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1. Role of TamilNadu and its leader in freedom struggle.

Madras Mahajana sabha

16th

May 1884:

Started: Anandha Charlu (Secretary)

Veeraragavachari

P.Rangaiah (President)

It was the training ground of the 1st Generation Nationalist activist leader

1st shabha – Clear Nationalists objectives

Aims:

They met periodically debated public issues in closed meetings, conducted hall meetings and

communicated their views to the government.

Demands:

Conduct simultaneous civil service examination in India & London

Aboliton of council of India in London.

Reduction of Taxes and civil, Military expenditure

Later INC was founded 1885

Until 1920 : INC close relation with MMS.

1930 : MMS Organise civil disobedient movement

Oct 24, 1896 – Gandhiji delivered speech at MMS.

Nehru Participated in Golden Jubilee Celebration of Sabha.

Rowlatt Satyagraha

On 18th

march 1919 Gandhi addressed a meeting in Mariana beach

On 6th

April 1919 a hartal was organised against black act

All were gathered in mariana beach & devoted a whole day in fasting & prayer

Madras Satyagraha sabha was formed

Rajaji, Kasthuri Rangar, S.Sathyamurthi, George Joseph addressed the meeting.

A separate meeting of workers was addressed by Thiru. V.K, B.P. Wadia, V.O.C

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Neill Statue protest

I. James Neill of the Madras Fusiliers (infantry men with firearms) played an important role in Great

Revolt of 1857 suppression.

II. He was killed by an Indian sepoy in an incident at Lucknow.

III. He was called as Butcher of Allahabad.

IV. A Statue was elected for him at Mount Road, Madras.

V. To remove the statue, all leaders protested and it was lead by S. N. Samayajulu of Tirunelveli.

VI. The statue was finally moved to Madras Museum when congress ministry led by C. Rajaji formed the

government in 1937.

Leaders:

V.O.C → V.O.Chidambaram Pillai

→ Called as Kappalotiya Tamilan, Chekkilutha Semmal

→ Born in September 05, 1872 at Ottapidaram

→ Started his career as lawyer in Thirunelveli

→ 1905 – Bengali spilit brought him into politics

→ Encouraged formation of Trade Guilds and workers association

→ He followed Bala Gangadhar Tilak

→ He founded Swadeshi Dharma Sanga Weaving Association and Swadeshi Co-operative Stores at

Tuticorin

→ In 1906 he launched Swadeshi steam Navigation Company in Tuticorin

→ the purchased two ships

1) Gallia

2) Lava

Which ran between Tuticorin & Colombo

Thirunelveli uprising:-

→ VOC joined with Subramaniya Siva in organising mill workers in Tuticorin and Thirunelveli.

→ In 1908 Led a strike in European owned coral mills.

→ They were charged with sedition and sentenced vigorous imprisonment (40 years / 2 years)

→ Resulted in increase of wages, reduction in working hours

→ Their arrested news led to burning down of police station, court building & Municipal office

→ Died four people in police fire

→ VOC right leg was chained and he was used as a Bullock in pulling oil press.

→ V.O.C. attended Surat split in 1907

Vanchinathan

1) He was the follower of Bharatha Matha Association

2) It‟s objective is to kill British Officers

3) He worked under the Service of Travencore

4) Vanchinathan of Sengkottai was influenced by this organisation

5) British collector Ashe shotdown & killed four persons in Tirunelveli

6) He went to Maniachi Railway Railway station & killed Ashe on June 17, 1911

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→ He killed himself too

→ A warning letter was found in his pocket describing that this murder was a rehearsal to assassinate

King George V who was expected to come Madras

Periyar [EVR] – (1879 – 1973) E.V.Ramasamy

1. Greatest social reformers of Tamil Nadu

2. 1st Leader inculcate self respect, rationalism women liberation and social equality in People‟s

mind.

3. Born on September 17, 1879 in Erode in Rich Hindu family

4. Father – Venkatappa

Mother – Chinna Thayammal

5. Got married at the age of 13

renounced at the age of 19

→ He went to Kasi (Varanasi) where he noticed that Brahmins ill treated non-Brahmins

He condemned and returned to Tamil Nadu

→ President – 1923, Secretary – 1921 →Tamil Nadu Congress Committee

→ 1918 – 1919 → Chairmanship of Municipal Council, Erode

→ 1925 – Founder of self respect movement

→ President of the Justice Party

→ He launched Anti-Hindi Agitations 1937 – 1939

→ Joined Congress in 1919

→ Joined Non – Cooperation movement

→ Lead Vaikom Sathya Graha 1924 So he was call as “Vaikam Hero”

→ He protested against the anti-social practice such as regregation of non-brahmin students from the

Brahmins by providing water and food in separate places. So he resigned secretorship of Madras State

Congress

→ He was popularly called as „Thanthai Periyar”

→ He denounced the Caste system, child marriage & enforced widowhood.

