NEW ZEALAND

HorticultureFACTS & FIGURES

2004

FRUIT, FLOWERS & VEGETABLES

Exports 2-3

Export destinations 4-5

Sector profilesWINE .................. 6-7FRUIT .................. 8-13FLOWERS ............. 14-15VEGETABLES ......... 16-19

Regional resources 20-23

Associated sectors 24-25

Imports/exports 26-27

Decision support 28-29

Food & nutrition 30-31

Information sources 32-33

Horticulture Facts and Figures, published annually since 1999 by HortResearch - The Horticulture & Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd. Further copies are available from: HortResearch, Marketing & Communications, Private Bag 92 169, Mt Albert, Auckland, Tel: 09-815 4200, www.hortresearch.co.nz

Compiled by: J P Kerr, E W Hewett & A G Aitken, Martech Consulting Group Ltd, PO Box 31 308, Milford, Auckland 9, Tel: 09-489 5627, www.martech.co.nz

ISSN 1175-2238 ISBN 0-478-06838-7

Unless stated otherwise all statistics are for the year ending 30 June 2004 and expressed as $NZ. Exports are given as free on board (fob) values.

Commercialising innovation

Innovation is the key to the success of New Zealand’s horticultural industries.

New Zealand’s horticultural sector is based upon many world-leading science and innovation features that are the depth behind the remarkable export growth in many fine produce types from New Zealand.

This issue of Facts & Figures includes a series of cameos (pg 7 onwards) highlighting important achievements that have had a significant impact on New Zealand horticulture.

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2

Exports

Horticultural exports ($ million, fob*)Year ended June 1965a 1975a 1985a 1995b 2000b 2004b

Fresh fruit- Apples 5.0 19.3 108.2 343.6 404.5 485.2- Kiwifruit 2.9 171.9 320.8 462.0 658.8- Other fresh fruit 0.6 0.8 28.4 57.6 96.1 88.3

Total fresh fruit 5.6 23.0 308.5 722.0 962.6 1232.3Processed fruit- Juices - fruit 0.1 9.6 30.5 24.7 28.8- Other processed fruit 0.1 1.7 40.3 37.5 47.6 54.7

Total processed fruit 0.1 1.8 49.9 68.0 72.3 83.5Fresh vegetables- Onions 0.2 1.2 17.7 92.6 78.6 92.0- Squash 14.6 57.7 60.3 53.5- Other fresh vegetables 0.7 1.9 11.6 49.8 74.4 73.0

Total fresh vegetables 0.9 3.1 43.9 200.1 213.3 218.5Processed vegetables- Beans 30.7 16.2 40.3- Peas (frozen) 0.5 1.5 22.0 34.3 40.6 39.0- Potatoes (frozen) 14.1 17.9 66.4- Sweetcorn (frozen/dried) 0.2 0.8 9.5 30.6 39.3 50.3- Mixed vegetables (frozen) 4.6 23.9 29.1 49.2- Other vegetables 0.8 2.4 20.9 44.9 31.3 20.3

Total processed vegetables 1.5 4.7 57.0 147.8 174.4 265.5Wine 0.1 3.0 41.3 169.8 302.2Flowers 0.2 7.6 49.7 46.2 39.1Seeds, plants & bulbs 0.1 0.6 11.3 17.6 37.4 67.5Other products 24.1 22.8 13.6Total exports in current $ 8.2 33.5 481.2 1,270.6 1,698.8 2,222.2Horticultural exportsas % of NZ merchandise exports. 2.0 4.4 7.0 6.5 7.7

Source: aBollard (1996) bStatistics NZ (*fob - free on board)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

FlowersBeansVegetables (frozen/mixed)Sweetcorn (frozen/dried)

Other processed vegetablesPotatoes (frozen)Seeds, plants & foliageOther fresh vegetables

Other fresh fruitOnions

WineApples

Kiwifruit

Processed fruit

Squash

700

Horticultural exports 2004 ($ million, fob)

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> Horticultural exports have grown from $115 million in 1980 to over $2.2 billion in 2004.

> Horticultural exports are 8% of New Zealand merchandise exports (2004).

> Horticultural exports have grown steadily from 1970 (2% of agricultural exports) through to 2004 (10% of NZ food and fibre exports).

> Kiwifruit represented 30% and apples 22% of our horticultural exports, followed by wine (14%), fresh vegetables (10%) and processed/frozen vegetables (13%).

> Domestic sales of horticultural products were estimated at $2.5 billion. The total revenue of the horticultural industry exceeds $4.7 billion.

For more information visit www.stats.govt.nz

Horticultural exports ($ million, fob)

Source: Statistics NZ.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Fruit - fresh Vegetables - fresh Flowers, seeds & plants

Fruit - processed Vegetables - processed Wine

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004

Produce from New Zealand’s horticultural industries exceeds $4.7 billion

New Zealand horticulture is driven by exports, not domestic sales.

Other hortdomestic spend

$1.3 b

Fruit exportsfresh & processed

$1.3 bFruit

householdspend $0.5 b

Veg householdspend $0.7 b

Veg exportsfresh & processed

$0.5 b

Other hortexports$0.4 b

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USA$243m [$98m]Apples .......... $87mWine ............. $80mKiwifruit ....... $27mApple juice ..... $9mPlants ............. $5mFlowers ........... $5m

Canada$21m [$18m]Wine ............ $7mApples ......... $7m

Eastern Europe$1m [$6m]

Central & South American countries$6m [$9m]

African countries$9m [$5m]

Italy $32m [$5m]Kiwifruit ...... $29m

Spain $63m [$0.5m]Kiwifruit ......... $61m

Netherlands$106m [$10m]Apples ..............$64mOnions ..............$13mVeg seeds .........$13mBulbs/tubers .......$6m

Scandinavia$14m [$12m]Wine .........$6m

UK$273m [$129m]Wine .......$120mApples ....$106mOnions .......$23mKiwifruit ...$15m

Germany $30m [$28m]Apples ......$18mOnions ........$6m

Export destinations for New Zealand horticultural products - trends since 1994

> Fruit, vegetables and flowers were exported to 110 countries around the globe in 2004. This is an increase from 104 countries in 1994.

> Exports to 41 countries exceeded $1 million in 2004, up from 36 in 1994. Of these 41 countries, exports to 20 exceeded $10 million, up from 15 in 1994.

> The key export markets for New Zealand fruit and vegetables are the European Union, Japan, Australia and USA. All have grown during the 1990s.

> Short term trends: exports to Singapore, Philippines and Thailand have decreased by >15% compared with 2003, whereas exports to USA, Spain, Netherlands, Korea, Italy and France have increased by >20%.

Countries shown are those defined as the export destinations. Note that there are exports to the European Union as well as direct exports to countries within the EU such as the UK and Germany. Values following the country name are for 2004 (and those in brackets for 1994).

Entries only included if value to a destination exceeds $NZ5 million.Source: Statistics NZ.

