Fremantle lighting strategy

SAGE CONSULTING ENGINEERS

LIGHTING STRATEGY

REPORT

FEBRUARY 2001

SAGE CONSULTING ENGINEERS PTY LTD 849 Wellington Street WEST PERTH WA 6005

CITY OF FREMANTLE P.O. BOX 807

FREMANTLE WA 6959

Telephone: Facsimile: email:

(08) 9321 8177 (08) 9321 9083 [email protected]

Telephone: (08) 9432 9999 Facsimile: (08) 9430 4634

email: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Fremantle Lighting Strategy Page 1

Sage Consulting Engineers Pty Ltd 2001 s\1167\strategyE.doc

CITY OF FREMANTLE LIGHTING STRATEGY REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

INTRODUCTION 2 BASIS 2 EXISTING LIGHTING 3 TREES 5 LIGHTING AND CRIME 6 LIGHT ON FACES 6 WHITE LIGHT 6 ENVIRONMENT 7 STANDARDS 7 UNIFORMITY 8 GLARE 8 LAMP TECHNOLOGY 8 SOLAR POWERED LIGHTING 9 ECONOMY 9 LIGHTING CONTROL 10 OBTRUSIVE LIGHT 10 MAINTENANCE 10 RECOMMENDATIONS – CITY CENTRE 11 RECOMMENDATIONS – CITY SURROUNDS 19 IMPLEMENTATION 21 REFERENCES 22 APPENDIX A - SKETCHES OF MASTER PLAN 23 APPENDIX B - SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 26 APPENDIX C - SCHEDULE OF COST ESTIMATES 29 APPENDIX D - AUSTRALIAN BRITISH & AMERICAN STANDARDS 34 APPENDIX E - WESTERN POWER CHARGES 46 APPENDIX F - GLOSSARY 48 APPENDIX G - LIGHTING HARDWARE ILLUSTRATIONS 50 APPENDIX H - TYPICAL GEOMETRY OF STREETLIGHTING 59 APPENDIX J - EXTRACTS FROM SECURITY RISK MANAGEMENT STUDY FOR THE CITY OF FREMANTLE

71

APPENDIX K - EXTRACT FROM SAFETY AND SECURITY WITHIN THE CITY OF FREMANTLE

78

APPENDIX L - EXTRACT FROM FREMANTLE CITY CENTRE URBAN DESIGN STRATEGY

80

APPENDIX M – TRAFFIC FLOW 82 APPENDIX N – LAMP OPTIONS 84

REV DATE STATUS AUTHOR REVIEW

A 6-11-00 Initial draft M.D. Sage M D. Sage

B 13-11-00 Preliminary draft M.D. Sage M D. Sage

C 30-11-00 Preliminary draft M.D. Sage M D. Sage

D 22-12-00 Draft Final M.D. Sage M D. Sage

E 8-2-2001 FINAL M.D. Sage M D. Sage



CITY OF FREMANTLE LIGHTING STRATEGY REPORT INTRODUCTION In 1999, the City of Fremantle had a “Security Risk Management Study” prepared by Corpsec International Pty. Ltd. The City’s Director Urban Management subsequently prepared a report “Safety and Security within the City of Fremantle”. The City has an area of 18.7 sq.km with 176 km of sealed roads, and a population of 24 276 in 11 216 dwellings. This report excludes land controlled by the Fremantle Port Authority (Rous Head and the Inner Harbour) and by the Department of Transport (Fishing Boat Harbour including Mews Road). This Lighting Strategy Report recommends light-technical parameters such as lighting levels, uniformities and colours. The Lighting Strategy Report also suggests means of achieving the light technical parameters and submits schedules of cost estimates. While illustrations of typical lighting hardware are submitted, definitive specification of light fittings, poles and other hardware is suggested when the installation of lighting is being designed and documented. In particular, this Lighting Strategy Report is in response to the City Of Fremantle Purchase Order 14990 and our proposal of 6 October 2000. BASIS The Lighting Master Plan is based on the following sources:

AS/NZS1158.3.1:1999 Pedestrian area lighting

AS/NZS1158.1:1997 Roadlighting

Perth Metropolitan Area Functional Road Hierarchy

AS2890.1:1993 Off road Car Parks

Fremantle Verandas Lighting Report - 31-7-2000 (Sage Consulting Engineers)

Fremantle City Centre Urban Design Strategy – August 1996

City Of Fremantle: Safety and Security within the City of Fremantle 29/09/99

Corpsec: Security Risk Management Study - March 1999

Discussions with Geoff Broad, Ian James and Geoff Webster of the City of Fremantle and in particular comments received from Ian James (31-1-01) and Geoff Webster (6-2-01).

An outline of the Australian Standards is contained in Appendix D along with comparable British and American standards.

The Corpsec Report (1999) mentions poor lighting, light level readings of zero, trees obstructing light, light not being directed on to pedestrian paths, and the direct positive correlations between the amount of lighting and the amount of crime.

An extract of the report is contained in Appendix J.

The report on Safety and Security with the City of Fremantle (1999) supports the Corpsec Report, reports on the “Safer Cities by Design Conference” and mentions Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED).



Under the heading “Lighting Strategy”, the report recommends a Lighting Study, vegetation management, maintenance of streetlighting, directing light to pedestrian areas, and upgrading of streetlights to Australian Standards preferably with “white light”.

An extract of the report is contained in Appendix K.

The Urban Design Strategy (1996) makes frequent mention of lighting and contains recommendations to improve the quality and quantity of lighting, and to provide “priority night routes for pedestrians”.

An extract of the report is contained in Appendix L.

EXISTING LIGHTING

Most of the existing lighting is provided by Western Power by means of steel poles where power is underground and streetlights on timber power poles where power is overhead. The lamps are predominantly mercury vapour with some high pressure sodium.



Parts of the city centre have old “Novalux” streetlights, mostly with 250W mercury vapour lamps. Some Holophane “Granville” streetlights have been installed as replacements of the “Novalux” streetlights. See figures G1 and G2. The City has purchased a stock of old City of Perth Novalux luminaires and poles. The original Novalux luminaires had glass bowls, but with breakages over the years, these bowls have been replaced with two piece acrylic bowls of poor integrity. In Collie Street, 150W metal halide Bega 8201 indirect streetlights have been installed. These have proved successful in providing soft, glare-free, white light with a contemporary appearance. Their construction is inherently less vulnerable to vandalism as there is no exposed glass or plastic. Some car parks have been lit with three armed light poles with “well glass” luminaires with small shades. These carpark lights are glary and not very effective.

Many roads in the City Centre are lit with Western Power high pressure sodium streetlights on 10.5m or 12.5m poles. These streetlights are suitable for vehicular routes but not for the city centre where tall poles are out of proportion and the yellow light inappropriate for commerce and security.



Western Power have generally installed suburban lighting to what they term “half standard” that is they have installed half the number of streetlights required by category B2 of the superseded AS1158. Typically, 80W mercury vapour streetlights have been mounted at a height of 7.5m on each second power pole (that is every four house blocks or about 80m spacing). In fact, this does not give half the standard, but lights half of the length of the road and leaves half in the dark. Western Power in recent years have embarked on a bulk Globe Replacement (BGR) program offering local government a four year replacement cycle. Typically a mercury vapour lamp has depreciated to 70% of its initial output after 4 years. TREES

Trees often conflict with streetlighting. Australian Standards recommend ignoring trees for calculations for compliance but this is of course unrealistic. Conventionally, streetlights are installed on power poles on the same alignment allocated to trees, that is 2.7m from the property boundary. With underground power, streetlights have been mounted 1m from the kerb with a 1.5m outreach on a 6.5m pole. The shape, height, and density of foliage determine the amount of shadowing. Dense low foliage casts shadows on the footpath rendering lighting ineffective for personal safety. Underpruning of trees to provide a high canopy should be encouraged.



LIGHTING AND CRIME Recent British research 1 has shown that public lighting improvements result in a reduction of crime. This research further indicates a diffusion of benefits rather than a displacement of crime. This means that lighting improvements reduce crime in surrounding areas rather than displacing crime from the well-lit area to areas with poor lighting. In Western Australia, research findings 2 indicate most people are afraid to go out after dark. Other research 3 in WA indicates that most people prefer to be in well-lit areas at night. Recent research 4, mainly in North America, is indicating that increasing light levels increases energy costs but does not necessarily lead to better vision. Rather, the indications are that better colour, reduced glare and good uniformity can offer better vision, in other words the quality of lighting is as important as the quantity of lighting. LIGHT ON FACES For a feeling of safety, it is important to light people’s faces. Most lighting standards, however, prescribe lighting levels on a horizontal plane. For recognition of faces at 4 meters, 0.8 lux (semi-cylindrical) was found satisfactory in research 5 conducted some years ago in the Netherlands. The new AS/NZ1158.3.1: 1999 recognises the need for light on faces by recommending vertical, in addition to horizontal lighting levels. To achieve adequate lighting on faces, luminaires should not be too far apart, light should not be obstructed and the shielding angle from reflectors or shades should allow light to reach faces. WHITE LIGHT The Corpsec Report recommends “white light” and this is repeated in the City’s report on Safety and Security. White light aids the accurate identification of colours of skin tones, clothing and vehicles by observers from the community as well as security personnel. High-pressure sodium lamps produce yellow light and have enjoyed popularity because of their apparent high efficacy. This apparent efficacy is based on the high sensitivity of the eye to yellow light under day (i.e. photopic) vision. While metal-halide lamps 6 appear to have lower efficacy than high-pressure sodium lamps, under night vision research concludes that metal-halide lamps are about twice as effective as high-pressure sodium lamps. A recent article7 by Dr A.J. Fisher recommends that at the lower lightings, say Category P4 and P5, the published light output of high pressure sodium lamps should be derated by a factor of 0.75. Further research8 indicates that red and green light with an absence of yellow light provides “visual clarity”. Red and green cells in the eye are responsible for hue contrast and luminance contrast, and for fine spatial detail. Yellow light inhibits the red and green cells. In an article in Security Management December 1994, Henri Bérubé (a constable with the Peel Regional Police Department, Brampton Ontario) recommends the use of “white light” to bring people into an area for commercial or recreational activities. He further recommends “white light” to enable witnesses to identify suspicious activities and malfeasants and to provide an accurate description of the perpetrator.