→ Encouraged Inter-caste marriage

→ He attacked the laws of Manu, which based on the entire hindu social fabric of caste.

→ 1921 Anti liquor campaign. he cut down 1000 or 500 coconut trees in his own farm

→ 1924 → Active part in Vaikam Satyagraha

→ 1938 → TN women‟s conference appreciating the Noble service rendered by E.V.R. was given the title

„Periyar‟ by Dharmambal.

→ 27 June 1970 → UNESCO organisation praised and adorned him as “Socrates of South Asia”.

→ He died at the age of 94 (1973), mortal buried at Periyar Thidal, Madras

→ He got a nickname as Jailbird (Siraiparavai) His Journals;

1) Kudi Arasu (Democracy) – 1925 – Official Newspaper of Self Respect Movement

2) Revolt – 1928

3) Puratchi (Revolution) – 1933

4) Pagutharivu (Rationalism) – 1934

5) Viduthalai (Liberalism) – 1935

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2. Early agitations against British rule

PALAYAKKARAR’S REVOLT

[1755 -1801]

Introduction :

After defeating the French and their Indian allies in the three Carnatic wars, the East India company

began to consolidate and extend its power and influence.However local kings and feudal chieftains

resisted this. The first resistance to east India company‟s territorial aggrandisement was from Puli

Thevar of Nerkattumsevali the Tirunelvli region. This was followed by other thieftains in the Tamil

country such as Velunachiar, Veerapandiya Kattabomman, the marudhu brothers and Dheeran

Chinna Malai. known as the Palayakkarars Wars, the culmination of which was Vellore Revolt of

1806.

Palayams of Palayakkarars :

The word “palayan” means a domain, a military camp or a little kingdom.

Palayakkarars in tamil refers to the holder of a little kingdom as a feudatory to a greaer Sovereign.

under this system, palayam was given for valuable military Services rendered by any individual.

This type was i practice during the Rule of Prataba Rudhra of Warangal in the kakatiya

kingdom. This system was put in place in Tamilnadu by ViswanathaNayak, of Madurai in 1529,

with the support of his minister Ariyanathar.

Traditionally there were supposed to be 72 palayakkarars.

The palayakkarars was free to collect revenue, administer the territory, settle disputes and maintain

law and order. Their police duties were known as Padikaval or After Kaval.

The personal relationship and an understanding between and the palayakkarars made the System to

less for 200 years from the Nayaks of Madurai, utill the take over of these territories by the British.

Eastern Palayams Western Palayams

Sattur, Nagalapuram, Ettayapuram, Uthumalai, Thalavankottai,

Panchalankurichi Naduvaurichi, Singampatti,

Seithur.

During 17th

& 19th

Centuries the palayakkars dominated the politics of Tamil country.

Reason of Palayakkarars Revolt

The Nawab of Arcot had borrowed money from the East India company to meet the expenses he had

incurred during the Carnatic wars.

When his debts exceeded his capacity to pay, the power of collecting the land revenue dues from

Southern Palayakkarars was given to the East India company.

Claiming that their land had been handed down to them over 60 generations.

Many Palayakkarars refused to pay faxes to the company officials.

The company branded the defiant palayakkarars as reveks abd accused then of bying to dishobthe

peace and transquiling of the country.

This led to conflict between the East India company and the palayakkarars.

1) Revolt of Puli Thevar - 1755-1767

In march 1755 Mahfuzkhan [brother of the Nawab of Arcot) was sent with a contingent of the

company army under colonerl Heron to Tirunelvi.

Madurai easily fell into their hands.

There after Col.Herpm was urged to deal with Puli Thevar as he continued to defy the authoriny of

the company.

Puli thevar welded much influence Over the western Palayakkarers. for want of cannon and of

supplies and pay to Soldiers, Col.Heron abandoned the plan and retired to Madurai.

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Heron was Recalled and dismissed from service.

Confederancy of alliance with Enemies of the British.

Three pathan officers Nawab chanda sahib‟s agents named Mianah, Mudimiah & Nabikhan

Kattak commanded the Madurai and Tirunelvi regions.

They supported the Tamil Palayakkarars against Arcot Nawab Mohamed Ali. Puli established close

relationship with then

Puli Thevar also formed a confederacy of the Palayakkars to fight the British.

with the exception of the palayakkarars of Sivagiri all other Maravar Palayams supported him

Ettayapuram and panchalm kurichi also did not join this confederacy.

