FUTURE OF TELECOM...this report will connect some hindsight-insight-foresight, the next generation is about to witness. Let us be prepared in this VUCA world, which is fast changing

FUTURE OF TELECOM

(Copyright picture by authors: Munsiari, Uttarakhand, India, 2200 m)

(June 11, 2020)

A Report By

Dr Aseem Chauhan

Twitter: @ aseem_chauhan

Dr. Aseem Chauhan, a Wharton Business School alumnus, is

a Founding Trustee of the Amity Education Group and

currently serves as Chancellor Amity University. He is an

institution-builder with a vision to help make Amity one of

the leading education providers in the world. Dr. Chauhan is

the founder and CEO of Amity Innovation Incubator. He has

co-authored several articles on VUCA.

Prof (Dr) Manoj Joshi

Twitter: @mjvuca

Dr. Manoj Joshi is a Fellow Institution of Engineers, a Ph.D.

in (Strategy), Professor of Strategy, Entrepreneurship &

Innovation, Director, Centre for VUCA Studies, Amity

University, with 28+ years of experience in industry &

research. He has authored 40+ articles, co-authored three

books “The VUCA Company”, “The VUCA Learner”, “The

Role of Business Incubators in the Economic Growth of

India” and is an avid contributor on VUCA. He in the

editorial board of several peer reviewed journals of

international repute.

Prof (Dr) Ashok Kumar

Twitter: @akvuca

Dr. Ashok Kumar is a Ph.D. with professional qualifications

in Business Management & Demography with advanced

training in Management at Ashorne Hill College of

Management, UK. He is a consultant with Centre for VUCA

Studies, Amity University and has 47 years of experience as

Professor of IIM Indore, Professor at Amity University and

GM in SAIL and has contributed several papers on VUCA.

Mr. Suhayl Abidi

Twitter: @vucaman

Mr. Suhayl Abidi, is an MBA from FMS Delhi and

Information Management from Leeds Polytechnic, UK. He is

a consultant with Centre for VUCA Studies, Amity

University & a practitioner in Organizational Learning and

Knowledge Management with 25+ years of corporate

experience including Reliance Industries, Essar and Piramal

Group. He has co-authored two books “The VUCA

Company”, “The VUCA Learner” and several articles on

VUCA.

Ms Shivani Singh

Twitter: @shivani70806130

She is a Research Associate with Centre for VUCA Studies,

Amity University. An M.Tech (Electronics & Communication

Engineering) and Interested in Technology based

entrepreneurship and Technology- management projects.

Acknowledgement

We sincerely thank all those who have helped us in crafting this must awaited research and have

remained anonymous, at least 14 of them. They belong to illustrious careers and positions with

technology and business background form diverse fields like hospitality, networking, strategy

consulting, investment banking, logistics, publishing, coding, military science, banking,

automobile, Oil & Gas and hi-tech areas. It was a challenge, as it combined a diverse section of

expertise. We did the peer review to maintain highest standards for candid inputs on this

scholarly mission. The list of reviewers who offered their services belonged to a variety of

industrial sectors, academics and expertise ranging from investment banking, logistics and

supply chain, networking, heavy machinery, coding and intelligent systems, printing, hospitality

and tourism etc. They volunteered to incise this report and bring meaning to the subject,

considering the challenge posited by the future of industry to future of telecom and vice-versa.

There are countless more who have not been mentioned but needless to say, they too deserve our

heartfelt thanks.

To each family member, especially the ones donning the kitchen, who drenched us with

excessive food, tea breaks and immunity packs to keep our 14-16 hours of work packed with

energy and enthusiasm in times of COVID-19. We salute you all for patience, and promise that

this report will connect some hindsight-insight-foresight, the next generation is about to witness.

Let us be prepared in this VUCA world, which is fast changing and is bound to take us all to a

new world of AI, IoT, Machine learning, Genomics etc. controlled by the future of telecom.

Contents Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... 1

Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 2

Introduction: ........................................................................................................................................... 4

Objective of the Sector Report ............................................................................................................. 5

Research Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 5

Regularity Authorities in the Telecom sector ........................................................................................... 8

Evolution of the Telecommunication Sector .......................................................................................... 10

Sector Overview .................................................................................................................................... 11

Growth in the Telecom Sector ........................................................................................................... 12

Future Growth Opportunities ............................................................................................................. 13

Mobile Telephony ................................................................................................................................. 14

Mobile Generations ............................................................................................................................... 15

Evolution of Mobile Generations ....................................................................................................... 15

1G – First Generation .................................................................................................................... 16

2G - Second Generation ................................................................................................................. 16

3G - Third Generation ................................................................................................................... 16

4G - Fourth Generation .................................................................................................................. 17

5G - Fifth Generation..................................................................................................................... 17

A Case on Indian Telecom Industry India perspective ............................................................................ 19

Indian Telecom Service Providers ..................................................................................................... 20

Bharti Airtel .................................................................................................................................. 20

Reliance Jio ................................................................................................................................... 21

BSNL ............................................................................................................................................ 21

Global Telecom Service Providers ......................................................................................................... 22

CASE STUDY OF TWO LARGEST TSPs ....................................................................................... 22

AT&T ........................................................................................................................................... 22

China Mobile Limited.................................................................................................................... 23

The VUCA Scenario ............................................................................................................................. 24

Future of Telecom Industry ................................................................................................................... 27

Emerging Industries .......................................................................................................................... 27

3D Printing .................................................................................................................................... 28

Robotics ........................................................................................................................................ 28

Artificial Intelligence ..................................................................................................................... 28

Internet of Things (IoT) ................................................................................................................. 29

Nano-Technology .......................................................................................................................... 29

Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 30

References ............................................................................................................................................ 32

Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 37

Annexures ............................................................................................................................................. 39

About Centre for VUCA Studies (CVS) ................................................................................................ 56

1

Abbreviations

AGI Artificial General Intelligence

AI Artificial intelligence

AMPS Advance Mobile Phone Service

DoT Department of Telecommunication

DTH Direct-to-Home

DVB Digital Video Broadcasting

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

GPRS General Packet Radio Services

GSM Global System Mobile Communication

HLF High Level Forum

ICEA Indian Cellular & Electronics Association

IMT-A International Mobile Telecommunication-Advance

IoT Internet of Things

ITU International Telecommunication Union

LTE Long Term Evolution

MIMO Multi- input multi-output

MMS Multimedia Messaging Service

QoS Quality of Service

TRAI Telecom Regularity Authority Act

TSP Telecom Service Providers

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

VUCA Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity

2

Abstract

We began this exploration in October 2018 with a posit, what will be the shape of the industry in

the future? Which industry is fast evolving and may play a critical role in shaping the future? We

debated and examined on several ones but intermediately concluded that the telecom sector had

transformed the way we looked at the world and was surely the centre to be doing so in future.

With this posit in mind, we began our journey into deciphering the nuts-and-bolts of the telecom

sector, its genesis and the journey forward. In May 2020 after a 1.5 years of team work by Centre

of VUCA studies, we came up with a humble submission that looks futuristic, insightful and still

inconclusive but progressive to make one think broadly in a given wide perspective. It takes us

into a vortex thinking; What is possible? What is feasible? What is desirable?

We must appreciate that there are several uncertainties. There is an initial condition uncertainty,

the scenario uncertainty and the structural uncertainty. We are living in a world, which is

volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) and black swan events have transformed

the world. The earlier so-called black swan events changed world history and its trajectory. In

1914 world war one was a result of a shootout in Sarajevo, then came up the September 11,

2001attack on world trade tower; 2008 Lehman Brothers bankruptcy was another crisis; 2010

witnessed the Gulf of Mexico oil spill and 2011 saw the Japanese Tsunami. The recent

COVID19, indeed allows us to embrace the new order of living.

Welcome to the digital world controlled by the telecom industry, the spine, as we call it. The

uncertainty has accelerated the need to be digitally connected with a safe social distance. How

far rapid automation and the new norm will concert together in fractals, but it is clear, be ready

for a shape shifting society, a virtual one, majorly controlled and intertwined, digitally.

With this sectoral report, the authors intend to reflect and emphasize that telecom sector is the

most emerging one, widening employment as well as wealth creation. The report further

examines the journey of the telecom sector from a wireline to wireless, from 1G to 5G (Future of

Telecom) and so on. The telecom sector will also impact and align with future industries and

vice versa. As we are moving towards digitization, demand for high speed internet, increase in

speedy communications is expected to rapidly replace our demand and this is only possible

3

through 5G and technologies beyond for accelerating growth. The telecommunication services

offered by the Telecom Service Providers (TSP) are easily accessible at affordable prices to the

customers of urban and rural areas. India’s telecom network encompasses a highly developed

and unique technology in the world. The present study has therefore been undertaken to analyse

the antecedents and evolution of the Telecom Industry followed by its growth and development

in the present scenario along with the future opportunities. Let us see how the future of telecom

looks like! What is your foresightedness?

Keywords: Telecom Service Providers, VUCA, Future of Industries, Foresightedness

4

Introduction:

The telecom sector is made up of companies that aid in the transfer of information possible on a

global scale, whether it is through the internet, phone, cables, airwaves, wire or wirelessly. The

infrastructure created by these companies allows data transfer through voice, words, audio or

video, anywhere in the world. Satellite manufacturers, telephone operators, internet carrier

providers and cable companies provide seamless support towards the development of telecom

sector.1

In developed countries, the telecom sector becomes the backbone for enhancing the human life

quality. This industry has changed beyond its recognition in the past 10 years, with clients’

wishes and competitive landscapes moving in approaches that few could have expected. Post

1995 countries have witnessed surge in mobile telephone penetration. India was a late starter but

eventually has emerged as the fourth largest promising market in the telecom sector in Asia, after

China, Japan and South Korea.2 In fact, India has emerged as the eighth largest in the world and

second amongst the growing economies.