According to an article in the New Yorker of June 1993 about 40th Street in New York City, where streetlighting was changed from high-pressure sodium to metal-halide, patrons would find themselves “standing straighter and breathing more slowly”. Pedestrians also reported moving more leisurely and stepping more frequently into local shops. White light may be defined as having a colour temperature above 2 700K and a colour rendering index (Ra8) of 70 or better. White light can be offered by the following lamp technologies:

fluorescent

metal-halide

deluxe high pressure sodium, or sodium-xenon ENVIRONMENT While the primary environmental concern for lighting is the energy consumption, a secondary concern is the disposal of lamps that contain mercury, In many states of North America, mercury is not welcome at land fill sites. In Germany all lamps are recycled. Modern fluorescent lamps have about 1mg of mercury as opposed to 30mg in older lamps. 80 W mercury vapour lamps contain 14 mg of mercury compared to 4.5 mg in the competing 42 W compact fluorescent lamp. Low mercury lamps and responsible disposal are recommended. STANDARDS In recent years the Australian Standard for roadlighting has changed. In 1997, a new standard AS/NZS 1158.1 was published covering “Category V” lighting for vehicular routes e.g. freeways and highways. In 1999, a new standard AS/NZS 1158.3.1 was published covering “Category P” lighting for pedestrian areas. The AS/NZS 1158.1.1997 Category V lighting is a development of the previous AS1158-1986 Category A lighting, and differences are in the detail. The AS/NZS 1158.3.1 Category P lighting is a fundamental change from the old AS1158-1986 Categories B & C lighting. The new standard has many more categories and takes into account: vehicular movement; risk of crime; and need to enhance prestige. It also includes requirements for vertical illumination at face level. The new standards quote “maintained” illumances that is the light level at the end of the lighting maintenance cycle. Previously Australian Standards had quoted “initial” illuminances with advice that lighting should be maintained so that values did not drop below 70% of the initial values. The current AS1158 is summarised in Appendix D



UNIFORMITY

For good visibility, uniformity is as important as the amount of light. High average lighting levels with poor uniformity costs more to run and offers lower visibility than lower levels with good uniformity.

For outdoor lighting, it is now the practice to nominate a minimum average level, minimum level and uniformity in terms of maximum to average. The minimum level establishes a uniformity with respect to the average level. The maximum to average uniformity is specified to avoid “hotspots” i.e. areas of excessive illuminance relative to the average. GLARE Glare is caused by light in one’s eye instead of on the subject. Glare causes visual discomfort and visual disability to people and tends to disable any security cameras. Glare is of particular concern to the aged and to persons with vision disabilities. On security video systems, a bright light source can cause “white out” in the vicinity of the bright source, if not strategically placed. In an attempt to achieve some compliance with excessive streetlight spacing, manufacturers have developed streetlights that direct light at high angles close to the horizontal. The result is high glare, obtrusive light and poor visibility. Local government often receives complaints from residents of streetlights being too bright and preventing sleep. The installation of “house-side shields” results. These shields often cost more than the original streetlight, without considering the administration costs. On 5-11-2001 AS/NZ1158.3.1 will no longer accept such streetlights by limiting the intensities at 90o and 80o above the vertical. Limiting these high angle intensities, for instance by screening lamps, reduces glare. LAMP TECHNOLOGY Mercury vapour lamps are simple reliable technology, but the energy efficiency (around 50 lumens/watt) is poor when considered against modern lamp technology. The colour is blue-white and weak in the red part of the spectrum, thus rendering skin tones poorly. The disposal of mercury vapour lamps is considered a serious problem in developed countries. In North America mercury vapour lamps are not welcome in landfill sites. In Germany all lamps have to be returned for recycling. On the grounds of environmental responsibility we do not recommend the use of mercury vapour lamps in new installations. Fluorescent lamps have been used for public lighting with limited success in the past. The advent of compact fluorescent lamps about fifteen years ago has presented a challenge to the traditional mercury vapour lamp. For instance, a 26 W compact fluorescent lamp can now replace a 50 W mercury vapour lamp and a 42 W compact fluorescent lamp, an 80 W. A disadvantage has been the shorter life of the fluorescent lamp, being 8000 hours (about two years) against the 24 000 hours (about six years) of the mercury lamp. The life of fluorescent lamps is now being extended to 10 000 hours (about 2½ years) by the use of electronic control gear. Mercury lamps age rapidly and produce a fraction of their light output near the end of life. While lamp replacement costs cannot be ignored, in lighting economics, it is the energy costs that predominate. The fluorescent lamp offers “white light” with excellent colour rendering of red, blues and greens. Modern compact fluorescent lamps now outperform mercury lamps in terms of colour, and efficiency and useful life is being extended.



A development of the fluorescent lamp is the Induction lamp (Philips QL and Osram Endura). These lamps offer the colour and efficacy of fluorescent lamps with extremely long lamp life of about 60 000 hours or 15 years. These lamps are very expensive. Metal-halide lamps have been developed over the last decades and offer energy efficiencies of around 80 lumens/watt with excellent colour rendering giving “white light”. The strong blue and green component makes them particularly well suited to night vision. The City of Toronto has changed over to this technology. The Lighting Strategy for the City of Perth has designated this lamp for Perth’s “White Light”. An example of the implementation of this is the Eastern Gateway to Perth where the Great Eastern Highway passes Burswood. Metal-halide lamps have suffered from short life of about 6 000 hours (1½ years) but developments in recent years have extended life to 12 000 hours for low wattage lamps (3 years) and up to 20 000 hours (5 years) for larger wattage lamps. For main routes Western Power and Main Roads WA have used high-pressure sodium lamps. These have a distinctive golden colour. High-pressure sodium lamps have good energy efficiency, around 100 lumens/watt. Recent lamps are available free of mercury at a price premium. The colour rendition of high-pressure sodium lamps is poor. The colour is warm but does not render blue and green (eg vegetation) very well. Recent research shows that at low light levels the deficiency in blue and green renders these lamps less effective in providing good night vision. A development of the high pressure sodium lamp is the sodium-xenon lamp, Osram DS “Citylight”. This is a mercury free lamp driven by electronic control gear allowing dimming to half output to save energy say at midnight. The colour is improved with a colour temperature of 2 800K instead of the 2 300K for ordinary high pressure sodium. While very expensive, some versions of the lamp offer a switching to a low level for late night lighting. For instance an 80 W lamp may be switched to 50 W at midnight. These lamps are at present subject to a recall by Osram and cannot be recommended until Osram have completed investigations. Appendix N “LAMP OPTIONS” compares various lamp technologies. SOLAR POWERED LIGHTING Solar powered lighting is available but is expensive in terms of capital and running costs. Solar powered lighting requires a solar panel, battery charger, battery and inverter. The batteries, either lead-acid or nickel-cadmium, are expensive and need to be replaced every few years. Solar powered lighting is economic if the source of power is remote, say several hundred metres. The cost of cabling to a conventional light may then exceed the additional cost of the solar powered light. ECONOMY The cost of lighting comprises energy costs, lamp replacement costs and the capital cost. Generally, energy costs predominate over the other costs. The cost of energy can be reduced by avoiding excessive lighting levels, and by the use of effective lamps, optical systems, and electrical switching or control systems. LIGHTING CONTROL Historically in Western Australia streetlighting has been switched on at dusk and switched off at midnight or 1.15 a.m. In most areas “all night” lighting is now the norm. This control regime can be easily arranged with a photoelectric switch on each streetlight.



OBTRUSIVE LIGHT Obtrusive light is spill light that causes annoyance, distraction, discomfort or reduction in vision. Obtrusive light from streetlights is covered by AS1158, and from other lighting installations (e.g. sport, industry, advertising) by AS4282. Of particular concern to the City should be the avoidance of obtrusive light to navigation in the river and harbours. Navigation is particularly dependent on visual signals and any lighting installation must avoid light out to sea, the river and the harbours. LOCAL GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES During 2000, the Western Australian Municipal Association has taken an interest in streetlighting and formed a local government committee. The principal interest is reducing energy usage and cost. A preliminary paper entitled “Streetlighting in Western Australia” has been prepared. The Cities for Climate Protection program has concise advice on streetlighting, advocating energy efficient metal-halide and compact fluorescent lamps. MAINTENANCE The lighting installation should be maintained so that:

Light Technical Parameters do not fall below 70% of the initial values

Luminaire failures should be repaired within 5 days.

No less than 95% of luminaires shall be operational at any time.

The number of consumable items such as lamps and control gear should be rationalized to minimise the stock of spare parts. Luminaires and associated hardware should be vandal-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Luminaires shall have an ingress protection of IP55, that is, dust-proof and hose-proof. HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES There are Western Power high voltage transmission lines running through the City. Streetlights need to be located away from transmission lines to allow safe access for maintenance. As a rule of thumb, streetlights should be located at least 6m away from a transmission line. If a streetlight is closer than 6m advice from Western Power’s transmission division must be sought.