Belgium $14m [$10m]Onions ........$9m

France $12m [$3m]Apples ........$6m

Export destinations

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5

Hong Kong $31m [$25m]Apples ........... $8mKiwifruit ........ $8mFresh veg ........ $5m

Fiji $22m [$12m]Potatoes .......$8m

European Union countries$328m [$304m]Kiwifruit ..... $202mApples ......... $125m

China$16m [<$0.5m]Potatoes ....... $5m

Eastern Europe$1m [$6m]

Middle East$16m [$8m]Kiwifruit ...... $5m

African countries$9m [$5m] Other Pacific Islands

$30m [$16m]Fresh veg ............... $9mFrozen veg ............. $5mOther Asian

countries$24m [$10m]

South Korea$53m [$13m]Kiwifruit ....... $41mSquash ........... $6m

Japan $416m [$355m]Kiwifruit ............$202mSquash ................$46mSweetcorn ...........$29mMixed veg ...........$16mCapsicums ...........$14mOrchids ................$12mProcessed fruit .....$12mOther flowers ......$10mBulbs/tubers ..........$8mPeas .......................$8mAsparagus .............$7mCitrus .....................$6mFruit juice ...............$5mWine .......................$6mSphagnum .............$6m

Taiwan$74m [$21m]Kiwifruit .....$29mApples ........$23mCherries ......$10m

Indonesia$12m [$11m]Apples .......... $5m

Malaysia $32m [$17m]Processed veg ... $10mApples ................. $6mBlackcurrants ...... $5m

Singapore $25m [$33m]Apples ............... $6mFresh veg ........... $5mProcessed veg ... $5m

Australia $299m [$129m]Wine .....................$56m Processed fruit ....$23mBeans ...................$38m Peas .....................$15mProcessed veg ......$29m Sweetcorn ..........$15mKiwifruit ..............$27m Capsicums ..........$10mPotatoes ...............$26m Tomatoes ..............$8mAvocados ..............$25m Fruit juice ..............$8m

Scandinavia$14m [$12m]Wine .........$6m

> New Zealand exports to many diverse markets. Also, the diversity of products exported is notable, especially to Japan and Australia which each receive over 85 products. Many Pacific Islands such as Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa and Cook Islands import a similar wide range of horticultural products.

> Japan is the dominant market for flowers (>56%) and UK for wines (>40%).

> Horticultural exports to Japan and UK exceeded 10% of all New Zealand’s exports to those countries.

For more information visit www.stats.govt.nz

Horticulture helps build New Zealand’s profile overseas in many markets.

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Sector profiles

Grape and wine productionVariety Production area (ha) Production (tonnes)

1994 2004 1994 2004Sauvignon Blanc 852 5,897 5,083 67,773Chardonnay 1,307 3,476 8,786 35,597Riesling 285 666 2699 5,647Müller Thurgau 1,014 155 13,687 3,888Semillon 175 306 1385 3,511Pinot Gris 19 381 na 1,888Other white vinifera 631 737 11,519 6,286Cabernet Sauvignon 549 687 2,689 4,045Pinot Noir 428 3,239 2,593 20,145Merlot 229 1,487 1,237 9,330Other red vinifera 189 778 1,535 3,972Undefined 432 457 278 18Total 6,110 18,266 51,491 162,100a

Regional CouncilsAuckland/Northland 241 591 1,268 1,640Waikato/Bay of Plenty 159 151 505 457Gisborne 1,427 1,810 17,555 25,346Hawke’s Bay 1,642 3,873 15,116 30,429Wairarapa/Wellington 188 737 501 2,820Tasman/Nelson 92 548 366 4,563Marlborough 2,095 8,539 15,851 92,581Canterbury/Waipara 208 716 197 2,825Otago 48 844 125 1,439Not assigned to region 10 457 7 0Total 6,110 18,266 51,491 162,100a

aTotal wine industry crushed 166,000 tonnes of grapes. Source: New Zealand Winegrowers Annual Report 2002 & 2004; New Zealand Winegrowers Statistical Annual 2004.

> The 2004 grape harvest was a record 162,100 tonnes up from 74,822 tonnes in 2003 when unfavourable weather reduced yields. The 2002 vintage of 118,700 tonnes was the previous highest recorded.

> Wine valued at $302 million was exported to 79 countries. Exports have increased from $42 million in 1994, and were up 7% on 2003.

Red varieties(37,510 tonnes)

Merlot 6%Cabernet Sauvignon 3%Other red vinifera 2%

White varieties(124,590 tonnes)

Müller Thurgau 2%Riesling 4%

Other white vinifera 4%Semillon 2%

Pinot Gris 1%

SauvignonBlanc 42%

Chardonnay22%

PinotNoir 12%

Grape production by variety (2004 vintage)

Source: New Zealand Winegrowers Annual Report 2004.

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Red varieties(37,510 tonnes)

Merlot 6%Cabernet Sauvignon 3%Other red vinifera 2%

White varieties(124,590 tonnes)

Müller Thurgau 2%Riesling 4%

Other white vinifera 4%Semillon 2%

Pinot Gris 1%

SauvignonBlanc 42%

Chardonnay22%

PinotNoir 12%

0

100

200

300

400

500

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Number of wineries

> UK ($120 million), USA ($80 million) and Australia ($56 million) are the major markets taking 85% of exports.

> Sauvignon Blanc comprised 63% of the export wine followed by Chardonnay (11.5%), sparkling wine (6%) and Pinot Noir (5.3%).

> Sauvignon Blanc (32%), Chardonnay (19%) and Pinot Noir (18%) are the dominant varieties planted.

> The national producing vineyard is 18,266 hectares which is almost three times the 1994 area. Vineyard area expanded 18% above 2003 acreage with expansion occurring in all regions. Sauvignon Blanc accounts for 57% of the new plantings.

> Marlborough produced 57% of grapes crushed in 2004, with 19% from Hawke’s Bay, 16% from Gisborne and 8% from other regions.

> Number of wineries increased to 463, up 42 on 2003.

> Wine valued at $169 million (cif) was imported in 2004 with the main countries of origin being Australia ($119m), France ($23m), Italy ($9m) and South Africa ($7m).

For more information visit www.nzwine.com

New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc – one of the world’s fine wines

Wine produced in New Zealand’s cool temperate climate has excited an international market demanding fruity, intense and crisp new wine flavours. The supply of these wines is led by Marlborough producers with their distinctive and iconic ‘new world’ Sauvignon Blancs. The tremendous growth in the New Zealand wine industry has seen export earnings rise from $3 million in 1985 to $302 million in 2004 in what is arguably one of horticulture’s more demanding products.

Vision, climate and soils, combined with astute and innovative marketing changed an initially struggling sector of New Zealand’s fruit industry to be globally competitive.

Sauvignon Blanc accounted for 42% of New Zealand’s wine production in 2004 and 63% of wine volume exports in 2004.

WINE

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South AfricaChile

Netherlands

ItalyFrance

Germany

New Zealand

0 10 20 30 40

Belgium

USA

50

BrazilAustralia

Average apple yields 2001-2003 (tonnes per hectare)

Source: World Apple Review 2004.