We can consider that the telecom industry is the center for digital growth and will continue to

play the role of a disruptor. In our social and work fabric, terms like mobile, cloud, analytics

broadband etc. have become a common lingo. Video streaming, digital payments etc. etc. have

become an obvious choice.3

Thus, the future of the telecom sector will have to deal with additional advancements posited by

new technologies. Some digital applications of the future generation technologies are cloud

computing, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), 3-D Printing etc., where devices

shall communicate with each other. Big data and analytics are also there and thus proper policies

must be at place to handle security and privacy issues. IoT and other associated technologies are

likely to compound these problems. But the scope of the study for this report is around the future

of telecom, described as in the objectives mentioned below.

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Objective of the Sector Report

The intent of thus sectoral report is to examine the journey of the telecom sector, starting from

the first Graham Bell’s phone to generations evinced in mobile technologies. We shall also

attempt to provide a brief description of future generations of mobile technology. The Telecom

sector is a combination of two or more industries such as the manufacturers of towers (what is

the correct nomenclature) satellite, mobile phones etc. These are the broad industries, which

work in collaboration with other sectors like chip manufacturing, installation and establishment

sector and so on. The objectives of our study are:

a. To examine the journey of Telecom Service Providers (TSP) and their evolution from 2G

to 5G (Future of Telecom).

b. To analyse the applications offered by telecom in the business & industry in a VUCA

perspective.

c. To analyse the impact of telecom on the business & industry in a VUCA perspective.

d. How these TSP are going to transform the future of the industry and vice versa?

Research Methodology

Is the telecom sector ready to see “Future of Telecom (5G, 6G...?)” Is it in their traditional space

or where the future of telecom lies? Through a qualitative based research study on select TSPs,

we can get a response to these questions. With the help of widely published secondary data,

authors have crafted a list of TSPs across the world, which is around 79 in numbers. All these

TSPs were examined on the basis of their journey that included their total revenue, usage of the

future generation technologies etc.

…..

insert table 1 here

…..

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From table 1, the authors deduced further and filtered the number of TSPs in order to address

few areas and examine the components of VUCA around their business. The report is cantered

around the future of telecom, hence keeping this in mind, the data was filtered further. Figure 1

represents twenty-one (21) TFs that are engaged in providing services in the 3G technology

domain (or more). Some the firms in their business life trajectory either did not address this or

straight away started with 3G technologies, as a late entrant.

…..

insert fig 1 here

…..

Our next challenge was to hunt TSP’s addressing their future readiness. On this, we had a clear

understanding that TSP’s that had intention to use 4G and 5G technologies in near future. Our

list narrowed to about twenty-three (23) operators, with firms like Jio in India, starting with 4G

technology. There was an additional filter applied after investigations and we came up with

TSP’s either engaged or about to in the 5G domain. The figures 2 & 3 provide a list of 4G and

5G TSPs.

…..

insert fig 2 here

…..

…..

insert fig 3 here

…..

Thereafter, as in Table 2, the authors identified countries/cities where these TSPs have started or

will be initiating the testing of 5G technology. In this study we observed only few of them

reflecting traces of their future readiness in the telecom sector as per the posit. Out of the

nineteen (19) 5G operating TSPs, we were able to hunt the data of only 4 companies, which

seem to be ready for testing the forthcoming technologies.

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…..

insert table 2 here

…..

As mentioned in our objective, we attempted to examine “Future of Industry”, hypothesizing that

it had a direct correlation with the future technologies and our core theme of discussion, the

future of telecom. For this, firstly we studied the subject on ‘future of industries’ and relate it

with the telecom industry. The posit was if these new industries of the future could survive with

the current technologies offered by TSPs or shall require 5G technology for their operation?

With this, we widened our research and found emerging industries like artificial intelligence,

cloud computing etc., that mandated requirement of future technologies. Table 3 provides a list

of technologies of the future with their applications.

…..

insert table 3 here

…..

Qualitative reasoning was deployed after examining and drawing knowledge from select

operators, future of the industry and their VUCA readiness from the above lists. Drawing

knowledge from these applications and technologies, the authors intermediately concluded on

two leading TSPs that are AT&T from USA and China Mobile Ltd. from China. These TSPs

seem to be ready for accepting the challenge posited by the future with industry development

(Industry 4.0) as mentioned in Table 4. Both TSPs are future ready to use future technologies as

well as deploy this in future industries.

…..

insert table 4 here

…..

8

We expanded our investigating around the globe, thereby identifying few countries where the

telecom sector is active. With the help of Figure 4, we found that there were 37 countries and 79

TSPs across worldwide. Majorly, countries have only one TSP and few have two or more.

…..

insert fig 4 here

…..

Out of the 37 countries spread around the geography, only 11 TSPs seem to be embracing the use

5G technology as mentioned in Figure 5. Countries like China, France, India, USA etc. are

pacing to be future ready because of their geography, customers demand and the required

economic growth etc. Countries like China and USA have taken a lead in this sector because of

their VUCA readiness and foresightedness.

…..

insert fig 5 here

…..

From figure 5, we can clearly see that only four countries have two or three 5G operators that are

ready or intend to start 5G technologies. Through this sectorial report, the authors intend to

reflect and emphasize that this telecom sector is the emerging one, widening employment as well

as wealth creation. It shall also impact and align with future industries. As we are moving

towards digitization it demands for high speed internet, increase in speedy communications and

this is only possible through 5G and beyond technologies for growth. Therefore, the authors

picked up this telecom sector for their sectoral report.

Regularity Authorities in the Telecom sector

The telecommunication sector has emerged as one of the most vibrant sectors currently, with the

introduction of newer technologies. The advancement of the technologies is dynamic, may it be

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spectrum utilization, customer experience, or towards newer kind of services etc. The Federal

Communication Commission is the telecom regularity authority in the USA, which was meant to

control the government regulations on telephone and radio. The 1934 Communications Act

created the Federal Communications Commission or FCC.4 Table 5 provides the information of

Telecom Regularity Authorities in various countries.

In India, the government agency, which regulates the telecom sector is the Telecom Regularity

Authority of India (TRAI). It was established under the Telecom Regularity Authority of India

Act, 1997 (TRAI Act). The main aim of this is to regulate telecom services, resolve differences,

disposing appeals and taking care of the service providers’ interest.5

According to TRAI, the ease of use of spectrum and resources for network establishment and

expansion are the two associated parts of the market growth. In order to increase the reach of

mobile operators, Indian government has increased the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) limit to

a hundred percent for constant flow of the investments.6

Agreements made by the Telecom Regularity Authority of India (TRAI) are not necessarily

binding on the Central Government, but for the Government it is mandatory to take the

recommendations given by TRAI. In order to get a clear vision of 5G technology in India,

Government initiated a 5G High Level Forum (5G HLF) under which it recommended policy

and action plans to understand this vision. In August 2018, the 5G HLF released a report named

“Making India 5G ready”. This involved addressing areas like spectrum and regulatory policy,

education and awareness programmes, use of case labs, development of application layer

standards, major trials, adopting international standards etc. etc.7

….

insert table 5 here

……

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Evolution of the Telecommunication Sector

Telegraph was the first mechanical communication device developed in the 1830’s. With this it

the telecommunication sector was born. Communication time has been shortened from days to

hours and now by using this mobile technology, it has been reduced to few seconds. With each

new development: radio, television, telephone, mobile, computer device etc. the telecom sector

has widened its horizon. With this technology evolution, the telecom sector has witnessed newer

achievements. The future looks promising with the following expected to become the main stay.

• There is a gradual movement towards smart televisions and over-the-top (OTT) media

services during Covid-19 times.

• Similarly, the online video services in most areas related to services has gained

momentum.

• With increasing innovations, 4G taking the norm, 5G is not a distant dream, in fact it

looks to accelerate in this direction.

• Competitive pricing and followed by price wars will be witnessed.

We can additionally witness a surge in digital services with the transformation accelerating by

customers in the new age economy. There is a massive exponential demand we can see, with

boundaries being crossed over repeatedly. The TSPs are redefining the work place and customer

experience. The network systems are skewering towards software-defined systems. TSPs are

hunting for newer digital models such as IoT etc to take the main lead. Based on our analysis, we

expect the impetus in the next decade to be as follows:

1. Networks of the Future: There will be virtualisation of the physical hardware with a

fundamental transition of networks that will be self-aware-optimising-healing-and

secured.

2. Beyond the Pipe: The telecom industry will move beyond the pipe with increased

digitalisation of consumers and businesses, inheriting and creating newer business

models.

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3. Redefining the customer segment: Customers expect a delight or say the ‘wow effect’

while experiencing the delivery. A high level of quality is anticipated by the well-

informed user.

4. Bridging the gap on Innovation: Rapid and disruptive innovation is what will be

witnessed by this industry.

Sector Overview

The organizations in this sector have transformed to a much more decentralized system with

reduced entry barriers and regulations. The main public organizations act as a service producer,

on the other hand small manufacturers sell and service the gadgets, for example switches,

routers, and infrastructure, which makes the communication possible.8 In the last 10 years, the

telecom sector has improved radically because of data - hungry clients with smart devices using

increased bandwidth. Over these years, users have witnessed an increase in their service

providers and have changed their services plans with upgraded network abilities.9

Irrespective of the distance, the telecom sector is capable of transferring data in audio and video

formats to consumers, globally. Digital and wireless technologies use this kind of infrastructure

for communication purpose. Development of innovative services such as e-learning, cloud

computing, Internet of Things (IoT) etc. has attracted the youth, requiring high speed internet

access at competitive rates. These discussions have become the main factors for driving the

market growth for the global telecom sector.