RECOMMENDATIONS – CITY CENTRE High Street The High Street is the spine of the City Centre. Referring to AS1158.3.1, we recommend that High Street be lit to Category P2 (3.5 lux average, 0.7 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to minimum, and 0.7 lux vertical) with white light. This can be achieved with “Washington” luminaires with 250 W metal-halide lamps on 4.2 m “Novalux” poles (See figure G3). For the High Street Mall and associated areas a lighting plan has been prepared. This plan recommends lighting to Category P2 and includes:

Public lighting installed under verandahs

Lighting to the building features above the verandas

Mall lighting

Lighting to the mosaic

In ground uplights to trees In 1999 new lighting was installed comprising high pressure sodium lamps in Holophane “Granville” luminaires on Novalux poles. The light poles can be retained and the Granville luminaires replaced with Washington luminaires with white light. The Granville luminaires can then be redeployed on lesser streets.



Round House To provide a spectacular focal point to the High Street vista, we recommend strong floodlighting of the east face of the Round House and floodlighting of the cliff face below the Round House. The Round House is constructed of light coloured limestone and thus lends itself to floodlighting. Considine and Griffiths Architects, who are currently engaged on the Round House, are supportive of this idea. Market Street & South Terrace Market Street and South Terrace are considered to be of equal importance to High Street. We recommend that it be lit to Category P2 with white light using the Washington luminaires on 4.2m Novalux poles. Where awnings exist, supplementary lighting is recommended installed under the awnings. Pioneer Park Pioneer Park is actively used at night and good lighting is needed to deter illegitimate activities. We recommend that this space be lit to Category P7 of AS1158.3.1 (14 lux average, 4 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to minimum, and 2 lux vertical).



A single 150W metal-halide Bega 8201 luminaire on a 5m pole was installed in Pioneer Park as a prototype. It has proved to be effective and resistant to vandalism as there is no exposed lamp, glass or plastic. Accordingly, we recommend that Pioneer Park to lit with Bega 8201 luminaires. King’s Square King’s Square is an active public space during the day but appears dark and sinister at night.. It is recommended that this space be lit to Category P6 of AS1158.3.1 (21 lux average, 7 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to minimum, and 7 lux vertical). Because of the historic nature of the square, “Washington” luminaires are recommended with 150 W metal-halide lamps on the 4.2 m Novalux poles. See figure G3. Queen’s Square A plan for the redevelopment of Queens Square has been developed. The aim is to develop the early concept for the square, to encourage commerce and recreation and to discourage anti-social behaviour especially at night. Businesses are being encouraged to open onto the square. A pedestrian route is planned to surround the square. Lighting of this route should be to Category P3 of AS1158 (1.75lux average, 0.3 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to average, and 0.3 lux vertical) with white light. This can be provided by a combination of building mounted luminaires and pole mounted luminaires coordinated with the tree planting.



Cantonment Street A plan has been prepared to the redevelopment of Cantonment Street in response to proposals for a new residential development and a new hotel. Lighting should be to Category P3 (1.7 lux average, 0.3 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum/average and 0.3 lux vertical) with white light. This can be achieved with median mounted streetlights through the commercial precinct and with verge mounted streetlights through the residential precinct. Suggested luminaires are 150W metal-halide Sylvania Parkville luminaires on single and double-outreach 8m poles (See figure G5). Extensive tree planting is planned and the height of the poles may need to be adjusted to allow light to pass under the tree canopies. Consideration should be given to uplighting of the trees. Night Priority Routes In addition to High Street and Market Street, the City has identified the following streets as “Night Priority Routes”:

Collie Street

Essex Street

Adelaide Street

Queen Street

Marine Terrace (Cliff St. - Essex St)

South Terrace (Market – Norfolk)

Cliff Street (Phillimore – Marine Terrace)

Parry Street (South Terrace – Holdsworth)

We recommend that these streets be lit to Category P3 (1.75 lux average, 0.3 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to average and 0.3 lux vertical) with white light. This can be achieved with the Washington luminaires with 150 W metal halide lamps on 4.2 m Novalux poles. As an alternative, where a contemporary look is preferred, Bega 8201 indirect luminaire with 150 W metal-halide lamps on 5m straight, circular section, poles can be used. Example of this lighting exists in Collie Street. Where more economical hardware is appropriate, the Sylvania Parkville luminaires with 150W metal-halide lamps on poles of about 8 m height, or the Sylvania Bourke Hill luminaire with 70 W metal halide lamps on poles of about 6 m height are suggested.



The Esplanade Reserve This reserve is used at night as a route from Cliff, Collie and Essex streets to the Zanzibar nightclub on the Boat Harbour. The nightclub has resorted to portable generators and floodlights to assist patrons to traverse the reserve in safety. Hazards are the toilets, the playground and the amphitheatre. We recommend that a serpentine route be lit across the reserve from the rail crossing to Essex Street. Lighting to Category P3 is recommended. This can be achieved with the 150 W metal-halide Bega 8201 luminaires on 5m straight, circular section, poles. In addition, floodlighting of the toilet block and the playground is strongly advised. Removal of the amphitheatre should be considered. West End Streets This precinct has many historical commercial buildings with stucco finish. To suit the ambience of the precinct, warm colour lighting is preferred. Suitable lamps are the high pressure sodium, warm deluxe metal-halide, and warm compact fluorescent lamps. We recommend that these streets be lit to Category P4 of AS1158.3.1 (0.85 lux average, 0.14 lux minimum, 10:1 maximum to average). This can be achieved with “Washington“ luminaires with 100 W “de luxe” high pressure sodium lamps on 4.2 m Novalux poles.



In some narrow lanes it may be advantageous to wall mount the luminaires. The Washington luminaire could be wall mounted with a wall bracket with streetlighting cabling chased into the wall and the wall subsequently reinstated. An alternative would be to use a “half pole” as a luminaire support and cabling route. Such a pole could comprise a simple half tube without an enlarged base or any ornamentation. Cliff, Pakenham, and Market Streets will be extended to the proposed Waterfront Area. We recommend that these extensions be lit to Category P3 of AS1158.3.1 with Washington luminaires with 100W “de luxe” high pressure sodium lamps on 4.2m Novalux poles. Entries to the City Centre The main entries to the City Centre are Beach Road, Queen Victoria Street, High Street, South Terrace, and Marine Terrace. Streetscaping of these entries is expected. Beach Road and Queen Victoria Street should be lit to Category V5 of AS1158.1.1. High Street should be lit to Category P2 of AS1158.3.1 up to Stirling Street then be lit to Category V5 to Wood Street. South Terrace should be lit to Category P3 of AS1158.3.1 to just past Howard Street. Further South, lighting should be to Category V5 of AS1158.1.1. Marine Terrace should be lit to Category P3 of AS1158.3.1 to halfway between Arundel Street and Howard Street. Further South, lighting should be to Category V5 of AS1158.1.1. Carparks There are a number of existing outdoor carparks. For the large area car parks, Category P11 is recommended. This category requires a high lighting level of 14 lux on average. Glare must be avoided to adjoining roadways. This can be achieved with 150W metal-halide “forward throw” flat glass luminaires on 6m poles spaced about 20 to 25m apart lengthwise and 15 to 20m apart crosswise. Suitable luminaires are the Spectra Capella and Thorn Glaremaster. See figure H5. Station Fremantle Station is located on Elder Place. The lighting of the station and the forecourt is deficient. Westrail is embarking on a program to upgrade the lighting on all their stations to their new Lighting Standard. A brief outline of this standard is shown below:- carparks P11 carparks for disabled persons P12 exterior walkways, stairs, ramps P9 open platforms P6 roadways P1 pedestrian crossings of roadways AS1158.4 surrounds P4 bus boarding P6 The cost of the station lighting is not included in the cost estimate schedule as it is assumed that the cost will be included in the lighting upgrade by Westrail.



Floodlighting of Buildings In addition to the Round House, it has been suggested that the following buildings should be floodlit:

Town Hall

Signal Station

Railway Station

Prison

Davis Building (cnr Collie & South Tce).

Maritime Museum

Water Police, Barracks

Victoria Pavilion

Markets

TAFE



RECOMMENDATIONS – CITY SURROUNDS Main vehicular routes The Perth Metropolitan Area Functional Road Hierarchy identifies the following routes as Primary Distributors:

Stirling Highway

Queen Victoria Street (Tydeman Road to Canning Highway) including the Traffic Bridge

Tydeman Road

High Street (East of Wood Street)

Stock Road

South Street (East of Hampton Road) These routes should be lit to Category V3 of AS1158.1.1. An effective method of lighting these routes is 250W high pressure sodium streetlights on 12.5m poles at a spacing of about 60 m. The following roads are identified as District Distributors on the Functional Road Hierarchy:

Port Beach Road

Beach Street

Queen Victoria Street

Ord Street/Hampton Road

Marine Terrace/The Esplanade (South of Norfolk Street)

South Terrace (Norfolk Street to Douro Road)

Douro Road

South Street (West of Hampton Road)

High Street (West of Wood Street)

East Street (Canning Highway to High Street)

Marmion Street

Carrington Street These routes should be lit to Category V5 of AS1158.1.1. This can be achieved with 150W high pressure sodium streetlights on 12.5m poles at a spacing of about 60 m. Port Beach Road has heavy traffic volumes including many heavy vehicles, both day and night. At present it has no lighting North of Tydeman Road. Lighting of Port Beach Road should be given priority for traffic safety. Hampton Road carries very heavy traffic volumes, over 20 000 vehicles per day. This indicates that it should be lit to Category V3 instead of V5. Hampton Road is, however, classified only as a District Distributor as the proposed Fremantle Bypass should take much of the traffic away from Hampton Road. If the Bypass is not built, then Hampton Road should be lit to Category V3.