Industry statisticsSeason 1994 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Crop volumes (’000 tonnes)Apples produced 393 547 620 486 502* 502 568Fresh apples exported 201 309 330 282 315 312 367General statisticsYield (tonnes/ha) 29.1 37.6 43.9 34.2 35.4 41.8 42.4Area planted (ha) 15,300 14,541* 14,114 14,200* 11,715 12,150 12,150*Growers (No.) 1,600 1,500 1,485 1,200* 1,000* 918 917Packhouses (No.) 150 130 125 125 125 102

* Estimate only. Source: Statistics New Zealand; Pipfruit New Zealand Inc.; Fruit Research Council of NZ.

Sector profiles

Jazz™ – a New Zealand apple variety enters the global market

Introduction of new apple varieties is part of New Zealand’s strategy to retain a competitive position in the global apple market. New Zealand bred apples Royal Gala and Braeburn account for 11.5% of the world’s apple crop (excl. China). Plant Variety Rights (PVR) now allow breeders to retain ownership of their varieties.

Jazz™ is a new apple variety, bred by HortResearch scientists who crossed Braeburn (seed parent) and Royal Gala (pollen parent) to obtain a firm apple, which is crisp and crunchy with an attractive tangy effervescence; it is protected by a PVR.

Jazz™ trees have been planted in commercial orchards in New Zealand, USA (Washington), and France, ensuring a continuous supply of quality fruit available to global customers. ENZA controls the commercial development of Jazz™. Royalties collected on fruit sold from the orchard are returned to New Zealand.

Jazz™ apples are available on the domestic market.

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> Fresh apples valued at $485 million were exported to 60 countries. Exports were 24% up on 2003. Exports of apple preparations and juice were $29 million.

> 67% of export apples by value went to EU countries (including UK), 20% to North America and 11% to Asia.

> There were 109 exporters of apples in 2004, with 39 exporting more than 1,000 tonnes.

> Grower numbers have declined after the 1990s but the planted area is slowly increasing again.

> World production of apples, which increased by almost 4% per annum during the 1990s, has slowed and the rate of increase has dropped below 1% per year. China produces about 21 million tonnes each year, which is 36% of world production.

> New Zealanders ate 18 kg per person in 2003, which is comparable with the average EU consumption, but well above Australia at 6 kg per person.

> New Zealand was ranked second behind Chile among 28 apple producing countries in 2003, judged on 22 criteria: viz. production efficiency, industry infrastructure and inputs, financial and market factors. France, Netherlands, Austria, and Belgium were next in line. (World Apple Review 2004).

For more information visit www.pipfruitnz.co.nz

APPLES

Advanced orchard systems lead to top yields for New Zealand apples

New Zealand apple yields rank first equal with the Netherlands. Our climate and soils are excellent for apple production, but the technology and management skills of the orchardists along with the underpinning science have been critical.

During the 1960s scientists showed that ‘central leader’ (Christmas) trees had better light distribution within the tree than the traditional ‘vase’ shape trees. Rootstocks were used to control tree size and precocity (early bearing capacity) and semi-intensive orchards developed. Orchardists moved to central leader trees during the 1970s, increased tree density from 275 to 670 per ha, and doubled yields.

Many orchardists of the 1980s used semi-intensive plantings to capture the high market returns of new apple varieties, and some followed European practice with tree densities around 1,000 trees per ha.

Excessive shading became a problem as these trees matured. One outcome has been the ‘slender pyramid’ tree with better light distribution leading to improved fruit quality.

Intensive and semi-intensive orchard systems are employed by most 21st Century apple growers.

‘Slender pyramid’ apple tree.Source: Ferree, Warrington (2003)

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Industry statisticsSeason (ends 31 March) 1994 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Crop volumes (million)Trays submitted 55.8 63.1 54.2 65.5 70.0 64.1 66.1Trays sold 49.9 59.4 51.8 61.5 64.7 61.3 65.1General StatisticsYield (trays/ha) 5,492 6,305 5,295 6,445 6,933 6,175 6,247Production area (ha) 10,161 10,015 10,234 10,159 10,100 10,376 10,580Growers/suppliers (no) 2,335 2,681 2,541 2,506 2,504 2,719 2,703Packhouses (no) 190 118 113 102 106 101 98Coolstores (no) 126 106 103 98 101 99 86

Source: Zespri Group Ltd Annual Report 2003-04; Kiwifruit New Zealand Annual Report 1999.

Spain 1%

Japan 4%

USA 2%

France 6%

Iran 2%

Greece 2%

Others 2%

Chile13%China

18%

NewZealand

21%

Italy 29%

Kiwifruit producing countries 2001-2003

World annual production (1.21 million tonnes on 109,000 ha)

Source: World Kiwifruit Review 2004.

Sector profiles

ZESPRI™ GOLD kiwifruit lights up the fruit world

The yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivar ‘Hort16A’ is a remarkable scientific and commercial success story. The fruit is marketed under the ZESPRI™ GOLD Kiwifruit brand. Seed was brought from China in 1977 and 1981. HortResearch scientists produced 600 seedling crosses by 1987. Selected for its fruit quality and sensory appeal, as judged by panelists from potential markets in Asia and Europe, ‘Hort16A’ complements the Hayward variety marketed as ZESPRI™ GREEN Kiwifruit, because of its different colour, fewer hairs, and sweeter, more tropical fruit taste.

Commercialisation required fast-track propagation, industry acceptance, research on vine management, quality and postharvest physiology, and an imaginative international marketing campaign. By 2004, ZESPRI™ GOLD Kiwifruit was produced on about 1,430 ha in New Zealand with an export value of over $100 million.

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> New Zealand kiwifruit valued at $659 million was exported to 42 countries in 2004. Exports were up 22% on 2003.

> The export crop comprised 53.3 million trays ZESPRI™ GREEN (82%), 9.4 million trays ZESPRI™ GOLD (14%), and 2.4 million trays ZESPRI™ GREEN ORGANIC (4%).

> The average orchard gate return was $38,500 per production hectare; comprising $37,600 for ZESPRI™ GREEN, $37,000 for ZESPRI™ GREEN ORGANIC, and $44,500 for ZESPRI™ GOLD.

> Approximately 0.7 million tonnes of kiwifruit enter world trade each year, which is dominated by Italy (33%), New Zealand (33%) and Chile (17%). China has an estimated 50,000 ha of kiwifruit planted.

> Offshore plantings of ZESPRI™ GREEN and ZESPRI™ GOLD reached 665 hectares from orchards in Italy, France, Japan, Korea, Chile and California.

For more information visit www.zespri.com

KIWIFRUIT

Zespri’s KiwiGreen programme – components of this vital crop management system are world firsts

In the early 1990s, the kiwifruit industry decided that all orchards which export fruit should use a new eco-friendly orchard management system - ‘KiwiGreen’. In the 1992 season some 262,000 trays were produced. Since 1997, all New Zealand kiwifruit has been grown using the ‘KiwiGreen’ system.

Such a rapid uptake of a new crop management system by an entire industry, without government subsidy, is a world first.

This success was based on key scientific information already available, collaboration between scientists and industry, and a single fruit procurement agency.