The Telecom sector is divided into a number of companies operating in different segments.

Bharti Airtel, Vodafone group PLC, etc. are the few telecom firms that have established

themselves as a regional leader. These players have recently been focusing on service providers

with their new and advanced technologies. Similarly, as a part of this, effective strategy involves

partnership, acquisitions, aiming on enlarging their reach by new services and geographical

existence is in play. Presently around 1 billion subscribers have fixed broadband services

globally. Asia is expected to be a key market for the future of broadband growth in terms of

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subscribers. Due to mobile- dominant nature of some region, revenue of mobile handset and

growth in telecom sector can be witnessed.

For the success of 5G technology, the emerging one, will comprise of appropriate range and

small cells, which produce good spectral efficiency and a robust spectrum strategy. 5G operators

are required to construct a network of mesh or minor cells that operate with the help of proper

fibre network in order to provide the higher frequencies and limited distance. Smart vehicles

have emerged as a developing category with some relations with the telecom sector, like the

automatic car that is in testing and developing stages. The customer numbers are increasing

towards renting an autonomous car. The entire next-generation wireless networks (example, 5G

technology) will be important one for the crucial mass-market, which embraces the autonomous

vehicles. 5G has arrived!

Growth in the Telecom Sector

The TSP’s has started showing some movement with a combination of state owned and

privately-owned companies worldwide. In the early 20th century, the telecom industry was a

stable industry, falling under the jurisdiction of the government agencies. In the past 10 years, as

a result of privatization and globalization across the world, telecom industry has shown rapid

changes. With rapid innovations, the telecom industry with the help of other industries has been

able to transform into a multimedia-information industry, critically emerging as an important

industry 3.0. With new economies emerging, followed by globalization and development of new

technologies like broadband and mobile phones has created a pressure on the telecom sector to

review their survival and growth strategies, products and technological base.10

Both the rural and urban areas have witnessed low tariff plans, thereby attracting users, even

with low purchasing power in a competitive business environment. There is a constant pressure

on the TSPs to provide services with growing tele density and demand for high-speed data.11 The

surge, both in increase of user base and speedy services by TSPs is in high demand.

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Future Growth Opportunities

In the coming years, i.e. in future, the establishment of fibre networks might meet the growing

demand. Residential broadband market is expanding and offers a provision for high speed

services covering nearly 85% of the total population. The standards for the future generation of

mobile technology is still in process demanding significant venturing from TSPs. All these may

combine into issues related to business environment, pending the roll out of the next generation

of mobile system. The main challenges may fall into two categories:

1. How to give 15% of the left over residentials to superfast broadband services?

2. How telecom companies plan their investment decisions to provide the next generation of

mobile technology but with a manner that does not have a severe environmental impact is

worth thinking.12

There is a higher dependency on the telecom industry with distancing and remote working in

place, which is indirectly going to impact the industries like Mobile manufacturers, Power &

energy, battery manufacturers. On a recent challenge posited by Covid-19, with work from

homes (WFH) forced upon there was an exponential surge on data demand and at times the

system collapsed, as we never expected this unknown. There was a request by the cellular

operators association of India (COAI) requesting the Indian government to intervene the

streaming service providers like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video and Zee5 etc. to reduce their

streaming definition, the pop up advertisements etc. thereby balancing the existing low

bandwidth amidst high demand. This was done to avoid a sudden collapse and that it was greatly

successful. Thus, we have witnessed during Covid-19 times a new work order such as remote

working, video conferencing etc. as key enablers.13

Let us accept that the automated networks will soon be a reality. Automation, speaking

technically has been a key part of IP and Ethernet networking technologies. Soon the importance

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of self-organising-networks (SON) was identified by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),

as critical to an optimal end-user experience in 4G/LTE radio-access networks. We shall be

witnessing newer ones based on end-to-end networks. Thus, this automation may transit into

‘self-aware’ networks with a capability to handle extremely complex end-to-end optimisation,

autonomously and also in real time. But we must agree that barriers However, barriers to

adoption does exist. Disjointed systems, lack in interoperability may be a hindrance in reaching

the volumes. Companies such as Cisco, Huawei, Ericsson and Nokia have taken the lead,

although case studies of network-wide deployments are yet to emerge.

Mobile Telephony

The primary step towards mobile communication was carried out in the mid-twentieth century.

Around 20 percent of the population in the developed countries had a mobile phone in the late

1990s, but in 2008, mobile phone subscribers increased with more than 4 billion subscribers.

Communication through mobile phone is frequently called as a cellular telephony; the reason

behind this was the infrastructure of the wireless network in which mobile phones operates.

Mobile phone communication had also given rise to long distance networking technology like

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM

Evolution. It also provides short distance communication technology e.g. Bluetooth. Internet data

and voice is transmitted by the mobile phone over long distance and short distance, which is

similar as the communication between the wireless accessories and mobile phones for example

wireless headsets.

With the development of smartphones, access of internet is no longer limited to PCs; it is

omnipresent. The approach of mobile communication has changed with a view of becoming

smarter each day, which was not possible in the early 2000s.14 The industry scenario based on

GOI reports reflect that Indian mobile industry is expected is expected to create a value around

USD 217 billion by 2020. This is enormous. As we know that the Telcom industry is subdivided

into infrastructure, mobile virtual network operators (MVNO), white space spectrum, 5G,

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telephone service providers and the broadband. As per study by GSMA, the smart phones are

expected to contribute two out of three globally with India representing as the fourth largest

market by 2020. Due to it exponential boom from 3G to 4G and the new one 5G technology, we

can expect an influential growth by 2020. More than 70 companies, majority of which are in Tier

2 and 3 cities in India, have received approval from department of telecommunications (DoT) to

provide these MVNO services. But we must not forget that there is an immense pressure on

cellular infrastructure.15

Mobile Generations

In the last 10 years, the telecom sector has displayed a potential growth in its sector. The

requirement of wireless mobile phone has increased because of technology enhancements.

Todays, mobile phones are much more intelligent because of their potential to play, record,

stream, download, upload- video and audio, share data through wi-fi and Bluetooth, taking clips,

accessing internet, video and voice calling etc. User capability to make communication and

living in both social gathering and business operations are greatly improved by the development

of the wireless technology.16 The advancement of technology can be seen in various generations

from simply 1G to what we have 4G and subsequently advancing to 5G (Future of Telecom).

With each quantum jump, the capacities by the networks and generations has increased

substantially.17

Evolution of Mobile Generations

Due to the rapid changes in technology, mobile communications have evolved with the

revolution of generations starting from 1G followed by 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G so on.

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1G - First Generation

In the 1980s, 1G in wireless mobile communication technology was implemented. AT&T

developed the first generation of mobile network, which was analogue in nature and depended

upon a technology called Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) in North America. In 1G

mobile network, only voice communication facility was provided. Paging technology was also

taken care of under 1G mobile communication. The main drawbacks of this were poor voice

quality with no security.

2G - Second Generation

The 2nd Generation in mobile technology was developed to overcome the problems and

limitations of the 1G technology. Initially, 2G networks were starting in late 1980s, but their real

development was started in 1990s. The second generation (2G) of mobile network is purely

based on a digital organization. The most reliable technology for 2G is Global System for Mobile

communication and with its upgrades to version like 2.5G (GPRS) and 2.75G (EDGE).

Browsing, web, voice transmission, transmitting e-mails were some services, falling under 2G

technology. With technological improvements it increased the total number of subscribers, but

their standards were not so good in terms of quality.

3G - Third Generation

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specified the standard IMT-2000 for the third

generation of wireless mobile communication, in order to meet the need of higher bandwidth,

high speed, fast data transmit etc. 3G was officially launched in 2001, but the 3G partnership

project (3GPP) was developed in 1998 to speed the development of third generation networks.

3G provided a network with a capability to transport large multimedia contents. Few

technologies provided by 3G were packet switching, Code division Multiple Access (CDMA),

W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. GSM, CDMA and TDMA were standards that were also

17

compatible with the third generation of wireless mobile telephony. The most popular 3G

technology is UMTS.

4G - Fourth Generation

The Fourth generation (4G) of mobile technology was developed for fulfilling the desires of

International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-A) by using IP addresses for all

services. It has been designed to provide the Quality of Service (QoS) such as Multimedia

Messaging Service (MMS), wireless broadband access, video chat, HDTV content, mobile TV,

Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) etc.18Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), orthogonal

frequency division multiplexing and link adaptation technologies are used for advanced radio

interference in a 4G system.19 Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) are

some of the 4G standards. However, security is one major issue of 4G because of its IP-Address

system.

5G - Fifth Generation

5G is the latest technology developed in the field of telecom giving seamless connectivity to all

individuals and also help in digitalization of different verticals. In a few developed countries like

USA, South Korea, China, France etc. a full-scale utilization of 5G network is likely to start by

late 2020 for which pilot projects have already commenced. India is also in the global race and is

likely to deploy 5G technology during 2020 or early 2021, if not late. The fifth generation in

mobile communication is also referred as the next generation. 5G is capable of providing much

faster data speeds on mobile devices.20 For starting up new applications in future, high data rates

and low latency of fifth generation are required.21

From smartphone to self-driving cars, 5G opens up large frontiers with massive impact on almost

every facet of how we use technology with lower latency and faster speeds. In a technical

perspective, 5G network is more complex than its speed. 5G gives unique impact on Industry 4.0

18

when industrial revolution has been generated by a combination of emerging technologies. 5G

allow new operating models rather redesigning of new production line. Using networks

characteristics that are important for manufacturing, 5G gives manufacturers chance to develop

smart factories that can take advantage of the emerging tech that is changing the industry.