The following roads are a shared responsibility between Main Roads WA and the City:

Port Beach Road

Tydeman Road

Stirling Highway (South of Leach Highway)

Canning Highway (East of Stirling Highway

Leach Highway

Cockburn Road

the Traffic Bridge South Street East of Curedale Street and Stock Road are the sole responsibility of MRW. Distributor and Collector Roads These roads are identified on the attached Figure A2 and should be lit to Category P3 of AS1158. This can be achieved with 70 W metal-halide streetlights on 6.5 m poles at a spacing of 60 m. Minor Roads These roads are identified on the attached Figure A2 and should be lit to Category P4 of AS1158. This can be achieved with 42 W compact fluorescent streetlights on 6.5 m poles at a spacing of 60 m. Convenience Stores and Local Centres At these commercial centres, the lighting category should be raised for security and commercial reasons. At the convenience stores the lighting of the minor roads (category P4) should be raised to P3. At the commercial centres, on collector roads, the lighting should be raised to P2. Where the commercial centre is on a main vehicular route, the lighting (category V3 or V5) should be maintained but “white” rather than yellow high pressure sodium lighting should be used. The height of the light poles should be reduced to emphasize the change in the nature of the road. The future of Port Beach Road depends on a report on the West Suburbs Highway. The recommended lighting category of V5 may then need to be revised.



PRIORITIES City Centre Based on concerns for safety and security we recommend that the first priority includes Kings Square, High Street West, and Market Street from High Street to the railway station. The last two items will provide a safe night route from Notre Dame University to the railway station. As a second priority, we recommend High Street East. As a third priority, we recommend the remaining “Night Priority Routes”. The remaining streets would follow as a fourth priority. City Surrounds The streetlighting of the city surrounds can most economically proceed in conjunction with underground power programs. IMPLEMENTATION Western Power Traditionally Western Power has been the streetlighting service provider to local government except for controlled access highways where Main Roads WA lighting is used. In the past Western Power have demonstrated reluctance to install and maintain streetlighting other than their standard range of hardware. Western Power has the following lamps available: 50W mercury (becoming superseded) 80W mercury 125W mercury 150W high pressure sodium 250W high pressure sodium Western Power also can provide a 250 W metal halide lamp that can be installed in the place of a 250 W high pressure sodium lamp in their standard major streetlight. Western Power has the following poles available: 6.5m single 1.5m outreach 10.5m single & double 3m outreach 12.5m single & double 3m outreach These poles may have a galvanised finish or may be painted. Western Power launched a range of decorative streetlights at the end of 2000. At the time of this report, Western Power had not published a tariff for this range.



Contract We suggest that tenders be invited from potential streetlighting service providers for the installation and maintenance of the streetlighting improvements. There are electrical contractors with the skills and experience and Western Power may be interested to tender as well. Tenders should be invited on the basis of conditions of contract (e.g.AS2124), technical specification, drawings, and bills of quantity. Cost estimates Cost estimates are outlined in Appendix C. These cost estimates are based on:

quotations from lighting suppliers and pole manufacturers

current Western Power charges

labour @ $40/h

plant hire @ $192 per day

4 000 hours of operation per annum



REFERENCES 1. Painter, 1994, (referenced in the proceedings of the IES (Aust & NS) Convention

1994) 2. Mendez, 1999, WA People Scared After Dark, Western Australian. 3. Conti, 1999, Fear and Loathing on City Streets, Western Australian. 4. McGowan, 1996, Professional Development Workshop, IES (Aust & NZ) Convention

1996. 5. Caminada and van Bommel, 1980, (referenced in “Roadlighting” by van Bommel & de

Boer) 6. Berman & Liebel, November 1996, Essay by Invitation, Lighting Design & Application

IES (NA) 7. A.J. Fisher, 2000, Can a lumen be less than a lumen so that white light is better than

yellow in roadlighting, Lighting (IES Aust. & NZ) 8. Thornton, 1999, Comprehending Colour, Lighting Design & Application IES (NA)



APPENDIX A

SKETCHES OF

MASTER PLAN





Fremantle Lighting Strategy


Page 26

APPENDIX B

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS



SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS – CITY CENTRE

AREA

LIGHTING CATEGORY OF AS1158

LAMP*

MOUNTING HEIGHT

COMMENT

HIGH STREET

P2

WASHINGTON 250 W MH

4.2m

MOUNTED ON THE NOVELUX POLES SPACING 64m

ROUNDHOUSE

N/A

400 W MH

GROUND MOUNT

STRONG FLOODLIGHTING

MARKET STREET P2 COMBINATION OF WASHINGTON 250 W

MH AND BEGA 8201 150 W MH Supplementary lighting under awnings

4.2m MOUNTED ON THE NOVELUX

POLES SPACING 64m AND 22m

PIONEER PARK P7 BEGA 8201 150 W MH 5m SPACING 30m

KINGS SQUARE

P6

WASHINGTON 150 W MH

4.2m

MOUNTED ON THE NOVELUX POLES

SPACING 30m

QUEENS SQUARE

P3 BEGA 8201 150 W MH 5m

WALL & POLE MOUNTED LUMINAIRES

CANTONMENT

P3

SYLVANIA PARKVILLE 150 W MH

8m

PLACED ON EITHER THE DOUBLE OUTREACH OR SINGLE

OUTREACH POLES, SPACING 54m

NIGHT PRIORITY ROUTES

P3

COMBINATION OF WASHINGTON 150 W MH AND BEGA 8201 150 W MH

4.2m or 5m SPACING 69m AND 28m

THE ESPLANADE RESERVE

P3

BEGA 8201 150 WMH

5m

SPACING 30m

WEST END STREETS

P4

WASHINGTON 70 W HPS

4.2m SPACING 63m

STATION

REFER TO WESTRAIL LIGHTING STANDARD, JULY 1999

LINKS TO PROPOSED WATERFRONT

P3

Possibly Bega 8201 or Washington

5m or 4.2m

SPACING 30m or 69m

PRINCESS MAY RESERVE

P3

SYLVANIA PARKVILLE 150 W MH

8m

SPACING 54m

FLOODLIGHTING OF BUILDINGS

N/A

Lighting Equipment Selected For Each Applicatio

N/A

N/A

**CF- COMPACT FLUORESCENT MH- METAL HALIDE MV=MERCURY VAPOUR HPS=HIGHPRESSURE SODIUM Page 27



SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS – CITY SURROUNDS

AREA

LIGHTING CATEGORY OF AS1158

LAMP*

MOUNTING HEIGHT

COMMENT

PRIMARY DISTRIBUTORS

V3

250 W HPS

12.5m

60m SPACING

DISTRICT DISTRIBUTORS

V5

150 W HPS

12.5m

60m SPACING

LOCAL DISTRIBUTORS

P3

70 W MH

6.5m

60m SPACING

MINOR ROADS

P4

80 W MV42 W CF

6.5m

60m SPACING

CONVENIENCE STORES & LOCAL CENTRES

INCREASE MINOR ROAD LIGHTING TO P3 CHANGE PRIMARY & DISTRICT DISTRIBUTORS TO WHITE LIGHT & MAINTAIN CATEGORY

*CF- COMPACT FLUORESCENT MH- METAL HALIDE MV=MERCURY VAPOUR HPS=HIGHPRESSURE SODIUM Page 28



Page 29

APPENDIX C

SCHEDULE OF COST ESTIMATES



SCHEDULE OF COST ESTIMATES

AREA

APPROX NO

OF LIGHTS

CAPITAL COST ($)

RUNNING COST ($)

(p.a)

ROUNDHOUSE

10 15 000 2 800

HIGH STREET

21 27 300 3 100

MARKET STREET WEST 6 7800 900

EAST 15 21 000 1 600

KINGS SQUARE

5 6 500 600

QUEENS SQUARE

8 11 200 900

THE ESPLANADE RESERVE

6 6 000 1 500

STATION

N/A

N/A

N.A

CARPARKS

304 506 000 31 600

PIONEER PARK 7 9 800 800

NOTES: Based on Western Power tariffs Z01,Z02, Z03, & Z15. Based on Western Power tariff Z18, and lamp replacement costs.

Page 30



SCHEDULE OF COST ESTIMATES (Cont’d)

AREA

APPROX NO. OF LIGHTS

CAPITAL COST ($)

RUNNING COST ($p.a..)