The ‘KiwiGreen’ programme was expanded in 2000 to become the ZESPRI™ System, which maps, measures and monitors the entire supply chain from orchard to retail outlet. Fruit can be traced from the consumer all the way back to the orchard.

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Other fresh and processed fruit Sales value ($m)Crop areas as at Growersb Planted areaa Crop volumeb Domesticb Exportc (fob)30 June 2002 (no.) (ha) (tonnes) 2004 2004Avocados 1,200 4,000b 13,250 13.9 27.0Berryfruit 285 2,754 13,630 26.2 13.8- Blackberries 114- Blackcurrants 50 1,308 2,260 1.7- Boysenberries 45 239 1,500 1.5- Raspberries 65 302 1,500- Blueberries 70 430 850 6.0- Strawberries 125 275b 6,500 15.4 6.5- Mixed 1.3

Citrus 519 2,093 21,000 16.4 7.3- Grapefruit 82- Lemons 364 5,000 2.1- Mandarins 334 911 7,000 4.7- Oranges 573 9,000 0.5- Tangelos 163

Feijoas 200 198 950 1.7 0.2Grapes - table 112 0.6Nashi 90 119 1,400 1.2 0.3Nuts 1,841- Chestnuts 100 615 200- Macadamias 358- Walnuts 479- Other nuts 389

Olives 2,730b

Passionfruit 70 240 0.4Pears 965 9.4Persimmons 88 282 3,000 0.6 8.1Summerfruit 333 2,915 25,720 57.5 19.7- Apricots 635 3,914 5.8- Cherries 550 2,017 13.5- Nectarines 528 5,496 0.3- Peaches 808 3,765 3.5c

- Plums 394 2,143 0.1Tamarillos 175 270 740 1.4 0.7Other fruit 174 0.8Total fresh fruit 118.4 88.3

Processed fruit Fruit used for processing is produced on the orchard areas described aboveApple juice 19.2Other fruit juices 9.6Dried fruit & nuts 2.4Frozen fruit [boysenberries-$5.0m, kiwifruit $1.7m, blueberries - $1.4m] 9.5Fruit & nut preparations [apples $9.9m, blackcurants $9.1m, kiwifruit $1.6m] 34.4Jams, jellies and purees 8.1Olive oil 2.3b 0.3Total processed fruit 83.5

Sources: aStatistics NZ - Agricultural Census 2002, bSector estimates, cStatistics NZ. Blank entries indicate that either the information is not available or items are valued at less than $100,000.

Sector profiles

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> Fresh berryfruit exports decreased 20% on 2003 values, with strawberries and blueberries being the dominant exports.

> Avocado exports increased 5% on 2003 values.

> Exports were up 63% on 2003 for cherries ($14m) and 23% for pears ($10m). Exports of persimmons ($8m) fell slightly on 2003.

> Domestic markets are significant for citrus ($16m), berryfruit ($26m) and summerfruit ($57m).

For more information visit www.fruitgrowers.org.nz

OTHER FRUIT

ripeSense™ - the start of a new revolution in fresh produce marketing

Recognised by TIME magazine (29 Nov. 2004) as being one of the world’s most amazing inventions in 2004, ripeSense™ is the world’s first intelligent ripeness indicator label. It was developed in New Zealand by HortResearch in partnership with label producers Jenkins Group, involving over seven years of R&D.

Not knowing if, or when fruit has reached a preferred state of ripeness frustrates consumers and becomes a barrier to purchase. ripeSense™ eliminates this problem by using a sensor label that reacts to the aromas released by fruit as it ripens. The sensor is initially red and graduates to orange and finally yellow. By matching the colour of the sensor, consumers choose fruit at the ripeness they prefer.

ripeSense™ for pears is already on the market with sensors for kiwifruit, melon, mango, avocado and summerfruit in development.

Blueberries – a 20th Century fruit contributing to New Zealand’s expanding horticulture industry

Blueberry exports commenced during the 1980s and reached $2 million in 1985. In 2004, exports of fresh and frozen blueberries were valued at $7.4 million.

Today’s blueberry industry was founded in the 1970s when MAF imported blueberry cultivars from USA. The best performing cultivars were released during the 1980s and the national crop area (2 ha in 1975) expanded to 238 ha in 1981. Earlier, blueberries had been evaluated as a potential crop on the acid peat soils of the Waikato.

In the early 1980s, MAF Technology began a selection programme to increase fruit size and quality, improve postharvest performance and extend the fruiting season of the blueberry crop.

Early season Northern Highbush cultivars (Puru, Nui, Reka) were released in 1988 and late season rabbit eye cultivars (Maru, Rahi) in 1991.

These cultivars have been released to nurseries in Europe, Japan and USA under licence with royalties flowing back to HortResearch.

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Exports of flowers, plants, seeds and other products ($ million, fob)1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2004

Cut flowers- Hydrangeas 0.5 1.5- Lilium 1.5 1.9 0.9 0.5- Nerines 0.6 0.5 0.5- Orchids 2.8 8.2 14.6 22.4 16.8 16.7- Paeonies 0.5 1.2 1.6- Pittosporum 0.5 0.6- Proteaceae 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.4 0.9 1.1- Sandersonias 0.2 5.6 3.1 1.4 1.0- Zantesdeschias 1.9 6.6 7.7 6.8 6.3- Other 4.6 7.8 19.9 8.5 9.9 9.3

Plants- Plants 6.3 2.5 3.5 5.6 12.3 14.9- Foliage 2.9 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.4

Seeds- Flower seeds 0.5 0.3 2.1 0.9 1.4- Vegetable seeds 1.2 2.1 7.3 15.9 23.3 27.5- Tree seeds 1.6 1.8 1.6

Bulbs, tubers, corms- Lilium 10.9 9.5- Sandersonias 3.0 2.8- Tulips 4.0 5.0- Zantesdeschias 1.5 2.7 3.3- Others 0.4 2.0 6.3 10.1 3.9 1.1

Sphagnum moss 11.0 17.3 15.3 14.5* 8.0*Hops 1.4 6.8 7.5 3.0 5.6Total 19.0 38.3 91.4 106.3 120.1 120.2

* Estimate only. Source: Statistics NZ.

Sector profiles

> Exports of cut flowers have increased from $8 million in 1985 to $39 million in 2004, with a high of $48 million in 2002.

> Bulb and vegetable seed exports have steadily expanded since 1995.

> There are significant exports of orchids ($12m), zantesdeschias ($4m) and sandersonias ($1m) to Japan.

> There are over 2,000 flower growers. Approximately 400 are full-time producers.

> The domestic market for cut flowers is estimated to be $70 million.

For more information visit www.nzflowers.com

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Sector profiles FLOWERS, PLANTS, SEEDS & OTHER PRODUCTS

New Zealand’s award winning hops produce exceptional beers

English and German settlers first planted hops in the Nelson region during the mid 19th Century. The present area of hop gardens is about 420 ha. Initially, the settlers grew hop varieties brought from their homelands.

Higher yielding USA varieties were introduced in the 1920s but became severely infected with root rot during the 1940s. This was addressed by starting a science-based hop-breeding programme in 1950 that is now widely recognised for its innovation.