The next big thing about relation between Industry 4.0 and 5G is how they improve network

latency, by providing a capability for applications, devices and entities in communicating in real

time. With the onset of 5G technologies most smart phones will come with embedded

software/applications having augmented reality and virtual reality (AR/VR) technologies.

Consumer expectations and behaviour change will witness a sea change from a fixed location to

an on-the-go consumption. This will further spike usage of 5G services. We will also see

multiplayer gaming, live concerts and sporting events beamed straight into handsets. But at the

same time there are other infrastructure issues, as 5G antennas have high capacity but a low

geographical reach as compared to 4G, thereby raising costs.22 Radiation issues are also into

discussion. The question is on selective implementation and who shall be early adopters. Would

the customers pay a high cost?

COAI claims that there will be a visible impact on net additions in customer base on account of

Covid-19 pandemic, with mobility of customers and markets seized. It is understood that it takes

around 30-45 days for new subscriptions to impact the revenue of the incumbent company. In

addition, the lockdown may slightly delay the 5g spectrum auction.23

We must also not forget that internet service providers (ISPs) will play a major role as a carrier.

The unprecedented growth in global internet traffic is visible. During the Covid-19 period a 20-

40 % peak increase was witnessed. There is a stress upon aggregation networks. A said earlier, a

surge of over 3 times in teleconferencing and 4 times growth in gaming.24

Since inception, the internet traffic has been growing with mounting pressure on multiple

devices. With this there is a mounting dynamic pressure on operators to meet this demand. With

19

online classes and video services in demand, it has led to slower downloads, loss of video feeds

and dropped connections. This is likely to be the test for home broadband capacities.25

A Case on Indian Telecom Industry India perspective

India became the second largest market for mobile phones market across the world after

replacing Vietnam. In between 2016 to 2022, it is expected that will be an investment of Rs

44,265 Cr in the smartphone phone manufacturing sector in India. The largest mobile

manufacturer globally is China. In 2014, there were only three mobile phone manufacturing units

in India but by 2018, it shot to 268 smartphones. In accordance with the India Cellular and

Electronics Association (ICEA), manufacturing of smartphones includes several other

manufacturing units. 38% of market is for mobile adapters, 19% for battery, 37% market for

mobile plants etc., and the rest 6% of market is engaged in manufacturing of wireless headsets,

mechanics, USB cable etc. ICEA believes that with increase in demand of smartphones in India

by 2020 India can start smartphone exports to the entire world.

In order to boost the manufacturing of electronics products in India, the Ministry of Electronics

and Information Technology, implemented a National Policy of Electronics in 2019. This policy

aims for achieving a turnover of $400 billion in electronic manufacturing in India by 2025 and a

billion mobile handsets by 2025. Xiaomi, Gionee, Videocon, Lava, Jivi Mobile etc are some of

the companies that built their packaging units and product assembly in India. Industry specialists

believe that the US China trade war and the result of COVID-19 pandemic, it is the best time for

India to build the electronic manufacturing sector.26

Telecom sector showed growth after the expansion of existing 2G networks to 4G or 5G, which

rolled out services to select GHz band as well in broadband wireless access (BWA). The segment

growth will be driven by shifting focus on data consumption and also increase importance on

rural connectivity. Additionally, fibre-to-the-home market is also growing. The TSPs have

started targeting the educational institutions and the retail sector through connectivity solutions

such as cloud computing and Wi-Fi. Telecom sector is observing few new trends with increase in

data traffic. A lot of efforts are needed towards cost cutting by increasing the rate of

20

infrastructure sharing across all telecom segments. The biggest deal in this area, Bharti Airtel and

Reliance Jio joins into a deal for sharing infrastructure, which includes submarine cables, optic

fibre, broadband networks and towers. The sharing of fibre infrastructure is in between the state-

owned and private companies in which government’s Rs 250 billion Optical Fibre Network

project is also involved.

Despite this, the telecom sector is undergoing several challenges in terms of operational and

deployment changes. Temporarily, infrastructure and tower providers associations are looking

for provisions in telecom sector in terms of high lending limits at lower interest rates, but this

decision is still awaited.27

Indian Telecom Service Providers

The Indian Telecom sector plays an important role towards the development of the with a good

growth, fast expansion and leveraging several sectors. With about 1,186 million telephone users;

India has become the second-largest market globally by the mid of the year 2019. The telecom

sector has split into three parts, Wire-line, wireless and internet services. As from June 2019,

India’s wireless market had 98.2% of total subscribers as compared to financial year 2011. The

Indian market has the world’s highest data and service usage by the smartphone as of 2019 and it

is expected to double by 2024. The internet subscribers have increased in number from the past

10 years and is growing.28

Some Indian TSPs are listed below:

Bharti Airtel

It has become a leading telecom company globally, being present in more than 16 countries

across Africa and Asia. The headquarter of Bharti Airtel is situated in New Delhi, India. Products

21

offered by company were 2G, 3G and 4G wireless mobile communication, fixed line services,

mobile marketing, broadband services, DTH (Direct-To-Home) etc. It also provides enterprise

services like international and national long-distance services to carriers. About 448M users had

Bharti Airtel subscription by the end of the year 2018. In rest of the world it provides 2G, 3G, 4G

wireless and mobile commerce services. As of January 2020, airtel expanded its high speed 4G

network to the remotest part of the country. Airtel as its brand, started its first-round

development of 5G network in Bengaluru and Kolkata and later intends to expand in the other

parts of the country.

Reliance Jio

Jio provides an ecosystem that allows all Indian customers to live their digital life fullest. This

type of ecosystem has a powerful broadband network, valuable applications, smart devices and

superior services spread across. Digital commerce, payment and media services, high speed data

are few combinations offered by Jio Company. Reliance Jio is also ready for 5G development.

The launch will depend on the feasibility of cases, enhancement of ecosystem and also pricing of

final spectrum.29

BSNL

Wireless, wire-line, broadband, internet, long distance and leased circuits are the type of telecom

services provided by BSNL. BSNL is also planning for deployment of 5G technology across

India by 2020. It is planning to develop a 5G test center in New Delhi, where they can

demonstrate few cases of low latency communication in the field of education and healthcare. In

2018, the Department of Telecom (DoT) sent an intimation to BSNL to start development of 5G

technology based on trials, in addition to other private companies like Vodafone, Reliance Jio,

Bharti Airtel, to showcase their India-specific case. However, telecom companies are still

waiting that the department will allow them for the deployment of 5G technology radio waves on

a trial basis.

22

Global Telecom Service Providers

With globalization, the telecom sector has increased its rivalry. Digitalization and mobile

telecommunication are the technologies that have shown greater impact for reshaping the

industry. The governments have started in developing their state-owned telecom companies and

have also established their independent regulatory agencies. The major technical innovation in

the telecom sector started with a speedy change in the field of information, innovations and

inventions across the global boundaries. These technological advancements are capable of

reshaping of various industries as well as human lives.30

CASE STUDY OF TWO LARGEST TSPs

AT&T

AT&T is an American multinational industry headquartered at the Whitacre Tower in Downtown

Dallas, Texas. It was started with Southwestern Bell Telephone Company created by Alexander

Graham Bell in 1880, after this it has evolved into in AT&T in 1885. Later it became the second

biggest telecom provider and world’s largest telecom company in USA. In the mid of 2018, it

became the parent company of one of the mass media companies named as Warner Media. It

scaled to a rank #9 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the biggest US corporations in terms of total

revenue.

AT&T Corporation values to think big, live true, inspire imagination, pursue excellence, stand

for equality and the last but not least is embrace freedom. The main aim of this company is to

enhance the consumer’s personal lives and also make their business more popular by announcing

good and useful telecom services in the global market. Their mission is to work for the

customers by implementing and achieving next generation networks and technological

advancements in their operations and services.31

23

Next generation networks

With the introduction of 5G wireless mobile services, AT&T will be the first wireless operator to

introduce this in the US. They have planned to develop 5G technology in few cities in other

states as a pilot project. Cities in which 5G will be tested are Atlanta, Waco, Dallas, Charlotte,

Oklahoma and Raleigh. With this, AT&T signifies this rollout as a part of drive providing a

nationwide coverage of 5G network. 5G technology will control over the telecom fibre optic

network as a key strength in the 5G network. By the end of the year 2016, 5G trials have

completed in multiple cities of the United States, which extended to 12 more cities by 2018 and 7

till 2019 in order to achieve the aim of nationwide coverage of 5G network.32

China Mobile Limited

China Mobile Limited was founded in 1997 headquartered in Hong Kong, China. It is one of the

biggest telecom providers in the central China, providing full communication services to all its

users and positioning itself in profitability and market value ranking. The new trends like

industry reforms and technological revolutions have been developed globally, responding to

these trends and permitting them to catch opportunities and encounter difficulties.

Next generation networks

Advancement in technology started with an up gradation of old telecom networks into a big data

enabling artificial intelligence network in a very active, intelligent and precise manner. The

networks of the future that involved in this will be very effective, responsive, secured and

manageable also. All infrastructures designing with 5G international standards have been

developed by China Mobile Ltd. Testing of 5G networks has started in different cities of China

with their business model accelerating forward.

24

The VUCA Scenario

In the above backdrop, it is pertinent to mention that each Industry, big or small, faces VUCA

conditions one day or other. Telcom Industry is no exception. It has faced several VUCA

conditions and it is likely to face in future also. Is this Industry VUCA Ready? The answer to

this question needs to be explored because future of Telecom Industry largely depends on this

answer. In the following write-up an attempt has been made describe and analyse the VUCA

scenario in the context of Telecom Industry.