CLIFF ST 5 6 500 600

COLLIE ST 10 14 000 1 100

ESPLANADE ROUTE 8 11 200 900

ESSEX STREET 11 15 400 1 200

HOLDSWORTH ST 3 3 900 400

NORFOLK ST 11 15 400 1 200

MARINE TCE WEST 4 5 200 500

EAST 18 25 200 1 900

PHILLIMORE ST 8 10 400 900

QUEENS ST 8 10 400 900

SOUTH ST 16 22 400 1 700

WILLIAMS ST 7 9 100 800

AREA

APPROX NO. OF LIGHTS

PRIVATE LIGHTING 150W HPS @ 8m

WESTERN POWER LIGHTING 150W HPS @ 10.5m

CAPITAL COST RUNNING COST CAPITAL COST RUNNING COST


ADELAIDE ST NORTH 6 7 800 700 7 800 600

SOUTH 2 2 600 300 2 600

CANTONMENT ST 11 14 300 1 200 14 300 1 100

ELDER ST 8 10 400 900 10 400 800

PARRY ST 20 26 000 2 100 26 000 2 000 Page 31



SCHEDULE OF COST ESTIMATES Cont’d

AREA

APPROX NO

OF LIGHTS

CAPITAL COST

($)

RUNNING COST ($ p.a)

WEST END STREETS

BANNISTER ST 3 3 900 200

CROKE LANE 2 2 600 200

CROKE ST 3 3 900 200

ELLEN ST 3 3 900 200

ESSEX LANE 4 5 600 500

GOLDBOROUGH ST 2 2 600 200

HENDERSON ST 5 6 500 400

HENRY ST 7 9 100 500

JOSEPHSON ST 2 2 600 200

LEAKE ST 3 3 900 200

LITTLE ST 3 3 900 200

MOUAT ST 5 6 500 400

NAIRN ST 5 6 500 400

NORFOLK LANE 4 5 600 500

PADDY TROY LANE 6 7 800 400

PAKENHAM ST 8 10 400 600

POINT ST 4 5 200 300

SHORT ST 3 3 900 200 NOTES: Based on Western Power tariffs Z01,Z02, Z03, & Z15. Based on Western Power tariff Z18, and lamp replacement costs.

Page 32



SCHEDULE OF COST ESTIMATES Cont’d

AREA

42W CF 80W MV

APPROX NO

OF LIGHTS

CAPITAL COST

($)

RUNNING

COST ($ p.a)

APPROX NO

OF LIGHTS

CAPITAL COST

($)

RUNNING

COST ($ p.a)

CAT P4 O/H 3 350 874 350 123 950 1 675 383 600 126 700

CAT P4 U/G 2 234 2 082 080 82 658 2 234 2 010 600 169 000

CAT P3 O/H 285 74 400 10 600 143 32 800 10 900

CAT P3 U/G 190 1 77 100 7 100 190 171 000 14 400

CAT V3 O/H 356 93 000 13 200 178 40 800 13 500

CAT V3 U/G 238 221 900 8 800 238 214 200 18 000

CAT V5 O/H 502 131 100 18 600 251 57 500 19 000

CAT V5 U/G 335 312 300 12 400 335 301 500 25 400 Page 33



Page 34

APPENDIX D

AUSTRALIAN BRITISH AND AMERICAN

STANDARDS

AS1158.3.1: 1999 - ROADLIGHTING- Pedestrian Area Lighting

AS1158.1:1997 - ROADLIGHTING - Vehicular Traffic Lighting

AS1158: 1986 - SAA Public Lighting Code (Superseded) AS1428.2 (1991) Design for Access and Mobility

AS 1680.1 (1990) Interior Lighting AS2890 1:1993 - Off Road Car Parks

BS5489: 1992 - Code of Practice for Roadlighting IES North America Recommendations for Roadlighting



AS1158.3.1:1999– Pedestrian area lighting

ROADS & PATHWAYS

LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

Lighting

Category

Type Of Road Or Pathway Selection Criteria Maintained average

horizontal Illuminance

lux

Maintained horizontal; lluminance

lux

Maximum horizontal

Illuminance Uniformity

Emax/Eave (Up)

Maintained vertical

Illuminance

(Ev) lux

Pedestrian/ cycle activity

Risk of crime

Need to enhance prestige

P1

Pedestrian or cycle orientated pathways, eg footpaths, including along arterial roads, walkway, lanes, park paths, cycle paths (P1 to P4 apply) Collector roads or non-arterial roads which collect and distribute traffic in an area, as well as serving abutting properties (P3 & P4 apply) Local roads or streets used primarily for access to abutting properties including residential properties. (P3 to P5 apply) Common area, forecourts of cluster housing (P3 & P4 apply)

n/a

High

n/a

7

2

10

2

P2

High

Medium

High

3.5

0.7

10

0.7

P3

Medium

Low

Medium

1.75

0.3

10

0.3

P4

(similar to old B1)

Low

Low

n/a

0.85

0.14

10

n/a

P5

(similar to old B2)

Low

Low

n/a

0.5

0.07

10

n/a

NOTES: The highest level of selection criteria that is deemed appropriate for the road or pathway will determine the applicable lighting category.

P3, P4 & P5 apply across the whole road reserve. P1 & P2 apply only to the formed footpath

Where there are good vertical reflecting surfaces alongside the pathway, the next lower lighting category may be selected

Applies at 1.5m above the surface of the area.

The vertical illuminance requirement for Category P3 applies to pathways not local roads

Page 35



AS1158.3.1:1999 – Pedestrian area lighting (contd)

PUBLIC ACTIVITY AREAS


LIGHTING

CATEGORY

Type Of Road Or Pathway

Selection Criteria Maintained average

horizontal Illuminance

lux

Maintained horizontal; lluminance

lux

Maximum horizontal


Emax/Eave (Up)

Maintained vertical

Illuminance

(Ev) lux

Night time

vehicle movements

Risk of crime

Need to enhance prestige

P6

Areas primarily for pedestrian use, e.g. city, town, suburban centres, including outdoor shopping precincts, malls, open arcades, town squares, civic centres Transport terminals and interchanges, service areas

n/a for

“pedestrian use”

High for

“transport terminals”

High

High

21

7

10

7

P7

Medium

Medium

Medium

14

4

10

4

P8

Low

Low

n/a

7

2

10

2

NOTES: The highest level of selection criteria that is deemed appropriate for the road or pathway will determine the applicable lighting category.

Applies at 1.5m above the surface of the area. Page 36



AS1158.3.1:1999 – Pedestrian area lighting (contd)

CONNECTING ELEMENTS AND OUTDOOR CAR PARKS


Lighting

Category

Type of Road or Pathway

Maintained average horizontal

Illuminance lux

Maintained horizontal

Illuminance lux

Maintained horizontal


Emax/Eave (Up)

Maintained

vertical Illuminance

lux

P9

Steps, ramps, footbridges, pedestrian ways.

Same as for highest lighting category applying to adjacent connected areas but, where forming part of a road or pathway, to not less than Category P8

P10

Subways, including associated ramps or steps

35

17.5

10

17.5

P11

Parking spaces, aisles and circulation

roadways

14

3

10

3

P12

Parking spaces for people with

disabilities

35

7

10

7

NOTES: Subway walls should have a light colour

Applies at 1.5m above the surface of the area.

Luminaires should be located to highlight obstruction and hazards For indoor car parks refer to AS1680.2.1

Page 37



AS1158.1.1: 1997 - ROADLIGHTING - Vehicular Traffic Lighting

L IGHT ING CATEGORY

APPLICAT IONS

L IGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

Note: for all applications the upward waste light ratio should not exceed 6%

Min Luminance L(cd/m2) Average

Min Overall Uniformity

Uo

Min Longitudinal Uniformity

Ul

Max Threshold Increment

Ti(%)

Min Surround Illuminance

ES(%)

At Intersections Min Illuminance

Emin(Lux)

Max Illuminance Uniformity

Emax/Emin

initial maint ained

initial maint ained

V1 (previously A1)

Arterial or main roads in central and regional activity centres of capital and major provincial cities, and other areas with major abutting traffic generators

2.0

1.5

0.33

0.5

20

50

20

15

8

V2 Arterial roads that predominantly carry through traffic from one region to another, forming principal avenues of communication for traffic movement, with major abutting traffic generators.

1.5

1.0

0.33

0.5

20

50

15

10

V3 (previously A2)

(a) Freeways, motorways and expressways consisting of divided highways for through traffic with no access for traffic between interchanges and with grade separation at all intersections (b) Arterial roads that predominantly carry through traffic from one region to another, forming principal avenues of communication for traffic movements

1.0

0.75

0.33

0.5

20

50

10

7.5

8

V4 Sub-arterial or principal roads which connect arterial or main roads to areas of development within a region, or which carry traffic directly from one part of a region to another.

0.75 0.5 0.33 0.5 20 50 7.5 5

V5 (similar to previous

A3)

Sub-arterial or principal roads which connect arterial or main roads to areas of development within a region, or which carry traffic directly from one part of a region to another.

0.5

0.35

0.33

0.5

20

50

5

3 5

8

Page 38



AS1158:1986 - SAA PUBLIC LIGHTING CODE (Superseded)

L IGHT ING CATEGORY APPLICAT IONS L IGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

Min Average Illuminance

Lux

Min Illuminance Lux

Max Illuminance Uniformity

Ul

B1 Roads which carry traffic between the arterial or distributor roads and local roads. Vehicle volumes are moderate to low but still include a component destined for properties not abutting these roads.

1.5

0.1

10

B2

(minor roads)

Roads the main function of which is to provide access to abutting properties, including those used for residential purposes. This lighting category is also appropriate for cycle paths.

This lighting category will be the one appropriate for the majority of minor roads and is essentially the same as that previously specified in AS 1158. Part 2 – 1971

0.7

0.1

10

C1 Focal points and areas of particular hazard, e.g. steps, within areas that justify the provision of Lighting Categories C2 or C3.