Varieties resistant to root rot were released to industry in the 1960s.

The world’s first triploid (seedless) hops with up to 50% more alpha acid (the bittering precursor in beer) were released during the 1970s. Present R&D is focused on flavour and aroma characteristics of hops.

Hop exports have expanded from about 160 tonnes in 1986 to around 670 tonnes in 2004, based entirely on NZ bred hop varieties released after 1987. Export values have grown from $1.4 million in 1990, to $5.6 million in 2004.

For more information visit www.nzhops.co.nz

Calla lilies (Zantesdeschia) – a novel export flower crop with a global impact

Seeds of Zantesdeschia were brought to New Zealand from South Africa in the early 20th Century. Calla lilies have now become New Zealand’s second most important export flower crop. This success has been built on the exciting range of coloured callas produced for local gardens by New Zealand hybridisers since the 1930s.

During the 1980s several horticulturalists recognised that the unique germplasm pool available in New Zealand could form the basis of a novel flower export crop.

In 1980, scientists developed tissue culture propagation that enabled thousands of identical plants to be produced from a single elite plant. Commercial laboratories now use micropropagation technology to enable growers to quickly produce the latest hybrid varieties.

Improved management systems for flower and tuber production were developed by scientists working with growers. Environmental conditions for plant production and tuber storage were optimised; gibberellins used to enhance flowering; disease control strategies developed; and flowering timed to meet market demands.

New Zealand exported $6.3 million calla flowers and $3.3 million tubers in 2004.

16

Fresh and processed vegetables Sales value ($ million, fob)Crops as at Growersc Planted Crop volumec Domesticc Exports 200430 June 2002 (no.) area (ha) (tonnes) 2002 Fresh Processedb

Asparagus 149 1,500c 6,000 6.5 7.1 5.1Beans 207 835 20,000 12.8 40.3Broc/Cabbage/Cauli 270 3,746 40,000 80.3 1.2Capsicums 142 87 11,500 29.3 24.3Carrots 120 1,831 65,000 41.3 9.9 0.3Cucurbits 221 283 1,770 41.3Garlic 25 268 1,427 6.5 0.8Kumara 81 1,200c 20,000 33.8Lettuce 236 1,287 39.1 0.9Melons 42 387 1.4Mushrooms 10 41.1 2.8Onions 139 4,993c 250,000 25.0 92.0Peas 474 8,273 63,000 45.0 39.0Potatoes 292 10,611 500,000 303.0 13.6 66.4Pumpkin 118 1,033 31,000Silverbeet/Spinach 95 396 4,000 13.4Squash 181 6,560 77,000 9.8 53.5Sweetcorn 282 6,384 96,500 28.0 1.7 50.3Tomatoes - greenhouse 327 120c 40,000 105.0 7.0Tomatoes - outdoor 64 609 45,000 5.0 2.4Mixed vegetables Made from combinations

of the above crops49.2

Dried vegetables 6.1Vegetable juices 5.4Other Vegetablesa 2,029 2.3 1.0Total 2,599 53,107 866.2 218.5 265.5

aIncludes taro, celery, parsnips, spring onions, Asian vegetables (excl. Chinese cabbage), yams, witloof, leeks, vegetable shoots, shallots, swedes and some others. bProcessing includes freezing, canning, juicing, artificial drying and vegetable preparations. cSector 2004 estimates. Blank entries indicate that the information is not available. Sources: Statistics NZ - Agriculture Census 2002; VegFed 2004.

More than 50 different types of vegetables are grown in New Zealand for consuming fresh or for processing. In recent years there has been an increase in the range and volume of New Zealand grown Asian vegetable varieties for local consumption.

> Vegetable exports comprising fresh vegetables ($219m) and processed vegetables ($266m) went to 66 countries.

> Onions (42%) and squash (24%) dominate fresh vegetable exports. Capsicum exports ($24m) have increased in recent years.

> Japan (40%) is the major market for fresh vegetables, while Australia (47%) is the main market for processed vegetables.

> Potatoes, sweet corn, mixed vegetables, peas, and beans are the major processed and frozen vegetables exported.

> There are 2,599 growers in New Zealand who farm over 50,000 ha and employ 25,000 people.

Sector profiles

17

VEGETABLES

> Many growers produce multiple crops each year, and crop types can vary from year to year. For several crops the barrier to entry is low.

> Data for domestic sales are incomplete but consumption at the retail level is estimated to exceed $1 billion.

For more information visit www.vegfed.co.nz

Fresh Onions – New Zealand exports up to 200,000 tonnes each year

Fresh onions are our highest value vegetable export with annual production around 200,000 tonnes since 1999/2000.

New Zealand is the largest exporter of fresh onions to the European Community. To ship to Europe the product has to be of excellent quality. The industry has progressively refined the qualities of onions in terms of yield, skin quality and appearance, robustness and consistency.

The industry’s growth depends on an active R&D programme. Onion white rot disease is a global problem compounded by intensive production systems. Onion thrip is very hard to detect, hard to control and resistant to approved chemicals – and the condition may only become apparent on an onion bulb when it arrives in the export market. Both Crop & Food Research and HortResearch are leaders in these diseases. Only Wisconsin, USA and the Netherlands have similar capability.

Onion exports were $18 million in 1985, rose to $93 million in 1995, and exceeded $100 million in 2003. Exports are to 44 countries with about 60% by value to the European Community.

17

18

Vegetable exports increased between 1995 and 2004 ($ million, fob)

Source: Statistics NZ.

20040

100

200

300

400

500

600

Fresh vegetables

Processed vegetables

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Sector profiles

Processed vegetables

Fresh vegetables

Japan

Fiji

Netherlands

Other Asian countries

Other countries

Australia

Other Pacific Islands

UK

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Malaysia

Destinations of vegetable exports 2004 ($ million, fob)

Source: Statistics NZ.

18

19

VEGETABLES

Smart technologies used to control pests on outdoor vegetables

Integrated pest management (IPM) technology provides outdoor vegetable producers with a means of deciding when to spray crops to control pests – with optimum impact on quality and minimum cost.

During the 1970s scientists observed that pests could develop resistance to pesticides, particularly synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates. This prompted alternative control methods to be considered. The life cycles of pests were studied and factors identified that determine pest numbers on target crops. This information is key to the IPM methods now used to control pests on vegetable brassicas (cabbages, cauliflowers, and broccoli), process tomatoes, sweetcorn, potatoes, squash, lettuce and onions.

IPM programmes are dependent on crop monitoring of pest numbers on each vegetable crop by growers and trained crop scout specialists. IPM methods enable growers to:

- spray only when prescribed threshold numbers of pests are exceeded- minimise risks of target pests adapting to specific sprays- select pesticides that will not harm natural predators- monitor resistance of the target pests to pesticides- reduce pesticide use and lower costs.

Processed vegetables

Fresh vegetables

Japan

Fiji

Netherlands

Other Asian countries

Other countries

Australia

Other Pacific Islands

UK

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Malaysia

Destinations of vegetable exports 2004 ($ million, fob)

Source: Statistics NZ.

