Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease

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    Gastritis akutGastritis akut(Erosif/Hemorrhagik)(Erosif/Hemorrhagik)

    #mumnya disebabkan oleh#mumnya disebabkan oleh $$%n&ury' pada mukosa lambung karena NA%%n&ury' pada mukosa lambung karena NA%

    dengan mengurangi produksi prostaglandindengan mengurangi produksi prostaglandin

     pada lambung dan duodenum pada lambung dan duodenum *onsumsi alkohol*onsumsi alkohol

    $$tress' akibat +edera kepala lukabakartress' akibat +edera kepala lukabakar

    sepsis pembedahansepsis pembedahan

     ,ipertensi ortal (portal gastropathy),ipertensi ortal (portal gastropathy)

    enyebab lain:enyebab lain: Terminum bahan-bahan korosi/kaustikausti+Terminum bahan-bahan korosi/kaustikausti+

    ingestioningestion

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    Gastritis kronikGastritis kronik Nonerosif/nonspesifik  Nonerosif/nonspesifik 

    Gastritis infeksiosa Type B: H PyloriGastritis infeksiosa Type B: H Pylori Mengenai antrum dan corpus gaster Mengenai antrum dan corpus gaster Kebanyakan asimptomatik Kebanyakan asimptomatik Ada hubungan kuat dengan penyakit ulkus peptikum Ada hubungan kuat dengan penyakit ulkus peptikum

    Risiko adenokarsinoma dan limfoma !" kali lipatRisiko adenokarsinoma dan limfoma !" kali lipat Gastritis autoimmune Type A: AnemiaGastritis autoimmune Type A: Anemia pernisiosa pernisiosa

    Biasanya mengenai corpus dan fundus# mempengaruhiBiasanya mengenai corpus dan fundus# mempengaruhisel parietal$sel parietal$

     Anemia pernisiosa disebabkan oleh gangguan Anemia pernisiosa disebabkan oleh gangguanabsorbsi %itamin B& karena tidak adanya faktorabsorbsi %itamin B& karena tidak adanya faktorintrinsik dari sel parietal dan berkurangnyaintrinsik dari sel parietal dan berkurangnya

     produksi asam produksi asam Risiko adenokarsinoma bertambahRisiko adenokarsinoma bertambah

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    Bentuk!bentuk khususGastritis 'nfeksiosa (Gastritis flegmonosa atau

    )necroti*ing gastritis+, Reseksi lambung emergensi# dan pengobatandengan antibiotika

    -M.# candida (/amur, pada penderita+immunocompromised+

    Gastritis eosinofilik )Giant -ell gastritis+ (Menetrier0sdisease atau gastropati hipertrofik,

    Gastritis limfositik

    Gastritis granulomatosa Tuberkulosis 1yphilis 2amur 1arkoidosis -rohn0s disease

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    Ge/ala!ge/ala Gastritis

    Gambaran klinis gastritis umumnya lebih mencerminkan sindroma yang mendasari dibandingcedera gaster sendiri

     Akut:  3ispepsia dan nyeri abdomen  Ketidakenakan daerah epigastrik  Kadang!kadang mual ( nausea, dan muntah (%omitus,  4yeri kepala# sali%asi berlebihan# flatus

     Kronik:

    Ge/ala tak khas# mungkin hanya discomfort abdominalsa/a$

    Tanda!tanda: (tidak selalu ada,  Hematemesis  4yeri tekan abdomen (abdominal tenderness,

     Kembung (Bloating,  Muntah

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    Gastritis

    5aboratorium: 1tandar emas (gold standard, adalah pemeriksan

    endoskopi6biopsi 7rea breath test untuk mendeteksi H$ pylori Pemeriksaan khusus untuk kondisi yang mendasari# misalnya pemeriksaan kadar %it B&

    dan P35 untuk anemia perniciosa 3iagnosis differensial:

    &$ 7lkus peptikum $ Gastroparesis 8$ Karsinoma lambung 9$ GR3 ;$ Pankreatitis "$ 5imfoma

    Pengobatan Hilangkan irritant radikasi H$ pylori Antasida dan H blocker

     Hindari rokok dan alkohol

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    7lkus peptikum

    7lkus peptikum atau Peptic 7lcer 3isease7lkus peptikum atau Peptic 7lcer 3isease(P73, adalah penyakit ulkus yang terdapat(P73, adalah penyakit ulkus yang terdapat

     pada saluran cerna bagian atas (lambung dan pada saluran cerna bagian atas (lambung dan

    duodenum, ulcus %entriculi# ulcusduodenum, ulcus %entriculi# ulcusduodeniduodeni

     Kerusakan mukosa lambung atau duodenum Kerusakan mukosa lambung atau duodenum meluas sampai tunica muscularis mucosae# meluas sampai tunica muscularis mucosae#

    biasanya sedalam ; mm!& cmbiasanya sedalam ; mm!& cm

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    • Perbandingan frekuensi pria dengan

