Frontiers in Physics and Astrophysics · Frontiers 1 Physics – An Inquiry Based Science Physics of the Universe Report: “Connections Quarks to the Cosmos” Some Questions What

Fermi Lecture 1a,1b

Barry C Barish 10-October-2019

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Frontiers in Physics and AstrophysicsFermi Lecture – Introduction to Physics of the Universe

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• Sapienza Università di Roma, “Enrico Fermi” Chair “Enrico Fermi” Chair has been established in 2011 by Ministro dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) Mariastella Gelmini to promote knowledge of modern physics beyond university courses, and to celebrate the scientific tradition of our country. The universal genius of Enrico Fermi has indeed provided long-lasting contributions in almost all fields of modern physics, from atomic, nuclear and particle physics, to solid state physics, cosmic rays, general relativity and high-dimensional calculus.

• Each year, within an academic semester, the holder of the Chair provides a series of Lectures Enrico Fermi. Lectures are open to a non-specialist public, and concern the research field where the Chair holder has provided a significant contribution. Lectures are subsequently published by the Physics Department of Sapienza Università di Roma.

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Enrico Fermi Lectures 2019-2020

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Enrico Fermi

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My Introduction to Nuclear Physics

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Good Recent Book about Enrico Fermi

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Enrico Fermi Lectures 2019-2020Frontiers of Physics and Astrophysics

• Explore frontiers of Physics and Astrophysics from an Experimental Viewpoint

• Some History and Background for Each Frontier • Emphasis on Large Facilities and Major Recent

Discoveries • Discuss Future Directions and Initiatives ---------------------------------------------------------------------- • Thursdays 4-6 pm • Oct 10,17,24,one week break, Nov 7 • Nov 28, Dec 5,12,19 • Jan 9,16,23 • Feb 27, March 5,12,19 5

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Enrico Fermi Lecturer 2019-2020Barry Barish - Who am I ??

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Barish

• Born Omaha, Nebraska; moved to Los Angeles when 10 years old. • I went to public schools; I thought I would become either a tennis player or

novelist as a kid • I went to Univ of California, Berkeley to study engineering, but became

excited by discovery in physics, and got BA and PhD in Physics in Berkeley • I came to CALTECH as a postdoc, became faculty and stayed ever since. • My career began in EXPERIMENTAL particle physics: Proton-Antiproton

Annihilation; Studies of Tau Lepton; Electron scattering to study structure of Proton; Neutrino Physics; Search for Magnetic Monopole; International Linear Collider; and Gravitational Waves

• Nobel Prize in Physics (2017)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Barish

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Barish

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Fermi Lectures 2019-2020 - Barry C Barish

• Course Title: Large Scale Facilities and the Frontiers of Physics • The Course will consist of 15 Lectures, which will be held from

16:00 to 18:00 in aula Amaldi, Marconi building, according to the following schedule:

• 10 October 2019 - Introduction to Physics of the Universe 17 October 2019 - Elementary Particles 24 October 2019 - Particle Accelerators 7 November 2019 - The Higgs Boson 28 November 2019 - The Future of Particle Physics 5 December 2019 - Neutrinos12 December 2019 - Neutrino Oscillations19 December 2019 - Dark Matter and Gravitational Waves (1)9 January 2020 - Gravitational Waves (2) 16 January 2020 - Gravitational Waves (3) 23 January 2020 - Gravitational Waves (4) 27 February 2020 - Topics in Astrophysics and large-scale surveys5 March 2020 - An Introduction to Cosmology and the Early Universe 12 March 2020 - Dark Energy19 March 2020 - The Future

• All Lectures and the supporting teaching materials will be published by the Physics Department. 7

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Connecting Quarks to the Cosmos (~17 years ago)

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National Academy of Sciences Study published in 2002.

“… Astronomical Discoveries are driving the frontiers of elementary particle physics, and more than ever before our knowledge of the elementary particles is driving progress in understanding the universe and its contents.”