The term VUCA was introduced by the US Army at the time of the end of World War II. VUCA

abbreviates as volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity. Volatility is the speed of

change, uncertainty is the lack of predictability, complexity is due to multiple choices and chaos

and the last ambiguity is the potential to misread a situation. The VUCA components are not new

but the new world has improved them. VUCA is both situational and dynamic; sometimes it

seems to be very clear and at other time it shifts because of adjacencies, disruptions and outliers.

For futurists, VUCA means volatility into vision, uncertainty in understanding, complexity into

clarity and ambiguity into agility and that one can turn chaos into opportunities.

As globalization of telecom sector came into demand, industries in this sector were required to

be proactive. With the development of international policies, the telecom firms were capable of

making their entrance in overseas market, able to pursue foreign resources and also make R&D,

manufacturing and supplying services. Interaction with local skilled persons, entry with the

current infrastructure, getting a partnership with a local industry, providing a developed market

were some of the external policies that were put in place. Moreover, these policies have provided

companies an access to a variety of proficiencies required for the development of both

complementary and core activities. In the last decade, the telecom sector became more

globalized. Goods and services made their entrance into the market in order to maintain their

competitive position, but also to get the access to new and complementary abilities, businesses

and resources. In order to increase production, robust market occurrence, reduced competitive

pressure, companies acquired other companies complementing with industries. The new

economy created newer competitions, where speed became an important and critical factor for

25

telecom companies to sustain or expand their position in the market with more flexibility.33 Some

of the components that have been explored are:

Volatility

1. Regularity authorities

2. Individuals stock

3. Market

4. Budget

5. Cut throat competition

Uncertainty

1. Market

2. Consumers behaviour

3. GDP growth

Complexity

1. Infrastructure

2. Network provisioning

3. Network operations

4. Services delivered

Ambiguity

1. Future applications

2. Consumer expectations

3. Next generations

4. New routes to innovation

5. Public policy or political decisions

The telecom market is a highly dynamic market instead of being traditionally one maturing with

large number of barriers at the entrance. Though, majorly the telecom sector shows some threats

to stakeholders and pose as more volatile, in bull markets, the stakeholders give high exposure to

it than the average gains.34 The government policies are ambiguous with a high risk for

tolerance. The VUCA world nearly demands for failures, but this is very narrow, calculated and

an important factor for retrieving important information to reduce ambiguity and uncertainty.

The front-runners are the ones well-served by bringing advanced changes at each and every

place, demonstrating situations and in developing agile and adaptive awareness, in both their

thinking and in their business environment.35 Table 6 presents various VUCA factors being

encountered by Telecom Industry. These factors have been analysed in six broad categories of

the Telecom Industry. This analysis though inclusive may help some of the Telecom Firms to get

VUCA ready.

26

…..

insert table 6 here

…..

5G and some un-answered questions to think about:

1. What has been the learning with hindsight for government, TSPs and consumers?

2. Do the companies have resources to fully implement 4G?

3. On account of Covid-19 how do the TSPs intend to cope the surge in demand?

4. Have cyber security issues been addressed?36

5. With 5g Spectrum pricing stalemate, will there be a roll out in near future?

6. What is the Debt burden on 5G services likely to be? 37

To the best of our understanding, 5G shall be used in three main types of connected

services. These will be enhanced mobile broadband, mission-critical communications and

IoT. It shall be for forward capability, an ability to flexibly support future services, still

unknown in the context of today. We are likely to see this eventually around 2035 and it

shall have a visible impact much aggressively than its previous generations. The 5G value

chain (including OEMs, operators, content creators, app developers, and consumers)

would multiply in creating jobs to be defined in future. Only time can tell what will be

the full “5G effect” on the economy?

Donated with high speeds and superior networks, 5G will have an everlasting impact on

businesses. Smart factories are going to emerge with increased operational productivity,

efficiency and precision. The data hunger shall rise from nearly 2 GB to 11 GB per month

for smartphones in 2022. From 4G, 5G will expand the mobile ecosystem to new types of

industries. We will witness cutting edge user experiences such as boundless reality (XR),

seamless IoT capabilities, new enterprise applications, a local interactive content, instant

cloud access etc. This 5G technology shall represent and entirely new set of revolutionary

telecommunications.38

27

Future of Telecom Industry

With progression in society, things have started evolving on a daily basis across the world that

cannot be possible without technological changes. With this, the machine, man and production

have corroborated in starting an independent and intelligent network. Thus, “Industry 4.0” came

into existence, showing how smart digital services are networked and can communicate with

semi-finished products, raw materials, machines, products, tools, robots and men. For

development of business, future industries characterize themselves as more flexible and efficient.

For example, in a networked factory men and robots will have equal sharing with use of artificial

intelligence in build relation to an earlier generation of robots.

Extreme changes in business models will take place with digitalization. Production will become

more and more flexible with continuous innovations in this sector. Software and hardware

solutions on a real time data are the two factors that will help in reaching the goal of

digitalization.

Emerging Industries

The new generation technologies that will change the manufacturing processes will be an

agglomeration of an emerging industry 4.0. The total global market of these technologies will

increase with time. Change is the only thing that is constant in today’s VUCA (Volatile,

Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous) and socio-economic environment. Technologies around us

will be changing rapidly giving rise to something totally different. Industries like hotel,

automobile, telecom, etc., all of these will be affected as a result of digitisation and digitalisation.

Hotel industry went into recession because customers wanted something different, giving birth to

a new digital industry like Airbnb, OYO etc. This is similar to the ones in the automobile

industry that gave birth to a new digital industry Uber, Ola etc. There is a connection between

advanced machines to advanced factories leading to advanced enterprise in the entire value

chain.

28

Here is the list of future technologies that shall shape the future of several forthcoming

industries. We shall witness 3D printing, real time robotics, AI, IoT, Nanotechnology etc to

mention few where new areas will open to be explored.39

3D Printing

With the help of 3D, the method of model creation by manufacturers has changed drastically. As

the speed of printer improves, 3D printing will overtake higher volumes in operations, reducing

cost of spare parts, which in demand. 3D printing is relatively cheaper and its cost depends on

the robotic technology. It will definitely increase productivity, in total the production cost will

also be lower, thereby, creating increased demand.40

Robotics

Robotics compacts with the construction, design, use of robots and operation as well as computer

systems for their sensory feedback, control and information processing. This type of technology

is developed as a substitution of human being and replicas of human actions. It has the ability to

work for longer periods and able to perform repetitive tasks that together changes the

manufacturing processes. This reduces the burden of human workers to do repeated tasks.

Robots will be capable of working in an unsafe condition where humans can’t allow. This

capability of robots will increase human safety, reducing costs while providing consistent

product quality. Robots with capability of doing tasks faster, will increasing productivity as

compared to human workers.41

Artificial Intelligence

In the human history, Artificial Intelligence will be one of the most powerful technologies that

will either emerge with best things or may be worst for humans. In decades, researchers have

29

shown their interest in artificial general intelligence (AGI) having an ability to do tasks like a

super human. AGI gives the historic revolution in the field of science and technology, healthcare

field etc.42 The major innovation in the area of Artificial Intelligence is in machine learning

mainly categorized in the field of deep learning. In Machine learning to extract data, creating

patterns and extrapolating it precisely will become easier.43 The Artificial Intelligence

technology will be useful in various industries; therefore, they have endless applications. It can

also be used in the healthcare industry for surgical procedures, for dosing drugs and for treatment

of patients in different ways. Other applications like self- driving cars, computers that play chess

etc. will be witnessed.44

Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT will be able to make devices smarter by providing them with a capability of sending

information over the internet and also allowing devices to communicate with other IoT enabled

things along with humans. Smart home is a good example of Internet of Things in which internet

enabled doorbells, security alarms, thermostats and doorbells etc. will be connected with a hub

where data sharing shall take place between these physical devices. These will control things

around us in a hub through a website or with mobile apps. IoT will widen its scope in various

sectors like in healthcare sector for patient monitoring purpose.45

Nano-Technology

Nano technology currently is a transforming technology in the field of manufacturing. It is a very

small machine that can be used to create other machines. This allows speedy creation of new

products with a very high degree of accuracy.

The above-mentioned technologies are some future industries that will be capable of changing

our working environment and its use will be enhanced with the ‘Future of Telecom’, which is in

‘5G’. Because 5G is capable of providing high internet speed, high data rates so that we can

30

easily transfer information into a few milliseconds. This will be the game changer. The telecom

industry will get changed radically into latest Nanotechnology. The impact will be witnessed in

the smart phones of the future, a lethal combination of Nano technology and 5G.

Summary and Conclusions

It can be concluded that the telecom sector will play a dominant role in shaping the industries of

the future, with a backup support like that of a spine. The next generation monitoring system will

provide an intelligent and holistic monitoring throughout all layers of telecom facility. In our

exploration, we have clearly seen that only two countries have taken a lead in development of 5G

and have also started developing applications for future generation. We are moving towards

digitisation and digitalisation with the help of future generation technologies and all of this can

only be possible by fast speed networking and data sharing services that can only be given by the

next generation mobile networks (5G onwards) by the telecom sector. This is the future of

telecom.

However, there are likely to be several scenarios worth re-thinking!

1. Frequency bands: Unlike 4G LTE operating on established frequency bandwidths below

6GHz, the 5G requires frequencies up to 300 Ghz or better known as mm waves, thereby

delivering 20-fold capacities. The spectrum cost for the wireless carriers is enormously

high. What to do?

2. Deployment and coverage: Despite handling higher capacities, this 5G works upon

beamforming, a uni-directional radio wave. The challenge is to have higher number of

antennas to compensate for their shorter range. Extra repeaters for spreading will be

required. for maintaining consistency. What about the increased cost?