Further, the English Succeded in getting the support of the rajas of Ramanathapuram and Pudukottai.

Pulithevar fried to get the support of Hyder Ali could not help puli thevar as he was already locked in

a serious conflict with the Maraths.

Kalakadu Battle :

The Nawab sent an additional contingent of sepoys to Mahfuzkhan and reinforced army proceeded to

Tirunelvi.

Besides the 1000 sepoys of the company. Mafuzkhan received 600 more sent by the Nawab.

He also had the Support of cavalry and foot soldiers from the Carnatic.

Before Mahfuzkhan could station his. moops near kalakadu, 2000 soldiers from Travancore joined

the forces of Puli Thever.

In the battle of Kalakadu, Mahfuzkhan‟s troops were routed.

Yusuf khan & Puli Thevar.

The organized resistnce of the palayakkarars under puli Thevar gave n opportunity to the English to

in terfere directly in the affairs kof Tirunelvi.

Aded by the Raja of Travancore from 1756 to 1763 the palayakkarars of Tirunelvi led by Puli Thevar

were in a contant State of rebellion against the Nawab‟s authority.

Yusuf khan [khan sahib (or) Marudhanayagam] who had been sent by the company wa not prepared

to attack puli Thevar unless the big guns and ammunition from Tiruchirapaali arrived.

As the English were at war with the French, as well as with Hyder Ali and marathas the artillery

arrived only in Sep 1760.

Yusuf khan began to better the Nerkattumseval firt abd tgus attack continued for about two months.

On 16 may 1761 Puli Thevar‟s three major forts [Nerkattumseval, Vasudevanallur and Payanur]

come under the control of yusuf khan.

The unity of Palayakarars began to break up after taking Pondicherry, the English has eliminated the

French.

Travencore, Seithur, Uthumalai and Surandai switched their loyalty to the opposite camp.

Yusuf khan was charged with treachery of hanged in 1764 due to negotiating with the playakkarars,

without informing the company administration.

Fall of Puli Thevar :

After the death of Khan Sahib, Puli Thevar returned from exile and recaptured Nerkattumseval in

1764. However he was defeated by captain Campbell in 1767. Puli Thevar escaped and died in exile.

2) ONDiveeran

Ondiveeran led one of the army units of Puli Thevar fighting by the side of Pui Thevar, he caused

much damage to the company‟s army. According to oral tradition in one battle ondiveeran‟s hand

was chopped off and Puli Thevar was saddened.

But ondiveeran said it was a reward for his penetration into enemy‟s fort causing many heads to roll.

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3) Velunachiar

Born : 1730

Father : Raja SellamuthuSethupathy of Ramanathapuram.

Proficiency in English, French, Urdu.

She trained in Martial arts like Valari , Stick fighting and to wield weapons.

She also adept in horse riding of archery.

At the age of 16 she married to MuthuVadugar the Raja of Sivagangai

Daughter : Vellachinachiar

In 1772 the Naqab of Arcot of the company troops under the commandof Lt.Col. Non Jour storned

the kalaiyiur kovil palace. In the ensuing battle muthuvadugar was killed.

Velunachiar escaped with her daughter and lived under the protection of Gopala Nayakar at

Virupachi near Dindigul for 8 years

She organised an army and succeeded in secure an alliance with not only kgopala Nayak but Hyder

Aliak well.

Dalevey (military chief) Thandavarayanar wrote a letter to silltan Hyder Ali on behalf of Velunachiar

asking for 5000 in fantry and 6000 cavalry to defeat the English.

She explained all he problems in urdu, she had with East India Company.

Impressed by her courage Hyder Ali ordered his commandent syed in Dindgul fort to provide the

required military assistance.

with the help of gopala Nayak of Hyder Ali she captured Sivagangai.

She was crowned a Queen with the help Marudhu brothers.

She was the 1st female ruler or queen to resist the British colonial power in India.

Kuyili, a faithful friend of velunachi yar is said to have led the unitofwomen soldiers named after

udaiyaal.

Udaiyall was a she pherd girl who was killed for not divulging information on kuyili.

Kuyili is said to have walked into the British arenal [1780] afer setting herself on fire, thus

destroying all the ammunition.

4) Veerapandya Kattabomman 1790-1799

He became the pa;ayakkarar of panchalankurichi at the age of 30.

Father : Jagavira pandya Kattabomman.

The company‟s administrators James London and Colin Jackson had considered him a man of

peaceful disposition.

The Nawab, under the Provisions of a treaty signed in 1781 had assigned the revenue of Carnatic to

the company to be entirely under their management and control during the war with Mysore Sulton.