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    1pektrum penyakit ini luas# mulai daricedera ringan mukosa sampai ulserasi yangtampak /elas

    Ge/alanya ber%ariasi dan tidak selalu ada

    hubungan dengan beratnya kerusakan/aringan$

    1aat ini pre%alensi ulkus peptikum kira!kira &!= penduduk

    &>= penduduk pernah mengalami penyakit

    ulkus peptikum sepan/ang hidupnya 7lkus %entrikuli dan ulkus duodenicenderung kambuh pada lokasi yang sama$

    Perdarahan rekurens dapat ter/adi pada

    ;>= penderita$

    7lkus peptikum

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    Ulkus Duodeni vs. Ulkusventrikuli

    Ulkus Duodeni Produksi asam meningkat

     H$ pylori

     Keluhan berkurangbila dimasuki

     makanan danbiasanya penderitaterbangun pada

    tengah malam akibatsakitnya

    Ulkus ventrikuli Produksi asamnormal atau

    berkurang Resistensi mukaberkurang

     H$ pylori 41A'31

     Keluhan makin

     memburuk dengan makanan

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    ?nset sering ter/adi

     pada usia ; !;; th Tak pernah men/adiganas

     Kebanyakan ulkusterdapat di bulbusduodeni atau postbulbus$

    7lkus yang terletak didistal bulbus duodeni mungkin suatu sindroma @ollinger!llison7lcers$

    Pria banding

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     @ollinger!llison 1yndrome

    #lkus yangberhubungan

    dengan indroma ollinger-0llisondisebabkan olehgastrin-releasing

    islet +ell tumors(gastrinoma)dianggap &ugasebagai ulkus

     peptikum.

    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/ZES_endo.jpg

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     @ollinger!llison 1yndrome

    1erupakan tumor pankreas yang mensekresigastrin ( Gastrinoma)

    "iasanya terdapat di pankreas tetapi dapat &ugadi duodenum hati dan paru

    23-456 terdapat di bulbus duodenum apat di+urigai sindroma 0 :

    #lkus multipel atau rekurens #lkus terletak di postbulbus atau &e&unum

    #lkus disertai dengan diare *adar gastrin serum meningkat (hanyadiperiksa bila di+urigai sindroma 0)

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    tiologi ulkus peptikum

    &$ Penyebab pertama 'nfeksi Helicobacter pylori(H$ pylori, :

    a$ Terdapat pada C>!D;= ulkus peptikum$

    b$ Pengobatan terhadap H$ pylori

     meningkatkan angka kesembuhan ulkus dan menurunkan angka kekambuhan$

    $ Penyebab kedua 41A'31: ?bat!obat ini menghambat prostaglandin yang pada keadaan

    normal merangsang produksi sekresi mukus danbikarbonat

    a$ 3apat menyebabkan ulkus %entrikuli danduodeni

    b$ Penyebab kebanyakan ulkus non H$ pylori

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     8$ Keadaan hipersekresi

    a$ Gastrinoma (@ollinger!llison 1yndrome,b$ Multiple endocrine neoplasia (M4!&,c$ 1ystemic mastocytosis (mast cells

    infiltrate intestinal

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     3efensi%eforces Mucus BicarbonateProstaglandins

    pithelialregeneration

     Aggressi%eforces Gastric acid  3igesti%een*ymes

    Patogenesis PUD ada hubungannyadengan ketidakseimbangan antara faktor protektif nomal dan faktor

    “injury”

    !

    7lcer

     4o 7lcer 4ormal

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    Ulkus dapat ter"adi akibat# $gresi meningkat

    %nfeksi H. p&lori

     N!$%D!