3. Costs to build and buy: Carriers will raise money. Is this not a big challenge over an

existing one?

4. Device support: With 5G demand the products will also witness a sea transformation.

Some carriers in the U.S., South Korea and Japan have already begun launching 5G pilots

in select cities. The manufacturers have also started producing compatible mobile

31

devices. Similarly, autonomous vehicle technology is pushing and gearing for the super-

fast network. What is the limit?

5. Security and privacy: This will be an ever-challenging scenario with identities in all

formats be it individual, business, entities with in any data form all in cloud, readily

accessible. How to restrict this and the eventuality?46

The TSPs have started thinking in this direction and must bring in foresight to resolve the

immense responsibility they have in hand. The game changing complex technology revolution

has been seeded, the industry is about to witness change and the telecom sector has to build

capacities and capabilities as the back bone in shaping economies. They must play a responsible

role in the coming future. Let us witness soon!

32

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33

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34

21. Ibid 16

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26. Ibid 25

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29. Ibid 1

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but-a-lot-depends-on-viability-of-used-cases-devices

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&utm_campaign=cppst”. [Accessed 20th September 2019].

31. Chaffin, J. (2018). AT&T Futurist Report- A Faster, Smarter Future in 5G. [Online]

Available from: “https://developer.att.com/blog/future-in-5g”. [Accessed 10th January

2019].

32. Ibid 8

35

33. Weissberger, A. (2020). AT&T boosts wireless network capacity in spectrum-sharing

deal with DISH Network. [Online] Available from:

http://techblog.comsoc.org/category/att/. [Accessed 4th April 2020].

34. Beers, B. (2019). What is Telecommunication Sector. [Online] Available from:

“https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/070815/what-telecommunications-

sector.asp”. [Accessed 15th November 2019].

35. Arkenberg, C. (2019). Leading in a VUCA world. [Online] Available from:

https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/technology-media-and-

telecommunications/articles/leading-in-a-vuca-world.html. [Accessed 27th January 2020].

36. Deloitte. (2011). The impact of 4g technology on Commercial interactions, economic

growth, and U.S Competitiveness. [Online] Available from:

https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/technology-media-

telecommunications/us-tmt-impactof-4g-060612.pdf. [Accessed 28th November 2019].

37. Qualcomm. (n.d.). Everything you need to know about 5G. [Online] Available from

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/what-is-5g. [Accessed 10th May 2020].

38. Wipro. (n.d.). Interview: 5G – An evolution or revolution? [Online] Available from:

https://www.globalthoughtleaders.org/5g-an-evolution-or-revolution/. [Accessed 20th

March 2020].

39. Baskaran, A. (2018). Article: How will 5G impact different industries? [Online]

Available from: https://www.prescouter.com/2018/01/5g-impact-different-

industries/.[Accessed 12th January 2020].

40. Woodford, C. (2020). 3D printers. [Online] Available from:

https://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-3d-printers-work.html. [Accessed 3rd February

2020].

41. RobotWorx a SCOTT company. (n.d.). Benefits of Using Robotics. [Online] Available

from: https://www.robots.com/articles/benefits-of-using-robotics. [Available 4th

December 2019].

42. Future of life institute. (n.d.). Artificial Intelligence. [Online] Available from:

https://futureoflife.org/ai-news/. [Accessed 4th September 2018].

36

43. Heath, N. (2018). Managing AI and ML in the Enterprise. [Online] Available from

https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-everything-you-need-to-know-about-artificial-

intelligence/. [Accessed 15th April 2018].

44. Frankenfield, J. (2020). Artificial Intelligence. [Online] Available from:

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/artificial-intelligence-ai.asp. [Accessed 25th

march 2020].

45. Builtin. (n.d.). IOT: The Internet of Things. [Online] Available from:

https://builtin.com/internet-things. [Accessed 24th October 2019].

46. D’mello. (2019). The top five challenges for 5G. [Online] Available from:

https://www.iot-now.com/2019/04/05/94717-top-five-challenges-5g/. [Accessed from

25th February 2020].

47. Website of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telephone_operating_companies,

[Accessed 25th march 2020].

37

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2. Abidi, S., and Joshi, M. (2018). The VUCA Learner: Future-proof Your Relevance.

India: SAGE.

3. Website of https://www.about.att.com

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15. Website of https://www.charter.com

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18. Website of https://www.sprint.com

19. Website of https://www.btplc.com

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21. Website of https://www.telecomitalia.com

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26. Website of https://www.sktelecom.com

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28. Website of https://www.telenor.com

29. Website of https://www.etisalat.com

38

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31. Website of https://www.airtel.com

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content/uploads/2017/04/An_Exclusive_Whitepaper_by_Frost.pdf.

37. Weissberger, A. (2020) AT&T boosts wireless network capacity in spectrum-sharing deal

with DISH Network. [Online] Available from: http://techblog.comsoc.org/category/att/.

39

Annexures

Table 1: List of global TSPs with their total revenues (Source: Wikipedia, List of

Telephone operating companies)47

Rank Telecom Service Provider Total revenue

(US$ billion) Country

1 AT&T $170.80 United States

2 Verizon Communications $131.80 United States

3 Nippon Telegraph & Tel $107.10 Japan

4 Comcast $95.50 United States

5 Softbank $86.70 Japan

6 Deutsche Telekom $86.50 Germany

7 Telefónica $57.40 Spain

8 China Telecom $57.00 China

9 América Móvil $52.70 Mexico

10 Vodafone $50.50 United Kingdom

11 Orange $48.90 France

12 China Unicom $44.00 China

13 Charter Communications $43.60 United States

14 Telstra $41.20 Australia

15 KDDI $34.80 Japan

16 Sprint $33.40 United States

17 BT Group $30.30 United Kingdom

18 CenturyLink $23.40 United States

19 Telecom Italia $22.80 Italy

20 KT Corporation $21.30 South Korea

21 BCE $18.10 Canada

40

22 China Communications

Services

$16.00 China

23 Vivendi $15.90 France

24 SK Telecom $15.40 South Korea

25 Saudi Telecom $13.90 Saudi Arabia

26 Telenor $13.60 Norway

27 Etisalat $12.30 United Arab Emirates

28 LG Uplus $12.10 South Korea

29 Bharti Airtel $12.00 India

30 Swisscom $11.90 Switzerland

31 Rogers Communications $11.60 Canada

32 Cox Communications $11.00 United States

33 Telus $10.90 Canada

34 MTN Group $10.20 South Africa

35 Telia Company $9.60 Sweden

36 Telkom Indonesia $9.10 Indonesia

37 VimpelCom $9.10 Netherlands

38 Frontier Communications $8.60 United States

39 Ooredoo $8.20 Qatar

40 Mobile Tele Systems $7.60 Russia

41 Chunghwa Telecom $7.00 Taiwan

42 KPN $6.90 Netherlands

43 Optus $6.60 Australia

44 Proximus $6.60 Belgium

45 SingTel $6.20 Singapore

46 United Internet $5.90 Germany

47 Virgin Media $5.80 United Kingdom

48 Oi $5.70 Brazil

49 Windstream Holdings $5.70 United States

41

50 Crown Castle International $5.40 United States

51 Telecom Argentina $5.40 Argentina

52 Advanced Info Service $5.30 Thailand

53 Vodafone Idea Limited $5.30 India

54 Telephone and Data Systems $5.40 United States

55 A1 Telekom Austria Group $5.90 Austria

56 MegaFon $4.80 Russia

57 Zain $4.30 Kuwait

58 Millicom $4.10 Luxembourg

59 Turkcell $4.00 Turkey

60 Taiwan Mobile $3.90 Taiwan

61 Turk Telekom $3.90 Turkey

62 OTE $3.80 Greece

63 Du (company) $3.70 United Arab Emirates

64 PLDT $3.10 Philippines

65 Zayo Group $2.60 United States

66 Tata Communications $2.50 India

67 Maxis Communications $2.20 Malaysia

68 Mediacom $2.00 United States

69 Granite Telecommunications $1.50 United States

70 GTT Communications $1.50 United States

71 IDT Corporation $1.50 United States

72 Cincinnati Bell $1.40 United States

73 Consolidated

Communications

$1.40 United States

74 Vocus Group $1.30 Australia

75 RCS&RDS $1.20 Romania

42

76 Cable One $1.10 United States

77 Vonage $1.00 United States

78 Jio $1.60 India

79 BSNL $2.70 India

43

Figure 1: Global TSPs using 3G technology

Figure 2: List of 4G Global TSPs

0 1 2 3 4

United States (AT&T) Japan (Softbank and KDDI)

Spain (Telefonica) China (China Telecom & China Unicom)

Mexico (América Móvil) United Kingdom (Vodafone)

Australia (Telstra) South Korea (SK Telecom & LG Plus)

Norway (Telenor)India (Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Idea and BSNL)

No of 3G TSPs Country-wise

0 1 2 3 4 5

United States (AT&T, Verizon Communicaions &…

Japan (Softbank & KDDI)

Germany (Deutsche Telekom) Spain (Telefónica

China (China Telecom and China Unicom)

Mexico (América Móvil)United Kingdom (Vodafone & BT Group)

Australia (Telstra) Italy (Telecom Italia)

South Korea (SK Telecom & LG Plus)

Norway (Telenor) United Arab Emirates (Etisalat)

Switzerland (Swisscom)India (Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Idea, JIO & BSNL)


44

45

Figure 3: 5G Global TSPs

0 1 2 3 4

United States (AT&T, Verizon Communicaions & Sprint)

Japan (Nippon Telegraph & Tel, Softbank & KDDI)

Germany (Deutsche Telekom)China (China Telecom and China Unicom)

France (Orange) United Kingdom

Italy South Korea (KT Corporation & SK Telecom)