1/6th

of the revenue was to be allowed to meet the expenses of Nawab and his family. The company

had thus gained the right to collect taxes from panchlm kurichi.

The company appointed its collectors to collect taxes from all the palayans.

The collector humiliated the palayakkarrars and adopted force to collect the taxes.

This was the bone of contention between the English and Kattabomman.

confrontation with Jackson :

The land revenue arrearfrom kattabomman was 3310 pagodas in 1798.

Collector Jackson an arrogant English officer. wanted to collect the revenue dues but the Madras

government did not give him permission.

On 18 Aug 1798 he ordered kattabomman to meet him. in Ramantahpuram Beore that collector

refused to give him audience both in Courtallam & Srivilliputhur.

At last an interiview was granted and he met Jackson in Ramanathapuram on 19 sep 1798.

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He had to stand for 3 hours before the haughty Jackson.

Seeing danger, he tried to escape along with his minister Sivasubramanianer.

Oomaithurai saddenly entered the fort with his men and helped the escape of Kattabomman.

Lt. Clarke were killed Sivasubramanianar was taken prisoner.

Kattabomman represented to the Madras Council about how he was ill-treated by the collector

Jackson.

The council asked kattabomman to appear before a committee with William Brown William oram

and John casanajor as member.

Governor Edward clive, ordered the relase of minister and the Suspension of the collector Jackson.

Kattabomman appeared before the committee on 15 Dec 1798, committee found he was not guilty.

Jackson was dismissed from service and a new collector S.R. Lushington appointed.

Kattabomman cleared almost all the revenue arrears leaving only a balance of 1080 pagodas.

Kattabomman was interested in the confederacy of marudhu pandiyar but collector lushing for

prevented him from meeting the Marudhu Broters.

Kattabomman tried to influence Sivagiri Palayakkarars wo refused to join. He advanced towards

sivagiri but the palayakkaras of sivagiri was a tributary to the company.

In may 1799 Lord Wellesley issued orders from madras for the advance of forces from Trichy,

Thanjavur and Madurai to Tirunelvi.

Major Bannerman commanded the troops. The Travancore troops too joined the British.

On Sep 1 1799, an ultimatum was served on kattabomman to surrender.

Kattabomman‟s evasive reply” prompted Bannerman to attack his fort.

He moved entire army to Panchalankurichi on Sep 5.

He duputed Ramalignar to convey a message asking kattabomman to surrender, but he refused.

In a clash at kalloorpatti, Sivasubramanianar was taken a prisoner.

Kattabomman escape to pudhukottai.

He was betrayed by the rajas of Ettayapuram and Pudhukottai and caphered.

Sivasubramnianar executed at Nagalapuram on the 13th

Sep 1799.

Kattabomman hanged from a tamarind tree in the old fort of kayathor, close to Tirunelvi in front of

the fellow palayakkars on 16th

Oct. 1799.

5) Marudhu Brothers

periya Marudhu (or) Vella Marudhu [ 1748 -1801]

His younger brother China Marudhu [1753-1801]

were able generals of Muthu Vadugar of Sivagangi.

After Muthu Vadugar‟s death in the kaliyar kovil battle Marudhu Brothers assisted in restoring the

throne to Velunachiar.

After the death of Kattbomman they worked along with his brother Oomadhurai.

They plundered the granaries of the Nawab and caused damage and destruction to company troops.

Rebellion of Marudhu Brothers [1800-1801]

Despite the suppression of kattabomman‟s revolt in 1799, rebellion broke out again in 1800.

In the British records it i referre to as the second palayakarar war.

It was directd by a contederacy consisting of Marudhu Pandyan of Sivagangai, Gopala Nayak of

Dindugal, Kerala Varma of Malabar and krishnappa Nayak and Dhoon Daji of Mysore.

In 1800 hey meet at virupachi and decided to organise an uprising against the company.

The uprising, which broke out in Coimbatore in June 1800, soon spread fto Rasmanathapuram and

Madurai.

The Palayakars of Coimbatore, Sathyamangalam and Tarapuram were caught and hanged.

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In feb 18091, the two brothers of Kattabomman, Oomathurai and Sevathaiah, escaped from the

Palayankottai prison to Kamudhi, from where Chinna Marudhu took them to Siva vayal his capital.

The British troops under colin macaulay rehook the fort in April and the Marudhu brothers sought

shelter in Sivagangai.

The English demanded that the marudhu

pandyars hand over the fugitives [ Oomathurai & Sevathaiah] But they refuses.

Cor.Agnew and Cor. Jnnes marched on Sivagangai.

