FOUR CAVITIES DIE CASTING DIE DESIGN AND ...ijrpublisher.com/gallery/64-december-2018.pdfFOUR CAVITIES DIE CASTING DIE DESIGN AND ESTIMATING COST OF 2-WHEELER PISTON #1 VASAM SETTI

FOUR CAVITIES DIE CASTING DIE DESIGN AND ESTIMATING COST

OF 2-WHEELER PISTON

#1VASAM SETTI DURGA PRASAD, PG STUDENT

#2Mrs.N.VENKATA LAKSHMI (Ph.D), Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEEING AND TECHNOLOGY, KAKINADA.

ABSTRACT

A piston is a disc which reciprocates within a

cylinder. It is either moved by the fluid or it moves

the fluid which enters the cylinder. The main function

of the piston of an IC engine is to receive the impulse

from the expanding gas and to transmit the energy to

the crankshaft through the connecting rod. The piston

must also disperse a large amount of heat from the

combustion chamber to the cylinder walls.

Cast Iron, Aluminum Alloy and Cast Steel etc.

are the common materials used for piston of an

Internal Combustion Engine.

The pistons are manufactured using Cast or

Forged. The cast piston is light and very

dimensionally stable. It is found in high-rpm mass-

produced engines that are not subject to modification

or prone to detonation. On the other hand, the forged

piston is inherently heavy and less dimensionally

stable.

The aim of our project is to design a piston for

a two wheeler using theoretical calculations, model

the piston using Pro/Engineer software. The material

used is Aluminum Alloy.

The manufacturing process we use for piston is

Casting. So we have to design a die tool for the

piston manufacturing. We are designing casting tool

die for four cavities. Core and Cavity is extracted and

total die is designed. CNC program is generated for

both core and cavity. Total die is designed which is

ready for production. A prototype of piston is to be

manufactured. The cost of the die and for each

component is also estimated. Modeling, core – cavity

extraction, die design and CNC program generation

is done in Pro/Engineer software.

I. INTRODUCTION TO PISTON

In every engine, piston plays an important role in

working and producing results. Piston forms a guide

and bearing for the small end of connecting rod and

also transmits the force of explosion in the cylinder,

to the crank shaft through connecting rod.

The piston is the single, most active and very critical

component of the automotive engine. The Piston is

one of the most crucial, but very much behind-the-

stage parts of the engine which does the critical work

of passing on the energy derived from the

combustion within the combustion chamber to the

crankshaft. Simply said, it carries the force of

explosion of the combustion process to the

crankshaft. Apart from the critical job that it does

above, there are certain other functions that a piston

invariably does -- It forms a sort of a seal between the

combustion chambers formed within the cylinders

and the crankcase. The pistons do not let the high

pressure mixture from the combustion chambers over

to the crankcase.

1.1 Construction of Piston

Its top known by many names such as

crown, head or ceiling and thicker than bottom

portion. Bottom portion is known as skirt. There are

grooves made to accommodate the compression rings

and oil rings. The groove, made for oil ring, is wider

and deeper than the grooves made for compression

ring. The oil ring scraps the excess oil which flows

into the piston interior through the oil return holes

and thus avoiding reaching the combustion chamber

but helps to lubricate the gudgeon pin to some extent.

In some designs the oil ring is provided below the

gudgeon pin boss .The space between the grooves are

called as lands.

The diameter of piston always kept smaller than that

of cylinder because the piston reaches a temperature

higher than cylinder wall and expands during engine

operation. The space between the cylinder wall and

piston is known as piston clearance. The diameter of

the piston at crown is slightly less than at the skirt

due to variation in the operating temperatures. Again

the skirt itself is also slightly tapered to allow for

unequal expansion due to temperature difference as

we move vertically along the skirt the working

temperature is not uniform but slightly decrease.

1.2 Materials for the Piston

International Journal of Research

Volume 7, Issue XII, December/2018

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Cast Iron, Aluminum Alloy and Cast Steel

etc. are the common materials used for piston of an

Internal Combustion Engine. Cast Iron pistons are

not suitable for high speed engines due its more

weight. These pistons have greater strength and

resistance to wear.

The Aluminum Alloy Piston is lighter in

weight and enables much lower running temperatures

due to its higher thermal conductivity. The

coefficient of expansion of this type of piston is about

20% less than that of pure aluminum piston but

higher than that of cast iron piston and cylinder wall.

