

8. Explain the strategies used in a named extreme environment to help reduce the impacts of tourism.

(8 Marks)

9. What is meant by the term “eco-tourism”? (1 Mark)

10. Using a case study, describe the ways in which eco-tourism has benefitted this destination. (8 Marks)