Saudi Arabia (Saudi Telecom) Switzerland (Swisscom)

India (Vodafone Idea, JIO & BSNL)


46

Table 2: List of countries, TSPs and cities testing 5G technologies

S. No. Country Telecom Service

Providers 5G cities

1 USA AT&T Austin

Cos Angeles

Nashville

Orlando

San Diego

San Francisco

San Jose

Verizon Chicago

Minneapolis

2 Germany Deutsche Telekom Berlin

Munich

Vodafone Germany Cologne

Dusseldorf

3 China China mobile Ltd. Beijing

Shanghai

Shenzhen

Guangzhou

4

South

Korea SK Telecom Switzerland

USA

China

47

Japan

48

Table 3: Future of industry and their intended applications

Future of industry Applications

Artificial Intelligence Healthcare

Business

Education

Autonomous vehicle

Robotics

Cyborg Technology

Internet of Things Smart home

Connected Car

Smart City

Wearables

Smart Grid

Industrial Internet

Smart farming

Connected health

Big Data Banking & Securities

Healthcare

Education

Transportation

Manufacturing & Natural Resources

Retail and wholesale trade

Cloud Computing Infrastructure

Test and Development

Big Data Analytics

Disaster Recovery

49

Backup

50

Table 4: List of TSPs and their relation with future of industry

S. No. Company Future of Industry

1 AT&T Artificial Intelligence

Software development

Cybersecurity

Cloud Computing

Technology Research and Museum

Network Leadership

Network & field Operations

2 China Mobile Ltd IoT Development

Artificial Intelligence

Block Chain Technologies

Big data Paradigm

Figure 4: Country-wide selection of TSPs

0

5

10

15

20

25

Arge

ntin

aAu

stra

liaAu

stria

Belg

ium

Braz

ilCa

nada

Chin

aFr

ance

Germ

any

Gree

ceIn

dia

Indo

nesia

Italy

Japa

nKu

wai

tLu

xem

bour

gM

alay

siaM

exic

oNe

ther

land

sNo

rway

Phili

ppin

esQ

atar

Rom

ania

Russ

iaSa

udi A

rabi

aSi

ngap

ore

Sout

h Af

rica

Sout

h Ko

rea

Spai

nSw

eden

Switz

erla

ndTa

iwan

Thai

land

Turk

eyUA

EUK US

A

Country-wise selection of TSPs

51

Figure 5: Country-wide selection of 5G TSPs

Table 5: Telecom Regulatory Authorities in various Countries

Country Telecom Regulatory authority

China Ministry of Information Industry (MII)

France Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes ()ARCEP

Germany Bundesnetzagentur (BNA)

India Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)

Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)

United

States

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

China

France

German

yIta

ly

Saudi A

rabia

Japan

South Korea

Switz

erland

India UKUSA

No. of 5G Telecom Operators

52

CTIA – The Wireless Association (CTIA)

National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA)

National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (regulators of individual

states) (NARUC)

Table 6: VUCA in Telecom

Telecom

Business

Environment

Volatility Uncertainty Complexity Ambiguity

Regulatory

Environment

Onerous

licensing

conditions

Policy for

spectrum

sharing;

industry

adoption; SME

Multiple bodies-

DOT, DCC,

TRAI, Ministry,

5G Auction-

timeline & basis

of fee (revenue

from services

only or from sale

of handsets etc.

too)

Policy for

Towers

Control of

information

Radiation of 5G

Towers

Inadequate

availability of

spectrum

Smart city

applications

Expansion of 4G

services

Global Business

Environment

Promoter & PE

funding

Covid19 impact Export 5G

Services

4G vis a vis 5G

globally.

Dynamic

balance

Multi country 5G ROI studies

53

solutions such as

cloud centres

Huawei

controversy-

Allow or ban?

Indian Business

Environment

Competition in

5G offerings,

Paying capacity

of consumers

Adoption of 5G

services-

Industry 4.0,

IOT, streaming,

Gaming, stock

& commodity

trading, forex

trading etc.

Many players in

supply chain

(downstream) of

5G-Handset,

Integrators,

tower

companies,

Application

developers,

content providers

etc.

Justification of

5G in many

businesses. Can

many businesses

do with 4G?

Readiness of

industry to adopt

5G. Clear Impact

studies (e.g.

India’s global

ranking in

mobile speeds

has decreased to

121 as compared

to 112)

Should India

maximise 4G or

invest heavily

in 5G? 5G hype

vs. reality

Partnership

with

downstream

companies such

as content

providers, e-

Financial health

of clients post

Covid-19

M&A in telecom

& supply chain

players

Application &

Skills

Development

54

communication

platforms

Consumer

trends-

Behavioural &

economic -

Marketing

applications of

5G such as

geofencing

(interstate tolls)

Consumers'

willingness to

upgrade, Mass

adoption or

selective

deployment

Availability &

price of handsets

Consumer

resistance 4G vs

5G, 4G not fully

deployed and

exploited.

Financial

Environment

Predatory

pricing of

services

Arrears to

Government-

How much &

When?

High level of

existing debt

$105 bn,

Retiring debt

Ability to raise

new debt or

bringing in

equity funds

New revenue

streams

Revenue

Generation

Sharing

spectrum

Segmentation of

paying customer

Profitability-

Vodafone

posted record

highest

corporate loss in

India

M&A in service

providers

Technological

Environment

Continuous

innovation

Deployment of

5G in India -

2022? 2025?

Cyber security-

Lack of skilled

personnel

6G & beyond

Smart city

applications

Software

Application

Development

Masts (tower) in Evolution of

55

urban and rural

areas

3GPP Release

15-19

specifications

Network

complexity for

massive data

increase-AI &

ML in 5G

56

About Centre for VUCA Studies (CVS) Amity University

“Developing Capacity for Inspired Results”

(Established in October, 2017)

Organisation

Chairman, CVS: Dr Aseem Chauhan, Chancellor Amity University

Director, CVS: Prof. (Dr) Manoj Joshi

Consultants: Prof (Dr) Ashok Kumar & Mr Suhayl Abidi

Research Associate: Ms. Shivani Singh

Address

AB-1Building, second floor, right wing, PO: Gomti Nagar Extension, Near Malhaur Railway

Station, Lucknow 226010. India; Email: [email protected], [email protected], Ph:

+91-9415017498

Vision

To position “Centre for VUCA Studies (CVS)” as a unique leading global institution for

dissemination of knowledge and to undertake pioneering multi-disciplinary research in VUCA

studies, which has a wide bearing on global business & management and to provide practical

foresight for a world undergoing rapid change.

Objectives

Our objective is to discover, create, enable, integrate and implement theories and practices of

VUCA learning for the interdependent development of people and their institutions and

communities such that we continue to increase our capacity to learn collectively and make a

better world.

Broad Areas of Activities

i. Research

1. Conceptual

57

2. Behavioural

3. Application

ii. Training and Education

1. Executive training in the various dimensions of VUCA

2. In-company training programs covering various themes of VUCA

3. Elective papers on VUCA in management courses

Our Progression

1.0 Publications

1.1 Book:

1. ‘THE VUCA LEARNER’- published by SAGE, released on August 2018.