In Jun 1801 Marudhu pandyars issued a proclamation ofindependencewhich is called Tfiruchirappalli

proclamation.

It is an early call to the Indian focenite against the British, cutting across egion, Caste,creed and

religion.

The proclamation pasted on the walls of the Nawab‟s palace in Tiruchirapalli fort and the walls of the

Srirangam temple.

Chinna marudhu collected nearly 20,000 men to challenge the British army.

British reinforcenents were rushed from Bengal, Crylon and Malaya.

The Rajas of Pudukkottai, Ettayapuram and Thanjavur stood by the british.

Divide and rule policy followed by the English spli the force of the palayakkarars soon.

In may 1801, the English attacked the rebels in Thanjavur of Tiruchirappalli, The rebels went to

Piranmalai and Kalayarkoil. They were again defeated by the forces of the English.

The Rebellion failed and Sivagangai, was annexed in 1801.

The marudhu brothers were executed in the fort of Tirupathurnear Ramanathapuram on 24 oct 1801.

Oomathurai and Sevathiah were (aphored and beheaded at panchalankurichi on 16 Nov 1801.

73 rebels were exiled to penang in Malaya.

Rebellion g Marudhu brothers is a land mark arent in the history of Tamil Nadu.

Suppression of the Palayakkarars.

Carnatic Treaty 1801,

The suppression of the palayakkarars rebellion of 1799 and 1800 - 1801 resulted in the livuidation of

all the local chieftains of Tamil Nadu.

Under the terms of the Carnatic Treaty of 31 Jul 1801, the British assumed direct control over

Ranilagam and the palayakarar system came to an end with the demolition of all forts and

disbandment of their army.

Vellore Revolt (1806)

Vellore was the Capital of North Arcot in Tamil Nadu

In Vellore the native sepoys rose in revolt in 1806

The Vellore mutiny was organised by the sepoys

It was a protest by the sepoys against the company

Immediate cause:-

grievances of soldiers

low salary

Poor promotion

No respect for social and religious sentiments of Indian sepoys

State of peasantry was due to land tenure.

Famine in 1805 led to economic issues.

The triggering factor was new military regulation notified by commander in Chief Sir John Cradock

with the approval of Lord William Bentinck, the Governor of Madras.

New turban added fuel to the revolt

The English treated the Indian sepoys as their inferior

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There was the racial prejudice.

In May 1806 the 4th

Regiment rose in revolt against the new turban

Gn. Agneuo introduced a new model turban

The men in the 2nd

battalion of the 4th

regiment at Vellore refused to wear the new turban

Matter was reported to the Governor by Col. Fancourt commandant of the garrison, ordered a band of

the 19th

Dragons (Cavaby) to escort the rebels.

The 2nd

battalion of the 4th

regiment was replaced by the 2nd

battalion of the 23rd

regiment of

Wallajahbad.

The sepoys who were found guilty were punished with 500 to 900 lashes.

On June 17th

1806 a sepoy of the 1st Regiment named Mustapha. Beg secretly informed his

commanding officer. Colonel Forbes about the extermination of the European officers and troops.

Fettah Myder, the first son of Tipu, tried to form an alliance against the English

Fettah Hyder received secret information through Mohammed Malik

Course of the Meeting

On July 10th

1806 the native sepoys of the 1st and 23

rd Regements started the revolt.

Col.Fancourt who commanded the garrison, was their first victim.

Col. Me Kerras of the 23rd

Regiment was shot down on the parode ground.

Major Armstrong was the next officer to be killed during the mutiny.

Major cootes clashed to Ranipet, and informed Col.Gillespie at 7 a.m.

Col. Gillespie reached the Vellore fort at 9.a.m.

The rebels proclaimed Fettah Hyder, as their New ruler, hoested tiger striped flag of Tipu Sultan

But the uprising was crushed by Col.Gillespie

The gate was blown open with the 19th

dragons under the direction of Lieutenant Blakiston

The troops entered the place under captain skelton.

Col. Marriott resisted the attempt of the dragons to kill Tipus sons.

800 soldiers were found dead

600 soldiers were kept in confinement in Trichy and Vellore awaiting enquiry.

6 rebells were given gun shots

8 rebells were hanged.

Col. Gillespie is said to have brought the Fort under the possession of the English in about 15

minutes.

Col. Harcourt was appointed to the temporary command of Vellore on July 11

Harcourt assumed command of freedom struggle

K.Rajayyan argues that this mutiny was a continuation of the Marudu Brothers resistance movement

against the colonial rule.

