FQ: How did the Cold War affect nations around the world?

FQ: How did the Cold War affect nations FQ: How did the Cold War affect nations around the world?around the world?

Do Now- Review Vocabulary WordsDo Now- Review Vocabulary WordsDefine the following words (Don’t look at your notes)Define the following words (Don’t look at your notes)

Cold WarCold WarContainmentContainment

Truman DoctrineTruman DoctrineMarshall PlanMarshall Plan

The Cold War in ChinaThe Cold War in China

Communists vs. NationalistsCommunists vs. Nationalists

World War II in ChinaWorld War II in China Mao ZedongMao Zedong—leads Chinese Communists —leads Chinese Communists

against Japanese invadersagainst Japanese invaders Jiang JieshiJiang Jieshi (a.k.a. (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek)—)—

leads of Chinese Nationalists in World War IIleads of Chinese Nationalists in World War II Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume

civil war after WWII endscivil war after WWII ends

Communists vs. NationalistsCommunists vs. Nationalists

Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)

The Two Chinas Affect the Cold WarThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold War

The Superpowers ReactThe Superpowers React U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan,

called Republic of Chinacalled Republic of China Soviets and China agree to help each other in Soviets and China agree to help each other in

event of attackevent of attack U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and

spread of communism in Chinaspread of communism in China

The Two Chinas Affect the Cold WarThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold War

China Expands under the CommunistsChina Expands under the Communists China takes control of Tibet and southern China takes control of Tibet and southern

MongoliaMongolia India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing

revolt against Chineserevolt against Chinese China and India clash over border; fighting China and India clash over border; fighting

stops but tensions remainstops but tensions remain

The Communists Transform ChinaThe Communists Transform China

Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven”Heaven” Chinese Communists organize national Chinese Communists organize national

government and Communist Partygovernment and Communist Party

Mao’s Brand of Marxist SocialismMao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism Mao takes property from landowners and Mao takes property from landowners and

divides it among peasantsdivides it among peasants Government seizes private companies and Government seizes private companies and

plans production increaseplans production increase


The Great Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward CommunesCommunes—large collective farms often —large collective farms often

supporting over 25,000 peoplesupporting over 25,000 people Program is ended after inefficiency leads to Program is ended after inefficiency leads to

crop failures and faminescrop failures and famines


The Cultural RevolutionThe Cultural Revolution Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution—movement to build society of —movement to build society of

peasants and workerspeasants and workers Red GuardsRed Guards—groups of violent and radical youth——groups of violent and radical youth—

close schools and execute or imprison many close schools and execute or imprison many intellectualsintellectuals

In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government “Counter Revolutionary.”government “Counter Revolutionary.”

However, the Cultural Revolution continues until However, the Cultural Revolution continues until Mao’s death in 1976.Mao’s death in 1976.

The Cold War in KoreaThe Cold War in Korea

Korea- Peninsular- surrounded by 3 sides of water

Japan- archipelago- chain/group/cluster of islands

War in KoreaWar in Korea

A Divided LandA Divided Land 3838thth parallel parallel—line dividing Korea into North —line dividing Korea into North

Korea and South KoreaKorea and South Korea


Standoff at the 38Standoff at the 38thth Parallel Parallel In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with

Soviet supportSoviet support South Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations South Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations

send troopssend troops Douglas MacArthurDouglas MacArthur—leads UN forces against North —leads UN forces against North

KoreansKoreans North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when

MacArthur attacksMacArthur attacks Half of North Korea’s army surrenders, the rest retreatHalf of North Korea’s army surrenders, the rest retreat


The Fighting ContinuesThe Fighting Continues UN troops push North Koreans almost to UN troops push North Koreans almost to