50

10

-

C2 Town and city centres, including outdoor shopping precincts, traffic free streets, arcades, traffic terminals, town squares and isolated footpaths in parks and gardens. This lighting category is also appropriate for exterior car parks with high night time activity

10

2

-

C3 Exterior car parks with low night time activity 5 1 -

Page 39



AS1428.2 (1992) DESIGN FOR ACCESS AND MOBILITY

CATEGORY Min imum Leve ls o f Ma in tenance I l lum inat ion ( lux)

Entrances, Passageways & Walkways 150

Stairs 150

Ramps 150

Lifts See AS1735.12

Toilet & Locker rooms 200

Counter tops 250

General displays 200 – 300

Telephones 200

NOTES: - Many people require better artificial lighting than is normally provided. This applies particularly to older people and to people with impaired vision. - For people with impaired hearing, a level of illumination of not less than 150 lux, without glare, is needed to allow for lip reading. - Light switches should be located within the 700 to 1200 mm “zone of common reach”. 1000 mm is a good height for light switches. - In bedrooms, a bedside switch shall control an overhead light giving at least 150 lux. - In circulation areas, two way switching should be provided. - In circulation areas & bathrooms, night lighting should be provided. Page 40



AS1680.1. (1990) – INTERIOR LIGHTING

CLASS OF TASK CHARACTERISTICS OF THE

ACTIVITY/INTERIOR REPRESENTATIVE ACTIVITIES/INTERIORS RECOMMENDED MAINTENANCE ILLUMINANCE

LX

Movement and orientation Interiors rarely visited with visual tasks limited to movement and orientation.

Corridors; cable tunnels; indoor storage tanks; walkways.

40

Rough intermittent Interiors requiring intermittent use with visual tasks limited to movement, orientation and coarse detail.

Staff change rooms; live storage of bulky materials; dead storage of materials needing care; locker rooms; loading bays.

80

No

rma

l R

an

ge

Simple Any continuously occupied interior where there are no tasks requiring perception of other than course detail. Occasional reading of clearly printed documents for short periods.

Waiting rooms; staff canteens; rough checking of stock; rough bench and machine work; entrance halls; general fabrication of structural steel; casting concrete; automated process monitoring; turbine halls.

160

Ordinary or moderately easy Continuously occupied interiors with moderately easy visual tasks with high contrasts or large detail (>10 min arc).

School chalkboards and charts; medium woodworking; food preparation; counters for transactions.

240

Note: The illuminances recommended in Table 3.1 are not design values. For design purposes it will be necessary to select an initial illuminance which is significantly greater than the recommended maintenance illuminance. Page 41



AS1680.1 – INTERIOR LIGHTING (contd)

.

CLASS OF TASK CHARACTERISTICS OF THE

ACTIVITY/INTERIOR REPRESENTATIVE ACTIVITIES/INTERIORS RECOMMENDED MAINTENANCE ILLUMINANCE

LX

No

rma

l R

an

ge

Moderately difficult Areas where visual tasks are moderately difficult with moderate detail (5-10 min arc or

tolerances to 125 m) or with low contrasts.

Routine office work, inspection of medium work; fine woodwork; enquiry points car assembly.

400

Difficult Areas where visual tasks are difficult with small detail (3-5 min arc or tolerances to 25

m) or with low contrast.

Drawing offices (boards); most inspection tasks; proof reading; fine machine work; fine painting and finishing; colour matching.

600

Very difficult Areas where visual tasks are very difficult with very small detail (2-3 min arc) or with very low contrast.

Fine inspection; paint retouching; fine manufacture; grading of dark materials; colour matching of dyes.

800

Extremely difficult Areas where visual tasks are extremely difficult with extremely small detail (1-2 min arc

or tolerances below 25 m) or of low contrast. Visual aids may assist.

Graphic arts inspection; hand tailoring; fine die sinking; inspection of dark goods; extra-fine bench work.

1200

Exceptionally difficult Areas where visual tasks are exceptionally difficult with exceptionally small detail (<1 min arc) or with very low contrasts. Visual aids will be of advantage.

Finished fabric inspection; assembly of minute mechanisms, jewellery and watchmaking.

1600

Note: The illuminances recommended in Table 3.1 are not design values. For design purposes it will be necessary to select an initial illuminance which is significantly greater than the recommended maintenance illuminance. Page 42



AS2890.1:1993 – OFF ROAD CAR PARKS

CATEGORY E ave E min

Normal parking spaces aisles and circulation roadways

20 4

Parking spaces for people with disabilities and locations of special hazard such as steps or pedestrian crossings

50 10

E ave = minimum level of illuminance level E min = minimum illuminance level L (ave) = Average luminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces E (ave) = Average illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces E (min) = Minimum illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces NOTE: The table shown above is a recommendation in AS 2890.1 – 1993 stating that it is likely that AS 1158.2 will be revised with higher levels of lighting for open air car parks. Page 43



RECOMMENDATIONS OF BS5489:1992 – CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD LIGHTING

CATEGORY L (ave) cd/m2 E (ave) lux E (min) lux City or Town Centres

Primary Vehicular Mixed vehicular and pedestrian Wholly pedestrian

1.5 30 25

15 10

Suburban Shopping Street Primary Vehicular Mixed vehicular and pedestrian Wholly pedestrian

1.5

25 15

10 5

Village Centre Primary Vehicular Mixed vehicular and pedestrian Wholly pedestrian

1.0

15 10

5 5

Arcaded and Canopied Areas Open arcade Totally enclosed (day) Totally enclosed (night)

50 250 150

5

150 100

Subways and Footbridges Open subways Closed subways (day) Closed subways (night) Open footbridges Open stairways Enclosed stairways (day) Enclosed stairways (night)

150 350 150 50 50 350 150

100 150 100 15 15 150 100

Car Parks Outdoor Enclosed – Multi-storey

50 200

10 100

Traffic Routes Category 1 similar to AS1158.1 Cat V1 Category 2 similar to AS1158.1 Cat V2 Category 3 similar to AS1158.1 Cat V4

1.50.5

Residential Areas Category 3/1 exceeds AS1158.2 Cat P1 Category 3/2 similar to AS1158.2 Cat P1 Category 3/3 similar to AS1158.2 Cat P2

10 6

3.5

5

2.5 1

L (ave) = Average luminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces (maintained) E (ave) = Average illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces (maintained) E (min) = Minimum illuminance of vehicular and pedestrian surfaces (maintained)

Page 44



IES NORTH AMERICA RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ROADLIGHTING

ROAD & AREA CLASSIFICATION

Average Luminance Lave (cd/m2)

Luminance Uniformity

Veiling

Luminance Ratio

(maximum)

Lv/Lave

Average Maintained

Illuminance (lux)

Illuminance Uniformity Eave/Emin

Road Surface Classification

Lave/Lmin Lmax/Lmin R1

R2 & R3

R4

Freeway Class A Freeway Class B

0.6 0.4

3.5 3.5

6 6

0.3 0.3

6 4

9 6

8 5

3

Expressway Commercial Intermediate Residential

1.0 0.8 0.6

3 3

3.5

5 5 6

0.3

10 8 6

14 12 9

13 10 8

3

Major Commercial Intermediate Residential

1.2 0.9 0.6

3 3

3.5

5 5 6

0.3

12 9 6

17 13 9

15 11 8

3

Collector Commercial Intermediate Residential

0.8 0.6 0.4

3

3.5 4

5 6 8

0.4

8 6 4

12 9 6

10 8 5

4

Local Commercial Intermediate Residential

0.6 0.5 0.3

6 6 6

10 10 10

0.4

6 5 3

9 7 4

8 6 4

6

Notes: Lv = veiling Luminance R1 = light diffuse road (eg concrete)

R2 = diffuse & specular (eg asphalt with artificial brightener in aggregate) R3 = slightly specular, typical highways mostly specular, very smooth texture

Page 45



Page 46

APPENDIX E

WESTERN POWER CHARGES



WESTERN POWER STREET LIGHTING CHARGES

Item Wattage Type Fitting and Pole Type Midnight Switch - off

(Obsolete) Cents per day

1.15a.m. Switch-off Cents per day

Dawn Switch-off Cents per day

(A) Street Lighting on Current Offer and for Existing Services

Z.01 50 Mercury Vapour Any 15.64 15.98 17.19



Z.04 150 Sodium Crosswalk, Any Pole 23.32 24.08 27.13

Z.07 250 100% Consumer Cost M.V. Type W Luminaire Any Pole 28.27 29.71 35.07

Z.10 400 100% Consumer Cost M.V. Type W Luminaire Any Pole 41.88 44.07 52.44

Z.13 150 100% Consumer Cost H.P. Sodium Luminaire Any Pole 21.59 22.37 26.8

Z.15 250 100% Consumer Cost H.P. Sodium Luminaire Any Pole 31.99 33.69 40.27

Z.18 per kilowatt Auxiliary Lighting in Public Places Service by Negotiation 91.64 96.74 116.76

(B) Street Lighting for Existing Services only

Z.05 250 Mercury Vapour Open Fitting, Any Pole 36.63 38.06 43.44

Z.06 400 Mercury Vapour Open Fitting 50.25 52.44 60.78

Z.08 240 50% W.P Cost M.V. Type W Luminaire Wood Poles 32.45 33.87 39.25




Z.14 150 100% W.P Cost H.P. Sodium Luminaire Any Pole 33.29 34.08 38.48



Page 47



Page 48

APPENDIX F

GLOSSARY



A GLOSSARY OF LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY

Average Carriageway Luminance (L) - The average luminance of a given section of the road carriageway when viewed from the observers position. Average Illuminance (E) - The average lighting levels at ground level measured in the horizontal plane. For the Category P4 & P5 streets, the results measured and recorded in this column are the average over the whole street. Average Lamp Life - Time taken until 50% of lamps has reached end of life. Colour Temperature – An indication of the colour appearance of a lamp measured in degrees Kelvin (K). 2700K indicates a warm colour, 5000K indicates a cool colour. Disability Glare – glare resulting in reduced visual performance, often accompanied by discomfort. Efficacy - A measure of lamp output efficiency, with units of lumen/watt Flat Glass Luminaires – Luminaires with no light emitting above the horizontal giving low glare & low obtrusive light. Fluorescent Lamps – Lamps that can give “white light”. Compact fluorescent lamps present the ordinary tubular lamp in a small package. Flange Mounted Pole - a pole manufactured with a flange at the bottom to bolt down to a concrete footing. Footing - concrete base for a flanged pole. Glare – Condition of vision in which there is discomfort or reduction of ability to see, or both, caused by an unsuitable distribution or range of luminance, or to extreme contrasts in the field of vision. Glare Control Mark – A measure of discomfort glare produced by a street light in a particular situation. This mark is on a scale of 1 to 9 with higher numbers being more comfortable. High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps – Lamps with a yellow colour appearance. Used on freeways. Illuminance – The amount of lighting at a particular point, measured in lux. Ingress Protection – or “IP rating”, a two digit code indicate resistance to ingress of solids and liquids, the first digit refers to solids, the second to liquids eg IP55 means dust-protected & water-jet proof. Higher numbers indicate better protection