    'okok dll

     Atau

    Pertahanan terganggu

    'schemia 'nhibisi Prostaglandin (41A'31,

    Pengosongan lambung terlambat (3elayedgastric emptying,

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    fek merugikan merokok

    &$ Mempengaruhi aksi obat Hantagonists

    $ Meningkatkan la/u pengosonganlambung

     8$ Meningkatkan refluks duodenogastrik

    9$ Menurunkan sekresi bikarbonat

    ;$ Menurunkan aliran darah mukosa

    "$ Menekan sintesis prostaglandin mukosa gaster

    7lkus peptikum

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    Ge/ala dan Tanda P73

    Nyeri epigastrik  7asa terbakar 

    Timbul 8-9 &am sesudahmakan

    "erkurang denganmakanan

    apat ter&adi malamhari

    Nyeri dapat terasasampai punggung ataubahu bila ada perorasi

    Nausea

    omitus

    ispepsia *embung/rasa penuh

    ,eartburn/pirosis 7asa tak enak di dada

    (hest is+omort)  Anoreksia

    "erat badan turun ada ulkus ;entrikuli "erat badan naik 

    ada ulkus duodeni

    ,ematemesis atau

    melena *arena perdarahansaluran +erna

    "ila berat/prouse  hematoke

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    Pengelolaan P73

     4on!Earmakologik

    Perubahan 3iet 1top rokok

    ?bat!obat yang memperberat penyakit dihentikan

    Earmakologik Menghambat sekresi asam

     Menetralkan asam lambung

     Meningkatkan proteksi mukosa lambung

     Antibiotika bila perlu

    Terapi Maintenance

    Pre%ensi dengan colloid bismuth Pemberian H blockers malam hari

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     H5'-?BA-TR pylori

     Helicobacter pylori (H$ pylori, is a gram negati%espiral!shaped bacillus

    found in the gastric mucouslayer or adherent to theepithelial lining of thestomach$

     H$ pylori causes more thanD>= of duodenal ulcers and

    up to >= of gastric

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     Heliobater p&lori

    't is not kno

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    H l i i f ti

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     H. p&lori infetion

    Before this bacterium

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     H$ Pylori infection

    Fhen acid suppression is remo%ed#the ma/ority of ulcers#

     particularly those caused by H$

     pylori# recur$

    1ince

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     Most persons

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     H.p&lori diagnostie,aminations !erologial tests that measure specific H$ pylori

    'gG antibodies can determine if a person has beeninfected$ The sensiti%ity and specificity of these assays around

    >=

    -eal $ntigen $ssa& 

    Urea reath test  'n this test# the patient is gi%en either &8-! or &9-!

    labeled urea to drink$

     H$ pylori metaboli*es the urea rapidly# and thelabeled carbon is absorbed$

    This labeled carbon can then be measured as -? in the patients eIpired breath to determine

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    Urea reath test  'n this test# the patient is gi%eneither &8-! or &9-!labeled urea todrink$

     H$ pylori metaboli*es the urearapidly# and the labeled carbon isabsorbed$

    This labeled carbon can then be measured as -? in the patientseIpired breath to determine

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     Diagnosis H. &lori in eptiUler Disease

    Upper endosop&  (esophagogastroduodenal) isonsidered the referene method

    of diagnosis. 

    Peptic 7lcer 3isease

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    Peptic 7lcer 3isease :Treatment Pharmacological Therapy

    'nhibition of acid 

     H blockers

     Antacids

    Proton pump inhibitors

     Anticholinergics

    Prostaglandins

     Augmentation protection

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    Peptic 7lcer 3isease :Treatment  Antacids (magnesium# aluminum# J calcium based,

    cause diarrhea

     Moderate to high doses of H blockers result in

    impro%ed healing rates 7sed & hr P- J H1 for "!

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    Peptic 7lcer 3isease :Treatment Proton Pump 'nhibitors:

    'nhibit the H#K!ATPase pump

     Healing rate >!&>>=

    ?mepra*ole# lansopra*ole# rabepra*ole#

     pantopra*ole# meromepra*ole

     Anticholinergics: reduce acid by ;>= andcause blurred %ision

     pupil dilation# consider patient0soccupation or dri%ing restriction

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    Peptic 7lcer 3isease :Treatment

    Prostaglandins (3o not use in pregnancy, 'nhibit the parietal cell cyclic AMPfunction in response to histamine

     Healing rate are eual to H blockers Primary role is to be used as a prophylactic agent to pre%ent 41A'3induced ulcers$ 4ot used as a primarytherapy

     Misoprostol (-ytotec,

    1ucralfate : its action is unkno

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    Peptic 7lcer 3isease :Treatment Regiment for H$

     pylori urrent therap& for H. p&lori infetiononsists of 01 da&s to 2 3eeks of one or t3oeffetive antibiotis4 amo,iillin4

    tetra&line not to be used for hildren 502 &rs metronida6ole4 or larithrom&in4

    lus either ranitidine bismuth itrate (H2 bloker)4 bismuth subsali&late (pepto7bismol)4 or proton pump inhibitor.