Role of women in freedom struggle

Muthulakshmi Reddy:

→ Born = 30th

July 1886 in Pudhukottai

→ She was the 1st woman who got degree in medicine in Madras Presidency

→ In 1923 her sister died of cancer, on that day she took a row to eradicate cancer.

→ So she started cancer relief institute in 1949 at adyar

→ Our 1st Prime Minster Nehru laid the foundation for that institute.

→ She was nominated to the Tamil Nadu legislative council in 1929 (1st woman legislator) (1926)

→ She was supported by Thiru.V.Kalyana Sundaranar & Periyar

→ She tought against Devadashi system

→ As a result the Justice party government lacted a law abolishing devadashi system

→ In 1930, she organised All Indias woman conference at Pune

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→ And she was the president of Indian women association from 1933 to 1947

→ She also started awai illam an orphanage at Santhome in Madras.

→ She died in 1968 at the Age of 82

Captain Lakshmi

→ Born 24 Oct 1914 in Malabar

→ She was a revolutionist, Independence artirist, Marxist.

→ And she worked as a doctor in the government casturiba Gandhi Hospital Triplicane

→ In 1940, she went to Singapore after the failure of her marriage life during her stay at Singapore. she

met some members of Subash Chandra Bose‟s Indian National Army.

→ Lakshmi had heard the Bose was been to draft women into the organisation & requested a meeting with

him.

→ She emerged with a mandate to set up a women‟s regiment to be called the “rani of Jhansi regiment‟

→ In 1971she joined the community party of India (Marxist) and represented the party in Rajya Sabha

→ She was one of the founding members of “All India democratic Women‟s Associaation in 1981.

→ She was conferred Padmavibhushan in 1998 by president – K.R.Narayanan

→ She died at the age of 97 in 2012 July 23rd

Moovalur Ramamirdham

→ She was born in 1883 in Thanjavur. but was brought up in Moovalur, a village near Mayladudurai

→ Hence she was commonly known as Moovalur Ramamirdham Ammaiyar.

→ She belonged to isai vellalar community, in olden days women belonged to this community were

sacrificed to temples

→ Later she joined the Indian National Congress of organised the conference of isai vellalar at

Mayiladudurai in 1925

→ This conference attended by Thiru. V.Kalyanasundaranar, S.Ramanathan & Mayurammai Chinnaiah

Pillai

→ As a result Government passed „Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy devadashi AbolitionAct

→ She also involved in National movement on a large scale

→ In her memory, TN Government started “Moovalur Ramamirtham Ammal Ninaivu Marriage Assistance

Scheme”.

→ She passed away – 27th

June 1962.

Dr. S. Dharmambal

→ She was born at Karun thattankudi near Thanjavur

→ She studied Sidha medicine

→ She organised „Elavu Varam‟ movement in 1940 to increase the salary of Tamil teachers

→ As a result of this agitation, then CM. Avinashi Lingham increased the salary of Tamil teachers

→ She got the title „Tamil Annai‟

→ She found Chennai Manavar Mandram for Tamil Medium class education

→ She gave the title „Periyar‟ to „E.V.Ramasamy‟ & Ealisai Mannar‟ to Thiyagarya Bhagavathar

→ She was died in 1959 at the age of 69

Thillaiaadi Valliammai

→ She was born in South Africa in 1898

→ Her parents were born in Tamilnadu

→ Her father – Munusamy from Puducherry & her mother – Mangalam from Thillaiyaadi

→ Since her mother from Thillaiyadi – she was popularly known as Thillaiyadi

→ In South Africa, she worked with Mahatma Gandhi

→ In 1913, South African Government passed a law, i.e., “Any marriage that is not according to South

African raw (or) Christian law is not valid.

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→ To oppose this, Mahatma Gandhi started protest

→ Valliammai also joined this protest

→ In 1913 – Valliammai was arrested & she was imprisioned for 3 months

→ Valliammal fell into ill son after her anviction & she died shortly after release on 22nd

Feb 1914

4. A) Socio – religious reforms in 19th

& 20th

century

Ramalinga Swamigal

Vallalar : 1823 – 1874

Born : Marudhur (Village near Chidambaram)

He expressed the view that those who lack compassion for suffering beings are hard-hearted,their

wisdom clouded.

He showed his compassion & Mercy on all living beings called Jeevakarunya He established

“Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam in 1865 renamed”

“Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga satya sanga”

Which means

Society for pure Truth is Universal – Self hood Vadalur -1867

Established : Free – Feeding house – irrespective of caste.