They pose “Eleven Questions for the New Century” The report - https://www.nap.edu/read/10079/chapter/1

The 11 questions – https://www.nap.edu/read/10079/chapter/9#133

https://www.nap.edu/read/10079/chapter/1

https://www.nap.edu/read/10079/chapter/9#133

https://www.nap.edu/read/10079/chapter/9#133

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Frontiers 1What we know: Constituents of the Standard Model

Discovery announced July 2010

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Frontiers 1What we know: Discovery of the top quark at Fermilab

The discovery of the top quark at Fermilab. Proton-Antiproton collisions at high enough energy produce the reaction above. A pair of top quarks is produced, each of which has about the mass of a gold atom. The top quark decays quickly into lighter particles. The Collider Detector Facility (CDF) is shown above.

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• Many short-lived (~10-23 sec) particles were discovered in the 1960s

• And important differences: • leptons were point-like • hadrons had spatial extent

−×

15 1/3~ (1.3 10 )r m APoint-like

Frontiers 1What we know: Hadrons and the Strong Force

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Frontiers 1What we know: Quantum Chromodynamics - Strong Force

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) describes the strong force, above over 11 orders of magnitude. The data is from high-energy proton-antiproton collisions at Fermilab’s Tevatron. The production of jets of quark and gluons carries the energy on the horizontal axis, transverse the beam direction.

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Frontiers 1Particle Physics: What we Know

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The Goals of Particle Physics (2001)

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Frontiers 1Physics – An Inquiry Based Science

Physics of the Universe Report: “Connections Quarks to the Cosmos” Some Questions

How Did the Universe Begin?

There is evidence that during its earliest moments the universe underwent a tremendous burst of expansion, known as inflation, so that the largest objects in the universe had their origins in subatomic quantum fuzz. The underlying physical cause of this inflation is a mystery.

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Discovery Higgs Boson

MAJOR DISCOVERIES IN PHYSICS/ASTROPHYSICSLarge-Scale High Technology Projects

Discovery Gravitational Waves

LIGO High Technology Intererometers

LHC High Technology

Accelerator & Detectors SuperKamiokande High Technology

Underground Array

Discovery Neutrino Mass/Oscillations

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Discovery Neutrinos from a Blazar

Discovery Early Universe

WMAP Satellite

ICE CUBE High Technology

South Pole

Frontiers 1MAJOR DISCOVERIES IN PHYSICS/ASTROPHYSICS

Large-Scale High Technology Projects

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Physics of the Universe Report: “Connections Quarks to the Cosmos” (Some Questions asked in about 2005)

What Is Dark Matter? Astronomers have shown that the objects in the universe, from galaxies a million times smaller than ours to the largest clusters of galaxies, are held together by a form of matter different from what we are made of and that gives off no light. This matter probably consists of one or more as-yet-undiscovered elementary particles, and aggregations of it produce the gravitational pull leading to the formation of galaxies and large-scale structures in the universe. At the same time these particles may be streaming through our Earth-bound laboratories.

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Frontiers 1What is the Universe Made of?

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What Is the Nature of Dark Energy?

Recent measurements indicate that the expansion of the universe is speeding up rather than slowing down. This discovery contradicts the fundamental idea that gravity is always attractive. It calls for the presence of a form of energy, dubbed “dark energy,” whose gravity is repulsive and whose nature determines the destiny of our universe.

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Did Einstein Have the Last Word on Gravity?*

Black holes are ubiquitous in the universe, and their intense gravity can be explored. The effects of strong gravity in the early universe have observable consequences. Einstein’s theory should work as well in these situations as it does in the solar system. A complete theory of gravity should incorporate quantum effects—Einstein’s theory of gravity does not—or explain why they are not relevant.