To avoid seizure because of higher expansion than

cylinder wall, more piston clearance required to be

provided. It results in piston slap after the engine is

started but still warming up and tends to separate the

crown from the skirt of the piston. Cutting a vertical

slot will avoid this disadvantage. This slot helps in

taking up thermal expansion and so the overall

diameter of the piston is not required to be so reduced

as to obstruct the safe operation between the cylinder

walls and the pistons. To increase the life of grooves

and to reduce the wear, a ferrous metal rings are

inserted in the grooves of high speed engines.

1.3 Design of Piston A piston does the dirty work of actually taking the

brunt of the force of explosion arising of the

combustion of the fuel and passes it onto the

crankshaft (the big, heavy part of an engine that

rotates due to the movement of the piston). It takes a

tremendous amount of pressure (about 1000 Psi)

notwithstanding the severe heat that it has to take.

Now, when designing pistons, the weight is a serious

determining factor. Imagine the scenario -- on one

hand you would need the pistons to be able to pick up

all that heat and pressure, but on the other hand, you

still want it light. Material sciences come to the

rescue again with aluminum leading the pack for the

choice -- with its favorable strength-to-weight ratio;

the fact that it is easily machinable, has a great

thermal conductivity (can transfer heat quickly) and

most importantly, it is light weight, aluminum is the

choice material for making pistons today. However,

the big brother cast iron is also used for the

construction of pistons for the above mentioned

reasons, except that it is heavy and hence is used for

limited applications -- like slow-speed engines and

the like. You could have taken an intelligent guess as

to what would happen when you realize that solids

expand when heated; so when the piston takes so

much of heat; it does have to expand, doesn’t it?

When it does, won’t it be stuck within the cylinder?

Won’t your engine cough-up and stall? The

resounding answer is NO, because the piston is built

in such a way that allows for this expansion. From

the picture above, you would realize that the crown

(head of the piston) takes heat and hence expands

more than the other parts of the piston. So this area,

the upper part of the piston, is machined to a diameter

slightly lesser than the rest of the piston (the skirt,

mainly). Yet another way of controlling the piston’s

expansion is cut a slot into the skirt (the main body of

the piston). So when the piston heats, up the skirt

simply closes itself due to the metal expansion and

prevents the piston to expand outwards and touch the

cylinder. In order to reduce wear and increase the life

of piston grooves in high speed engines, a ferrous

metal rings are inserted into the grooves.

The piston rings, which are also called as

compression rings are fit closely in the grooves

provided in the piston. These rings are worn out

before the wearing of the piston and cylinder wall.

Hence by replacing the same, we can avoid

replacement of piston or cylinder.

The leakage of the high temperature gases produced

during power stroke in the combustion chamber is

prevented by piston rings. The piston rings form an

effective seal and at the same time transmit heat from

crown to the cylinder walls and hence keep the

temperature within the workable limit. There should

be at least two piston rings in each piston of internal

combustion engine. For the higher capacity engines,

there are four or even six piston rings have been used.

The number of rings is depending upon the capacity

and size of the I.C.Engine. In order to achieve the

effective seal against lubricating oil and high pressure

gases leakage, a great pressure must be exerted, by

each ring on the cylinder walls. To produce this

effect, the rings are made slightly larger in the

diameter than that of cylinder bore and cutting small

gap which is partly narrowed when the ring is fitted.

The end gap in the piston ring provides flexibility to

the ring and the same time allowing for thermal

expansion.

There are another rings used in piston grooves, called

as, Oil Scraper Rings. The function of these rings are,

only as much quantity of the oil as it just sufficient to

maintain proper lubrication is allowed to reach the

skit. The excess oil which would have leaked in the

combustion chamber without serving any useful

purpose and rather leading to carbonization is scraped

off by the oil scraper ring. While mounting the piston

rings over the piston, a great care should be taken to

ensure that the gaps of various rings should not fall in

the same vertical line. The piston rings of internal

combustion engines are made in various sections

such as, standard, tapered, grooved, wedge and L

shape. Whereas oil scraper rings are made as, narrow,

wide, tapered and six segment cord section.



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The cast iron along with 2.5% silicon will provide a

good wear resistance to piston ring. In case of

passenger cars, the piston rings are usually plated

with Chromium Tin or Cadmium. The plating

reduces the rate of cylinder wear and hence increases

the life of internal combustion engine.

The piston engine was first proposed by R.P.

Pescara and the original application was a single

piston air compressor. The engine concept was a

topic of much interest in the period 1930-1960. These

first generation piston engines were without

exception opposed piston engines, in which the two

pistons were mechanically linked to ensure

symmetric motion. Piston engines provided some

advantages over conventional technology, including

compactness and a vibration-free design. The first

successful application of the piston engine concept

was as air compressors. In these engines, air

compressor cylinders were coupled to the moving

pistons, often in a multi-stage configuration. Some of

these engines utilized the air remaining in the

compressor cylinders to return the piston, thereby

eliminating the need for a rebound device. Piston air

compressors were in use because it has advantages of

high efficiency, compactness and low noise and

vibration After the success of the piston air

compressor. A number of piston gas generators were

developed, and such units were in widespread use in

large-scale applications such as stationary and marine

power plants). High operational flexibility, and

excellent part load performance has been reported for

such engines

II. PISTON DESCRIPTION

Pistons move up and down in the cylinders which

exerts a force on a fluid inside the cylinder. Pistons

have rings which serve to keep the oil out of the

combustion chamber and the fuel and air out of the

oil. Most pistons fitted in a cylinder have piston

rings. Usually there are two spring-compression rings

that act as a seal between the piston and the cylinder

wall, and one or more oil control ring s below the

compression rings. The head of the piston can be flat,

bulged or otherwise shaped. Pistons can be forged or

cast. The shape of the piston is normally rounded but

can be different. A special type of cast piston is the

hypereutectic piston. The piston is an important

component of a piston engine and of hydraulic

pneumatic systems. Piston heads form one wall of an

expansion chamber inside the cylinder. The opposite

wall, called the cylinder head, contains inlet and

exhaust valves for gases. As the piston moves inside

the cylinder, it transforms the energy from the

expansion of a burning gas usually a mixture of

petrol or diesel and air into mechanical power in the

form of a reciprocating linear motion. From there the

power is conveyed through a connecting rod to a

crankshaft, which transforms it into a rotary motion,

which usually

Drives a gearbox through a clutch. Components of a

typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. (E)

Exhaust camshaft, (I) Intake camshaft, (S) Spark

plug, (V) Valves, (P) Piston, (R) Connecting rod, (C)

Crankshaft, (W) Water jacket for coolant flow.

The main modules are

Part Design

Assembly

Drawing

Sheet Metal

3D MODEL



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INTRODUCTION TO CASTING

Casting is one of the oldest procedures done on

metals. Many products are formed using this method.

Here is an attempt to share the knowledge of casting.

Casting is one of four types: sand casting, permanent

mold casting, plaster casting and Die casting. All

these types of castings have their own advantages and

disadvantages. Depending on the properties of the

product requited, one of the casting is selected.

Sand Casting: Sand casting is the oldest casting of the

above. This method of casting is in use since

1950.The texture of the product depends on the sand

used for casting. The end product is given smooth

finishing at the end. Usually iron, steel, bronze, brass,

aluminium, magnesium alloys which often include

lead, tin, and zinc are used.

Permanent mold casting: Permanent mold casting

uses two pieces of mold. This molds are joined

together and molten metal is pored into this mold.

The hot metal is allowed to cool and the mold pieces

are separated. Some products have metal extrusion

which are removed by flash grind or by hand. Tin,

lead and Zinc are commonly moulded using this

method.

Plaster casting: Plaster casting is one of the easiest

methods. How ever it is used for metals with low

melting point like Copper, Zinc and Aluminum. This

is the easiest process because mold can be made

easily in case it brakes in the procedures.

Die casting: Die casting is done by introducing

molten metal into the mold at high or low pressure.

Earlier only low-pressure die-casting was used but

now a days high pressure die casting is used more

extensively. Molds are well designed to give complex

products with stunning accuracy and smooth

finishing. They are made of high quality steel as steel

has higher melting point. These molds can be reused

thousands of times. Casts can be single cavity that

produces only a single component, multiple cavity

that produces multiple identical parts at a time, unit

die that produces different parts and combination die

that produces different parts in one go. Usually zinc,

copper, aluminium, magnesium, lead, pewter and tin

based alloys are used for die casting.



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Using die casting we can make products with pore-

free products that do not allow gas to pass though

them and making them strong. Two types of

machines are used for die-casting. Cold-chamber and

hot-chamber die-casting.

Hot-chamber die casting is used for high-fluidity

metals. First the molten metal is collected using

goose neck and then the metal is shot into the mold.

The advantage of this method is the cycles/min are

increased. But the disadvantage is that high melting

point metals and aluminum pick-sup iron particles.

Cold chamber die casting is used where hot-chamber

can not be used. In this process the molten metal is

transferred to the injector and then the injector injects

the metal into the mold. Metals with high melting

points can be die casted using this process but the

disadvantage is it is slow than hot-chamber process.

III. INTRODUCTION TO DIE CASTING

Die casting is a metal casting process that is

characterized by forcing molten metal under high

pressure into a mold cavity, which is machined into

two hardened tool steel dies. Most die castings are

made from non-ferrous metals, specifically zinc,

copper, aluminium, magnesium, lead, pewter and tin

based alloys. Depending on the type of metal being

cast, a hot- or cold-chamber machine is used.

The casting equipment and the metal dies represent

large capital costs and this tends to limit the process

to high volume production. Manufacture of parts

using die casting is relatively simple, involving only

four main steps, which keeps the incremental cost per

item low. It is especially suited for a large quantity of

small to medium sized castings, which is why die

casting produces more castings than any other casting

process. Die castings are characterized by a very

good surface finish (by casting standards) and

dimensional consistency.

Two variants are pore-free die casting, which is used

to eliminate gas porosity defects; and direct injection

die casting, which is used with zinc castings to

reduce scrap and increase yield.

Cast metals

The main die casting alloys are: zinc, aluminium,

magnesium, copper, lead, and tin; although

uncommon, ferrous die casting is possible. Specific

dies casting alloys include: ZAMAK; zinc

aluminium; aluminium to, e.g. The Aluminum

Association (AA) standards: AA 380, AA 384, AA

386, AA 390; and AZ91D magnesium. The following

is a summary of the advantages of each alloy:

• Zinc: the easiest alloy to cast; high ductility;

high impact strength; easily plated;

economical for small parts; promotes long

die life.

• Aluminium: lightweight; high dimensional

stability for complex shapes and thin walls;

good corrosion resistance; good mechanical

properties; high thermal and electrical

conductivity; retains strength at high

temperatures.

• Magnesium: the easiest alloy to machine;

excellent strength-to-weight ratio; lightest

alloy commonly die cast.

• Copper: high hardness; high corrosion

resistance; highest mechanical properties of

alloys die cast; excellent wear resistance;

excellent dimensional stability; strength

approaching that of steel parts.

• Lead and tin: high density; extremely close

dimensional accuracy; used for special

forms of corrosion resistance. Such alloys

are not used in foodservice applications for

public health reasons.

Maximum weight limits for aluminium, brass,

magnesium, and zinc castings are approximately

70 pounds (32 kg), 10 lb (5 kg), 44 lb (20 kg), and

75 lb (34 kg), respectively.

The material used defines the minimum section

thickness and minimum draft required for a casting as

outlined in the table below. The thickest section

should be less than 13 mm (0.5 in), but can be greater

Equipment

There are two basic types of die casting machines:

hot-chamber machines and cold-chamber

machines.These are rated by how much clamping

force they can apply. Typical ratings are between 400

and 4,000 st (2,500 and 25,000 kg).



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Hot-chamber machines

Schematic of a hot-chamber machine

Hot-chamber machines, also known as gooseneck

machines, rely upon a pool of molten metal to feed

the die. At the beginning of the cycle the piston of the

machine is retracted, which allows the molten metal

to fill the "gooseneck". The pneumatic or hydraulic

powered piston then forces this metal out of the

gooseneck into the die. The advantages of this system

include fast cycle times (approximately 15 cycles a

minute) and the convenience of melting the metal in

the casting machine. The disadvantages of this

system are that high-melting point metals cannot be

utilized and aluminium cannot be used because it

picks up some of the iron while in the molten pool.

Due to this, hot-chamber machines are primarily used

with zinc, tin, and lead based alloys.

Cold-chamber machines

A schematic of a cold-chamber die casting machine.

These are used when the casting alloy cannot be used

in hot-chamber machines; these include aluminium,

zinc alloys with a large composition of aluminium,

magnesium and copper. The process for these

machines start with melting the metal in a separate

furnace. Then a precise amount of molten metal is

transported to the cold-chamber machine where it is

fed into an unheated shot chamber (or injection

cylinder). This shot is then driven into the die by a

hydraulic or mechanical piston. This biggest

disadvantage of this system is the slower cycle time

due to the need to transfer the molten metal from the

furnace to the cold-chamber machine.

Dies

The ejector die half

PRO-E MANUFACTURING (MOLD

EXTRACTION)

A die is usually made in two halves and

when closed it forms a cavity similar to the casting

desired. One half of the die that remains stationary is

known as cover die and the other movable half is

called “ejector die”.

Molds separate into at least two halves (called the

core and the cavity) to permit the part to be extracted.

In general the shape of a part must not cause it to be

locked into the mold. For example, sides of objects

typically cannot be parallel with the direction of draw

(the direction in which the core and cavity separate

from each other). They are angled slightly (draft),

and examination of most plastic household objects



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will reveal this. Parts that are "bucket-like" tend to

shrink onto the core while cooling, and after the

cavity is pulled away. Pins are the most popular

method of removal from the core, but air ejection,

and stripper plates can also be used depending on the

application. Most ejection plates are found on the

moving half of the tool, but they can be placed on the

fixed half.

Core: The core which is the male portion of the mold

forms the internal shape of the molding.

Cavity: The cavity which is the female portion of the

mold, gives the molding its external form.

Shrinkage allowance considered as 1.3% for

aluminum and the mould draft considered as 1°.

CORE CAVITY PREPARATION OF MODEL

CORE

CAVITY

INSERT

CORE & CAVITY ASSEMBLY



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INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING

The manufacturing of various products is done at

different scales ranging from humble domestic

production of say candlesticks to the manufacturing

of huge machines including ships, aeroplanes and so

forth. The word manufacturing technology is mainly

used for the latter range of the spectrum of

manufacturing, and refers to the commercial

industrial production of goods for sale and

consumption with the help of gadgets and advanced

machine tools. Industrial production lines involve

changing the shape, form and/or composition of the

initial products known as raw materials into products

fit for final use known as finished products.

Manufacturing Technology The subject of manufacturing technology is very vast

and includes various types of machines tools required

to manufacture finished products which range from

simple hand-held tools, lathe machines, grinders,

milling machines to highly versatile and complicated

computerised numerical control or CNC machines

and so forth. Of course it also involves several

different techniques of manufacturing which can be a

subject matter of different details discussion and

some of these include casting, forging, alloying,

welding, soldering, brazing etc. each of these

techniques have their own advantages and limitations

and are a specialized field of knowledge in their own

right.

Material Science

Another related discipline which does not necessarily

fall strictly within the definition and scope of

manufacturing technology, but can be said to

complement the same is material science.

Manufacturing is done by use of metals and materials

of different kinds such as semiconductors and alloys

hence the importance and knowledge of the same in

the field of manufacturing technology cannot be

underestimated at any cost. Material science basically

deals with the property of materials and their

behaviour under different circumstances and

environments which is extremely useful and

necessary if those materials are to be worked around

to manufacture any sort of finished products using

them.

Any person wanting to specialize in the area of

manufacturing technology needs to master various

principles and techniques many of which have been

mentioned in the preceding sections. Usually the

training starts from learning the very basics of

machine workshop including tools and simple

procedures such as filing, drilling, boring, honing etc.

and goes on to the use of more complicated tools and

techniques involving the use of heavy and versatile

machine tools.

With the advancement of science and technology,

even manufacturing has been reaching new frontiers

and specialized needs such as light and strong

materials for spacecrafts have led to the development

of newer materials which are stronger than steel yet

many times lighter than the same. Combined with

other branches of engineering such as computing,

electronics, automation etc. this branch of mechanical

engineering is certainly set to break all barriers in the

coming future.

Process manufacturing is the production of goods that

are typically produced in bulk quantities, as opposed

to discrete and countable units. Process

manufacturing industries include chemicals, food and

beverage, gasoline, paint and pharmaceutical.

The production of process goods usually requires

inputs for thermal or chemical conversion, such as

heat, time and pressure. The product typically cannot

be disassembled to its constituent parts. For example,

once it is produced, a soft drink cannot be broken

down into its ingredients.

The term contrasts with discrete manufacturing,

which involves products that can be counted and

labeled on an individual basis. Examples of discrete

manufacturing industries include automotives,

equipment, appliances, apparel, toys and electronics

such as televisions and computers.

MILLING

Milling is the complex shaping of metal or

other materials by removing material to form the

final shape. It is generally done on a milling machine,

a power-driven machine that in its basic form

consists of a milling cutter that rotates about the

spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can



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move in multiple directions (usually two dimensions

[x and y axis] relative to the workpiece. The spindle

usually moves in the z axis. It is possible to raise the

table (where the workpiece rests). Milling machines

may be operated manually or under computer

numerical control (CNC), and can perform a vast

number of complex operations, such as slot cutting,

planing, drilling and threading, rabbeting, routing,

etc. Two common types of mills are the horizontal

mill and vertical mill.

The pieces produced are usually complex

3D objects that are converted into x, y, and z

coordinates that are then fed into the CNC machine

and allow it to complete the tasks required. The

milling machine can produce most parts in 3D, but

some require the objects to be rotated around the x, y,

or z coordinate axis (depending on the need).

Tolerances are usually in the thousandths of an inch

(Unit known as Thou), depending on the specific

machine.

In order to keep both the bit and material cool, a high

temperature coolant is used. In most cases the coolant

is sprayed from a hose directly onto the bit and

material. This coolant can either be machine or user

controlled, depending on the machine.

Materials that can be milled range from aluminium to

stainless steel and most everything in between. Each

material requires a different speed on the milling tool

and varies in the amount of material that can be

removed in one pass of the tool. Harder materials are

usually milled at slower speeds with small amounts

of material removed. Softer materials vary, but

usually are milled with a high bit speed.

The use of a milling machine adds costs that are

factored into the manufacturing process. Each time

the machine is used coolant is also used, which must

be periodically added in order to prevent breaking

bits. A milling bit must also be changed as needed in

order to prevent damage to the material. Time is the

biggest factor for costs. Complex parts can require

hours to complete, while very simple parts take only

minutes. This in turn varies the production time as

well, as each part will require different amounts of

time.

Safety is key with these machines. The bits are

traveling at high speeds and removing pieces of

usually scalding hot metal. The advantage of having a

CNC milling machine is that it protects the machine

operator.

PROCEDURE OF MANUFACTURING

CAVITY

ROUGHING

WITH WORKPIECE

CUTTING TOOL

PLAYPATH



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VERICUT

FINISHING

CORE

ROUGHING

WITH WORKPIECE

CUTTING TOOL

VERICUT

FINISHING



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THERMAL ANALYSIS OF PISTON

STEEL material

Save PRO E model as .iges format

→→Ansys → Workbench→ Select analysis system

→ study sate thermal structural → double click

→→Select geometry → right click → import

geometry → select browse →open part → ok

→select mesh on work bench → right click →edit

Double click on geometry → select MSBR → edit

material →

Density 2810 kg/m³

Young's modulus 46000 MPa

Passion ratio 0.23

Select mesh on left side part tree → right click →

generate mesh →

Meshed model

Select static structural right click → insert → select

displacement area > pressure area also

Select solution right click → solve → ok

Solution right click → insert → deformation → total

→ Solution right click → insert → strain →

equivalent (von-misses) → Solution right click →

insert → stress → equitant (von-mises) →Right

click on deformation → evaluate all result

Temperature

Directional Heat Flux

Total Heat Flux

Total Heat Flux

IV, CONCLUSION

In our project we have designed a piston

used in two wheeler and modeled in 3D modeling

software Pro/Engineer.

We have designed 4 cavity die for the

manufacturing of piston. We have calculated die



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design. We have to select 160T capacity machine for

the die.

We have prepared total die for the

manufacturing of piston and generated CNC

programming for the core and cavity.

In this project we conclude that this project fulfills

the all the requirements of the piston design and

manufacturing.

We have also included the cost estimation of

piston. The total die cost esti68mated for the piston is

Rs. 227033.64 and cost per each component is

estimated to Rs. 67.688/-.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. A Textbook of Machine Design by

R.S.KHURMI AND J.K.GUPTA

2. Engineering_fundamentals_of_the_internal_

combustion_engine by Willard W.

Pulkrabek

3. Mechanical Engineering Design by

Budynas−Nisbet

4. Manufacturing Process For Engineering

Materials, 5th Edition by j.mater

5. Automotive Engineering by Patric GRANT.

6. Handbook of mechanical engineering -

modern manufacturing by Ed. Frank Kreith

7. Automotive.Production.Systems.and.Standar

disation by WERNER.

8. Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal

Combustion Engine by Willard W.

Pulkrabek



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FOUR CAVITIES DIE CASTING DIE DESIGN AND ...ijrpublisher.com/gallery/64-december-2018.pdfFOUR CAVITIES DIE CASTING DIE DESIGN AND ESTIMATING COST OF 2-WHEELER PISTON #1 VASAM SETTI