: in the wake of terrible famine in South India -1866

Complited & Published : Thiruvarutpa (Song of grace)

Vaikunda Swamigal : (1801 – 1851)

Earliest crusader for social justice in SI

Born : Sasthan Koil Vilai, the present Samithoppu (near Kanyakumari)

Origional Name : Mudichudum Perumal was changed to (Muthukutty)

- He preached the idias of equality and advocated the rights of depressed class in Travancore.

- Vaikunda Swamigal critized British rule and Rule of Raja of Travancore as white and Black

devils.

- He founded Samathuva Samajam to unite Various caste.

- Followers called his Ayya (Father)

- His cult was also known as Ayya Vazhi (path of Ayya)

- His idea Akila Thirattu

Ayothi Thaasar : (1845-1914) – Born in Chennai

Siddha Medicine practioner, Journalist, Socio-political activists

- He campaigned for social justice and worked for the emancipation of untouchables

- Founder – Advaidananda Sabha

- 1882 – Dravida kalagam established by John Ratinam & Ayothi Tassar

- 1885- Mangazine – Dravida Pandiyan.

- Organised first conference of Association – Nelgiris

- He started weekly journal –oru paisa Tamilagam 1907 – 1914

- 1898 – Influenced by H.S. olcott, he went to srilanka and convert to Buddhism and found

- Sakya Buddhist Society – Madras.

- He called the Untouchables “Sathi petham Atra Dravidar” (Casteless Dravidions)

B) Write note on

Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu – Vedaranyam

I. Rajaji organised and led a salt satyagraha march to Vedaranyam as a part of civil Disobedience

movement.

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II. The March started from Tiruchirappalli on April 13, 1930 and reached Vedaranyam in Thanjavur

district on 28th

April 1930.

III. A special song composed by Namakkal KAvignar V. Ramalinganar.

“A war ahead sans sword, sans bloodshed. Join this march (Kathiyindri Rathamindri)

IV. Onreaching Vedaranyam, 12 Volunteers broke the salt law by picking the salt.

V. Rajaji was arrested.

VI. T.S.S. Rajan, Rukmani Lakshmipathi, Sardar Vedarathnam, C. Swaminathar and K. Santham were

prominent leaders in Vedaranyam salt satyagraha.

In Madras :

I. The satyagrahis under the leadership of T. Prakasam and K. Nageswara Rao set up a cMp at

Udayavanam near Madras.

II. Police arrested them and this led to a hartal in Madras.

III. The clashes with the police in Thiruvallikeni which lasted for 3 houses on April 27, 1930 and it left 3

dead.

Other places :

I. Similar satyagraha attempts were made in

i) Rameswaram ii) Uvari

iii) Anjengo iv) Veppalodai

v) Thoothukudi vi) Tharuvaikulam

II. Rukmani Lakshmipathi was the 1st woman to pay penalty for violation of salt laws.

III. Bhashyam, also known as Arya, hoisted national flag atop Fort. St. George on Jan 26, 1932.

IV. Satyamurthi picketed foreign cloth selling shops.

V. N.M.R. Subbaraman and K. Kamaraj also played an important role.

Individual Satyagraha -1940

I. As Gandhi was not Satisfied with the August offee that was announced on August 8, 1940, he

launched Individual Satyagraha.

II. Satyagrahis were chosen by Gandhi and the chosen ones to inform district magistrate of the date and

time and place of protest.

III. The program started on Oct 17, 1940 by Acharya Vinoba broveat Paunar Saheam, Mahalastra and he

was sentenced to three months imprisonment.

IV. Jawaharlal Nehru was the2nd Satyagrahi and he imprisoned for four months.

V. It continued up to 15 months.

VI. Delhi chalo movement which was started by Subash Chandra Bose was also associated with

individual satyagraha.

VII. In August 1941, it was withdrawn in Bardoli INC meet.

Quit India Movement:

I. Failuce of cripps mission, was time shortage, price rise created discontent among people.

II. Quit India resolution was inteoduced in Wardha Ploposal on July 14, 1942.

III. On August 8, 1942, in Bombay INC Meet, Quit India Resolution was passed and Gandhi gave his

call of „Do or Die‟.

IV. Entice congress leaders were arrested – Kamaraj while retuening form Bombay noticed police at each

railway got down at Arakkonam and escaped.

V. He weeked underground and all section of the people participated.

VI. Strike at Bucklingham, carnatic mills, Madras poet trust, Madras corporation and electric tranway.

VII. Telegraph and telephone lines were cut, public buildings burnt at Vellore and Panapakkam, Airport

in sulur was attacked.

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VIII. Congress volunteers clashed with military in Madurai.

IX. Royal Indian Navy Mutiny and New Labour Party government in England headed by Clement Atlee

resulted in Indian Independence.