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Einstein’s Gravity

Universal Gravity: force between massive objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Space and Time are unified in a four dimensional spacetime

Newton’s Theory of Gravity (1687)

Einstein’s Theory of Gravity (1915)

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In Modern Astronomy: Gravitational Lensing

Einstein Cross

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Frontiers 1Testing Einstein’s Gravity

Gravity Probe B

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GPS: General Relativity in Everyday Life

Special Relativity (Satellites v = 14,000 km/hour “moving clocks tick more slowly” Correction = - 7 microsec/day

General Relativity Gravity: Satellites = 1/4 x Earth Clocks faster = + 45 microsec/day

GPS Correction = + 38 microsec/day(Accuracy required ~ 30 nanoseconds to give 10 meter resolution

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Einstein Predicted Gravitational Waves in 1916

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• 1st publication indicating the existence of gravitational waves by Einstein in 1916 • Contained errors relating wave amplitude to source

motions

• 1918 paper corrected earlier errors (factor of 2), and it contains the quadrupole formula for radiating source

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Hanford, WA

Livingston, LA

LIGO Interferometers

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Advanced LIGO Suspensions / Seismic Isolation

Black Hole Merger: GW150914

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What Are the Masses of the Neutrinos, and How Have They Shaped the Evolution of the Universe?*

Cosmology tells us that neutrinos must be abundantly present in the universe today. Physicists have found evidence that they have a small mass, which implies that cosmic neutrinos account for as much mass as do stars. The pattern of neutrino masses can reveal much about how nature’s forces are unified, how the elements in the periodic table were made, and possibly even the origin of ordinary matter.

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Frontiers 1Neutrino Masses and Mass Differences

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How Do Cosmic Accelerators Work and What Are They Accelerating?*

Physicists have detected an amazing variety of energetic phenomena in the universe, including beams of particles of unexpectedly high energy but of unknown origin. In laboratory accelerators, we can produce beams of energetic particles, but the energy of these cosmic beams far exceeds any energies produced on Earth.

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Are Protons Unstable?

The matter of which we are made is the tiny residue of the annihilation of matter and antimatter that emerged from the earliest universe in not-quite-equal amounts. The existence of this tiny imbalance may be tied to a hypothesized instability of protons, the simplest form of matter, and to a slight preference for the formation of matter over antimatter built into the laws of physics.

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Frontiers 1How did the Universe Begin and then Evolve?

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Frontiers 1Proton Decay Experiment – Kamioka, Japan

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Frontiers 1Future Proton Decay Experiment – Hyper -Kamioka, Japan

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What Are the New States of Matter at Exceedingly High Density and Temperature?

The theory of how protons and neutrons form the atomic nuclei of the chemical elements is well developed. At higher densities, neutrons and protons may dissolve into an undifferentiated soup of quarks and gluons, which can be probed in heavy-ion accelerators. Densities beyond nuclear densities occur and can be probed in neutron stars, and still higher densities and temperatures existed in the early universe.

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Frontiers 1Quark Gluon Plasma

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Are There Additional Space-Time Dimensions?

In trying to extend Einstein’s theory and to understand the quantum nature of gravity, particle physicists have posited the existence of space-time dimensions beyond those that we know. Their existence could have implications for the birth and evolution of the universe, could affect the interactions of the fundamental particles, and could alter the force of gravity at short distances.

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Frontiers 1Extra Dimensions

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How Were the Elements from Iron to Uranium Made?*

Scientists’ understanding of the production of elements up to iron in stars and supernovae is fairly complete. Important details concerning the production of the elements from iron to uranium remain puzzling.

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Frontiers 1Binary Neutron Star Merger Produces Heavy Elements

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Origin of the Heavy Elements?

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Neutron Star Mergers are Incredible Gold Factories

LIGO observed Neutron Star Merger produced

~ 100 Earth Masses of Gold

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Is a New Theory of Matter and Light Needed at the Highest Energies?

Matter and radiation in the laboratory appear to be extraordinarily well described by the laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and their unification as quantum electrodynamics. The universe presents us with places and objects, such as neutron stars and the sources of gamma ray bursts, where the conditions are far more extreme than anything we can reproduce on Earth that can be used to test these basic theories.

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Frontiers in Physics and Astrophysics · Frontiers 1 Physics – An Inquiry Based Science Physics of the Universe Report: “Connections Quarks to the Cosmos” Some Questions What