Chinese borderChinese border Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN

forces and capture Seoulforces and capture Seoul MacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is MacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is

removed from commandremoved from command In 1953, cease fire signed and border In 1953, cease fire signed and border

established at 38established at 38thth parallel parallel


Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War North Korea builds collective farms, heavy North Korea builds collective farms, heavy

industry, nuclear weaponsindustry, nuclear weapons South Korea establishes democracy, growing South Korea establishes democracy, growing

economy with U.S. aideconomy with U.S. aid

The Cold War in The Cold War in VietnamVietnam

War Breaks Out in VietnamWar Breaks Out in VietnamThe Road to WarThe Road to War

Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh—Vietnamese —Vietnamese nationalist, later Communist nationalist, later Communist leaderleader

The Fighting BeginsThe Fighting Begins In 1954, French surrender to In 1954, French surrender to

Vietnamese after major Vietnamese after major defeatdefeat

Domino theoryDomino theory—U.S. —U.S. theory of Communist theory of Communist expansion in Southeast Asia. expansion in Southeast Asia. If one country falls to If one country falls to communism then the rest will communism then the rest will fall as well.fall as well.

Ho Chi Minh

The War in Vietnam, 1957-1973

Note the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia

War Breaks Out in VietnamWar Breaks Out in VietnamVietnam—A Divided Vietnam—A Divided CountryCountry International peace International peace

conference agrees on a conference agrees on a divided Vietnamdivided Vietnam

Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem—leads —leads anti-Communist government anti-Communist government in South Vietnamin South Vietnam

VietcongVietcong—South —South Vietnamese Communist Vietnamese Communist guerillas fighting against guerillas fighting against DiemDiem

Ngo Dinh Diem

The United States Gets InvolvedThe United States Gets Involved

U.S. Troops Enter the FightU.S. Troops Enter the Fight In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong

and North Vietnameseand North Vietnamese U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly

unpopular governmentunpopular government Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh, Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh,

China, and Soviet UnionChina, and Soviet Union

The United States Gets InvolvedThe United States Gets Involved

The United States WithdrawsThe United States Withdraws War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969, War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969,

Nixon starts withdrawing troopsNixon starts withdrawing troops VietnamizationVietnamization—Nixon’s plan to withdraw —Nixon’s plan to withdraw

U.S. from war graduallyU.S. from war gradually Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam

overrun in 1975overrun in 1975

The Vietnam War EndsThe Vietnam War Ends

Vietnam after the WarVietnam after the War Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam

united as Communist nationunited as Communist nation About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some

settling in the U.S. and Canadasettling in the U.S. and Canada In 1995, United States normalizes relations In 1995, United States normalizes relations

with Vietnamwith Vietnam

CambodiaCambodiaCambodia in TurmoilCambodia in Turmoil

Khmer RougeKhmer Rouge——Communist rebels who Communist rebels who take control of Cambodia in take control of Cambodia in 19751975

They slaughter 2 million They slaughter 2 million people; overthrown by people; overthrown by Vietnamese invadersVietnamese invaders

In 1993, Cambodia adopts In 1993, Cambodia adopts democracy, holds elections democracy, holds elections with UN helpwith UN help

Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian Communist Party, literally “Red Khmers”) in 1977 at the height of his power

Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwar Southeast AsiaThe Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields were were a number of sites in a number of sites in Cambodia where large Cambodia where large numbers of people were numbers of people were killed and buried by the killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the during its rule of the country from 1975 to country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after 1979, immediately after the end of the Vietnam the end of the Vietnam War.War.

Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwar Southeast AsiaAt least 200,000 people At least 200,000 people were executed by the were executed by the Khmer Rouge (while Khmer Rouge (while estimates of the total estimates of the total number of deaths number of deaths resulting from Khmer resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including Rouge policies, including disease and starvation, disease and starvation, range from 1.4 to 2.2 range from 1.4 to 2.2 million out of a population million out of a population of around 7 million).of around 7 million).

A commemorative stupa filled with the skulls of the victims.

Choung Ek Killing Field: The bones of young children who were killed by Khmer Rouge soldiers.

Mass grave in Choeung Ek.