X. After Independence, Madras government under O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar passed resolution

appreciating Indian Independence Act.

5. Dravidian Movement:

Justice Party:

The Dravidian or South Indian family of languages by Rev-Robert Caldwell in 1856 gave birth to the

Dravidian concept.

The precurror of the Justice Party was the Madras United League which was renamed as the Madras

Dravida Association in Nov 1912.

Dr. C. Natesa Mudaliar played a significant role in nurturing this organisation.

In 1916 the South Indian Liberal Federation was formed for the purpose of promoting the political

interests of non - Brahmin caste Hindus.

Leaders:

Pitti Theagaraya Chetti

Dr. T.M. Nair

P. Ramarayaninger

Dr. C. Natesa Mudaliar

Journals:

South Indian Liberal federation published an English newspaper called Justice and hence the

organisation came to be called the Justice Party.

Dravidian (is Tamil), Andhsaprakashika (Telugu)

The Justice Party formed District Associations, the Non-Brahmin Youth League.

Justice Party Rule:

According to Montague Chemford Reforme Justice Party came to power is 1920 election.

Subbarayan formed the 1st Ministry.

Achievements of the Justice Party:

Justice Party remained is power for a period of 19 years.

Reforms:

Free and compulsory education was introduced for the 1st Time is Madras.

Nearly 3000 Fisher boys and Fisher girls were offered free special instruction by the Department of

Fisheries.

Midday meals was given at selected corporation schools in Madras.

The Madras Elementary Education Act was amended in 1934 and 1935 to improve elementary

education.

Education of the Depressed classes was entrusted with Labour Department.

Encouragement was given to Ayurveda Siddha and Unani Medical Education.

The staff selection Board created by the panagal ministry in 1924 was made the public service

commission in 1929.

The women were granted the right to vote.

The Hindu Religions Endowment Act of 1921 enacted by the panagal ministry tried to eliminate

corruption in the management of temples.

Industries Act 1922 was passed to assist the growth of industries.

Andra University established in 1926 and Annamalai University in 1929.

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Devadasi system was abolished.

End of Justice Rule :

The Government of India Act of 1935 provided for provincial autonomy.

In 1937 election K.V. Reddi Naidu led the Justice Party and Rajaji led the Congress in the South.

Rajaji won the election 152 out of 215 seats in the Legistative Assembly and 26 out of 46 in the

legislative council.

Rajaji formed the ministry in 1937:

Hence Justice Party rule came to an end.

In 1944 Justice Party Conference was held is salem.

Peraringar Anna passed a resolution there by the name of Justice Party was changed as Dravidar

Kalagam.

Dravidian Movement During II World War and after:

In 1939 the congress protested the governments declaration involving India is the second world war

which led to the resignation of congress ministry.

In 1949, Dravidar Kalagam split and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was formed.

In 1951 the first constitutional amendment Act was passed in the parliament in favour of

reservations for socially and educationally backward classes.

Justice Party Ministries:

1. A. Subbarayalu Reddiar 1920-1921

2. Raja of Panagal 1921-1926

3. P. Subbarayan 1926-1930

4. P. Munusamy Naidu 1930-1932

5. Poppili Raja 1932-1937

6. P.T. Rajan 1936

7. K.V. Reddy Naidu 1937

8. C. Rajaji 1937-1939

V:Rettaimalai Srinivasan :

He was born in 1859 at Kanchipuram

He was popularly known as grandpa.

He was honoured with such titles as Rao Sahib in 1926. Rao Bahadur in 1930 & divan Bahadur in

1936 for his selfless social services.

His autobiography – Jeeviya Saritha Surukkam published in 1939.

He founded the adi pravida mahajana sabha in 1893.

He served as president of the scheduled castes Federation & the Madras provincipaldepressed classes

Federation.

Rettaimalai srinivasan met Gandhi in South Africa.

He became a member of the Madras legislative council in 1923.

He pasticipated in the 1st & 2

nd round table conference.

He passed away in 1945.

M.C. Rajah :

Mylai chinnathambi raja popularly known as M.C. Rajah.

He wasborn in 1883.

He was one of the prominent leaders from depressed classes.

He started his cases as a teacher.

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He was one of the founding members of the South Indian liberal foundation.

He became the 1st elected legislative council member from the depressed class in Madras province.

He worked as the deputy leader of Justice party.

Later, he left the Justice Party M.C. Rajah demanded abolition of untouchability & Organised a

number of political mettings & conforences for the “Untouchable Castes”

He advocated the use of such as forms, Adi-dravida, & Adi-Andhra.

In 1928, he founded the All India depressed classes Association.

He died in 1943.