Fruits Capsicum fruits – Senna pods

Pharmacogonosy II

Capsicum FruitOrigin :The dried ripe fruits of

Capsicum minimum F.SolanaceaeCondition: Dried -ripe

Shape: Ovoid to conical ovoid,

attached to 5- toothed calyx and a slender pedicle.

Color: Orange red to red

Kind: True, Simple, Succulent, Berry (pericarp is fleshy and endocarp is not hard).

Insertion: SuperiorDehiscence: IndehiscentOdour: SternutatoryTaste: Fiery pungent taste

PericarpColour: Orange redSurface: Glabrous , shiningTexture and Thickness: thin & leathery.Sutures: NilEpi, meso and Endocarp: Indistinguishable.Placentation: Axile

SeedNo: 10-20 in each fruit.Shape : reniform ( kidney-shapped)Kind: Albuminous, derived from Campylotropous ovuleEmbryo: Coiled, Dicot and Long radicle.

Pitted reticulated surface

T.S in Pericarp

Islet of sclereid in endocarp

IML of mesocarp

Epicarp

Idioblast of microsphenoidal crystals of ca.ox

Epicarp: thick cutinized, straight walled, rectangular cells, thickened on the 2 radial and outer tangential walls

Islets of sclerides of endocarp

IMLM = Giant cell

Oil globules

Outer epidermis

Innerepidermis

endosperm

T.S in capsicum seed

Capsicum fruit powder

Physical charactersColor: orange red colorOdour : sternutatory .Taste: fiery pungent .

Pungency is destroyed by KMnO4 (not by alkalis)

Key elements:1- sclereids of endocarp.

2- Seed coat.

Polygonal elongated sclerieds having thick, sinous, pitted and lignified walls

Low power High power

islets of sclerieds of endocarp

Low power High power

Large polygonal cells having thick, lignified sinuous walls and branched lumen.

Seed coat

Senna pods= legumesOrigin: the dried ripe fruits of Cassia acutifolia known as Alexandrian senna and Cassia angustifolia known as Indian senna Family: Leguminosae

Condition: dried, ripeShape :thin, papery, laterally

compressed, subreniform. Color : Pale green to greenish-

brown with a brown center area (position of seeds)

Odour: odourless.Taste: bitter mucilagenous.

Kind : true, simple, dry, dehiscent, legume.Insertion : superiorDehiscence : along both dorsal and ventral

sutures.Placentation : Marginal

Ventral side

Dorsalside

Pericarp•Colour: pale green to greenish brown•Thickness and texture: thin and papery•Surface : rough•Sutures: dorsal and ventral•Epi, meso & endocarp: indistinguished macroscopically

Seed•Number: Alex(5-7) , Indian(6-8)•Adherence: adhere to ventral suture by short funicle.•Shape: obovate, wedge-shaped, hard•Kind: albuminous, atropus.•Embryo: large, straight, dicot.

Senna Powder

L.P. H.P.

Crossed fibres of endocarp

Palisade-like epidermal cells of

the seed.

Bearer cellshorse-Shoe shaped hypodermis

In seed

Fragments of epicarp showing Paracytic stomata and warty hairs.

Fragment of crossed fibres

(atypical crystal sheath)

Special chemical test:

Modified Borntrager’s test

Pd. Seena

1)Boil with alc. KOH

2)Filter

1)Acidify with dil. HCl

2)Few drops H2O2

Filterate

1)Extract with organic solvent

2)Shake with NH3

Rose red color in aqueous layer