New Zealand Kabocha – buttercup squash exports use many innovations

Annual exports of squash pumpkin (kabocha in Japan) average over $60 million with over 95% shipped to Japan and South Korea. Science and innovation are helping to maintain present squash exports and to develop new markets.

Pest management: aphids are a significant pest of New Zealand squash crops. They are vectors of viruses that can reduce marketable fruit weight by up to 85%. During the 1980s scientists studied aphid ecology and built long-term data sets that are now used to predict aphid flight and infestation patterns. High level suction traps operated by Aphid Watch are used to sample the aerial aphid population and forecasts of aphid flights assist managers in making decisions about when to apply pesticides.

Market access: South Korea is a developing market. Its border biosecurity agents found squash infected with a fungus that was considered a threat to their rice crop. Some shipments of New Zealand buttercup squash were destroyed or re-shipped. A Landcare Research scientist proved the fungus in question was harmless - a finding that will save the squash industry over $1 million per year.

20

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22

> Total investment in horticulture exceeds $17 billion.

> Horticultural enterprises represent a significant capital investment on farms, orchards & greenhouses of about $8 billion in land, buildings and equipment.

> The off-farm capital investment to package, process and transport the products to the nearest port and/or domestic market, at $9 billion, is similar to the on-farm investment.

> The ratio of on-farm to off-farm investment varies across the individual sectors. Kiwifruit off-farm investment was set at 20% of on-farm investment, whereas wine was set at 300% of on-farm investment.

> Horticultural enterprises operate at many scales. Off-orchard packhouses allow many small holdings to be economic for growers. This structure encourages new grower entrants.

Investment in the horticultural industriesCrop area On-farm Off-farm

(ha) ($ million) ($ million)Apples, pears & nashi 12,799 927 927Wine grapes* 18,266 1,936 5,809Kiwifruit 11,964 3,513 703Summerfruit 2,915 87 87Avocados 3,099 93 93Citrus 2,093 63 63Berryfruit 2,754 83 83Nuts 1,841 55 55Olives 2,590 78 78Other subtropical fruit 820 25 25Other fruit 286 9 9Total fruit 59,427 6,885 7,934Potatoes 10,611 159 238.7Peas & beans 9,108 137 273.2Onions 5,488 82 82.3Squash 6,560 98 98.4Sweetcorn 6,384 96 191.5Broccoli, cabbages & cauliflowers 3,746 56 56.2Carrots 1,831 27 27.5Asparagus 2,015 30 60.5Lettuce 1,287 19 29.0Other vegetables 5,690 85 128.0Total vegetables 52,720 791 1,185Protected - high tech 265 398 119

- low/medium tech 423 296 89Hops 380 38 114Total horticultural 113,215 8,408 9,442

Sources: Statistics NZ - Agricultural Production Census - 2002. MAF Horticulture Monitoring Report 2004. *New Zealand Winegrowers Annual Report 2004.

Regional resources

23

Fruit

Vegetables

Horticultural activities are distributed throughout New Zealand

Crop is named when the regional area exceeds 10% of the national crop area. Some 4,791 ha of crops could not be assigned to a specific region.

WellingtonOlives2,097 ha

MarlboroughCherriesGarlicOlivesSweetcornWine grapes10,368 ha

Southland212 ha

GisborneMandarinsOrangesLemonsSquashSweetcornWine grapes7,795 ha

NorthlandAvocadosKumaraMacadamiasMandarins OrangesLemonsTamarillos4,279 ha

Hawke’s BayApplesPearsAsparagusNectarinesApricotsOlivesPeachesPlumsPumpkinSquashSweetcornTomatoesWine grapes19,176 ha

WestlandSphagnum moss

WaikatoAsparagus OnionsBlueberries PotatoesMelons 8,516 ha

Taranaki433 ha

AucklandAsian veg LettuceBroccoli MandarinsCabbage Onions Cauliflower PersimmonsChestnuts Silver beetOlives Pumpkin8,007 ha

Bay of PlentyAsparagusAvocadosCitrusTamarillosKiwifruit11,739 ha

Manawatu/WanganuiAsparagus PeasBroccoli BeansCabbage PotatoesCauliflower SquashCarrots PumpkinsParsnips 7,199 ha

Tasman/NelsonApplesPearsBlackcurrantsBoysenberriesRaspberriesHops5,872 ha

OtagoApricotsCherries NectarinesPeachesPlumsWalnuts4,095 ha

CanterburyBlackcurrantsBroccoliCabbage CauliflowerCarrotsOlivesWalnutsOnionsLettucePeasBeansPotatoes PumpkinsSweetcorn16,479 ha

24

Amenity horticulture

Sport and recreational turf is important to the health of New Zealanders. It is a significant part of the domestic economy as well as an attraction for tourists.

Investment in turfArea Capital invested Staff(ha) ($ million) (FTEs)

Bowls 237 108 220Sports fields 8,173

963 224Parks & reserves 23,000Croquet 80 23 43Golf 16,088 375 836Racing 1,860 162 145Schools 11,659 2,416 3,215Other 693 106 70Total 61,790 4,153 4,753

Source: NZ Turf Management Journal, August 2001.

Associated sectors

Bees – a vital contributor to horticulture

> Bees pollinate crops and play a big part in their yield.

> Honey production was slightly below the 6-year average production of 8,941 tonnes.

> Honey exports exceeded $23 million in 2004. Bees and bee products earned another $3.7 million. Domestic honey consumption is about 5,000 tonnes.

> Some 295,000 hives, owned by 3,208 beekeepers.

Bay of Plenty, Coromandel,Poverty Bay 23%

Northland, Auckland,Hauraki Plains 12%

Waikato, King Country,Taupo 13%

Hawke’s Bay, Taranaki,Manawatu, Wairarapa 15%

Marlborough,Tasman,

Westland 6%

Canterbury 17%

Otago,Southland 14%

New Zealand honey crop (8,888 tonnes)

Source: MAF Horticulture Monitoring Report 2004, Statistics NZ.

25

Vegetables 3%

Garden centre retail 2%

Organics 0%

Landscape 8%

Forest nursery 2%

Floriculture 2%

Viticulture 1%

Fruitproduction

19%

Nurseryproduction

14%

Aboriculture15%

Amenity 34%

Horticultural training statistics - trainees by category (as at 30 September 2004)

Horticultural trainees are increasing - up to 1,430 trainees in 2004 from 763 in 2001.

Source: Horticultural Industry Training Organisation Inc.

New Zealand companies produce high technology grading systems that lead the world

Increasing fruit and vegetable exports have stimulated the innovative design and development of grading and sorting equipment for over 40 years. New Zealand companies now have state-of-the-art technologies that are sought after in many international markets. Exports to USA, Australia, South Africa, South America, Asia, and Europe exceed $25 million.

Until the mid 1980s, fruit sorting machines graded for size or weight at the credible rate of 14 tonnes per day. Today, Compac Sorting Equipment produces machines that sort fruit and vegetables by size, colour and sweetness, and detect blemishes at rates of 10-15 per second. They are world leaders in this technology and export to 17 countries.