2. On-going book title, “THE VUCA IN START-UPS”

1.2. Business Articles:

1. Chauhan, A., Joshi, M., Kumar, A. and Abidi, S. (Jan. 2020), “Through the Future Lens”,

Indian Management, 59(1). 24-33

2. Malik, K. and Joshi, M. (Dec. 2019). Irrationally-rational! How marketers are influencing

consumer psyche, Business World

3. Joshi, M. (Dec. 2019). Gardening the culture to Innovation, in review, Entrepreneur, Dec

2019

4. Chauhan, A., Abidi, S., Joshi, M., and Kumar, A. (August, 2019), “A tale of two

companies”, Indian Management, 58(8). 20-25

5. Joshi, M. (June, 2019), “Wakeup call: Let us be passionate about Heritage World”,

Entrepreneur

6. Joshi, M. (April, 2019), “Here is How to Make Beautiful Profession out of a Heritage

World”, Entrepreneur

7. Abidi, S. & Joshi, M. (April, 2019), “Mavericks in a VUCA World”, Business World

58

8. Chauhan, A., Abidi, S., Kumar, A., and Joshi, M. (April, 2019), “Past is Passe”, Indian

Management, 58(4), 66-73

9. Joshi, M. (March, 2019), “Are you an explore in a VUCA World?”, Entrepreneur India

10. Joshi, M. (Feb, 2019), “Entrepreneurs and their VUCA readiness”, Entrepreneur India

11. Chauhan, A., Joshi, M. & Kumar, A. (January, 2019), “Towards Intelligent Learning”,

Indian Management, 58(1), 86-90

12. Chauhan, A., Joshi, M. & Kumar, A. (Nov, 2018), “The Physics of it”, Indian

Management, 57(11), 80-83

13. Chauhan, A., Abidi, S., Kumar, A., and Joshi, M. (July, 2018), “Reading Tea leaves or

Foresightedness- Part II”, Business World / Education

14. Chauhan, A., Abidi, S., Kumar, A., and Joshi, M. (July, 2018), “Reading Tea leaves or

Foresightedness- Part 1”, Business World / Education

15. Chauhan, A., Abidi, S., Kumar, A., and Joshi, M. (June, 2018), “From knowing to

asking”, Indian Management, 57(6). 75-81

16. Chauhan, A., Kumar, A., Joshi, M., and Abidi, S. (Feb, 2018), “The best pick: Leader -

Manager vs Manager- Leader in a VUCA Business World”, Indian Management, 57(2),

38-44

17. Chauhan, A., Joshi, M, and Abidi, S. (Nov. 2017), “Riding the VUCA wave”, Indian

Management, 56(11). 72-77

18. Joshi, M, and Abidi, S. (Oct. 2017), “Too Fast Too Furious”, Indian Management,

56(10), 42-47

19. Chauhan, A., Joshi, M, and Abidi, S. (October, 2017), “De Novo & De Alio Innovating

Firms in a VUCA world”, Business World

20. Joshi, M., Abidi, S., and Rai, S. (April, 2017), “The Eco politics of CPEC and India”,

Business World

21. Abidi, S. and Joshi M. (January 19, 2017), “Have you visited your assumptions off

lately?”, Business World

22. Abidi, S. and Joshi M. (February 7, 2017), “The golden egg of a black swan”, Business

World

23. Abidi, S. and Joshi M. (January 19, 2017), “Lessons from demonetisation, navigating

uncharted waters in VUCA times”, Business World

59

24. Abidi, S. and Joshi M. (January 12, 2017), “Lessons from demonetisation”, Business

World

25. Abidi, S. and Joshi M. (January 9, 2017), “Farsightedness in Policy Making”, Business

World, 48-49

26. Joshi, M. and Abidi, S. (2017), “Winds of Change”, Indian Management, 56(6). 46-49

1.3 Scholarly Papers indexed and in refereed Journals:

1. Joshi, M., Shankar, N., Pandey, D., Malik, K., and Dhiraj, A. (2020). Oriental Carpets:

The Decision Dilemma, Perspective-the case journal, SIBM

2. Chauhan, A., Joshi, M., Kumar, A., and Abidi, S. (2020), “Taxonomy of VUCA in Indian

Start-ups: The Future of Entrepreneurship”, International Journal of Technology Transfer

and Commercialisation, 17(1). 76-98

3. Chauhan, A., Joshi, M., Kumar, A. and Abidi, S. (2020), “Hindsight-Insight-Foresight: A

Strategic combination for enterprises in a VUCA World?” International Journal of

Technology Transfer and Commercialisation, 17(1). 99-133

4. Dhiraj, A., Joshi, M., Kumar, A. and Gupta, A. (2020), Antecedents of Character Merit

and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Augmenting Public Life performance in India,

International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 85-

104

5. Joshi, M., Kumar, A. and Abidi, S. (2019), Entrepreneurial Success, Orientation and

Opportunity recognition in a VUCA World, Journal of Developmental Research, 3(12).

9-17

6. Gandhi, M., Joshi, M., and Roy, S. (2019), “Sachin Bansal: an impact making pragmatic

entrepreneur”, Amity Business Journal, 8(2). pp. 1-5

7. Joshi, M., Sinha, A.K., Shukla, B. and Dixit, S. (2018), “Transition management in a

family business: A Case of Excel Transporters”, European Journal of Family Business,

Elsevier

8. Joshi, M. Dixit, S., Sinha, A.K. and Shukla, B. (2018), “Conflicts in a closely held family

business: Durga and Company”, Vision, SAGE, 22(1). 105-110

9. Joshi, M. (2017), “Exploring innovation, De Novo & De Alio firms and their

performance”, Revue Gestion 2000, 34(5&6). 275-291

60

10. Joshi, M., Dixit, S. and Sinha, A. (2017), “Comfort and shelter for all: A case of an

entrepreneurial firm”, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Emerald,

9(3). 333-347

11. Joshi, M. (2017), “The Transition Challenge in Family & Business: A Case Study of K L

Bricks”, Journal of Family Business Management, Emerald, 7(2). 166-176

12. Joshi, M. (2017), “Invention, Innovation and Innovative practices: A reason to study in a

VUCA perspective”, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 5(2). 87-109

1.4 Forthcoming:

1. Malik, K. and Joshi, M. (2020). I saw it, I bought It! The irrational buying behaviour in

retail sector, accepted and forthcoming International Journal of Business and

Globalisation (IJBG), Inderscience

2. Dhiraj, A., Kumar, A. & Joshi, M. (2020), Human Resource Management and character

building: Route to business sustainability, accepted & forthcoming in International

Journal of Global Business Management (IJBG), Inderscience

3. Dhiraj, A., Kumar, A. & Joshi, M. (2020), Residential Camping for Building

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour: A Case on a Non-profit Organisation from India,

accepted & forthcoming in International Journal of Public Sector Performance

Management (IJPSPM), Inderscience

1.5 Papers presented in Conferences/Seminars:

1. Jaiswal, N. Malik, K., Dhiraj, A., and Joshi, M. (2020), “Redbus and its journey in a

VUCA Business World”, Presented, International conference in Entrepreneurship and

Family Business (ICEFB), 9-11 January 2020

2. Singh, D., Shukla, B. and Joshi, M. (2020). Artificial Intelligence (AI): Technological

Innovation in Banking by Fintech Start-ups. Submitted to INDAM 2020: Sixth Biennial

Conference of the Indian Academy of Management. IIM Trichy, Tiruchirappalli, India,

January 2-4, 2020

61

3. Jaiswal, N. and Joshi, M. (2019), “BookMyShow and its entrepreneurial journey in a

VUCA World”, Submitted to 7th Pan IIM Conference, IIM Rohtak, 19-20 December,

2019

4. Yadav, R. and Joshi, M. (2019), “Thagoo Ke Ladoo: from footpath to a Brand name in a

VUCA Journey”, Submitted to 7th Pan IIM Conference, IIM Rohtak, 19-20 December,

2019

5. Jaiswal, N. and Joshi, M. (2019). Paytm and its entrepreneurial journey in a VUCA

Business World. 4th International conference on Advances in Management & Digital

Sciences (September 28 & 29), GBU, Noida

6. Yadav, R. and Joshi, M. (2019). A Comparative Case Study of K12 Institutions towards

Imparting Entrepreneurship Education in a VUCA world. 4th International conference on

Advances in Management & Digital Sciences (September 28 & 29), GBU, Noida

7. Singh, D., Shukla, B. and Joshi, M. (2019). Artificial Intelligence: An Entrepreneurial

Transformation in Service domains by Start-ups. 4th International conference on

Advances in Management & Digital Sciences (September 28 & 29), GBU, Noida

8. Konojia, M., Shukla, B., Jain, V.K., Wali, A. and Joshi, M. (2019). Factors enabling

Technology Development and Technology Transfer from Higher Education Institutions

to Industry. 4th International conference on Advances in Management & Digital Sciences

(September 28 & 29), GBU, Noida

9. Chauhan, A., Joshi, M., Kumar, A., and Abidi, S. (2019), “Hindsight-Insight-Foresight: A

Strategic combination for enterprises in a VUCA World?”, submitted to 3rd Scientific

Conference on Craft: Craftmanship – its local, regional and International dimension,

Opole, Poland, 7th June, 2019, via Skype

10. Chauhan, A., Joshi, M., Kumar, A. and Abidi, S. (February, 2019), “Are dotcoms ready

with a foresight”, forthcoming, 13th Biennial conference on Entrepreneurship, 20-22

February, 2019, EDII, Ahmedabad, India

11. Joshi, M., Srivastava, M. and Kumar, A. (December, 2018), “Entrepreneurs: Are you

VUCA ready?”, 6th Pan-IIM World Conference, 13-15 December, 2018, IIM Bangalore

1.6 Training sessions & workshops conducted:

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1. Addressed in a two days’ workshop, Research Methodology for Social Sciences and in

Management, 9-10, June 2020.

2. Two days’ workshop on “How to write a research paper using Qualitative research”, 13-

14 March, 2020 (13th on workshop and 14th on Clinical mode) for research scholars and

faculty

3. Two days’ workshop on “How to write a research case study and getting published in an

International Journal”, for AU Chhattisgarh 14-15 February, 2020

4. Two days’ workshop on “How to write a research case study and getting published in an

International Journal”, for AU Lucknow campus 17-18 Jan, 2020

5. Two days’ workshop on “How to write a research case study and get published in an

International Journal”, 30-31 Jan, 2019

6. Two day workshop on “How to write a research paper and get published in an

International Journal”, 30-31st May 2018-for faculty members

7. Two day workshop on “How to write a research paper and get published in an

International Journal”, 24-25 May 2018- for research scholars

1.7 Public Lectures:

1. Conducted a Webinar on “The Future of Entrepreneurship”, for NEN on January 14,

2019.

2. Lecture on “The VUCA Learner, how to stay relevant in Chaos?”, ASSOCHAM &

AKWL, Lucknow, 8th September, 2018

3. Keynote, “Career Decisions in a VUCA framework”, IT College, Deptt. Of Management,

February, 2018

4. Keynote, “Making Decisions in a VUCA Context”, Navyug Girls College, Dept. of

Mathematics, January, 2018

5. Keynote, “The VUCA of Family Business”, SP Jain Institute of Management Research,

Mumbai, 16 September, 2017

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2.0 Doctoral Thesis

2.1 Awarded:

1. “Role of consumption on individual identity: A study with reference to non-rational

consumer behaviour” by Komal Malik supervised by Prof Manoj Joshi

2. “A Critical examination of HRD methodology adopted for character building with

special reference to Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangh” by A Dhiraj supervised by Prof

Manoj Joshi and Prof Ashok Kumar

2.2 On-going:

1. “VUCA in Entrepreneurial and innovative firms and their Foresightedness”.

2. “Role of Higher Education Institutions in imparting entrepreneurship education in a

VUCA world”

3. “Technology as a key enabler for sustainable growth of start-ups”

4. “Competency Framework to Prepare Higher Education Graduates for Industry 4.0 and

Beyond - Case study of UAE, India and Singapore”

5. “Factors for successful Entrepreneurs-A Case Study of Chinese Entrepreneurs in UAE”