    Peptic 7lcer 3isease :

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    Peptic 7lcer 3isease :Treatment Regiment for H$

     pylori Acid suppression by the H blocker or proton pump inhibitor in con/unction

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    -urrently# eight H$ pylori treatmentregimens are appro%ed by the Eood and 3rug Administration (E3A, ho

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    Peptic 7lcer 3isease :Treatment Regiment for H$ pylori(E3A Appro%ed,

    &$ ?mepra*ole 9> mg L3 clarithromycin ;>> mg T'3 I mg L3 I > mgB'3 clarithromycin ;>> mg T'3 I > mg B'3 I > mg L'3N I > mg T'3 I &> days

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    8ong7term onse9uenes of H. p&lori infetion+

    Recent studies ha%e sho

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    UPPERUPPERGASTROINTESTINALGASTROINTESTINAL

    HEMORRHAGEHEMORRHAGE

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    Incidence %Common causes

    Peptic Ulcer 45

    Dudenal ulcer

    Gastric ulcer

    Esophageal varices 20

    Gastritis 20

    Mallory-eiss

    syndro!e

    "0

    Uncommon causes 5

    Gastric #arcino!a

    Esophagitis

    Pancreatitis

    $e!oilia

    Duodenal

    diverticulu!

    CAUSES

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    Gastric Ulcer Duodenal Ulcer #a-&to!ach

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    Esophageal varicesGastritis

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    Mallory-eiss 'ear

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    • Hematemesis

    .omiting of blood is common

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    • $e!atoche(ia$e!atoche(ia

    • It is defned as passage o bright-red blood romthe ractum.

    • Common in bleeding rom Colon, Rectum andAnus.

    • In case o brisk bleeding in the Upper GIT, rightred blood ma! come out unchanged in the stool.

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    Initial assess!ent and !anage!ent goals"• Assessment o the status o the circulator!

    s!stem and replace blood loss as necessar!.

    •#etermine the amount and rate o bleeding.•$lo% or stop the bleeding b! ice-%ater la&age

    •#isco&er the lesion responsible or the

    episodes.

    •$pecifc management or underl!ing causes.

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    •  The goal o the patients ph!sical eamination isto e&aluate or shock and blood loss.

    •  signs o shock include cool etremities, oliguria,chest pain, pre-s!ncope, conusion, and delirium.

    •  *ematemesis and melena should be noted.

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    • $igns o chronic li&er disease should be noted,including

    • spider angiomata,

    • g!necomastia,

    • splenomegal!,• ascites,

    • pedal edema

    • $igns o tumor are uncommon but indicate a poor

    prognosis. $igns include a nodular li&er,abdominal mass, and enlarged and frm l!mphnodes.

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    • )lood grouping and *htyping and cross !atching+

    • Upper gastrointestinalendoscopy ,• In case o massi&e bleeding

    ndoscop! should be carried out b!an eperienced operator as soonas the patient is resuscitated.

    • /or patient %ith mild bleeding,endoscop! should be carried out onthe net morning ater admission.

    • ccult )lood 'est,• +ormall! 0.1 blood is lost per da!.

    • lood loss bet%een 12-322 ml (da!%ill produce melaena.

    4T detects amount bet%een 32-12 m5(d.

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    • &peci.c treat!ent"

    • 'eptic Ulcers"

    » ndoscopic hemostastasis

    »

    6edical management b! *0antagonist or 'I'

    » $urgical treatment

    • sophageal &arices"

    » ndoscopic control b! electro-coagulation or in7ection

    » 6edical treatment or 'ortalh!pertension..

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    • &peci.c treat!ent"

    • Gastric erosions"

    » ndoscopic hemostastasis

    » 6edical management b! *0 antagonist or

    'I'

    » $urgical treatment

    • 6allor!-8eiss Tear"

    » ndoscopic treatment

    » I ails, gastrostom! and repair o the tear.

    • 6alignanc!"» $hould be treated appropriatel!

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    •ndoscopichemostastasis

    •6edicalmanagement b!*0 antagonist or'I'

    •$urgicaltreatment

    •ndoscopiccontrol b! electro-coagulation or

    in7ection•6edical treatmentor 'ortalh!pertension.

    •ndoscopictreatment•I ails,

    gastrostom! and repairo the tear.

    $hould betreatedappropriatel!

    •ndoscopichemostastasis

    •6edicalmanagementb! *0antagonist or'I'

    •$urgicaltreatment

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    Terima *asih

    elamat "ela&ar