Other examples of world class graders produced by New Zealand manufacturers include:

- Lynx Horticultural Systems - 60% sales offshore. Lynx graders are dominant in handling pear crop in Oregon State.

- BBC Technologies - produce 80% of berryfruit sorting machines purchased in USA.- WYMA Engineering - 70% sales offshore; eg Carrot Wash Line exported to

Switzerland.- Oraka Technologies - sell grading equipment for asparagus to 10 countries.

This 40-lane installation in California produced by Compac Sorting Equipment can process 900 tonnes of citrus in 8 hours.

26

Freshfruit

Processed vegetables

Wine

Seeds, plants, etc

Flowers

Olive oil

0200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

ExportsImports

400 1400

Processed fruit

Fresh vegetables

Comparisons of imports and exports ($ million)

Source: Statistics NZ.

New Zealand’s place in the global fruit and vegetable scene

The world’s fruit bowl is very large and the world’s vegetable bowl is even larger. For both fruit and vegetables only a small percentage of total production is traded internationally. New Zealand is a small player and targets niche markets.

Grapes 13.8% Apples 12.8%

Other deciduous 10.8%

Oranges 14.2%

Berries 1.3%

Other tropical 22.6%

Bananas 15.3%

Kiwifruit 0.2%

Source: World Kiwifruit Review - 2004.

Other citrus 9.0%

Imports/exports

The world fruit bowl (444 million tonnes)

27

Australia (wine,nuts, processed fruit,tomatoes, melons,frozen vegetables,oranges, fruit juice)

Spain (olive oil)Turkey (dried fruit)

Philippines (bananas)Italy (olive oil, processed tomatoes, wine)

USA (grapes, oranges, dried fruit, nuts,summerfruit)

France (wine)Equador (bananas)

South Africa (wine)

China (apple juice, nuts)

0 50 100 150 200 250

Chile (grapes)

Netherlands (bulbs & seeds)

300

Thailand (processed fruit)Other countries

The origin of fruit and vegetable imports ($ million, cif*)

These countries send us more than $10 million (cif) fruit and vegetables.

Many of these crops are not grown in New Zealand… others complement our own seasonal production.

Products named when import value exceeds $5 million.

Source: Statistics NZ. (*cif - cost, insurance, freight included).

The quantities of New Zealand’s fruit and vegetable exports are only a small percentage of international trade in each sector. New Zealand kiwifruit exports represent about 33% of world trade, sweet corn about 9%, apples and onions 4 to 5%; and apricots, frozen potatoes, avocados and frozen vegetables each exceed 1%.

Other deciduous 10.8%

Bananas 15.3%

Kiwifruit 0.2%

Cabbages, caulis 6% Other fresh vegetables 34%

Other roots & tubers

3%

Sweet potatoes 9%

Melons, cantaloupes

9%

Onions, garlic 5%

Potatoes 24%

Tomatoes 9%

Source: FAOSTAT Agriculture Data. www.fao.org NB Cassava and pulses were included in the 2003 vegetable bowl but have not been classified as vegetables in 2004.

New photo to come

Peas & beans 1%

The world vegetable bowl (1,308 million tonnes)

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…an integral component of management for horticultural crops

Decision support

Quality apples from Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) systems

Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) is a systems approach to apple production that uses sustainable technologies that are safe in environmental and human health terms. It takes account of orchard location, rootstocks, varieties, soils and nutrition, water management, understorey management, tree management, pests and diseases.

- During the 1970s and 1980s New Zealand scientists found ways of reducing the use of agrichemicals to control pests and diseases.

- In 1995 the apple industry adopted IFP as a step towards ensuring the continued entry of our apples into global markets. Exporter ENZAFRUIT led the programme and involved all stakeholders. Consultants and orchardists were trained in the IFP decision support system.

- IFP uptake was rapid and almost 100% of the export crop was produced using the technology by 2000. The use of both organophosphate sprays and fungicide sprays was reduced.

Oversight of the IFP programme now rests with Pipfruit New Zealand Inc.

For more information visit www.pipfruitnz.co.nz

AspireNZ decision support system for asparagus has global demand

Scientists found that carbohydrate reserves in asparagus varied in a consistent pattern throughout the year – but cannot be readily assessed by visible indicators. The patterns are affected by crop health, climate, harvest timing and intensity. The decision support system - AspireNZ, is based on monitoring and interpreting levels of carbohydrate reserves stored in asparagus roots.

- Growers measure and monitor these reserves throughout the year.

- Field data are sent via internet to Crop & Food Research which provides real-time interpretations to growers, who then make decisions on harvest timing, length of harvest season, irrigation management and disease control practices. Better management decisions can extend the productive life of the crop by 3 years or more.

- AspireUS has been adapted for Washington and Californian growers and European growers are evaluating Aspire as a management tool.

- AspireNZ was developed by science and industry (New Zealand Asparagus Council) in partnership.

For more information visit www.aspirenz.com

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Each management tool is built on leading New Zealand science and applied by industry using innovative technologies

New Zealand’s fresh supply chains are more than just timely delivery to markets

Customers in our international markets enjoy the unique texture, taste, flavour, colour and safety of our fresh fruit and vegetables. Our supply chains are challenged to move these ‘living’ products to key markets in Europe, USA and Japan – to remain competitive and to command a price premium.

Science and industry innovations impact at many points throughout these chains:- Fruit, vegetables and flowers are selected that will travel to distant markets.- Production systems are managed to control harvest times.- Integrated production systems ensure safe, quality products enter the supply

chain.- Criteria to determine optimum harvest time.- Protocols for rapid cooling of fruit and vegetables after harvest.- Innovative packaging that reduces physical damage and retains quality.- Controlled atmosphere storage adapted to specific crops.- Fast, accurate grading machines.- Audited production practices and accurate trace back systems.

New technology helps horticulturalists in sustainable management of land and water

Consumers of our fruit and vegetables require assurances that food production systems used by producers are sustainable. The GROWSAFE® Calculator was developed by scientists, industry and regional authorities as a tool to help identify those pesticides best suited for use on New Zealand crops, which will not downgrade the soil and water environment of the farm/orchard.

The Calculator is built on science established over the past 25 years and integrates:- how water moves into and out of the root zones of crops, is stored within soils

and used by plants- properties of key soil groups and long-term climate information for each region- properties of chemical pesticides.

The GROWSAFE® Calculator is a decision support tool, available free on CD to all growers and regulatory authorities. It covers 34 crops and handles more than 28,000 combinations of crop, region (climate), soil and agrichemicals.

For more information visit www.growsafe.co.nz

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Strawberries

Cabbage

OrangesCarrots

Potatoes

Cauliflower

Nectarines

Grapes

Mandarins

BananasTomatoes

ApplesMushrooms

BroccoliLettuce

Kumara

OnionsCapsicums

PearsKiwifruitCucumber

Avocados

Pumpkins etc

Other fruit

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Other vegetables (equals $182 million)

New Zealand consumer spend on fruit and vegetables ($ million)

New Zealanders spend over $2.0 billion on fruit and vegetables each year.