The Cold War in Latin The Cold War in Latin America and the Middle America and the Middle

EastEast

Fighting for the Third WorldFighting for the Third World

More Than One “World”More Than One “World” Third WorldThird World—developing nations; often —developing nations; often

newly independent, nonalignednewly independent, nonaligned

Cold War StrategiesCold War Strategies U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for

influence over the Third Worldinfluence over the Third World They back revolutions and give economic , They back revolutions and give economic ,

military and technical aidmilitary and technical aid

Fighting for the Third WorldFighting for the Third World

Association of Nonaligned NationsAssociation of Nonaligned Nations Many countries, like India, want to avoid Many countries, like India, want to avoid

involvement in the Cold Warinvolvement in the Cold War In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African

leaders who want neutralityleaders who want neutrality Nonaligned nationsNonaligned nations—independent countries —independent countries

not involved in the Cold Warnot involved in the Cold War

Confrontations in Latin AmericaConfrontations in Latin America

Fidel Castro and the Cuban RevolutionFidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution Fidel CastroFidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against —leads revolt in Cuba against

dictator supported by the U.S.dictator supported by the U.S. By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes

economy, takes U.S. propertyeconomy, takes U.S. property In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban

exiles at the Bay of Pigsexiles at the Bay of Pigs

Fidel Castro

Confrontations in Latin AmericaConfrontations in Latin America

Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile CrisisNuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet

missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not

to invade Cubato invade Cuba Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet

supportsupport

Confrontations in Latin AmericaConfrontations in Latin AmericaCivil War in NicaraguaCivil War in Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza DebayleAnastasio Somoza Debayle—Nicaraguan dictator —Nicaraguan dictator

supported by the U.S.supported by the U.S. Daniel OrtegaDaniel Ortega—leads —leads SandinistaSandinista rebels who take rebels who take

power in Nicaraguapower in Nicaragua U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support

SandinistasSandinistas Sandinistas aid Communist rebels in El SalvadorSandinistas aid Communist rebels in El Salvador U.S. helps anti-Communist U.S. helps anti-Communist ContrasContras in Nicaragua to in Nicaragua to

assist El Salvadorassist El Salvador In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections, In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections,

Sandinistas loseSandinistas lose

Daniel Ortega on Time magazine, March 31, 1986

Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S. supported president of Nicaragua from 1967-1980)

Confrontations in the Middle EastConfrontations in the Middle East

Religious and Secular Religious and Secular Values Clash in IranValues Clash in Iran Shah Reza Pahlavi Shah Reza Pahlavi

embraces Western embraces Western governments and oil governments and oil companiescompanies

Iranian nationalists Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize overthrow shah, seize British oil companyBritish oil company

U.S. restores shah to U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet power, fearing Soviet encroachmentencroachment

Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi


The United States The United States Supports Secular RuleSupports Secular Rule

Shah Reza Pahlavi Shah Reza Pahlavi westernizes Iran with U.S. westernizes Iran with U.S. supportsupport

Ayatollah Ruholla Ayatollah Ruholla KhomeiniKhomeini—Iranian Muslim —Iranian Muslim leader; lives in exileleader; lives in exile

In 1978, Khomeini sparks In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran, Shah fleesriots in Iran, Shah flees


Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. PoliciesKhomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies Islamic revolutionaries hold Islamic revolutionaries hold

American hostages in Tehran American hostages in Tehran (1979-1981) for 444 days(1979-1981) for 444 days

Muslim radicals take control in Iran, Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraqincreasing tensions with Iraq

Saddam HusseinSaddam Hussein, fearing the , fearing the spread of the Iranian Revolution spread of the Iranian Revolution into Iraq, attacks Iran.into Iraq, attacks Iran.

Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war; Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help IraqIraq

Blindfolded American hostages in Iran in 1979.


The Superpowers Face Off in AfghanistanThe Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan Soviets invade Afghanistan to help Soviets invade Afghanistan to help

Communist government against rebelsCommunist government against rebels Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against

Soviets with U.S. weaponsSoviets with U.S. weapons U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet UnionU.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989

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FQ: How did the Cold War affect nations around the world?