Illuminance Uniformity (Ue) - This is a measure that relates average illuminance to maximum illuminance. The higher the figure, the greater the problems of excessive contrast of the highest illumination point. Lamp – a generic term for a man made source of light sometimes colloquially referred to as a “globe” or “bulb” Light Output – The total luminous flux emitted by a lamp or luminaire. Luminance – the brightness of an object or surface. Measured in units of cd/m2 (candela per square metre). Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps – Lamps with a distinctive yellow colour. The light emitted by this lamp distorts the colours of blue, green and red, but produced a high quantity of light for the quantity of energy consumed. Longitudinal Luminance Uniformity (UI) – The ratio of minimum to maximum carriageway luminance in a longitudinal line along the road through the observer’s position. The closer this figure is to 1, the more even is the luminance. Luminaire – A light fitting or “fixture” including lamps, optical system and any electrical control gear. Minimum Illuminance (Emin) - The minimum measured lighting level recorded in the measurement area, the measurements taken at ground level in the horizontal plane Mercury Vapour (MV) Lamps – Lamps with a blue-white colour. Metal Halide Lamps – Lamps which can give “white light”- more efficient than mercury vapour. Mounting Height – The vertical distance between the centre of a luminaire and the surface of the carriageway immediately beneath the lighting. Nominal Height – The vertical distance between the bottom of the baseplate or ground line (as applicable) and - (a) For columns with outreach arms - a horizontal line at the highest level of the outreach arm centre-line. (b) For post-top columns – the highest point of the column excluding any fixing spigot. Observer’s Position - A reference position on the road from which theoretical calculations are based. Approximately where a driver would sit when driving down the road.

Obtrusive Light - Spill light causing annoyance distraction, discomfort or reduction in vision. Outreach - The distance measured horizontally from the centre of a bracket-mounted luminaire, to the centre of the column or pole, or the wall face to which the bracket is attached. Overall Luminance Uniformity (Uo) – The ratio of minimum carriageway luminance to the average luminance. The closer this figure is to 1, the more even the luminance. Peak Intensity - The highest value of luminous intensity from a given luminaire. Planting Depth - The length of the column that is buried below ground level. Standards – Australian Standards include: AS1158 Public Lighting AS1428 Design for Access & Mobility AS1680 Interior Lighting AS2293 Emergency Lighting AS2560 Sports Lighting AS2890 Off Road Car Parks AS4282 Obtrusive Light Spill Light – Light which falls outside the boundary of the property on which the lighting installation is sited Surround Illuminance Ratio (ES) - The ratio between the average illuminance of the road verge to the adjacent section of carriageway. The higher the ratio, the more effectively will verge details be discernible to drivers. Threshold Increment – A measure of disability glare produced by a street lighting in a particular situation. The higher numbers correspond to greater disability glare. Uniformity Ratio – The ratio of maximum illuminance to average illuminance. Upcast Angle - The angle between the axis of the luminaire fixing and the horizontal. Uplift - (For pole-mounted bracket arms) - the vertical distance between the intersection of the bracket arm centre-line with the supporting face and the highest level of the bracket arm centre-line.

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APPENDIX G

LIGHTING HARDWARE

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig G1 Fremantle Novalux Luminaire And Pole Fig G2 Fremantle Granville Luminaire And Pole

Fig G3 Fremantle Washington Luminaire And Pole Fig G4 Fremantle Collie Luminaire And Pole

Fig G5 Fremantle Cantonment Street Luminaire And Pole Fig G6 Western Power Minor Streetlight (80W)

Fig G7 Western Power Minor Streetlight (125W) Fig G8 Western Power Major Streetlight



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"Novalux" Luminaire

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"Granville" Luminaire

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"Washington" Luminaire

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Collie Street




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"Cantonment Street"

Category P3 Lighting




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Minor Streetlight (80W)Western Power




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Minor Streetlight (125W)Western Power




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Major StreetlightWestern Power



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APPENDIX H

TYPICAL GEOMETRY OF STREETLIGHTING



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'Washington"





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'Washington"





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'Washington"





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'Bega 8201"Sage Consulting Engineers Pty. Ltd.

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Category P11/P12 Lightingc 2000

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Car Park LightingSage Consulting Engineers Pty. Ltd.

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"Cantonment Street"




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"Cantonment Street"



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Western Power




Overhead Supplyc 2000

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Category P LightingWestern Power



Category V LightingSage Consulting Engineers Pty. Ltd.

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Western Power



Sage Consulting Engineers Pty. Ltd. Overhead Supplyc 2000

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Category P LightingWestern Power



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APPENDIX J

“Extracts from SECURITY RISK MANAGEMENT STUDY for the CITY

OF FREMANTLE by CORPSEC INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD – March

1999”



5.1.3 Lighting A number of readings were taken with a light meter (TOPCON IM-2D) in both the CBD and residential areas during the survey. A horizontal reading was taken to measure the amount of light actually reaching the ground. A vertical reading was also taken to identify the amount of light illuminating vehicles, individual’s faces and signage, etc. This reading is sometimes higher due to reflection of light off other surfaces such as walls, windows and other vertical features. A lumen is a the unit of luminous flux (light) used in describing the quality of light emitted by a source and Lux is the lumen of light spread over one square meter. All readings were measured in Lux. To provide reference levels the following examples of typical light levels are, Clear Moonlight - 0.2 Lux,

Main Road Street lighting - 15 Lux,

Office lighting - 400 – 600 Lux,

Direct sunlight - 50,000 – 100,000 Lux

In numerous residential streets and parks in the City, there were readings of zero (0) lux. This illustrates that street lighting and lighting of parks in the Town is generally inadequate. Though some street lighting did meet the current Australian Standard, it is recognised by most, if not all lighting consultants and specialists, that the Standard itself is inadequate and fortunately is currently being rewritten. During the night-time physical survey, some streetlights were seen not to be working and the illumination cast by numerous others was obscured by tree branches and other foliage. During the course of the survey CorpSec staff became aware of an agreement between Local Government and the then electric power utility, to only provide street lighting to half the Australian Standard. In City of Fremantle, as with most other municipalities, street lighting is not directed towards pedestrian movement (on footpaths and walkways) but onto the adjoining road. This casts pools of illumination onto the roads but generally leaves footpaths unlit. Often overhanging branches and foliage block out illumination, further decreasing the level of light that reaches footpaths. In most cases, this situation is only remedied through lighting from adjoining homes/businesses, placing footpaths very close to roads, or the removal or selective thinning of trees and other vegetation between street lighting and walkways. Street lighting should, wherever porrible, be directed towards pedestrian movement. Surveys conducted in the United Kingdom show a direct positive co-relation between the amount of lighting and the amount of crime.



Recommendation No. 3 a) Establish an integrated Lighting plan for the City coordinating street lighting for both the

CBD and residential suburbs, for the purpose of enhancing security and safety in accordance with the draft Australian Standard on street lighting (DR 98380).

(Cost: To be investigated by the City)

b) Institute a proactive program of removing or pruning vegetation that obscures street

lighting.

(Cost: to be absorbed)

c) Establish a program to place or re-direct streetlights to cast as much illumination on pedestrian walkways as practicable.

(Cost: to be absorbed)

d) Upgrade, as they need replacing, streetlights to meet or exceed the draft Australian Standard on Street-lighting. It is suggested that white light, preferably in the form of Metal Halide lights, be used as these are an excellent form of lighting for security and safety purposes (particularly if CCTV is to be used).

5.2.4 Lighting (CBD) A number of indicative light meter readings were taken in carious areas throughout the CBD. Lighting in the CBD as a whole was seen to be closer to the required standard than that seen in the outer suburbs. Most areas of the CBD where pedestrian movement is common are adequately lit by a number of different types of luminaires, however the effectiveness of some lights are diminished by their ineffective placement in relation to eaves overhanging some walkways (Refer to photograph 17 ANNEX B). Lighting in outlying areas of the CBD are of a low standard. It is important to note that the establishment of standards of lighting in the CBD may be exacerbated by the fact that there is a certain amount of residential property within the area. Australian lighting standards AS1158 (1986) specify much higher levels for Town and city centres than that needed for residential properties. Recommendation No. 9

Institute a Lighting plan as mentioned in Recommendation 3a. 5.2.9 Specific Areas Identified A number of specific areas within the CBD were identified as being of concern. They are addressed individually below.



Carpark (Corner of Cantonment and Queen Street) This carpark is a gathering point for groups and individuals in their vehicles particularly at night. Some were observed to be street drinking and displaying other antisocial behavoir on a reasonably regular basis during the survey, particularly on weekends. Recommendation No. 13 Ensure that particular attention is paid to vastly increasing the lighting of this area according to recommendation 3a (Lighting Plan), to increase visibility, to hopefully move the anti-social group away and to enhance the effectiveness of recommended camera surveillance of this street as mentioned in recommendation 9a. (Cost: included in recommendations 3a and 9a). Kings Square A number of light meter readings were taken in Kings Square and the High Street Mall. These aras appear well lit by a number of sodium vapour lamps. A number of telephones are located at one end of the Mall area. As a result of physical surveys, it is considered that this central point has become a focus for individuals who badger people on the telephones for money. Recommendation No. 14 a Redistribute the telephone booths to reduce the incidents of solicitation for monty. (Cost: To be investigated by the City). b Significantly increase the amount of lighting as per recommendation 3a (City lighting plan) in

order to reduce the opportunity for loitering and itinerants sleeping in this area. (Cost: included in recommendation 3a). Queens Square Queens Square is a common area used by itinerants and other groups for drinking and sleeping. The light meter readings for the area were taken whilst sitting on the park bench at the corner of High and Parry Street. These readings were considered extremely low. It is considered that the low level of lighting attracts individuals who wish to be ignored whilst engaging in drinking or sleeping.



Recommendation No. 15 a Increase lighting as per recommendation No. 3a in this park area. (Cost: included in recommendation 3a). b Trim foliage to enhance natural surveillance of the rear of the park. (Cost: No direct cost). High Street Mall There are a number of anti-social and other issues that emanate from the High Street Mall area. The most significant being that of drugs distribution. This problem is well known to the Fremantle Police who, with outside support, have mounted numerous operations targeting this area, with little success to date. Distributors are known to the police however prosecution is a difficult undertaking for a variety of legal reasons. While it is understood that the mall is to be redesigned, it is submitted that it must be redesigned with CPTED principals well to the forefront, in order to reduce criminal and anti-social activity. Lighting in the area is adequate for safety but may need to be replaced should CCTV cameras be used, as the present sodium vapour lighting is considered ill suited for correct identification and clarity. Recommendation No. 16 a Redesign the mall area in accordance with CPTED and CPTEM principles. (Cost: to be investigated by the City). b Install CCTV cameras as mentioned in recommendation 9a. Fremantle Hospital Lighting and carpark security pertaining to Fremantle Hospital are considered unsatisfactory, particularly in those areas behind the Hospital and areas adjacent to Fremantle prison. Lighting and security no only represents a safety concern for nurses and other staff of the hospital, but also for those pedestrians using this access way down the side of the Prison to enter and exit the CBD. Recommendion No. 17 Council request Fremantle Hospital to address inadequate carpark security and lighting around the perimeter of their facility. (Cost: No direct cost).



5.3 Suburbs As an example of typical levels of light in the City’s suburbs, it is recommended that town planners conduct a quick night-time visit to Pearse Street in North Fremantle and drive the length of the street, well after dark. Particular attention should be paid to lighting levels upon alighting from the car and extinguishing the headlights. 5.3.2 Parks and Ovals Parks and ovals in the suburbs of the City display a lack of CPTED and CPTEM principles. Most that were observed displayed inadequate lighting during night surveys. Anecdotal evidence suggests that parks and playgrounds are often used as hang-outs for illegitimate users of space particularly at night. It was suggested by some who were interviewed that night-time burglaries are often committed on houses opposite parks. It is thought that groups or individuals use the darkness to wait and watch for residents leaving, commit the burglary and escape through the park. As an example of inadequate planning, the new playground on the corner of Paget and Rennie Streets in Hilton has no illumination at night. This is a similar situation to Hilton Park where a large portion of the playground and surrounding areas are unlit and afford an excellent hiding place for illegitimate users and those wishing to loiter. The same park has public toilets that are unlocked at night and which were observed being used as a meeting place for a number of suspicious activities. A park bench is located in front of the women’s toilet entrance (refer to photograph 5 in ANNEX B). Recommendation No. 20 Increase lighting for parks and ovals as part of recommendation 3a (City lighting plan). (Cost: included in recommendation 3a).



Prioritisation No.

Actual Report Recommendation

No.

Recommendation

3 3 a. Establish an integrated Lighting plan for the City, coordinating street lighting for both the CBD and residential suburbs for the purpose of enhancing security and safety in accordance with the draft Australian Standard on street lighting (DR 98390).

(Cost: To be investigated by the City). b. Institute a proactive program of removing or pruning vegetation that obscures street lighting. (Costs: to be absorbed). c. Establish a program to place or re-direct streetlights to cast as much illumination on pedestrian

walkways as practicable. (Cost: to be included in Lighting Plan). d. Upgrade, as they need replacing, streetlights to meet or exceed the draft Australian Standard on

Street-lighting. It is suggested that white light, preferably in the form of Metal Halide lights be used as these are an excellent form of lighting for security and safety purposes (particularly if CCTV is to be used).

(Cost: to be included in Lighting Plan).

4 9 Institute a Lighting plan as mentioned in Recommendation 3a.

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APPENDIX K

“Extract from SAFETY AND SECURITY WITHIN THE

CITY OF FREMANTLE by the Director Urban Management

29/09/00”



4.7 Lighting Strategy The Security Risk Management Study has identified that lighting in the City of Fremantle is a significant problem. Council should undertake a detailed lighting study to identify strategies for improvement and upgrade over a specified time frame and provide funding for its implementation. Council needs to institute a proactive program of removing or pruning vegetation that obscured street lighting. It also needs to survey all streetlights to replace damaged lights and redirect lighting to pedestrian areas as practicable. Street lights should be upgraded, as they need replacing, to meet or exceed the draft Australian Standard with a white light preferably “Metal Halide” lights as these are an excellent form of lighting for security and safety purposes, particularly if CCTV is used.



APPENDIX L

“Extract from FREMANTLE CITY CENTRE

URBAN DESIGN STRATEGY”



5.2.8 To improve the quality and quantity of lighting by:

providing improved lighting to major night routes for pedestrians, carparks and public transport nodes as a priority and then progressively improving lighting citywide

promoting lighting of shop windows and from building frontages and verandahs

ensuring lighting is well maintained 5.2.9 To improve priority night routes for pedestrians between night spots, public

places and transport by:

locating priority routes along most used streets and encouraging active uses at the street edge

maintaining a good standard of lighting (both public and private) along night routes

providing adequate visibility at all times through lighting and minimising visual obstructions

providing clear signage, public telephones and access to emergency help

ensuring car parking is well lit, accessible and conveniently located

ensuring adequate safe waiting areas are provided at public transport locations including taxi ranks.



APPENDIX M

TRAFFIC FLOWS



ROAD LOCATION AAWT

Queen Victoria Street South of Stirling Highway

Fremantle Traffic Bridge West of Canning Highway West of James Street

15530 35330 33550 16180

Canning Highway East of Queen Victoria Street 14170 Ord Street North of High Street

South of High Street 16180 23370

Hampton Road South of Knutsford Street North of South Street South of South Street North of Douro Street South of Douro Street

27690 21480 22870 21440 37630

South Street East of Stock Road West of Stock Road East of Carrington Street West of Carrington Street East of Hampton Road East of South Terrace West of South Terrace

28900 21180 23150 19610 12980 10280 5380

Carrington Street North of Marmion Street South of Marmion Street North of Leach Hwy South of Leach Hwy North of South Street South of South Street North of Winterfold Street South of Winterfold Street

9940 14790 14420 20280 16740 17500 17890 19260

Stock Road South of Leach Highway North of South Street South of South Street South of Winterfold Road

23960 24560 20220 21300

Parry Street South of Quarry Street South of High Street

9630 12540

High Street West of Market Street East of Queen Street West of Ord Street West of East Street East of East Street East of Stirling Highway West of Carrington Street

2640 7720 13630 19870 18040 28770 28290

Wray Avenue East of South Tce East of Hampton Road

4710 7870

South Tce North of Collie Street South of Norfolk Street North of South Street South of South Street North of Douro Road

10430 17200 15700 13400 9650 1090

Douro Road West of Hampton Road West of South Terrace

15850 7290

Marmion Street East of Stock Road West of Stock Road East of Carrington Street West of Carrington Street

10780 11300 11000 14710



APPENDIX N

LAMP OPTIONS



LAMP OPTIONS

LAMP TYPE

LUMINAIRE

pole height

SPACING COMPLIANCE WITH AS1158 CATEGORIES

AS1158 GLARE COMPLIANCE

(5-11-2001)

WHITE LIGHT

ENERGY

W

MERCURY CONTENT

mg

PHOTOPIC EFFICACY

lm/W

SCOTOPIC EFFICACY

lm/W

ANNUAL RUNNING

COST

80 W MV

B2224 6.5m 60m P4 x x 89.5 14

50 64 $75.63

70 W HPS

URBAN 6.5m 60m P3 x 82.5 0.02

80 51 $42.30

50 W HPS

URBAN 6.5m 60m P4 x 62.5 0.02

70 44 $39.46

70 W MH

URBAN 6.5m 60m P3 84 0.01

71 120 $52.54

42 W CF

URBAN 6.5m 60m P4 45 4.5

76 104 $35.18

NOTES: MV = mercury vapour, HPS = high pressure sodium, MH = metal-halide, CF = compact fluorescent

Sylvania designations

Includes control gear Western Power Z02 tariff, all night burning

Western Power Z18 tariff, all night burning $20 lamp, $20 labour, $12 plant, 24 000h life




Excluding G.S.T.

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Fremantle lighting strategy