New Zealanders spend over $622 million on fresh vegetables $463 million on fresh fruit $425 million on processed fruit & vegetables $529 million on wine each year

Source: Statistics NZ - Household Economic Survey for year ended 30 June 2004.

Food & nutrition

Trends that impact on New Zealand’s horticultural foods

1. Convenience rules: ‘Convenience foods’ can be eaten on the move and are quick for home cooking – but there is increasing concern that they should be healthier. Snacks and meals are becoming interchangeable.

2. Increasing customisation of food: People are expecting food to be designed to suit their time, energy, health and leisure needs.

3. Health as a driver of food consumption: Food and food products need to enhance human health and wellness. Fresh fruit and vegetables have been “under-consumed” compared with snack foods.

4. Environmental sustainability: Horticulture programmes are combining economic criteria such as yield and quality with environmental criteria such as sustainability and producer welfare.

5. Food safety: Consumers want to know that their food is safe. Food certification and tracking of products from source to consumer is increasing.

6. Increasing competition: Traditional international trade barriers are being lowered, and more global competition will result.

7. BioDigital: Information technology, combined with other new technologies, will enable biological systems to be monitored and managed using real-time decision making.

8. Convergence of sectors: Convergence of food, health and biotechnology will result in new products. Companies are moving to produce functional or fortified foods/nutraceuticals, and introducing vaccines through food products.

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Blue/PurpleContain phytochemicals such as anthocyanins and phenolics, which have potential antioxidant and anti-aging benefits Include: Blackberries, blueberries, blackcurrants, purple grapes, plums, prunes, raisins, purple cabbage, eggplant, purple Belgian endive, purple peppers, potatoes (purple fleshed)

GreenContain phytochemicals such as lutein and indoles, which have potential antioxidant, and health- promoting benefits Include: Avocados, green apples, green grapes, honeydew, kiwifruit, green pears, artichokes, asparagus, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, beans, celery, cucumbers, endive, leafy greens, leeks, lettuce, green onions, okra, peas, green pepper, spinach, watercress, zucchini

White/BrownContain varying amounts of phytochemicals eg allicin, found in the onion family Include: Bananas, brown pears, dates, white nectarines, white peaches, cauliflower, garlic, ginger, Jerusalem artichoke, kohlrabi, mushrooms, onions, parsnips, potatoes (white fleshed), shallots, turnips, white corn

Orange/YellowContain varying amounts of antioxidants such as vitamin C as well as carotenoids and bioflavonoids, which have health promoting potential Include: Yellow apples, apricots, cantaloupe, grapefruit, gold kiwifruit, lemon, mangoes, nectarines, oranges, peaches, yellow pears, persimmons, pineapples, tangerines, melon, butternut squash, carrots, yellow peppers, yellow potatoes, pumpkin, sweetcorn, sweet potatoes, yellow squash

RedContain phytochemicals such as lycopene and anthocyanins with potential health-promoting properties Include: Red apples, cherries, cranberries, red grapes, pink/red grapefruit, red pears, raspberries, strawberries, watermelon, beets, red peppers, radishes, red onions, red potatoes, rhubarb, tomatoes

Source: 5aday.co.nz

A mix of fruit and vegetables adds value to daily health

A balanced diet includes deeply coloured fruits and vegetables that provide the vitamins, minerals, fibre, and phytochemicals needed to maintain good health, protect against the effects of aging and reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease.

For more information visit www.5aday.co.nz & www.crop.cri.nz

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Sustainable environment and safe foods

Today’s horticultural industries take account of community needs and work to ensure that:

- fresh and processed foods are safe- on-farm production systems are sustainable- on-farm practices are safe- national biosecurity programmes are effective

Integrated Fruit/Crop Production and Integrated Pest Management practices are widely used in fruit and vegetable production. These practices are used to control pests and diseases and minimise the use of agrichemicals. Monitoring and ‘trace-back’ systems provide further quality assurance.

Most of New Zealand’s horticultural products are produced under these ‘best practice’ conditions because import standards in destination countries are increasingly aligned to these criteria.

Several agencies help in the discharge of these responsibilities.

> The GROWSAFE® training programmes educate farmers and growers in the use of agrichemicals. Special programmes are provided for agrichemical distributors, ground and aerial applicators. These are administered by the New Zealand Agrichemical Education Trust.

For more information visit www.growsafe.co.nz

> MAF Biosecurity Authority oversees the strict border protocols designed to reduce entry of unwanted pests and diseases into New Zealand. Countries to which we export have their own border controls with which we must comply. These are designed either to protect their crops and/or the health of their citizens.

For more information visit www.biosecurity.govt.nz

> The Resource Management Act (1991) brings together laws governing land, air and water resources. It concentrates on the environmental effects of human activities. The Ministry for the Environment has a key role in administering the Act, although local government has much of the responsibility for day-to-day environmental management.

For more information visit www.mfe.govt.nz

> The Environmental Risk Management Authority New Zealand (ERMA New Zealand) controls the introduction of new plants and animals into New Zealand, including genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and new and existing hazardous substances.

For more information visit www.ermanz.govt.nz

> Australia New Zealand Food Authority’s role is to protect the health and safety of the people of Australia and New Zealand by maintaining a safe food supply.

For more information visit www.foodstandards.gov.au

Information sources

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References used to compile this booklet:

1. Agricultural Census for year ended 30 June 2002. Agriculture Production Survey for year ended 30 June 2003. Household Economic Survey for year ended 30 June 2004. Export statistics for year ended 30 June 2004. Import statistics for year ended 30 June 2004. Statistics New Zealand, PO Box 2922, Wellington.

2. Annual Report ’99. Kiwifruit New Zealand. 52 pp. Zespri Group Ltd Annual Report 2003-04. 76 pp Zespri International Ltd. PO Box 4043, Mt Maunganui.

3. Bollard, E G ‘Further prospects for horticulture - the continuing importance of research’, New Zealand Fruitgrowers Charitable Trust, Wellington. 1996.

4. Ferree, D C, Warrington, I J ‘Apples: botany, production, and uses’, CABI, Wallingford. UK. c2003.

5. Fruit Research in New Zealand. Reports prepared by the Fruit Research Council of New Zealand 1994 and 1995, 1996. New Zealand Fruitgrowers Federation, PO Box 2175, Wellington.

6. Horticulture Monitoring Report, July 2004. Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry. PO Box 2526, Wellington.

7. New Zealand Vegetable & Potato Growers’ Federation Inc. (Vegfed), PO Box 10232, Wellington.

8. New Zealand Winegrowers Annual Report - 2002. 44pp. New Zealand Winegrowers Annual Report - 2004. 52pp. New Zealand Winegrowers Statistical Annual - 2004. 48pp. New Zealand Winegrowers. PO Box 90-276, Auckland.

9. Pipfruit New Zealand Inc., PO Box 11-094, Hastings.

10. World Apple Review - 2004 Edition. Belrose Inc. Pullman, Washington. USA. 125pp.

11. World Kiwifruit Review - 2004 Edition. Belrose Inc. Pullman, Washington. USA. 94pp.

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ISSN 1175-2238 ISBN 0-478-06838-7

gratefully acknowledges contributions made by the following organisations: