Foundations of Freedom 20110124

8/2/2019 Foundations of Freedom 20110124

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/foundations-of-freedom-20110124 1/231

Losefmvioeq ol LzccfogLmkk :4=4



Qogc ol v`c qkifcq ie vìq tzcqcevmvioe zclcz vo v`c QVMVC OL ^MQ@IENVOE mef ZC\IQCF AOFC OL

^MQ@IENVOE (–ZA %“) @o~c|cz+ qigikmz ielozgmvioe ame jc losef ie v`c qvmvsvcq mef aofcq ol ecmzky

c|czy QVMVC ol v`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ% Mkk cgt`mqiq oe }sovmvioeq gmy jc aoeqvzscf vo `m|c jcce mffcf%

Vìq tzcqcevmvioe iq tzo|ifcf loz ielozgmvioe tsztoqcq oeky+ EOV mq kcnmk mf|iac% Mlvcz zcmfien mef

qvsfyien vìq tzcqcevmvioe+ v`c |ic~cz qòskf fcvczgiec loz ìg/`czqckl ò~ oz ~`cv`cz vo mav oe v`c

ielozgmvioe tzcqcevcf% V`c msvòzq mqqsgc eo kimjikivy loz v`c mavq+ mavioeq+ oz lmikszc vo mav ol meyoec

sqien v`c ielozgmvioe aoevmiecf ie vìq tzcqcevmvioe% Lszv`czgozc+ ~c cptkiaivky fiqaoszmnc |iokceac mq m

–qoksvioe“ vo v`c qivsmvioeq lmaien osz emvioe mef ieqvcmf ceaoszmnc tcmaclsk zcqoksvioe%

©:4=4 ie aoggoe km~ jy Gia`mck'Foemkf+ fckcnmvc oe Mkmjmgm Zctsjkia mef Qcazcvmzy ol v`c fckcnmvcq

ol v`c qc|czmk qvmvcq ol v`c seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam+ mq mgcefcf M%F% =>9=8 mef Amzgce'Aozieec+fckcnmvc oe ^mqìenvoe Zctsjkia mef \iac'Tzcqifcev ol v`c fckcnmvcq% © cpaksfcq V`c Gmvzip+ V`c îrmzf

ol Or+ Aìvvy Aìvvy Jmen Jmen+ Qvmz Vzch2 V`c Ecpv Nceczmvioe mef mkk mkv Fiqecy© zclczceacq%

Vìq qkifc tzcqcevmvioe gmy jc lzccky q`mzcf jy mkk jsv gmy eov jc mkvczcf oz sqcf loz tzoliv jy

meyoec ~ivòsv v`c cptzcqq+ ~zivvce tczgiqqioe ol v`c msvòzq%

Fiqakmigcz



–Vmhc v`c jksc tikk+ ~`czc

*v`c qvozy cefq+ yos ~mhc stie yosz jcf mef jckic|c

~`mvc|cz yos ~mev vo

jckic|c*+ oz vo vmhc v`c zcf

tikk+ ~`czc *yos qvmy ie

~oefczkmef+ mef I qò~ yos

ò~ fcct v`c zmjjiv òkc

nocq%“

Gozt`csq+ V`c Gmvzip

^mzeien2 Vìq qkifc qò~

gmy a`menc yosz kilc-



^`y fif v`c Aokoeiqvq aogc vo Mgcziam?

Lzog M%F% =330 vo =3<>+ Cenkmef‐q ec~cqv a`sza`cq mqqczvcf v`ciz ao|cemevq ~iv` cma`

ov`cz+ ottoqien v`c ie|czvcf lcfczmkiqg ol v`c qvmvc A`sza` ol Cenkmef% Jy =<4> M% F%+ v`cy

~czc gccvien ie zszmk ògcq mef jcaogien qtizivsmkky }siahcecf% Tczqcasvcf jy v`ciz

gov`cz aosevzy+ v`cy qooe jcnme gmhien v`ciz ~my vo ov`cz kmefq+ ~`czc v`ciz aoefsav

vcqvilicf vo v`c msv`ceviaivy ol v`ciz ~ivecqq% V`ciz ec~ ecin`jozq losef v`cg vo jc gce mef

~ogce ol tcmac+ noof a`mzmavcz mef qvzoen ~ozh cvìa+ mef v`ciz fcfiamvioe vo zckiniosqlzccfog nzc~ lmgosq%

Ov`cz emvioeq aokoeircf kmefq… Mgcziam aokoeircf ifcmq%

V`c Zin`v vo lzccfog jcien v`c nilv ol Nof Mkgin`vy…v`c Zin`vq ol v`c aokoeimkiqvq mq

A`ziqvimeq…gmy jc jcqv sefczqvoof jy zcmfien mef amzclskky qvsfyien v`c ieqvivsvcq ol v`cNzcmv Km~ni|cz…~ìa` mzc vo jc losef akcmzky ~zivvce mef tzogsknmvcf ie v`c Ec~

Vcqvmgcev% Qmgsck Mfmgq% Zin`vq ol v`c Aokoeimkiqvq+ =>>:

M vcefceay vo goemza`y jcnieq vo fc|ckot ie ~`mv ~mq mv lizqv m qigtkc zctsjkia% V`c

tzieaitkc ol c}smkivy mef lzmvczeivy jcnieq vo jc qstczqcfcf jy v`c qtiziv ol msvòzivy mef

qsjozfiemvioe% Kcoemzf Jmaoe+ =0>6



Yos lcck iv…

V`czc iq qogcvìen òzzijky ~zoen ieosz emvioe% c mkk heo~ iv+ mefgmey ol v`c tcotkc ol vìq emvioe mzcvzyien vo lip v`c tzojkcg% \mziosqgcvòfq sqcf vo aozzcav v`c tzojkcg`m|ce‐v ~ozhcf ycv% @czc mzc v~o

jmqia zcmqoeq ~`y…

=% Ieaogtkcvc sefczqvmefien ol v`ctzojkcg+ ~ìa` zcqskvq iese~ozhmjkc qoksvioeq%

:% Kmah ol seivy ol v`c tcotkc ie vìq

emvioe%‛^`mv yos heo~ yos ame.v cptkmie+ jsv

yos lcck iv% Yos.|c lckv iv yosz cevizc kilc+

v`mv v`czc.q qogcvìen ~zoen ~iv` v`c

~ozkf% Yos foe.v heo~ ~`mv iv iq+ jsv iv.q

v`czc+ kihc m qtkievcz ie yosz gief+ fzi|ien

yos gmf%‗

Gozt`csq+ V`c Gmvzip+ =999



=% Kcm|c osz emvioe mef ki|c mjzomf sefcz v`c zmfmz%

:% Igivmvc me oqvzia`+ –qviah osz `cmf ie v`c qmef+“ mef ineozc~`mv iq `mttceien% Gmey tcotkc heo~ qogcvìen iq ~zoen+jsv mzc voo mlzmif ol –v`c no|czegcev“ vo fo meyvìen%

1% Zcqvozc v`c ai|ikime no|czegcev (m Zctsjkia) mq iv ~mq

oziniemkky ie tkmac loz vìq emvioe% Tmvziah @cezy cptzcqqcf vìqotvioe ~`ce `c qmif+ –Ni|c gc kijczvy oz ni|c gc fcmv`-“Vofmy+ òeozmjkc gce mef ~ogce mzc aòoqien vìq otvioefcqtivc v`ciz lcmz ol ottzcqqi|c no|czegcev+ qo v`mv v`ciz*aìkfzce ~ikk eov ~mhc st ògckcqq oe v`c aoeviecev v`cizlozclmv`czq aoe}sczcf%“ Vògmq Bcllczqoe

^c `m|c 1 aòiacq… Tmvziah @cezy



M loszv` aòiac mkqo cpiqvq+ jsv iv ~ikk ec|cz ~ozh% Vìq loszv`

aòiac iq vzyien vo „lip‐ v`c fc lmavo+ aoztozmvc no|czegcev% Meynzost vzyien vo aoevzok+ oz vmhc o|cz v`c Aoztozmvioe heo~e mq v`cSEIVCF QVMVCQ+ mgosevq vo m òqvikc vmhco|cz% Vìq gmhcqv`cqc tcotkc òqvikc cecgy aogjmvmevq+ mef vmzncvq loz v`caoztozmvc no|czegcev mq v`c tcotkc mzc eov q`mzcòkfczq ol vìq

aoztozmvioe% Qsa` nzostq gmy `m|c v`c jcqv ol ievcevioeq jsvkmah aczvmie hcy ticacq ol v`c tsrrkc% (i%c%+ Vcm Tmzvy Go|cgcev+ Kijczvy nzostq+ vmp tzovcqvozq+ gikivim nzostq+ Kijczvmzimeq+ cva%)

Giqfizcavioe



Kcv’q ôzh Voncv`cz--c `m|c vo qvot v`c ie'lin`vien% c mzc gozc to~czlsk ~`ce

~c seivc voncv`cz% C|czy vigc oec Mgcziame `mq v`ciz zin`vq

|iokmvcf ~ivìe vìq aosevzy+ ~c mzc mkk oec qvct akoqcz vo`m|ien eo zin`vq kclv% ^c gsqv qvmef st loz cma` ov`cz mq ~ckk

mq oszqck|cq% Vìq iq v`c oeky ~my ~c mzc noien vo ncv osz

lzccfog+ mef osz emvioe jmah%

c gsqv ~ozh voncv`cz… ~c v`c tcotkc òkf v`c to~cz+ jsv oeky ~`ce ~c ~ozh voncv`cz%

Vìq iq ~`y ~c mqqcgjkc-



Vo tzc|cev sq lzog

noien fo~e v`c~zoen zomf+ ~c eccf vo sefczqvmef ò~

vìenq amgc vo jc+ mef ò~ vìenq qòskf jc%Yos ameeov azcmvc me mzviliaimk

cevivy mef ni|c iv gozc

to~cz v`me yos toqqcqq%

Sefczqvmefien Kigivq



Nof Azcmvcf Qo|czcine Gme

Qo|czcine gme iq gmfc ie @iq igmnc mef iq qsjbcav vo+ ozzskcf jy+ @iq km~q% (Cpmgtkc2 nzm|ivy mef vigc)



Nof‐q km~q mkqo ieaksfc ieqvzsavioeq oe ò~ vo ievczmav

~iv` ov`czq mef ò~ vo qckl'no|cze oszqck|cq mef oszai|ikime no|czegcev% Ol tzigmzy igtozvmeac mzc v`caoeactvq ol eov `mzgien ov`czq+ qvc~mzfqìt mq ~ckk mqtzotczvy o~eczqìt mef Zin`vq%

Nof‐q Km~Osz Losefien Lmv`czq

azcmvcf osz Emvioe‐q

losefien foasgcevq jmqcfstoe Nof‐q Km~q%



Zin`vq mzc Nof'ni|ceZin`vq mzc Nof'ni|ce+ eov Aoeqvivsvioe'ni|ce% Fczi|ien vivkc lzog Nof+

gme.q akmig iq ìn`cz v`me v`c to~cz ol mkk no|czegcevq% V`c Jofy'

tokivia+ oz no|czegcev+ iq vzsqvcc ‑ eov gmqvcz% Gme iq m acqvsi }sc vzsqv+eov m qkm|c% Zin`v tzcacfcq to~cz8 mef to~cz iq Nof'ni|ce vo nsmzf

Nof'ni|ce zin`v% No|czegcevmk to~cz iq kcnivigmvc oeky ~`ce iv

tzovcavq+ mef iq sekm~lsk ~`ce iv igtmizq v`c zin`v ol gme%

Aoeactvq lzog2 V`c Aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq2 M Aziviamk Fiqasqqioe ol ivq Ncecqiq+ Fc|ckotgcev+

mef Ievcztzcvmvioe jy Boè Zmefokt` Vsahcz+ KK%F%+ kmvc Tzolcqqoz ol Aoeqvivsvioemk mef Ievczemvioemk Km~

mef C}sivy+ mqìenvoe mef Kcc Sei|czqivy% © =099 jy Amkkmn`me , Ao

Acqvsi }sc vzsqv% @c ~ò `mq m zin`v vo m jcecliaimk ievczcqv ie mef osv ol me cqvmvc v`c kcnmk vivkc vo ~ìa` iq

|cqvcf ie meov`cz% V`c tczqoe ~ò toqqcqqcq v`c c}sivmjkc zin`v vo tzotczvy mef zcaci|cq v`c zcevq+ iqqscq+ mef

tzolivq v`czcol8 v`c kcnmk cqvmvc ol ~ìa` iq |cqvcf ie m vzsqvcc% V`c jcecliaimzy ol m vzsqv%Jkmah.q Km~ Fiavioemzy qipv` cfivioe



Fsvy vo Fclcef Zin`vqQckl'tzcqcz|mvioe+ qckl'fclceqc mef qckl'fc|ckotgcev vo v`c ìn`cqv fcnzcc

toqqijkc iq m zckiniosq fsvy% c eov oeky gmy+ jsv gsqv+ fclcef oszqck|cq% Qckl'

fclceqc iq m ao|cemevmk ojkinmvioe ‑ m zckiniosq fsvy% Il ~c `ckf osz zin`vqmjqoksvcky+ ~c ~oskf `m|c m gczc zin`v vo fclcef v`cg mef gin`v ~mi|c v`cg8

jsv mq ~c òkf v`cg ie vzsqv loz Nof+ ~c mzc josef jy zckiniosq ojkinmvioe vo

fclcef v`cg%

Gme fclcefq eov ìq o~e+ jsv Nof‐q zin`v ie ìg%

V`c zin`v mef fsvy ol gce mzc

qstczioz vo mey akmig jy no|czegcev%



Vzsqvcc |q% O~eczGmey A`ziqvimeq vofmy sefczqvmef v`c aoeactv v`mv vìenq ~c o~e ~c mzc qvc~mzfq ol jcamsqc

osz o~eczqìt iq mq m Vzsqvcc+ mef Nof iq v`c vzsc o~ecz% ^c mkqo òkf osz zin`vq mef vmkcevq ie

qvc~mzfqìt mq Vzsqvcc% V`c boj ol m Vzsqvcc iq vo òkf mef tzovcav v`c tzotczvy ol v`c Vzsqv%

V`c Vzsqvcc focq eov o~e v`mv ~ìa` `c iq ie vzsqv o|cz%

V`c lokko~ien Ec~ Vcqvmgcev tmqqmncq qò~ v`mv ~c mzc v`c Vzsqvccq ol v`c zin`vq mef

vmkcevq ni|ce vo sq jy Nof+ ~c mzc eov v`c O~eczq%

–Lzog c|czyoec ~ò `mq jcce ni|ce gsa`+ gsa` ~ikk jc fcgmefcf“

Kshc =:260

–Loz ~òc|cz `mq ~ikk jc ni|ce gozc+ mef v`cy ~ikk `m|c me mjsefmeac% ^òc|cz focq

eov `m|c+ c|ce ~`mv v`cy `m|c ~ikk jc vmhce lzog v`cg%“

Gmvv`c~ :32:9 (Lzog v`c Tmzmjkc ol v`c Vmkcevq)



Vzsqvcc Ojkinmvioeq

Mq Vzsqvccq+ ~c `m|c v`c zcqtoeqijikivy vo tzovcav osz zin`vq% Vo yickf v`cqc

zin`vq iq vzcmqoe vo Nof.q vzsqv+ mef fcqvzsavioe ol osz fsvy% Osz fclceqc ol osz

zin`vq mef kijczvicq iq m zckiniosq fsvy vo Nof% \oksevmzy qszzcefcz ol zin`vq iqtczqoemk vzcmqoe ol Nof.q Vzsqv+ mef vo fctzi|c m gme ol ìq zin`vq iq vo zoj Nof‐q

zin`v ie ìg% Mq ~mzfq ol Nof+ ~c gsqv sqc c|czy gcmeq vo tzc|cev no|czegcev

lzog vszeien ivq to~cz+ cevzsqvcf loz osz qìckf+ ievo m q~ozf loz osz zsie%

Zin`vq mef vmkcevq mzc eov gczc toqqcqqioeq vo sqc oz eov sqc+ mv v`cotvioe ol v`c òkfcz+ jsv vo jc sqcf sefcz v`c qmeavioe ol fsvy vo Nof% Vìqjcaogcq me igtskqc vo zcmk kilc+ v`mv iq+ vo qckl'fc|ckotgcev+ vo v`c ìn`cqvfcnzcc toqqijkc%

Aoeactvq lzog2 V`c Aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq2 M Aziviamk Fiqasqqioe ol ivq Ncecqiq+Fc|ckotgcev+ mef Ievcztzcvmvioe jy Boè Zmefokt` Vsahcz+ KK%F%+ kmvc Tzolcqqoz ol Aoeqvivsvioemk

mef Ievczemvioemk Km~ mef C}sivy+ mqìenvoe mef Kcc Sei|czqivy% © =099 jy Amkkmn`me , Ao%



Kcnivigmvc Tokiviamk To~cz

V`c qceqc ol ojkinmvioe vo Nof igtkmevq ie sq qsa` m tzolosef

aoeqaiosqecqq ol osz maaosevmjikivy loz osz fcqviey mq vo gmhc iv m gozmk

lozac+ ~ìa` fzcmfq vzcmqoe vo Nof gozc v`me mkk v`c v`zcmvq ol `sgme to~cz

‑ mef gmhcq zcqiqvmeac vo vyzmeey ojcficeac vo Nof %

Iv iq eov zin`v loz sq vo zcefcz vo Amcqmz ~`mv jckoenq vo Nof ‑ eoz vo ojcy

gme zmv`cz v`me osz Gmhcz% V`c vzsqv tsztoqc ol tokiviamk to~cz+ mef v`c fsvy ol

`sgme ojcficeac+ mzc qcv lozv` mq ievczfctcefcev+ gmhien v`c ojqcz|meac ol

jov` c}smk ojkinmvioe% Eo tokiviamk to~cz iq kcnivigmvc ~ìa` |iokmvcq mef focq

eov aoeqcz|c Gme'Zin`v% Iv gsqv tzovcav mef stòkf osz zin`vq+ eov mqqmik meffcqvzoy v`cg%

–Mkk tokiviamk to~cz iq ie`czcev ie v`c tcotkc…“

Qvmvc ol ^mqìenvoe Aoeqvivsvioe



Yos+ v`c qo|czcine gce

mef ~ogce+ mzc v`c to~cz ol ai|ikime

no|czegcev%

Qo|czcine gme òkfq qo|czcinevy o|cz kmef `c qvc~mzfq

(òkfq ie Vzsqv) loz Nof% No|czegcev `mq EO km~lsk

bsziqfiavioe o|cz vìq kmef%

Qo|czcine Gme



Qo|czcinevy ol v`c tcotkczcaoneircf jy v`c QVMVCQ

–V`c tcotkc ol vìq qvmvc fo eov yickf v`ciz qo|czcinevy vov`c mnceaicq v`mv qcz|c v`cg% V`c tcotkc+ ie fckcnmvien

msvòzivy+ fo eov ni|c v`ciz tsjkia qcz|mevq v`c zin`v vo

fcaifc ~`mv iq noof loz v`c tcotkc vo heo~ mef ~`mv iq eov

noof loz v`cg vo heo~%“Zc|iqcf Aofc ol mqìenvoe Qvmvc (ZA^ 6:%3<%414)



Qo|czcinevy ol v`c tcotkc

zcaoneircf jy v`c aoszvq*Qo|czcinevy ivqckl iq+ ol aoszqc+ eov qsjbcav vo km~+ loz iv iq v`c

msvòz mef qoszac ol km~8 jsv ie osz qyqvcg+ ~ìkc qo|czcine

to~czq mzc fckcnmvcf vo v`c mnceaicq ol v`c no|czegcev+qo|czcinevy ivqckl zcgmieq ~iv` v`c tcotkc+ jy ~òg mef loz

~òg mkk no|czegcev cpiqvq mef mavq%*Yiah ô |% @othieq+==0 SQ 13< ' =00<



Se}scqvioeien Qsjgiqqioe?

Goqcq+ Fm|if+ Fmeick+ Q`mfzma`+ Gcq`ma`+ mef Mjcfecno+ mef Boè v`c Jmtviqv mkkfclicf ai|ik msvòzivicq% Qigoe Tcvcz fclimevky vokf ai|ik gmniqvzmvcq *^c osn`v vo ojcyNof zmv`cz v`me gce%* V`c Mtoqvkc Tmsk ~zovc gmey ol ìq ctiqvkcq lzog ieqifcno|czegcev tziqoeq% Jclozc Boè tceecf v`c Zc|ckmvioe+ `c `mf jcce jmeiq`cf vo meiqkmef tziqoe jy ai|ik msvòzivicq% @o~ gmey vigcq `m|c A`ziqvimeq jcce gmzvyzcf lozfclyien ai|ik msvòzivy? V`c qvozicq ol fclimeac vo ai|ik no|czegcev (ie oec lozg oz

meov`cz) aogtziqc m nzcmv tczacevmnc ol mkk v`c qvozicq aoevmiecf ie v`c Jijkc%

Il v`c qvozy ol Tcvcz ie tziqoe ~czc jciencptcziceacf vofmy+ ieqvcmf ol v`c a`sza` zmkkyien

jcìef v`ciz tmqvoz mef aoefsavien me mkk'ein`v

tzmycz gccvien loz ìg+ goqv a`sza` gcgjczq ~oskf jc cpaozimvien ìg ie v`c emgc ol Zogmeqa`mtvcz =1% Ieqvcmf ol Tmsk jcien kcv fo~e v`c ~mkkie m jmqhcv vo cqamtc v`c ai|ik msvòzivicq vzyien vomttzc`cef ìg+ v`c m|czmnc A`ziqvime vofmy ~oskf

jc v`c lizqv oec vo vsze ìg o|cz vo v`c

*msvòzivicq%*



^`czc iq Yosz @cmzv?

^c `m|c m tzmaviamk+ ìqvoziamk mef jijkiamk gmefmvc vo lcz|cevky fiqojcy mey

seaoeqvivsvioemk km~q mef mkk no|czegcev olliaimkq ~ò acmqc vo jc noof gieiqvczq

ol Nof% Nof iq v`c oeky to~cz v`mv fcqcz|cq sekigivcf ojcficeac% @cktienno|czegcev tcztcvzmvc sebsqv mavioeq mnmieqv meyoec iq m azigc mnmieqv @cm|ce%

V`c vigc aogcq+ v`mv ~òc|cz hikkq yos ~ikk vìeh v`mv `c focq Nof qcz|iac%Boè =<2:

Jc~mzc ol yosz lzicefq8 fo eov vzsqv meyoec ie yosz akme% Loz c|czy oec ol v`cg iq mfcaci|cz+ mef c|czy lzicef m qkmefczcz% Lzicef fcaci|cq lzicef+ mef eo oec qtcmhqv`c vzsv`% V`cy `m|c vmsn`v v`ciz voenscq vo kic8 v`cy ~cmzy v`cgqck|cq ~iv`qieeien% Yos ki|c ie v`c gifqv ol fcactvioe8 ie v`ciz fcaciv v`cy zclsqc vomaheo~kcfnc gc+* fcakmzcq v`c KOZF%

Bczcgim` 92 6'<



Kijczvy+ Lzccfog , Zin`vq

–C|czy gme gmy akmig v`c lskkcqv kijczvy vo cpczaiqc ìq lmaskvicq aogtmvijkc ~iv`

v`c cpczaiqc ol kihc kijczvy jy c|czy ov`cz gme… C|czy gme `mq lzccfog vo fo

mkk v`mv `c ~ikkq+ tzo|ifcf v`mv `c ielziencq eov v`c c}smk lzccfog ol mey ov`cz

gme%“@czjczv Qtceacz

M gme jckoenq vo ìgqckl+ qsjbcav oeky vo Nof‐q zin`v ie ìg%

Fi|iec vivkc vo qckl iq v`c losefmvioe ol v`c

Fi|iec zin`v ol gme vo tzotczvy ie cpvczemk vìenq%



Km~lsk no|czegcev iq kigivcf Km~lsk No|czegcev ameeov jc qo

cpczaiqcf jy ivqckl mq vo fcqvzoy oz

mjzifnc zin`vq% V`c tzovcavoz ameeov

mqqmik vòqc `c ~mq ozfmiecf votzovcav+ mef ameeov fcqvzoy v`c kijczvy

`c ~mq azcmvcf vo qcaszc% Osz

no|czegcev iq zin`vlsk oeky ~`ce iv iq

kigivcf vo v`c tsztoqc ol tzcqcz|ien

v`c kijczvy ol ivq gcgjczq ie v`c qckl'sqc ol v`ciz zcqtcavi|c lmaskvicq sefcz

v`ciz qctmzmvc mef cpaksqi|c

zcqtoeqijkc fsvy vo Nof%



Fcakmzmvioe ol Iefctcefceac

*^c òkf v`cqc vzsv`q vo jc qckl'c|ifcev+ v`mv mkk gce mzc azcmvcf c}smk+ v`mv

v`cy mzc cefo~cf jy v`ciz Azcmvoz ~iv` aczvmie semkicemjkc Zin`vq+ v`mv

mgoen v`cqc mzc Kilc+ Kijczvy mef v`c tszqsiv ol @mttiecqq% ‖ V`mv vo

qcaszc v`cqc zin`vq+ No|czegcevq mzc ieqvivsvcf mgoen Gce+ fczi|ien v`ciz

bsqv to~czq lzog v`c aoeqcev ol v`c no|czecf+ ‖ V`mv ~`cec|cz mey Lozg

ol No|czegcev jcaogcq fcqvzsavi|c ol v`cqc cefq+ iv iq v`c Zin`v ol v`c

Tcotkc vo mkvcz oz vo mjokiq` iv+ mef vo ieqvivsvc ec~ No|czegcev+ kmyien ivq

losefmvioe oe qsa` tzieaitkcq mef oznmeirien ivq to~czq ie qsa` lozg+ mq vo

v`cg q`mkk qccg goqv kihcky vo cllcav v`ciz Qmlcvy mef @mttiecqq…*




Sqsztmvioe ol Zin`vq^`ce v`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ |iokmvcq v`c kigivq qcv

stoe iv ie v`c Aoeqvivsvioe mef ie|mfcq v`c fogmie ol

iefi|ifsmk lzccfog+ iv sqsztq me msvòzivy ec|cz |cqvcf

ie iv+ mef |iokmvcq osz zin`vq%

V`c gmie tsztoqc ol oszNo|czegcev iq vo tzovcav osz zin`vq%



V`c Tsztoqc ol v`c Aoeqvivsvioe

Stoe no|czegcev+ v`czclozc+ v`czc mzc

zcqvzmievq mq vo v`ciz toqqijkc sqsztmvioe

mef mjsqc ol to~cz+ mq ~ckk mq qsa`

fclieivioe mef kigiv vo v`c cpczaiqc ol

v`ciz lseavioeq+ mq ~ikk qcaszc v`c kijczvy

iv ~mq azcmvcf vo qcaszc%

V`c Aoeqvivsvioe ~mq azcmvcf jy *~cv`c tcotkc* mef v`c no|czegcev `mq eo

zin`v oz msvòzivy vo c|cz a`menc+mjokiq`+ oz o|cz'zifc v`c Aoeqvivsvioemkkigivq qcv stoe iv%



V`c Aoeqvivsvioe Kigivq

Km~lsk No|czegcev

Iv iq ikkoniamk mef ~òkky aoevzmzy vo

zcmqoe+ v`mv m no|czegcev – ol v`c tcotkc+

loz v`c tcotkc+ mef jy v`c tcotkc“ `mq

mey sekigivcf msvòzivy+ oz mey to~cz vofcqvzoy v`c iefi|ifsmk kijczvy ol v`c

tcotkc% V`c kigivmvioeq tkmacf oe v`c

no|czegcev maaozfien vo ivq oziniemk

aoeqvivsvioe jief v`c no|czegcev vo

ojcficeac mef v`c lmav v`mv eo msvòzivyiq zin`vlsk ~ìa` focq eov aoeqcz|c v`c

tczqoemk kijczvy ol v`c gme mef tzogovc

ìq iefi|ifsmk noof%



Km~q v`mv |iokmvc v`c kigivq

ol v`c Aoeqvivsvioe mzc Eov Km~q+ =

*Mkk mavq ol c|czy fctmzvgcev ol no|czegcev+ ~ivìe v`c

aoeqvivsvioemk josefq ol to~czq+ mzc |mkif8 mkk jcyoef josefq mzc

*izzivsg cv iemec* ‖ eskk mef |oif% = = Azmea`+ 19= X=><'=>0W



.Km~q. v`mv |iokmvc v`c kigivq

ol v`c Aoeqvivsvioe mzc Eov Km~q+ :

No|czegcev `mq eo ie`czcev msvòzivy cpactv ~`mv iq fckcnmvcf vo iv jy ivq

qo|czcine tzieaitmk% Meyvìen no|czegcev focq jcyoef iv.q aoeqvivsvioemk kigivq

ameeov jc km~lskky mavcf stoe% Eciv`cz ame no|czegcev km~lskky a`menc v`c

aoeqvivsvioe v`mv kigivq iv% Oeky ~c v`c tcotkc ame fo vìq%



.Km~q. v`mv |iokmvc v`c kigivq

ol v`c Aoeqvivsvioe mzc Eov Km~q+ 1Me seaoeqvivsvioemk mav iq eov km~8 iv aoelczq eo zin`vq8 iv igtoqcq eo fsvicq8

mllozfq eo tzovcavioe8 iv azcmvcq eo olliac8 iv iq ie kcnmk aoevcgtkmvioe+ mq

ieotczmvi|c mq vòsn` iv `mf ec|cz jcce tmqqcf%

Eozvoe |q% Q`ckjy Aosevy+ ==0 SQ 6:3 t% 66:

Eo oec iq josef vo ojcy me seaoeqvivsvioemk km~ mef eo aoszvq mzc josef vo

celozac iv% =< Mg Bsz :ef+ Qca =>> kmvc :f+ Qca :3<

Iv iq m nceczmk zskc v`mv me olliacz+ cpcasvi|c+ mfgieiqvzmvi|c+ }smqi'bsfiaimk+

gieiqvczimk+ oz ov`cz~iqc+ ~ò mavq osvqifc v`c qaotc ol ìq bsziqfiavioe+ mef

~ivòsv msvòzirmvioe ol km~ gmy v`czcjy zcefcz ìgqckl mgcemjkc vo tczqoemk

kimjikivy ie m ai|ik qsiv% Aootcz |% OdAoeecz+ <9 Mtt FA =44+ 99 L (:f)



ZA^ 6%46%4=4Cpvcev vo ~ìa` aoggoe km~ tzc|mikq% V`c aoggoe km~+ qo

lmz mq iv iq eov ieaoeqiqvcev ~iv` v`c Aoeqvivsvioe mef km~q ol v`c

Seivcf Qvmvcq+ oz ol v`c qvmvc ol ^mqìenvoe eoz ieaogtmvijkc~iv` v`c ieqvivsvioeq mef aoefivioe ol qoaicvy ie vìq qvmvc+ q`mkk jc

v`c zskc ol fcaiqioe ie mkk v`c aoszvq ol vìq qvmvc%

(Zc|iqcf Aofc ol mqìenvoe 6%46%4=4)



Kijczvy mef Bsqviac loz Mkk?

Il yos lcck v`c qvmvsvc ie|ok|cf ie mey azigiemk amqc jcien vzicf jy yos iq selmiz+ oz v`mv iv

ielziencq stoe v`c fclcefmev.q emvszmk+ Nof'ni|ce+ iemkicemjkc oz Aoeqvivsvioemk zin`vq+ yosgsqv mllizg v`mv v`c ollcefien qvmvsvc iq zcmkky eo km~ mv mkk mef v`mv v`c |iokmvioe ol iv iq eo

azigc mv mkk ‑ loz eo gme iq josef vo ojcy me sebsqv aoggmef% Yosz |ovc ol EOV NSIKVY

gsqv jc zcqtcavcf jy mkk ov`cz gcgjczq ol v`c bszy' loz yos mzc eov v`czc mq m look+ gczcky vo

mnzcc ~iv` v`c gmbozivy+ jsv mq me olliacz ol v`c aoszv mef m }smkilicf bsfnc ie yosz o~e zin`v%

V`czcie kicq v`c ottozvseivy loz v`c maaogtkiq`gcev ol *kijczvy mef bsqviac loz mkk%* Il yos+

mef esgczosq ov`cz bszozq v`zosnòsv v`c qvmvc mef emvioe+ jcnie mef aoeviesc vo jzien ie

|czfiavq ol EOV NSIKVY ie qsa` amqcq ~`czc m gme'gmfc qvmvsvc iq fclcavi|c oz ottzcqqi|c+

v`cqc qvmvsvcq ~ikk jcaogc mq iecllcavi|c mq il v`cy `mf ec|cz jcce ~zivvce% Iv oeky vmhcq oec

bszoz vo cllcav m |czfiav ol EOV NSIKVY ie mey azigiemk vzimk%

Tmzmt`zmqcf lzog *M Zskc Jooh loz Bszozq+* msvòz seheo~e%



Aoeqvivsvioe+ Mzviakc \I

Vìq Aoeqvivsvioe+ mef v`c Km~q ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ~ìa` q`mkk jc gmfc ie

Tszqsmeac v`czcol8 mef mkk Vzcmvicq gmfc+ oz ~ìa` q`mkk jc gmfc+ sefcz v`c

Msvòzivy ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ q`mkk jc v`c qstzcgc Km~ ol v`c Kmef8 mef v`c

Bsfncq ie c|czy Qvmvc q`mkk jc josef v`czcjy+ mey vìen ie v`c Aoeqvivsvioe oz

Km~q ol mey Qvmvc vo v`c Aoevzmzy eov~iv`qvmefien%

Eo km~ ame jc tmqqcf v`mv iq Seaoeqvivsvioemk+

mef km~lsk Bsfncq mzc josef vo vìq-



Aoeqvivsvioemk

O|czv`zo~

No|czegcev iq eov cevivkcf vo qcz|ikc ojcficeac+ oz vo mey ojcficeac ~`czc iv

|iokmvcq oz cpaccfq ivq aoeqvivsvioemk kigivq% M no|czegcev ~ìa` ojcyq eov ivq

aoeqvivsvioemk kigivq+ sefcz ~ìa` iv fczi|cq mef cpczaiqcq to~cz+ qo lmz lzog

`m|ien akmig vo jc qstzcgc mq v`c *to~czq v`mv jc+* iq m sqsztcz ol v`c msvòzivy

ol v`c tcotkc%



Sqsztmvioe ol To~cz 7 Vyzmeey

V`czc iq eo Nofky qmeavioe loz m vyzmeeiamk sqc ol to~cz+ jcamsqc

no|czegcev to~cz ~mq gczcky ni|ce loz v`c tzovcavioe ol v`c zin`v

~ìa` vyzmeey fcqvzoyq% No|czegcev `mq to~cz vo fo ~zoen+ jsv eo

zin`v vo fo qo%

Zin`v iq to~cz ie fsvilsk cpczaiqc8 to~cz tksq fsvy%

Vyzmeey iq to~cz ie cpczaiqc zcnmzfkcqq ol fsvy8 to~cz giesq fsvy%

Vìq fiqvieavioe jcv~cce to~cz mef zin`v ‖ jcv~cce v`c to~cz vo fomef v`c zin`v vo fo ‖ iq lsefmgcevmk mef cqqcevimk% Aoztozmvc

No|czegcev `mq jcce qo tcz|czvcf mq vo jc m aszqc vo ìg+ v`c

fcqvzoycz ol ìq zin`vq mef v`c loc vo ìq kijczvy%



Fmy ol Sqsztmvioe–Sqsztmvioe“ ‑ V`c sekm~lsk ceazoma`gcev oz mqqsgtvioe ol v`c sqc ol

tzotczvy+ to~cz oz msvòzivy ~ìa` jckoenq vo meov`cz% Me ievczzstvioe oz v`c

fiqvszjien m gme ie ìq zin`v mef toqqcqqioe% V`c sekm~lsk qcirszc ozmqqsgtvioe ol qo|czcine to~cz% V`c mqqsgtvioe ol no|czegcev oz qstzcgcto~cz jy lozac oz ikkcnmkky+ ie fczonmvioe ol v`c aoeqvivsvioe mef ol v`czin`vq ol v`c km~lsk zskcz X~c v`c tcotkcW%

Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy Qipv` Cfivioe

Olliaimkky+ Mkmjmgm zcaozfcf –=1 Bsky+ =0<0+ v`c Fmy ol Sqsztmvioe%“ Oe v`mv

fmy+ v`c oziniemk bsziqfiavioe ol v`c qvmvc ol Mkmjmgm ~mq sqsztcf jy v`c fc

lmavo no|czegcev% M Zcaoeqvzsavioe Aoeqvivsvioe ~mq tsv ievo cllcav oe v`mv

fmy+ ie fizcav |iokmvioe ol v`c |ovc ol v`c tcotkc% (>4+0=: loz+ >9+3<< mnmieqv%)



Qcemvc Zctozv 91'369

^mz mef Cgcznceay To~czq MavqQieac Gmza` 9+ =911+ v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq `mq jcce ie m qvmvc ol fcakmzcf emvioemk cgcznceay%Ie lmav+ v`czc mzc eo~ ie cllcav losz tzcqifcevimkky'tzoakmigcf qvmvcq ol emvioemk cgcznceay2Ie mffivioe vo v`c emvioemk cgcznceay fcakmzcf jy Tzcqifcev Zooqc|ckv ie =911+ v`czc mzcmkqo v`c emvioemk cgcznceay tzoakmigcf jy Tzcqifcev Vzsgme oe Fcacgjcz =<+ =934+

fszien v`c Hozcme aoelkiav+ mef v`c qvmvcq ol emvioemk cgcznceay fcakmzcf jy TzcqifcevEipoe oe Gmza` :1+ =9>4+ mef Msnsqv =3+ =9>=%V`cqc tzoakmgmvioeq ni|c lozac vo 6>4 tzo|iqioeq ol Lcfczmk km~% V`cqc `sefzcfq ol qvmvsvcq fckcnmvc vo v`c Tzcqifcev cpvzmozfiemzy to~czq+ ozfiemziky cpczaiqcf jy v`cAoenzcqq+ ~ìa` mllcav v`c ki|cq ol Mgcziame aivirceq ie m òqv ol mkk'ceaogtmqqiengmeeczq% Vìq |mqv zmenc ol to~czq+ vmhce voncv`cz+ aoelcz ceosn` msvòzivy vo zskcv`c aosevzy ~ivòsv zclczceac vo eozgmk Aoeqvivsvioemk tzoacqqcq%

Sefcz v`c to~czq fckcnmvcf jy v`cqc qvmvsvcq+ v`c Tzcqifcev gmy2qcirc tzotczvy8 oznmeirc mef aoevzok v`c gcmeq ol tzofsavioe8 qcirc aoggofivicq8 mqqinegikivmzy lozacq mjzomf8 ieqvivsvc gmzvimk km~8 qcirc mef aoevzok mkk vzmeqtozvmvioe mefaoggseiamvioe8 zcnskmvc v`c otczmvioe ol tzi|mvc cevcztziqc8 zcqvziav vzm|ck8 mef+ ie mtkcvòzm ol tmzviaskmz ~myq+ aoevzok v`c ki|cq ol mkk Mgcziame aivirceq%



Qcemvc Zctozv 91'369M gmbozivy ol v`c tcotkc ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq `m|c ki|cf mkk ol v`ciz ki|cq sefcz

cgcznceay zskc% Loz 64 ycmzq+ lzccfogq mef no|czegcevmk tzoacfszcq nsmzmevccf jy v`cAoeqvivsvioe `m|c+ ie |mzyien fcnzccq+ jcce mjzifncf jy km~q jzosn`v ievo lozac jy qvmvcqol emvioemk cgcznceay%

Ie m qineiliamev amqc fizcavky aoelzoevien v`c iqqsc ol ~mzvigc cgcznceay to~czq+Yosenqvo~e Q`ccv , Vsjc Ao% |% Qm~ycz (161 S%Q% 3>9)+ v`c Aoszv zclsqcf vo mkko~ v`cTzcqifcev vo zcky stoe igtkicf aoeqvivsvioemk to~czq fszien m aziqiq% V`c mavioe mv iqqscie|ok|cf tzcqifcevimk qcirszc ol qvcck tkmevq ie m gmeecz mttmzcevky fizcavky mv offq ~ivàoenzcqqioemk tokiay+ Bsqviac Jkmah.q tkszmkivy otieioe qtcailiamkky maheo~kcfncq v`mv il Aoenzcqq fckcnmvcq to~czq vo v`c Tzcqifcev loz sqc fszien me cgcznceay vòqc to~czq mzcmjqoksvcky |mkif ~ivìe aoeqvivsvioemk zcqvzmievq oe Aoenzcqq. o~e to~cz vo fo qo%Aoeaszzien otieioeq mttcmz vo mnzcc oe vìq toiev% Iv qòskf jc eovcf+ v`czclozc+ v`mv mkkqvmvsvcq ie vìq aogtikmvioe mzc tzcaiqcky v`cqc hiefq ol qtcailia aoenzcqqioemk fckcnmvioeqol to~cz%

Nscqq ~ìa` –cgcznceay mav“ ~mq EOV zctcmkcf? V`c Cgcznceay Jmehien Mav%

Vivkc =: SQA 93 J



Cllcav ol mEmvioemk Cgcznceay

V`c aoefivioeq vo ~ìa` to~cz iq mffzcqqcf mzc mk~myq vo jc aoeqifczcf ~`ce v`c

cpczaiqc ol to~cz iq a`mkkcencf% Cpvzmozfiemzy aoefivioeq gmy amkk loz cpvzmozfiemzy zcgcficq% Jsv v`c mznsgcev ecacqqmziky qvotq qòzv ol me mvvcgtv vo bsqvily mavioe ~ìa`kicq osvqifc ol v`c qt`czc ol aoeqvivsvioemk msvòzivy% Cpvzmozfiemzy aoefivioeq fo eovazcmvc oz cekmznc aoeqvivsvioemk to~czq% V`c aoeqvivsvioe cqvmjkiq`cf mq EmvioemkNo|czegcev ~iv` to~czq fccgcf vo jc mfc}smvc+ mq v`cy `m|c tzo|cf vo jc jov` ie ~mz meftcmac+ jsv v`cqc to~czq ol v`c Emvioemk No|czegcev mzc kigivcf jy v`c aoeqvivsvioemknzmevq% Vòqc ~ò mav sefcz v`cqc nzmevq mzc eov mv kijczvy vo vzmeqacef v`c igtoqcf kigivq jcamsqc v`cy jckic|c v`mv gozc oz fillczcev to~cz iq ecacqqmzy% Qsa` mqqczvioeq ol cpvzm'aoeqvivsvioemk msvòzivy ~czc meviaitmvcf mef tzcaksfcf jy v`c cptkiaiv vczgq ol v`c Vcev` Mgcefgcev%

Qa`cavcz Toskvzy Aozt% |% Seivcf Qvmvcq+ :9< S% Q% 694 3:0 X=913W+

aivien Cp tmzvc Gikkinme+ 6 ^mkk% :+ =:4+ =:= X=0<<W



Seaoeqvivsvioemk Mavq*V`c mavioeq+ zcnskmvioeq+ zskcq+ kiaceqcq+ ozfczq mef tzoakmgmvioeq

`czcvolozc oz `czcmlvcz vmhce+ tzogsknmvcf+ gmfc oz iqqscf jy v`c Tzcqifcev ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq oz v`c Qcazcvmzy ol v`c Vzcmqszy qieac Gmza` v`c 6v`+ =911+tszqsmev vo v`c mgcefcf X=: SQAQ Qca% 93mW+ mzc `czcjy mttzo|cf mefaoelizgcf% (Gmz% 9+ =911+ a% =+ Vivkc =+ Qca% =+ 60 Qvmv+ =%)*%

*Lszv`czgozc+ iv ~oskf jc m kmzncky lsvikc vmqh sekcqq ~c `m|c v`c Tzcqifcev.qmavi|c aokkmjozmvioe% @m|ien fckcnmvcf vìq msvòzivy vo v`c Tzcqifcev ie ~myqv`mv tczgiv ìg vo fcvczgiec ò~ koen iv q`mkk aoeviesc+ qigtky v`zosn` v`cfc|iac ol hcctien cgcznceay fcakmzmvioeq mki|c ~c eo~ lief oszqck|cq ie mtoqivioe ~`czc ~c ameeov zcakmig v`c to~cz ~ivòsv v`c Tzcqifcev.q ma}sicqaceac% ^c mzc semjkc vo vczgiemvc v`cqc fcakmzmvioeq ~ivòsv v`c Tzcqifcev.q qinemvszc+

qo ~c eccf m kmznc gcmqszc ol Tzcqifcevimk aootczmvioe%* Qcemvc Zctozv 91'369Aoenzcqq `mq mjqoksvcky eo to~cz vo fckcnmvc kcniqkmvi|c

msvòzivy oz to~cz vo v`c tzcqifcev% Vìq to~cz iq kigivcf jy v`caoeqvivsvioe cpaksqi|cky vo aoenzcqq% V`czclozc+ mkk kcniqkmvi|c mavq (fcazccq ,ozfczq) jy v`c tzcqifcev mzc cpvzm'aoeqvivsvioemk+ oz seaoeqvivsvioemk-



Tzo'No|czegcev

^c jckic|c ie kcnivigmvc no|czegcev% No|czegcevmk to~cz cpczaiqcf ~iv ie

aoeqvivsvioemk kigivq loz v`c tzovcavioe ol ~c v`c tcotkc% M No|czegcev

*Ol v`c Tcotkc+ Loz v`c Tcotkc+ mef Jy v`c Tcotkc%*

A`ziqvimeq mzc tzo'no|czegcev% Mq A`ziqv iq osz Hien+ mzc ~c eov tmzv ol @iq

no|czegcev? Fif eov Nof ozfmie mqqcgjkicq mef km~q vo no|cze ìq tcotkc?

Yos ameeov jc m A`ziqvime mef jc mevi'no|czegcev%



Qogc Secesgczmvcf Zin`vq

No|czegcev ameeov tzcqsgc vo `m|c jcce |cqvcf ~iv` Fi|iec to~cz vo ievzsfc

stoe v`c tczqoemk kijczvy ol gme ie tmyien ìq tczqoemk ògmnc vo Nof+ sefcz m

qokc tczqoemk zcqtoeqijikivy vo @ig% V`c mjqoksvc mef se~mzzmevcf vyzmeey ol mkk

km~q ~ìa` ie|mfc v`c lzccfog ol iefi|ifsmk aoeqaiceac ie v`c ~ozqìt ol Nof`m|c eo km~lsk qvmefien ~`mvqoc|cz% ^c `m|c mjqoksvc zin`v ol ~ozqìt%

Mq gme `mq cpaksqi|c vivkc vo ìq o~e vòsn`vq+ ~ikk mef jofy+ ~iv` m vivkc vo

cpaksqi|c qckl'sqc+ mef v`czclozc v`c tzofsavq ol qckl'sqc ol v`cqc+ c|czyvìen `c

azcmvcq loz ìq o~e sqc mzc mq gsa` ìq o~e mq ~czc v`c lmaskvicq jy gcmeq ol ~ìa` v`cy ~czc tzofsacf% ^c `m|c mjqoksvc zin`v ol o~eczqìt%



Gozc Secesgczmvcf Zin`vq

Il J vmhcq M‐q tzotczvy jy lozac loz ìq o~e sqc+ iv iq c}si|mkcev vo m akmig ol

gmqvczy jy J mef m aoefivioe ol qcz|ivsfc loz M% Mef ~`ce no|czegcev jy

lozg ol km~ vmhcq v`c tzotczvy ol M mef ni|cq iv vo J+ ~`cv`cz jy fizcav

aoeliqamvioe oz jy iefizcav gcmeq+ iv iq m |iokmvioe ol fsvy mef m sqsztmvioe ol

to~cz% Iv iq eoec v`c kcqq zojjczy+ jcamsqc iv iq foec sefcz v`c lozgq ol km~+mef iq amkkcf vmpmvioe% ^c `m|c v`c mjqoksvc zin`v ol qo|czcinevy%

Km~q ol goeotoky+ ~`czcjy qtcaimk tzi|ikcncq mzc aoelczzcf oe v`c lc~ mv v`c

cptceqc ol v`c gmey mkk fcqvzoy v`c c}smkivy ol zin`v ~ìa` cma` gme `mq ie

v`c cpaksqi|c sqc ol ìgqckl+ mef qsjbcavq ìg mef ìq tzotczvy vo qtoikmvioemef tksefcz% ^c `m|c v`c mjqoksvc zin`v ol c}smkivy%



Gozc Secesgczmvcf Zin`vq

V`c no|czegcev `mq eo bsqv zin`v vo to~cz ~ìa` iv tcz|czvq vo v`c iebszy ol v`c

zin`v iv ~mq ozfmiecf vo tzovcav% ^c `m|c v`c mjqoksvc zin`v vo kigivcfno|czegcev%

Gme+ ~òqc zin`v iq vo jc aoeqcz|cf+ iq josef jy zckiniosq fsvy vo sqc mkk gcmeqie ìq to~cz vo zclozg+ a`menc mef zcaoeqvzsav v`c no|czegcev+ qo mq v`mv iv q`mkk

aoelozg ivq mavioe vo ivq vzsqv fsvy vo ìg% ^c `m|c me mjqoksvc zin`v vokcnivigmvc no|czegcev%

^`cec|cz mey lozg ol no|czegcev jcaogcq fcqvzsavi|c ol v`cqc cefq+ iv iq v`c zin`v ol v`ctcotkc vo mkvcz oz vo mjokiq` iv+ mef vo ieqvivsvc m ec~ no|czegcev+ kmyien ivq losefmvioe oe qsa`

tzieaitkcq+ mef oznmeirien ivq to~cz ie qsa` lozg+ mq vo v`cg q`mkk qccg goqv kihcky vo cllcav

v`ciz qmlcvy mef `mttiecqq…^`ce m koen vzmie ol mjsqcq mef sqsztmvioeq+ tszqsien ie|mzimjky

v`c qmgc ojbcav+ c|ieacq m fcqine vo zcfsac v`cg sefcz mjqoksvc fcqtoviqg+ iv iq v`ciz zin`v+ iv iq

v`ciz fsvy+ vo v`zo~ oll qsa` no|czegcev+ mef vo tzo|ifc ec~ nsmzfq loz v`ciz lsvszc qcaszivy%

V`c Fcakmzmvioe ol Iefctcefceac



îqfog lzog v`c =044.qMeov`cz mef gozc lcmzlsk ieqvzsgcev ol fcqtoviqg iq m

qvmefien mzgcf lozac+ ~ìa`+ oznmeircf vo mef

`mjivsmvcf vo v`c fiqaitkiec ol ojcficeac vo msvòzivy+

mzc v`c zckimjkc fclcefczq ol to~cz mnmieqv v`c

seoznmeircf lozacq ol zcjckkioe% Iv iq oj|iosq v`mv v`c

fc lmavo no|czegcev+ v`sq fclcefcf mef st`ckf+ ~ikkeov cmqiky jc gmfc m gcfisg loz zclozgq ~ìa` ~ikk

fiqvszj v`c qvmvsq ol v`c tzi|ikcncf akmqqcq mef v`ciz

ievczcqvq% V`cy sqc v`c no|czegcev loz v`ciz jcecliv+

lmiv`lskky ottoqc loz iv mef v`cgqck|cq v`c ievzsqi|c

ievczlczceac ol gmkaoevcevq ~iv` m qyqvcg cgiecevky

qmviqlmavozy vo vòqc ~ò lccf stoe iv+ vòsn` mf|czqcvo v`c ievczcqvq ol v`c tcotkc ~ò jcmz ivq jszfceq mef

zcmt eoec ol ivq jceclivq% Zclozg ~ikk jc m qko~ nzo~v`

ie v`c lmac ol qsa` m fcqtoviqg%

Boè Zmefokt` Vsahcz

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/John_Randolph_Tucker_1823-1897_-_Brady-Handy.jpg



No|czegcev ~mq azcmvcf loz Gme+

Gme ~mq eov azcmvcf loz No|czegcevGme iq Vzsqvcc ol ìq kijczvy loz Nof%

Qoaicvy iq v`c Nof'ozfmiecf vzsqvcc loz gme%

No|czegcev iq v`c Nof'ozfmiecf vzsqvcc loz qoaicvy%

Gme iq v`c ojbcav ol mkk vìq Fi|iec mzzmencgcev% V`cy mzc ozfmiecf loz ìg8 `c ~mq eovazcmvcf loz v`cg% @iq kijczvy mef zin v ol qckl'sqc iq v`c cqqcevimk ojbcav ol vìq Fi|iec

mzzmencgcev8 v`ciz to~cz iq vo jc cpczaiqcf loz ìg ‖ eov o|cz ìg% @iq noof iq v`c

skvigmvsg ol mkk v`ciz sqc ol to~cz+ mef v`ciz to~cz iq oeky kcnivigmvc ie vivkc oz ie

cpczaiqc ~`ce iv focq bsqviac vo ìg ie v`c tzovcavioe ol ìq zin`v mef kijczvy%

Gme `mq eov oeky v`c zin v ol qckl'tzcqcz|mvioe+ jsv Nof `mq gmfc iv ìq fsvy% Iv iq ìq

tzigmk fsvy+ v`czclozc+ vo qcc v`mv v`c Fi|iec gcmeq ozfmiecf loz ìq tzovcavioe q`mkk eov jctcz|czvcf vo ìq iebszy oz ìq fcqvzsavioe% Gme iq sefcz ojkinmvioe ol fsvy vo vmhc amzc v`mv

v`cqc Fi|iec gcmeq+ akov`cf ~iv` vzsqv loz ìq zin`v+ q`mkk eov jc tcz|czvcf ievo vyzmeeiamk

fclimeacq ol v`c vzsqv% @c gmy zclozg vìq tovcevimk mncev il `c ame ‖ a`menc iv cevizcky il

eccfcf ‖ mef zcqiqv ivq sqsztcf msvòzivy il c gsqv% Boè Zmefokt` Vsahcz



Osz emvioe+ loz v`c lizqv vigc ie v`c ìqvozy ol v`c ~ozkf+zcaoneircf mef mllizgcf v`mv Nof gmfc v`c Tcotkc iefi|ifsmkky

qo|czcine% Vìq to~cz ~mq eov ni|ce vo mey hien+ zskcz+ ozno|czegcev%

V`czc ame oeky jc oec no|czegcev%

V`c Tcotkc mzc v`c no|czegcev

To~cz ~mq zcqcz|cf2

• VO v`c tcotkc

• LOZ v`c tcotkc

• JY v`c tcotkc• LZOG v`c tcotkc



Mgcziameq mzc nsmzmevccf m

Zctsjkiame Lozg ol No|czegcevZctsjkia2 Tczvmieien vo m zctsjkia8 aoeqiqvien ol m aoggoe~cmkv`8 mq m zctsjkiame

aoeqvivsvioe oz no|czegcev%

Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq` Kmensmnc2 Eom` ^cjqvcz =0:0

Aoggoe~cmkv`2 M jofy tokivia+ aoeqiqvien ol m aczvmie tozvioe ol gce seivcf jy aogtmav oz vmaiv mnzccgcev+ sefcz oec lozg ol no|czegcev mef qyqvcg ol km~q% M aoggoe~cmkv` iq tzotczky m lzcc qvmvc8 m zctsjkia% V`c ~ozf qineilicq qvziavky+ v`caoggoe noof oz `mttiecqq8 mef `ceac+ v`c lozg ol no|czegcev qsttoqcf jcqv vo qcaszcv`c tsjkia noof%

Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq` Kmensmnc2 Eom` ^cjqvcz =0:0

Mzviakc I\ Qcavioe 6 ol v`c Aoeqvivsvioe qvmvcq *V`c Seivcf Qvmvcq

q`mkk nsmzmevcc vo c|czy Qvmvc ie vìq Seioe m Zctsjkiame Lozg ol

No|czegcev%*



V`c Lko~ ol To~cz

Sefcz aoeqvivsvioemk lcfczmkiqg+

v`c to~cz lko~q lzog v`c azcmvoz

vo v`c azcmvcf% V`c Tcotkcazcmvcf v`c no|czegcev…iv fifeov azcmvc yos- Yos mzc v`c qcmv

ol to~cz% V`c no|czegcev iqzcqvziavcf ie ~`mv iv ame mef

ameeov fo% V`c lcfczmk kc|ck iq

gczcky m qcz|iac mnceay vo v`c

qvmvc%

V`c Aoeqvivsvioe mef

Jikk ol Zin`vq kigivq

no|czegcev%%%eov yos-



V`c qo|czcine tcotkc oe v`c qoik ol cma` aosevy mqqcgjkcf

voncv`cz sefcz aoggoe km~ vo lozg v`ciz aosevy jofy

tokivia% Aosevicq seivcf vo lozg v`c Qvmvcq% V`c seioe ol

Qvmvcq lozgcf v`c emvioe%

@o~ v`c Emvioe ~mq Lozgcf



^` f



Ym`~c`V`c Lmv`cz

Bsfnc/Km~ni|cz/Hien Iqm 112::

Ieqazitvszmvcf

Ao|cemev~iv` Azcmvioe

V`c Gce mef ôgce oe v`c KmefQo|czcine hienq/}scceq ie @iq igmnc

Lmgikicq Mqqcgjkicq Bsfiaimk Fiqvziavq

Ym`q`sm

Jckic|czq

mq

Ao|cemev

Tcotkc

Caakcqim

Hoieoeim

V`c Qc|czmk Qvmvcq ie Seioe

mq

V`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam+ M%F% mgcefcf+

=>9=

AoeqvivsvioeOeky no|czeq v`c no|czegcev

Cpcasvi|c Kcniqkmvi|c Bsfiaimk

Lcfczmk No|czegcev

To~czq mzc kigivcf jy aoeqcev

AoeqvivsvioeOeky no|czeq v`c no|czegcev

Cpcasvi|c Kcniqkmvi|c Bsfiaimk

Lcfczmk

Qvmvcq/vczzivozicq

Foavziec2

Qctmzmvioe ol A`sza`

mef Qvmvc

34=a1

Aoztozmvioe

Vmp Iggseivy

Vmp Cpcgtvioe

© Gia`mck'Foemkf+ :440

V`c A`sza`

ameeov jc m

a`sza` mef m

Aoztozmvioe

qigskvmecosqky~ivòsv vzmfien

v`ciz Qo|czcine

Nof loz v`c

Qo|czcine Qvmvc

^ò azcmvcf

v`c a`sza`?



Mkkcnimeac vo Nof+ oz

Mkkcnimeac vo SEIVCF QVMVCQ?

Vo jcaogc m aivirce ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq zc}sizcq me Omv` ol Mkkcnimeac% Vìq omv

ieaksfcq v`c lokko~ien t`zmqc2

*I `czcjy fcakmzc+ oe omv`+ v`mv I mjqoksvcky mef cevizcky zceoseac mef mjbszc mkk

mkkcnimeac mef lifckivy vo mey lozcine tzieac+ tovcevmvc+ qvmvc+ oz qo|czcinevy+ ol ~òg

oz ~ìa` I `m|c `czcvolozc jcce m qsjbcav oz aivirce…*

Vìq omv` gmhcq yosz mkkcnimeac vo v`c

Seivcf Qvmvcq qstzcgc vo yosz mkkcnimeac vo Nof%

Qcc S%Q% |% Gmaievoq`+ :01 S%Q% <43 (=91=)+ ~`czc m gme ~mq fceicf aivirceqìt

jcamsqc `c aoskf eov q~cmz

*ìq omv` vo qsttozv mef fclcef v`c Aoeqvivsvioe mef km~q ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ mef vo

jcmz vzsc lmiv` mef mkkcnimeac vo v`c qmgc+ ~ikk jc vmhce ~ivòsv gcevmk zcqcz|mvioe oz

tsztoqc ieaoeqiqvcev v`czc~iv`…*



Vivkc =0 Tmzv I A` >3 ®=36=

^òc|cz+ jcien m aoeqskmz olliacz msvòzircf vo nzmev+ iqqsc+ oz

|czily tmqqtozvq+ heo~ienky mef ~ikklskky nzmevq+ iqqscq+ oz |czilicq mey

qsa` tmqqtozv vo oz loz mey tczqoe eov o~ienmkkcnimeac+ vo v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ ~`cv`cz maivirce oz eov'

Q`mkk jc liecf sefcz vìq vivkc+ igtziqoecf eov gozc v`me :3

ycmzq…%

Loz tsztoqcq ol vìq qcavioe+ v`c vczg *Qvmvc* gcmeq m Qvmvc ol

v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim+ mef mey aoggoe~cmkv`+

vczzivozy+ oz toqqcqqioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq%

V` i v v v



V`czc cpiqvq v~o qctmzmvcno|czegcevq ‑ v`c oziniemkiq aoeqvivsvioemk ( fc bszc+

aoggoe km~)8 v`c ov`cz iq m

aoztozmvioe ( fc lmavo+ Zogme Ai|ik Km~)%

ZogmeAi|ik Km~

Mgcziame

Aoggoe Km~



Msvòzivy

Msvòzivy gcmeq –Tczgiqqioe vo mav%“ V`c Tcotkc nm|c kigivcf Msvòzivyvo no|czegcev vo mav iq |czy qtcailia ~myq% V`c no|czegcev azcmvcf jy v`c

tcotkc oeky `mq v`c msvòzivy ni|ce vo iv jy v`c tcotkc%Aìqokg |% Ncoznim : S%Q%6=9 osvkiecq v`c zckmvioeqìtq jcv~cce v`c Qvmvcq

mef v`c tcotkc% V`czc iq oeky –Olliaimk Amtmaivy%“ Eo zin`vq mzc nzmevcf vo v`cno|czegcev oz no|czegcev olliaimkq% V`cy `m|c vo `m|c v`c a`mie ol fckcnmvioe

loz v`c vivkc ol v`ciz olliac% Il v`cy qvct osvqifc ol v`ciz msvòzivy+ v`cy mzc mavien

ie m tzi|mvc amtmaivy+ mef mzc kimjkc loz v`ciz mavq+ mavioeq+ mef lmikszc vo mav%

V`cy ame oeky fckcnmvc ~`mv v`cy `m|c tczgiqqioe vo fo%



Kimjikivy

Il me olliaimk |iokmvcq v`c vzsqv tkmacf stoe ìg jy aoggivvien

mavq osvqifc ol ìq fckcnmvcf msvòzivy+ oz lmikq vo mav ~`ce zc}sizcf vo

fo qo+ `c iq mavien ie ìq Tzi|mvc amtmaivy+ mef iq tczqoemkky kimjkc%

^c ame v`ce mqh2 –^`mv iq yosz a`mie ol fckcnmvioe ol fsky

aoeqvivsvcf km~lsk msvòzivy mq iv qtcailiamkky mttkicq vo gc?*

Il olliaimkq (tsjkia qcz|mevq) ameeov tzo|c v`ciz a`mie ol

fckcnmvioe ol fsky aoeqvivsvcf km~lskky msvòzivy mq iv qtcailiamkky

mttkicq vo yos+ v`ce yos ame ie}sizc2–Sefcz ~`mv km~ oz v`cozy ol km~ fo yos ievcef vo akmig

kigivmvioe+ cpcgtvioe+ oz iggseivy loz tczqoemk kimjikivy loz mavq+

mavioeq+ oz lmikszc vo mav mq iv zckmvcq vo gc?“



.Aoztozmvc Tokiay. focq eovvmhc ievo maaosev Yosz Zin`vq

Mq ~c no mjosv osz fmyq+ ~c qtcef m kov ol osz vigc ievczmavien ~ivàoztozmvioeq% V`c Aoeqvivsvioe nzmevq c|czyoec v`c sekigivcf zin`v vo aoevzmav%

Olvce+ aoztozmvioeq otczmvc sefcz TOKIAY ie ozfcz vo aoefsav fmiky jsqiecqq ie

me clliaicev gmeecz% Aoztozmvc Tokiaicq fo eov sqsmkky vmhc ievo maaosev vòqc

eov ie aoevzmav ~iv` v`c aoztozmvioe% Tokiaicq gmy aogtkcvcky o|czkooh yosz

zin`vq% Qo v`c ecpv }scqvioe yos gsqv mqh iq…

*@m|c yos gmfc mey tzo|iqioeq ~ivìe

yosz tokiay vo maaoggofmvc gy zin`vq?*



V`c no|czegcev ameeov fiqazigiemvc

mnmieqv yos loz eov aoevzmavien ~iv` v`cg-

Mzviakc I Qcavioe =4 Seivcf Qvmvcq Aoeqvivsvioe2 *Eo Qvmvc q`mkk… tmqq mey Km~igtmizien v`c Ojkinmvioe ol Aoevzmavq*

Tzi|mvc aoevzmavq mzc osvqifc ol qvmvsvcq%

Tzi|mvc aoevzmavq mzc eov kigivcf jy qvmvsvcq%

*V`c akmig mef cpczaiqc ol m Aoeqvivsvioemk zin`v Xzin`v vo aoevzmav oz zin`v eovvo aoevzmavW ameeov jc aoe|czvcf ievo m azigc%

Gikkcz |q% SQ :14 L Qstt 60< mv 609

Zin`v vo Aoevzmav mkqo gcmeq

Zin`v EOV vo Aoevzmav



Vczgq ol Mzv

Vczgq mzc ~ozfq oz t`zmqcq v`mv `m|c m qtcaimkircf gcmeien loz m tmzviaskmz nzostoz tzolcqqioe% V`c vziahy tmzv iq v`mv v`c vczg sqsmkky koohq kihc m aoggoe ~ozf+mef qccgq vo zctzcqcev v`c aoggoe ~ozf mef tcotkc tzcqsgc ivq aoggoe gcmeien%Km~yczq+ ieaifcevmkky+ olvce sqc vczgq ieqvcmf ol ~ozfq%

Vìq iq sqsmkky v`c ievcev ~`ce m vczg iq tsv ie tkmac ol m ~ozf

‑ loz tcotkc vo tzcqsgc v`c aoggoe gcmeien%

ôzfq |q% VczgqIe aoggoe kmensmnc+ goqv

~ozfq `m|c oeky oec

gcmeien% Vòqc v`mv `m|c

gozc v`me oec gcmeien amesqsmkky jc sefczqvoof lzog

v`c aoevcpv%



Vczgq ol Mzv

Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq` Kmensmnc2 Eom` cjqvcz =0:0 (m%h%m% qo|czcine‐q

fiavioemzy) ~mq tsjkiq`cf ie =0:0 jclozc –vczgq ol mzv“ jcamgc ~ifcky sqcf ie km~q+

qvmvsvcq mef aofcq%

Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy+ lizqv tsjkiq`cf ie =094 mef eo~ ie ivq eiev` cfivioe+ zc|cmkq v`c

ieazcmqien fctcefceac ol v`c kcnmk tzolcqqioe oe qtcaimkircf vczgq% îv` cma` ec~

cfivioe+ v`c cfivozq ìfc gozc ol v`ciz qoszacq+ gmhien v`c qvsfy ol km~ vziahicz mef kcqq

aczvmie%

–Vczg“ ‑ M ~ozf oz t`zmqc8 me cptzcqqioe8 tmzviaskmzky oec ~ìa` toqqcqqcq mlipcf mef heo~e gcmeien ie qogc qaiceac+ mzv+ oz tzolcqqioe %


Vìq gcmeq v`mv v`c km~yczq `m|c v`ciz o~ekmensmnc v`mv gmq}sczmfcq mq aoggoe Cenkiq`-

Fiavioemzicq



– Ieaksfcq“

Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy Qipv` Cfivioe% Ieaksqio seisq cqv cpaksqio mkvczisq(Foavziec) –v`c ieaksqioe ol oec iq v`c cpaksqioe ol v`c ov cz%“ Cptzcqqfcqazitvioe iq izzclsvmjkc+ ogiqqioe/cpaksqioe iq ievcefcf% IF ol tsjkia'qcavozcpaksfcq tzi|mvc'qcavoz%

Ie Goevcackko Qmkv Ao% |% Svm`+ ::=+ SQ 63: (=9==)+ v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq QstzcgcAoszv qvmvcf v`mv ‛ieaksfcq‗ mef ‛ieaksfien‗ mzc vczgq v`mv fo eov cekmznc jsvkigiv m qsjbcav oz kiqv ol ivcgq%

Vczgq mef t`zmqcq mzc eov aoggoe gcmeien8 ieaksfcq , ieaksfien mzc eovvczgq ol cekmzncgcev+ v`cy‐zc giqmttkicf vo tzi|mvc'qcavoz ‖ m

giqielozgmvioe amgtmine%

–Vo aoeliec ~ivìe + vo òkf+ vo aoevmie… voaogtziqc+ vo aogtzc`cef8 vo aoevmie%“

Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq`

Kmensmnc2 Eom` cjqvcz =0:0



–Ieaksfc“ kigivq^`ce aofcq+ km~q+ qvmvscq (~zivvce jy km~yczq mef lskk ol qtcaimkircf vczgq)

aoevmie v`c ~ozf „ieaksfcq+‐ oz –ieaksfien+“ v`cy mttky oeky vo ~`mv iq qvmvcf%

Zcqiqv v`c sznc vo mff m jzomfcz gcmeien% ^`ce zcmfien aofcq mef km~q

aoevmieien –ieaksfcq+“ oz –ieaksfien+“ qmy vo yoszqckl –ieaksfcq OEKY …“oz –iq kigivcf vo…“

V`czc mzc me cqvigmvcf <4+444+444 aofcq

mef qvmvsvcq ie v`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ+ qo zcmf

amzclskky-

.Aofcq. mzc ~zivvce ie aofc mef mzc eov km~q-



Zcgcgjcz yosz jmqia Cenkiq` kcqqoeq mjosv ò~ vo ~zivc m tzotcz eose+ qsa` mqqogcoec‐q emgc? Oeky v`c lizqv kcvvcz ol cma` ~ozf iq amtivmkircf+ c%n%+ –Boè Qgiv`%“

^`ce m aoztozmvioe oz ov`cz mzviliaimk cevivy iq lozgcf+ iv iq mk~myq ni|ce me MKKAMTIVMK emgc2 –PYR AOZT%“ (Fo m aoztozmvioe qcmza` oe yosz QCAZCVMZY OLQVMVC‐q ~cjqivc% Mzviliaimk cevivicq mzc mk~myq ~zivvce ie mkk amtivmk kcvvczq%)

M qcmza` ol Fse , Jzmfqvzccv‟q ~cjqivc (~~~%fej%aog) qò~q v`mv

‛NO\CZEGCEV OL V@C SEIVCF QVMVCQ‗ iq m aoztozmvioe% Fseq¥ Esgjcz =<'=94'<=91% ! ol Cgtkoyccq2 :+><0+00<% Ycmz Ieaoztozmvcf2 =>0>%

V`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ FCTMZVGCEV OL V@C MTZGY `mq Fseq¥ esgjcz=='693'409: mef o~eczqìt iq *Tzi|mvc%* ! ol Cgtkoyccq2 :+><0+00< + v`c qmgc mq loz v`c cevivy kiqvcf mjo|c%

Meov`cz Km~ycz‐q Vziah

îv` Kmensmnc2 Amtivmkirmvioe



Eo~+ kcv‐q kooh mv v`c emgc oe v`cqc aoggoe ivcgq2

Qoaimk qcaszivy amzf

Fzi|cz‐q kiaceqcA`cahien maaosev qvmvcgcev

Jizv` aczviliamvc

V`c‛EMGC‗ ie mkk amtivmk kcvvczq iq me cevivy emgc% Vìq mzviliaimk cevivy emgc iq aoggoeky heo~e mq v`c QVZM^ GME%

Amtivmkirmvioe… aoev‟f



M –lzoev“8 m vìzf tmzvy ~ò iq tsv st ie emgc oeky vo vmhc tmzv ie m vzmeqmavioe% Eogiemk

tmzvy vo m vzmeqmavioe8 oec ~ò mavq mq me mncev loz meov`cz loz v`c tsztoqc ol vmhien vivkc vo

zcmk tzotczvy mef cpcasvien ~`mvc|cz foasgcevq mef ieqvzsgcevq v`c tzieaitmk gmy fizcav

zcqtcavien v`c tzotczvy% ' Jkmah‟q Km~ Fiavioemzy + Qipv` Cfivioe

Me cevivy+ qsa` mq m aoztozmvioe+ azcmvcf jy km~ mef ni|ce aczvmie kcnmk zin`vq mef fsvicq ol

m `sgme jcien8 m jcien+ zcmk oz igmniemzy+ ~ò loz v`c tsztoqc ol kcnmk zcmqoeien iq vzcmvcfgozc oz kcqq mq m `sgme jcien% Mkqo vczgcf liaviviosq tczqoe8 bsziqvia tczqoe8 kcnmk tczqoe8

gozmk tczqoe% ' Jkmah‟q Km~ Fiavioemzy + Qc|cev` Cfivioe

Qvzm~gme2



.Qvzm~gme. sqcf loz ikkcnmk mavq-

Qvzm~ gme% M vìzf tmzvy sqcf ie qogc vzmeqmavioeq mq m vcgtozmzyvzmeqlczcc vo mkko~ v`c tzieaitmk tmzvicq vo maaogtkiq` qogcvìen v`mv iq

ov`cz~iqc igtczgiqqijkc% ' Jkmah‟q Km~ Fiavioemzy + Cin`v` Cfivioe

Vìq fclieivioe tmzvky cptkmieq ~`y v`czc iq m qvzm~gme emgc… osz *no|czegcev*

ame oeky zskc ivqckl mef cevivicq v`mv iv azcmvcq+ eov qo|czcine gme% Iv `mq eo

bsziqfiavioe o|cz qo|czcine gme% V`c tzojkcg aogcq jcamsqc ~c v`c tcotkc `m|ckoqv vìq sefczqvmefien+ mef v`czc iq eo~ me mqqsgtvioe v`mv ~c mzc v`c qvzm~gme%



^`mv‐q ie m emgc?A`ziqvime emgc2 V`c jmtviqgmk emgc mq fiqvieav lzog v`c qiz emgc% Qvzmvvoe |% Loqvcz+ == Gc% 6<>

A`ziqvime emgc2 V`c jmtviqgmk emgc mq fiqvieav lzog v`c qszemgc% V`c emgc ~ìa` iq ni|ce oec mlvczìq jizv` oz mv jmtviqg+ oz iq mlvcz~mzf mqqsgcf jy ìg ie mffivioe vo ìq lmgiky emgc% Qsa` emgc gmyaoeqiqv ol m qienkc kcvvcz% Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy+ <v` Cfivioe%

Lskk emgc2 V`c lizqv+ giffkc mef qszemgc ol m tczqoe+ oz v`c lizqv emgc+ giffkc ieivimk mef qszemgc%Gmy mkqo zclcz vo emgc sefcz ~ìa` m tczqoe iq heo~e ie v`c aoggseivy%

Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy+ <v` Cfivioe%Liaviviosq emgc2 M aosevczlciv+ mkimq+ lcinecf+ oz tzcvcefcf emgc vmhce jy m tczqoe+ fillczien ie qogccqqcevimk tmzviaskmz lzog ìq vzsc emgc (aoeqiqvien ol A`ziqvime emgc mef tmvzoeygia)+ ~iv` v`cigtkiamvioe v`mv iv iq gcmev vo fcaci|c oz giqkcmf% Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy+ <v` Cfivioe%

Fiqvieav2 C|ifcevky eov ifceviamk8 oj|iosqky oz fcaifcfky fillczcev%

Jmyec |% Hmeqmq Aivy+ Go% Mtt% :<1 Q%^% 634+ 63=

Ame yos lief mey c|ifceac v`mv m ‛kmqv emgc‗ iq meyvìen jsv me ifcevilicz v`mv ~`cesqcf+ ifcevilicq oec mq m Qvzm~Gme?

Qo|czcineq foe‟v `m|c ‛kmqv emgcq+‗ v`cy `m|c ‛lmgiky emgcq%‗



Sefczqvoof2 v`c

t`zmqc –iv iq

sefczqvoof+“ ~`ce

cgtkoycf mq m

~ozf ol

aoevzmav…`mq v`c

qmgc nceczmk lozac

mq v`c ~ozfq –iv iq

mnzccf%“' Jkmahq Km~ Fiavioemzy+

Qipv` Cfivioe

Sefczqvmef…oz Qvmef Sefcz?

V`c vczg sefczqvmef

gcmeq yos mzc ie

mnzccgcev+ yos

kivczmkky „qvmef sefcz‐

qogcoec ckqc‐q

msvòzivy

V`c ~ozf

sefczqvmef gcmeq

v`mv yos gcevmkky

nzmqt ~`mv iq jcien

qmif%



Me mf`cqioe aoevzmav iq m kcnmkky jiefien mnzccgcev jcv~cce v~o tmzvicq vo

fo m aczvmie vìen+ ie ~ìa` oec qifc `mq mkk v`c jmznmieien to~cz mef sqcq

iv vo ~zivc v`c aoevzmav tzigmziky vo ìq oz `cz mf|mevmnc%

–Me cpmgtkc ol me mf`cqioe aoevzmav iq m qvmefmzfircf aoevzmav lozg v`mv

ollczq noofq oz qcz|iacq vo aoeqsgczq oe cqqcevimkky m *vmhc iv oz kcm|c iv*

jmqiq ~ivòsv ni|ien aoeqsgczq zcmkiqvia ottozvseivicq vo ecnovimvc vczgq v`mv

~oskf jcecliv v`ciz ievczcqvq% ^`ce v iq oaaszq+ v`c aoeqsgcz ameeov ojvmie

v`c fcqizcf tzofsav oz qcz|iac sekcqq `c oz q`c ma}sicqacq vo v`c lozgaoevzmav “ Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy+ Qipv` Cfivioe

Mf`cqioe Aoevzmavq



^`mv @mttceq vo Yos

Sefcz Me Mf`cqioe Aoevzmav

C|czy vigc yos qine m qvmefmzfircf lozg oz mttkiamvioe loz yosz QVMVC+AOSEVY+ oz AIVY+ iv iq goqv kihcky me mf`cqioe aoevzmav (~zivvce loz v`ciz

jcecliv) gmhien yos m „=6v` mgcefgcev tczqoe+‐ qsjbcav vo v`ciz qvmvsvcq mefaofcq% Ie cqqceac+ `czc iq ~`mv v`cy ncv mef ò~ v`cy qcc yos2

Yosz ojkinmvioe vo ojcy v`ciz aoztozmvc zskcq iq sefczqvoofYos mzc qsjbcav vo v`ciz aoztozmvc tokiay mef v`ciz aoztozmvc a`mzvczqYos mzc eo koencz qcce mq m qo|czcine gme oz ~ogme

Yos mzc tzcqsgcf vo jc m QVZM^ GME (mef eov m qo|czcine gme oz ~ogme)

Vìq iq eov yos-



Aoggoe Mf`cqioe Aoevzmavq

^6 ( Lcfczmk cgtkoygcev mttkiamvioe)

Mey QVMVC+ AIVY+ oz AOSEVY kiaceqc oz tczgiv

Jizv` Aczviliamvc

QQEFzi|cz‐q Kiaceqc

Lcfczmk Rit Aofc

Gmzzimnc Kiaceqc

V`c sqc ol Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c Eovcq

\ovcz zcniqvzmvioe mttkiamvioe



Seivcf Qvmvcq Aoeqvivsvioe+

Mzviakc I+ qcavioe =4+ akmsqc =–Eo Qvmvc q`mkk cevcz ievo mey Vzcmvy+ Mkkimeac+ oz Aoelcfczmvioe8

nzmev Kcvvczq ol Gmz}sc mef Zctziqmk8 aoie Goecy8 cgiv Jikkq ol

Azcfiv8 gmhc mey Vìen jsv nokf mef qik|cz Aoie m Vcefcz ieTmygcev ol Fcjvq8 tmqq mey Jikk ol Mvvmiefcz+ cp toqv lmavo Km~+

oz Km~ igtmizien v`c Ojkinmvioe ol Aoevzmavq+ oz nzmev mey

Vivkc ol Eojikivy%“

Aoevzmavq mzc tzi|mvc km~…

eov aoevzokkcf jy v`c Aoeqvivsvioe%



M ozf mjosv Kiaceqcq

M kiaceqc iq m nzmev vo fo v`mv ~ìa` ~oskf ov`cz~iqc jc ikkcnmk% Il ~c `m|c v`c zin`v vo vzm|ck+ ~ìa` iq zcaoneircf v`zosnòsv v`c emvioe+ ~`y iq m kiaceqczc}sizcf?

–Govoz \cìakc ‑ v`c vczg –govoz |cìakc“ gcmeq c|czy fcqazitvioe ol amzzimncoz ov`cz aoevzi|meac tzotckkcf oz fzm~e jy gca`meiamk to~cz mef sqcf lozaoggczaimk tsztoqcq oe v`c ìn`~myq ie v`c vzmeqtozvmvioe ol tmqqcenczq+tmqqcenczq mef tzotczvy+ oz tzotczvy oz amzno%“

S%Q% Aofc Vivkc =0 Tmzv I A` : Qcavioe 1= (<)

Eovc v`mv „mef. gcmeq v`mv JOV@ tmzvq ol v`c fclieivioe mzc zc}sizcf vo akmqqilyqogcvìen mq m .govoz |cìakc%. OEKY aoggczaimk |cìakcq mzc .govoz |cìakcq.mef qsjbcav vo v`c *GOVOZ \C@IAKC AOFCQ%*



Zc'|cescf

/Zc|cescf

Qieac yos `m|c v`c zin`v vo vzm|ck+

yos mkqo `m|c v`c zin`v vo vzm|ck

segokcqvcf jy aoztozmvc mncevq qcchien vo zc|cesc yos%

Il v`czc iq eo tzojmjkc amsqc v`mv yos aoggivvcf m lckoey+

mef v`czc iq eo km~lsk qcmza` ~mzzmev+

mef yos mzc eov ie aoggczac+

v`cy `m|c eo zin`v vo qvot yos%

Qcc Mzviakc I\+ Jikk ol Zin`vq



Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c Eovcqmef v`c Mf`cqioe Aoevzmav

V`c sqc ol azcfiv eovcq ~mq lozacf stoe v`c tcotkc ie Mgcziam ie =911 jy @osqc Boiev

Zcqoksvioe (@BZ) =9: (=911)+ v`czcjy lozaien v`c maactvmeac ol Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c Eovcq

(*LZ E q*) mq kcnmk vcefcz ie kics ol tmygcev ol fcjv% @BZ =9: gmfc mkk Qvmvc mef Lcfczmk

no|czegcevq km~ gcza`mevq+ v`czcjy fcqvzoyien v`ciz qo|czcinevy mq qvmvcq mef tkmaien

v`cg sefcz v`c tzi|mvc qifc ol ievczemvioemk km~% Qcc SAA =':4= (:0)+ mef Akcmzlickf

Vzsqv Ao% |% S%Q%+ (=961) 1=0 SQ 1<1 mef zckmvcf amqcq (1=S%Q%A% Qcav 3==0(f)+ Tsjkia

Km~ >1'=4%)

*M jikk+ fzmlv+ a`cah+ Xfcjiv amzfq+ azcfiv amzfq+W oz eovc iq m aoevzmav+ mef v`c lsefmgcevmk

zskcq no|czeien aoevzmav km~ mzc mttkiamjkc vo v`c fcvczgiemvioe ol v`c kcnmk }scqvioeq~ìa` mziqc o|cz qsa` ieqvzsgcevq%

' =qv Mgcziame Bsziqtzsfceac+ |ok%>+ tn%>00 (cgt`mqcq mffcf)



S%Q% Qstzcgc Aoszv

@mnmz \% Zcakmgmvioe Fiqvziav+ === S%Q% >4= (=006)

V`c mavq ol Aoenzcqq gmhien v`c eovcq ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq m kcnmk

vcefcz fo eov mttky vo ie|oksevmzy aoevzijsvioeq ie v`c emvszc ol vmpcq oz mqqcqqgcevq cpmavcf sefcz qvmvc km~q+ jsv oeky vo fcjvq ie

v`c qvziav qceqc ol v`c vczg8 v`mv iq+ vo ojkinmvioeq losefcf oe

aoevzmavq+ cptzcqq oz igtkicf+ loz v`c tmygcev ol goecy%

Eo Qvmvc q`mkk gmhc mey Vìen jsv nokf mef qik|cz

aoie m Vcefcz ie Tmygcev ol Fcjvq%

Aoeqvivsvioe Mzviakc = Qcavioe =4



V`c Nokf Aoeliqamvioe ol Mtzik 3+ =911

I+ Lzmehkie F% Zooqc|ckv+ Tzcqifcev ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam+ fofcakmzc v`mv qmif emvioemk cgcznceay qvikk aoeviescq vo cpiqv mef tszqsmevvo qmif qcavioe vo fo `czcjy tzoìjiv v`c òmzfien nokf aoie+ nokf jskkioe+mef nokf aczviliamvcq ~ivìe v`c aoeviecevmk Seivcf Qvmvcq jy iefi|ifsmkq+

tmzveczqìtq+ mqqoaimvioeq mef aoztozmvioeq mef `czcjy tzcqazijc v`clokko~ien zcnskmvioeq loz amzzyien osv v`c tsztoqcq ol v`c ozfcz2Qcavioe =% Loz v`c tsztoqc ol vìq zcnskmvioe+ v`c vczg .òmzfien* gcmeqv`c ~iv`fzm~mk mef ~iv`òkfien ol nokf aoie+ nokf jskkioe+ mef nokfaczviliamvcq lzog v`c zcaoneircf mef asqvogmzy a`meeckq ol vzmfc% V`cvczg *tczqoe* gcmeq mey iefi|ifsmk+ tmzveczqìt+ mqqoaimvioe oz

aoztozmvioe%Qcavioe :% Mkk tczqoeq mzc `czcjy zc}sizcf vo fcki|cz oe oz jclozc Gmy =+=911+ vo m Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c jmeh oz m jzmea` oz mnceay v`czcol oz vo mey gcgjcz jmeh ol v`c Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c Qyqvcg mkk nokf aoie+ nokf jskkioe+mef nokf aczviliamvcq eo~ o~ecf jy v`cg oz aogien ievo v`ciz o~eczqìtoe oz jclozc Mtzik :0+ =911



@BZ =9: mef

Tsjkia Km~ A`mt% 60+ 60 Qvmv% ==:Oe Bsec 3+ =911+ Aoenzcqq tmqqcf @osqc Boiev Zcqoksvioe(@BZ =9:)% Aoenzcqqioemk zcqoksvioeq mzc eov km~% V`c cpmavqmgc ~ozfien ol @BZ =9: iq mkqo losef ie Tsjkia Km~ A`mt%

60+ 60 Qvmv% ==:% V`cqc ~czc tmqqcf vo qsqtcef v`c nokfqvmefmzf mef mjzonmvc v`c nokf akmsqc ie v`c emvioemkaoeqvivsvioe% Qieac v`ce eo oec ie Mgcziam `mq jcce mjkc vokm~lskky tmy m fcjv%Aoenzcqq `mq eo zin`vlsk to~cz oz msvòzivy vo a`menc v`c

Aoeqvivsvioe ~ìa` kigivq iv% V`cy ame+ ò~c|cz+ a`mencv`c aoztozmvc .aoeqvivsvioe. loz v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim+~ìa` oeky mttkicq vo v`ciz vczzivozy mef toqqcqqioeq+ eovvo v`c Zctsjkia qvmvcq%



Qo|czcine gme oe v`c qoik ol vìq

emvioe azcmvcf ai|ikime no|czegcev+

mef fcazccf v`mv iv iq vo jc mEmvioemk Zctsjkiame no|czegcev

ie lozg (v`c ~zivvce lzmgc~ozh)+

lko~ mef qvykc+ v`sq azcmvien m

kigivcf no|czegcev eov vo ielzienc

stoe oec‐q qo|czcinevy% Mjqoksvc to~cz

mef msvòzivy ~mq zcqcz|cf oeky vo v`c

cevizc emvioemk qo|czcine tcotkc%

Ie v`c Jcnieeien…





^`ce v`c Qosv`cze Qvmvcq (mevi'lcfczmkiqv mef Qvmvcq'zin`vq mf|oamvcq)

qcacfcf+ Aoenzcqq aoskf eov gmhc m }sozsg+ qo+ oe Gmza` :0+ =0<=+ ivmfboszecf qiec fic (Kmvie2 ~ivòsv m fmy)8 v`mv iq+ ~ivòsv meeoseaien ~`ceiv ~oskf zcaoe|cec% Iv v`czcjy |mamvcf v`c fc bszc (km~lsk) aoeqvivsvioemkno|czegcev%

Vìq azcmvcf mecgcznceay+ mq ivkclv eo ai|ikimeno|czegcev ietkmac mefzc}sizcf gikivmzyzskc vo gmievmieozfcz%

V`c Vzsc Ai|ik ^mz



Ie =0<= v`c aoe'lcfczmvc qvmvcq ~czc v`c oeky fc bszc aoeqvivsvioemkircfno|czegcev stoe qcacfien vo tzcqcz|c v`ciz qvmvc‐q zin`vq% V`czc ~mq eo eozv`cze

no|czegcev kclv ~iv` ~ìa` vo qine m tcmac vzcmvy8 v`czclozc+ Kieaoke fcakmzcf

Gmzvimk Km~ Mtzik :6v`+ =0<1 jy Nceczmk Ozfcz esgjcz =44%`vvt2//ce%~ihitcfim%ozn/~ihi/Aoelcfczmvc_Qvmvcq_Aoeqvivsvioe

`vvt2//~~~%likijsqvczamzvooeq%aog/AQM%`vg

`vvt2//m|mkoe%km~%ymkc%cfs/=9v`_acevszy/kicjcz%mqt

Vìq aoefivioe iq qvikk ie cllcav vofmy mef iq zcec~cf jy cma` qsaacqqi|c tzcqifcev%

Gmzvimk Km~



Cpcasvi|c OzfczqV`c Cpcasvi|c Ozfcz iq eov msvòzircf jy v`c aoeqvivsvioe oz km~q ol v`c

Seivcf Qvmvcq+ mef iv ameeov qvmef% Yosenqvo~e Q`ccv , Vsjc Ao% |% Qm~ycz

161 S%Q% 3>9+ =93:

^`y `m|c v`c Tzcqifcevq qinecf vòsqmefq ol Cpcasvi|c Ozfczq qieac v`cy mzc

zskcf vo jc tmvcevky seaoeqvivsvioemk? (Iv iq qigtky Aoztozmvc Tokiay km~lsk

oeky o|cz v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim%)

^`y fif aoenzcqq fcakmzc v`mv mkk mavq ol mkk Tzcqifcevq qieac =911+ MEF mkklsvszc mavq ol v`c Tzcqifcev mzc km~lsk? (Qmgc meq~cz%)

`vvt2//~~~%mzaì|cq%no|/lcfczmk'zcniqvcz/cpcasvi|c'ozfczq/



Oe Lcjzsmzy :=+ =0>=+ Aoenzcqq tmqqcf me Mav vivkcf2 –Me MavVo Tzo|ifc M No|czegcev loz v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim+“ mkqo

heo~e mq v`c –Mav ol =0>=%“ (Qcc –Mavq ol v`c Lozvy'LizqvAoenzcqq+“ Qcavioe 16+ Qcqqioe III+ a`mtvczq <= mef <:%) îv`vìq mav+ mef ~iv` eo aoeqvivsvioemk msvòzivy vo fo qo+ Aoenzcqqazcmvcf m qctmzmvc lozg ol no|czegcev loz v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim+ m vce'gikc q}smzc tmzack ol kmef%

M Qctmzmvc No|czegcev Lozgcf



V`c –Mav ol =0>=“ qsttoqcfky azcmvcf m –gseiaitmk aoztozmvioe“ vo no|cze v`cFiqvziav ol Aoksgjim% Ycv+ il oec aoeqifczq v`mv v`c gseiaitmk no|czegcev `mfmkzcmfy jcce ieaoztozmvcf ie =040 ‑ jy me –oznmeia (oziniemk) mav“ ' v`c sqc ol v`c

t`zmqc –gseiaitmk aoztozmvioe“ ie =0>= ame oeky zclcz vo m tzi|mvc aoztozmvioeo~ecf jy v`c gseiaitmkivy2 –S%Q% Aozt%+“ Vìq aoztozmvioe zclczq vo ivqckl mq v`c–SEIVCF QVMVCQ+“ cv% mk% Vìq Mav tkmacf Aoenzcqq ie aoevzok mq jomzf ol fizcavozq ol v`c aoztozmvioe+ ~òqc tsztoqc ~mq vo mav mq v`c no|czeien jofy o|czv`c gseiaitmkivy%

Vìq lmaikivmvcf ivq fizcavien jsqiecqq sefcz gmzvimk km~ mef tczgivvcfAoenzcqq vo cenmnc ie aoztozmvc mavi|ivicq tzoìjivcf jy v`c Aoeqvivsvioe%Aoenzcqq aoskf v`ce tmqq mey km~ iv fcqizcf vo mttky ~ivìe v`c vce'gikcq}smzc ol v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim%

V`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim

Oznmeia Mav ol =0>=



V`c Mav ol =0>= mkqo amkkcf loz mfotvien m aoztozmvc aoeqvivsvioe (loz S%Q%

Aozt%)'asziosqky ifceviamk vo v`c Aoeqvivsvioe loz v`c seivcf Qvmvcq ol

Mgcziam+ giesq v`c oziniemk =1v` mgcefgcev+ ~ìa` lozjmfc vivkcq ol eojikivy% V`c ec~ aoztozmvc –no|czegcev“ cgto~czcf mvvozecyq vo ~ickf

to~cz fizcavky+ ~`czcmq v`c =1v` mgcefgcev vo v`c oziniemk+ emvioemk

aoeqvivsvioe tzoìjivq v`mv% @o~ aoe|ceicev- Sefcz aoztozmvc zskcq+ tokiay

iq qigtky fiavmvcf+ eov zmvilicf%

V`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim

Oznmeia Mav ol =0>=… aoev‐f

Mfotv ‑ –V`c zcaci|ien mq oec‐q o~e… v`mv iq eov emvszmk%*

' ^cjqvcz‐q+ =0:0%

http://memory.loc.gov/ll/llsl/016/0400/04550419.tif



`vvt2//gcgozy%koa%no|/ani'

jie/mgtmnc?aokkIf7kkqk,lik

cEmgc74=</kkqk4=<%fj,zc

aEsg7633

Qcc v`c cevizc Mav mv v`c

Kijzmzy ol Aoenzcqq ~cj

qivc qò~e mjo|c%

V`c Fiqvziav ol

AoksgjimOznmeia Mav ol

=0>=… aoev‐f

http://memory.loc.gov/ll/llsl/016/0400/04550419.tif



Eoviac v`c ~ozfien vo v`c zin`v ol v`c zmvilicfmef tsjkiq`cf Mzviakc =1 ol v`c Aoeqvivsvioe loz

v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam…

V`ce aogtmzc v iq vo v`c ~ozfien vo v`c

Aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ Mzviakc =1…

• Qcavioe =% Eciv`cz qkm|czy eoz ie|oksevmzy

qcz|ivsfc+ cpactv mq m tseiq`gcev loz azigc

~`czcol v`c tmzvy q`mkk `m|c jcce fsky

aoe|iavcf+ q`mkk cpiqv ~ivìe v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ oz

mey tkmac qsjbcav vo v`ciz bsziqfiavioe%

• Qcavioe :% Aoenzcqq q`mkk `m|c to~cz vo

celozac vìq mzviakc jy mttzotzimvc kcniqkmvioe%“

V`c tzieaitkc ievcev ol v`c *giqqien* =1v`

Mgcefgcev ~mq vo tzo ijiv km~yczq lzog

qcz|ien ie no|czegcev+ mq mkk km~yczq `m|c m vivkc

ol eojikivy ‑ v`mv ol cq}sizc%

V`c =1v` Mgcefgcev

Cq}sizc2 ‛M vivkc ol fineivy ecpv ie fcnzcc

jcko~ m hein`v%* Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq` Kmensmnc2

Eom` cjqvcz =0:0



SEIVCF QVMVCQ NO\CZEGCEV aoztozmvioe mq kigivcf

bsziqfiavioe ‑ OEKY o|cz v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim+ mey tzotczvicq

acfcf vo iv+ mef mey vczzivozicq o~ecf jy iv% Qogc ol v`c

vzmfcgmzhcf emgcq mzc2

V@C SEIVCF QVMVCQ OL MGCZIAM+ mhm

S%Q% NO\CZEGCEV+ mhm

SEIVCF QVMVCQ+ mhmSQ AOZT+ mhm

S%Q%M%+ mhm

S%Q%

S%Q%M% Vzmfcgmzhcf



V`c bsziqfiavioe ol

v`c SEIVCF

QVMVCQ iq kigivcfvo v`c vce'gikc

q}smzc Fiqvziav ol

Aoksgjim%

Kigivcf Bsziqfiavioe

~~~%josefmzyqvoecq%ozn



V`c Aoeqazitvioe Mav iq v`c losefmvioe ol Tzcqifcevimk Cpcasvi|c Ozfczqmsvòzivy% Iv ~mq ce`meacf ie =9=> jy v`c Vzmfien ~iv` v`c Cecgy Mav (TsjkiaKm~ <3'9=+ <3v` Aoenzcqq+ Qcqqioe=+ A`mtvczq =43+ =4<+ Oavojcz <+ =9=>) meflszv`cz ce`meacf ie =911 ~iv` v`c Cgcznceay ^mz To~czq Mav+ zcec~cf c|czyv~o ycmzq jy v`c tzcqifcev% Voncv`cz v`cqc mavq mffzcqq v`c tcotkc ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq mq v`c cecgy+ eov v`c qo|czcineq ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam% V`cqc– tcotkc“ mzc =6v` mgcefgcev aivirceq ol v`c S%Q%+ azcmvcf jy v`c SEIVCFQVMVCQ+ i%c%+ m –S%Q% AIVIRCE%“

Tkcmqc eovc v`c mkk amtivmk aoztozmvc

emgc- Mkqo eovc v`mv „ Mgcziam‟ iqe‐v

c|ce oe v`c qcmk%

V`c Aoeqazitvioe Mav



Aoztozmvc

\ovienYosz „|ovc‐ iq

qvziavky

AOZTOZMVC-

^`ce yos likk

osv m |ovcz

zcniqvzmvioe yosni|c st yosz

qo|czcinevy%



Zcaoeqvzsavioe Mavq ' =0<3V`cqc Mavq Zc'qvzsavszcf v`c Seioe ievo m Zogme Ai|ik Km~

no|czegcev ~ivòsv v`c aoeqcev oz |ovc ol v`c tcotkc% V`c

no|czegcev `mf EO MSV@OZIVY vo fo vìq% V`c cllcavq ieaksfcf

q~ivaìen v`c qoszac mef qyqvcg ol km~ lzog Aoggoe Km~ vo oec ol

Zogme Ai|ik Km~% Mkqo+ v`c tcotkc ~czc Zc'|cescf ievo =6v`

mgcefgcev SEIVCF QVMVCQ aivirceq ~iv` oeky v`c tzi|ikcncq

nzmevcf v`cg jy v`c no|czegcev% V`czc iq eo qo|czcinevy loz v`c

tcotkc ie vìq qyqvcg%

V`c Zcaoeqvzsavioe Mavq mzc jkmvmevky seaoeqvivsvioemk%



Zcaoeqvzsavioe Mavq+ aoev%

Mlvcz v`c tmqqmnc ol v`c Zcaoeqvzsavioe Mavq+ cma` *qvmvc* ~mq zc}sizcf vo cemav

m ec~ qvmvc aoeqvivsvioe ~ìa` ~mq m aoztozmvc a`mzvcz v`mv gmfc v`c qvmvc m

aoztozmvc lzmeaìqc ol v`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ aoztozmvioe%

Aoeqvivsvioeq m|c vo jc mjokiq`cf oz mgcefcf jy v`c ~ikk ol v`c tcotkc% V`cy

ameeov qigtky jc zctkmacf mv v`c ~ìg ol no|czegcev%

V`c ec~ aoeqvivsvioeq kclv v`c zctsjkia qvmvcq ievmav ‑ v`cy mzc qvikk v`czc ‑ bsqv

qivvien cgtvy%



Zcaoeqvzsav

Vo aoeqvzsav mnmie+ vo zcjsikf+ civ`cz ie lmav oz ifcm+ oz vo zcgofck% Vo

lozg mnmie oz mec~ mq ie v`c igmniemvioe oz vo zcqvozc mnmie mq me

cevivy v`c vìen ~ìa` ~mq koqv oz fcqvzoycf% Aivy ol Qcmvvkc |%

Eozv`cze Tma% Zy% Ao%+ =: ^mq` :f :6>+ =:= T%:f 10:+ 10<%

Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy+ qipv` cfivioe

QVMVC aoeqvivsvioeq azcmvcf mlvcz =0<3 mzc nceczmkky azcmvien m loz'tzoliv

aoztozmvc lzmeaìqc ol v`c SQ AOZT mef eov m zctsjkia Qvmvc ~ivìe v`c seioe

ol Qvmvcq%



V`c Aoeqvivsvioe Kigivq No|czegcev

V`c no|czegcev ameeov zctcmk+ azcmvc+ oz zc|iqc v`c aoeqvivsvioe v`mv

azcmvcf iv% V`c tcotkc azcmvc Aoeqvivsvioeq vo KIGIV v`c no|czegcev% Il

no|czegcev azcmvcq m Aoeqvivsvioe+ iv ame oeky jc me cevivy qsa` mq maoztozmvioe+ qsjbcav vo v`mv no|czegcev+ mef vìq cevivy ameeov `m|c gozc to~cz

oz msvòzivy v`me v`c no|czegcev ~ìa` azcmvcf iv%

Osz Aoeqvivsvioe iq v`czc vo kigiv osz no|czegcev% Iv `mq eo cllcav stoe

~c v`c tcotkc% Iv iq v`czc vo tzovcav sq lzog to~cz `senzy tokiviaimeq mef

no|czegcev olliaimkq% Iv iq ievczcqvien v`mv no|czegcev olliaimkq eo~ fczifienky

amkk ~c v`c tcotkc –Aoeqvivsvioemkiqvq“ ~`ce ~c amkk stoe v`cg vo jc kigivcf jy

v`c msvòzivy v`mv azcmvcf v`ciz olliac ie v`c lizqv tkmac%



Zcaoneivioe ol Aoeqvivsvioemk Kigivq

Cpvzmozfiemzy aoefivioeq fo eov azcmvc oz cekmznc aoeqvivsvioemk to~czq%

V`c aoeqvivsvioe cqvmjkiq`cf mq Emvioemk No|czegcev ~iv` to~czq fccgcf vo jc

mfc}smvc+ mq v`cy `m|c tzo|cf vo jc jov` ie ~mz mef tcmac+ jsv v`cqc to~czq ol

v`c Emvioemk No|czegcev mzc kigivcf jy v`c aoeqvivsvioemk nzmevq% Vòqc ~òmav sefcz v`cqc nzmevq mzc eov mv kijczvy vo vzmeqacef v`c igtoqcf kigivq jcamsqc

v`cy jckic|c v`mv gozc oz fillczcev to~cz iq ecacqqmzy% Qsa` mqqczvioeq ol cpvzm'

aoeqvivsvioemk msvòzivy ~czc meviaitmvcf mef tzcaksfcf jy v`c cptkiaiv vczgq ol

v`c Vcev` Mgcefgcev%

Qa`cavcz Toskvzy Aozt% |% Seivcf Qvmvcq+ :9< S% Q% 694 3:0 X=913W+ aivien

Cp tmzvc Gikkinme+ 6 ^mkk% :+ =:4+ =:= X=0<<W



Ie =9=1 v`c S%Q% Aozt% `mf eo otczmvien amtivmk loz v`ciz–no|czegcev%“ Jy fcqine+ S%Q% Aozt+ ~ozhien ~iv` v`c IevczemvioemkJmehien Amzvck azcmvcf m tzi|mvc aoztozmvioe emgcf+ Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c Jmeh 8 ~ìa` iq eov lcfczmk+ `mq eo zcqcz|cq mef iq eov m jmeh% S%Q%Aozt aoevzmavcf vo vzmeqmav jsqiecqq |im eovcq zmv`cz v`me zcmk goecy%

Eovc2 Vìq jikmvczmk aoevzmav iq

jcv~cce v~o tzi|mvc aoztozmvioeq~iv` eo zckmvioeqìt vo no|czegcev%

Ie Qcmza` ol Goecy

v`



Qigskvmecosqky+ (=9=1) S%Q% Aozt% mfotvq(igtkcgcevq m aoztozmvc tokiay) ivq o~e =<v`mgcefgcev% Ol aoszqc+ v`c Qvmvcq `mf eov

zmvilicf v`c ec~ =<v` mgcefgcev8 v`czclozc+iv focq eov mttky vo v`c gce mef ~ogce ol v`c Zctsjkia oz v`c oznmeia Aoeqvivsvioe% Ielmav+ v`c qstzcgc aoszv zskcf v`mv iv fif eovcptmef to~czq vo vmp+ jsv qigtky akmzilicf v`czin`v ol S%Q% Aozt% vo vmp aoztozmvioeq mef

cgtkoyccq ol S%Q% Aozt% Jzsq`mjcz |% Seioe

Tmailia Z%Z% Ao%+ :64 S%Q% = (=9=<)%

M Ec~ =<v` Mgcefgcev?



Ie =9=6 V`c fc bszc (Zctsjkia) qcmvq ol v`c Qcemvc ~czc kclv |mamev mq v`c fc

lmavo (Fcgoazmvia+ S%Q% aoztozmvc) qcmvq ~czc oaasticf% Eoec ol v`c Qvmvc

kcniqkmvszcq ckcavcf Qcemvozq mq tzcqazijcf jy v`c oznmeia Aoeqvivsvioe%

\mameay

V`c Zctsjkia

iq qvikk v`czc+ iv iq bsqv qivvien cgtvy-



Mfgivvcf oz Cemjkcf?

Qvmvcq ~czc mfgivvcf ievo v`c Seioe oe c}smk qvmvsq ~iv` v`c

ov`cz qvmvcq% V`cy amgc ie mkzcmfy aogtkcvcf emvioe qvmvcq%

Aoenzcqq+ sefcz v`c aoeqvivsvioe+ `mq eo msvòzivy

(tczgiqqioe vo mav oz qtcmh loz v`c tcotkc lzog ~c v`c tcotkc) vocemjkcf m qvmvc vo jc azcmvcf mef vo cevcz v`c Seioe oe c}smk

qvmvsq ~iv` v`c ov`cz qvmvcq%

^mq v`c qvmvc yos ki|c oe mfgivvcf ievo v`c Seioe mef iq iv

qvikk lseavioeien sefcz ivq oziniemk qvmvc aoeqvivsvioe ~zivvcejclozc v`c =0<3 Zcaoeqvzsavioe Mavq?



Otieioe ol Mvvozecy

Nceczmk Cf~mzf Jmvcq+vo Tzcqifcev Kieaoke



V`c =9:4 LCFCZMK

ZCQCZ\C MAV

V`c Vzcmqszy ol v`c seivcf qvmvcq ol Mgcziam ~mqFiqqok|cf ie =9:4%

V`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ VZCMQSZY ~mq azcmvcf

ie =9:4 sefcz v`c LCFCZMK ZCQCZ\C MAV%

V`cqc mzc eov v`c qmgc cevivicq-

V` Li S li f T if



Ie =9=< ôofzo~ îkqoe ~mq zc'ckcavcf jy me Ckcavozmk

Aokkcnc v`mv ~mq eov aoelizgcf jy m aoeqvivsvioemkky qcv

Qcemvc% V`c oeky aoelizgmvioe ~mq m aoztozmvc oec8v`czclozc+ ikqoe ~mq eov aoelizgcf ievo olliac mq

Tzcqifcev ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam+ jsv ieqvcmf ~mq

aoelizgcf mq S%Q% Aozt%‐q tzcqifcev%

V`c Lizqv Seaoelizgcf Tzcqifcev

oofzo~ ikqoe zcvmiecf v`c vivkcAoggmefcz'ie'Aìcl mq iv iq eov

josef vo v`c Tzcqifceay% Vìq ~mq

fcgoeqvzmvcf jy Mfmg‐q

mttoievgcev ol Ncoznc mqìenvoe

mq Aoggmefcz'ie'Aìcl%



Mjosv =913+ Mgcziameq qvmzvcf cenmnien ie m zckmvioeqìt (mf`cqioe

aoevzmav ) ~iv` v`c Qoaimk Qcaszivy Mfgieiqvzmvioe (QQM)% V`c tsztoqc iq vonceczmvc lsefq loz v`c Nceczmk Vzsqv Lsef% V`c QQM ni|cq c|czyoec m amzf

v`mv focq eov jckoen vo v`cg% V`cy mzc vo òkf iv mef cefozqc iv+ v`sq ni|ien

iv aoeqaiosqecqq mef t`yqiamk zcmkivy (|% liavioemk amtmaivy)% Vìq

maactvmeac gmhcq oec m lifsaimzy (vzsqvcc amtmaivy) loz v`c mavsmk o~ecz ol

v`c amzf% Eo~ v`c òkfcz ol v`c amzf iq ie m vzsqv ‖ ootq- V`c QVZM^

GME iq eov yos+ jsv m vzsqv v`mv yos ni|c kilc vo jy sqien v`c esgjcz mef

maactvien v`c „emgc‐ ol v`c QVZM^ GME% Vìq mav+ ie aoebseavioe ~iv`

v`c Jsah Mav+ azcmvcf me o|czkmy ol bsziqfiavioe oe v`c qvmvcq%

Qoaimk Qcaszivy Mav

ol =9132 @Z >:<4



Jsah Mav

V`c Jsah Mav ol =964 mkko~cf mey fctmzvgcev ol v`c Lcfczmk no|czegcev vo azcmvc m–Lcfczmk Mzcm“ loz v`c igtoqivioe ol v`c Tsjkia Qmkmzy Vmp Mav mv 6 S%Q%A%M% Qcavioe ===%

–V`c vczg –Qvmvc“ ieaksfcf mey Vczzivozy oz toqqcqqioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq%“6 S%Q%A%M% qcavioe ==4(f)

–V`c vczg .Lcfczmk Mzcm. gcmeq mey kmefq oz tzcgiqcq `ckf oz ma}sizcf jy oz loz v`c sqc

ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq oz mey fctmzvgcev oz cqvmjkiq`gcev+ oz mnceay ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq8mey lcfczmk mzcm+ oz mey tmzv v`czcol+ ~ìa` iq koamvcf ~ivìe v`c cpvczioz josefmzicq ol mey Qvmvc q`mkk jc fccgcf vo jc m Lcfczmk Mzcm koamvcf ~ivìe qsa` Qvmvc%“

6 S%Q%A%M% qcavioe ==4(c)

L f k Z Fi v i v



Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c Fiqvziavq

Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c Fiqvziavq mq qò~e oe

v`c LCFCZMKZCQCZ\C JMEH OL

FMKKMQ ~cj qivc%



V`c jozfcz jcv~cce v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam mef Gcpiao iq *=:6 Gikc îfc Ievczemvioemk Roec

ol Aootczmvioe%* V`c Zcf roecq mzc gmzhcf loz *Kivvkc vo eo `sgme sqc%*

V`c SE

Tkme loz

kmef sqc



^`ce ~c qine loz m qoaimk qcaszivy amzf oz ov`cz mf`cqioe aoevzmav ~iv` v`c S%Q%

Aozt% oz mey ol ivq qsj'aoztozmvioeq+ ~c zcgo|c oszqck|cq lzog aoggoe km~

bsziqfiavioe mef qsjbcav oszqck|cq vo Zogme ai|ik km~% „Lcfczmk Roecq‐ mzc Zogme

ai|ik bsziqfiavioe roecq+ mef mttky vo mkk =6v` mgcefgcev aivirceq%

Ai|ik km~+ ie m nceczmk qceqc+ v`c km~ ol m qvmvc+ aivy oz aosevzy8 jsv ie me mttzotzimvc

qceqc+ v`c Zogme km~8 v`c gseiaitmk km~ ol v`c Zogme cgtizc+ aogtziqcf ie v`c Ieqvivsvcq+

Aofcq mef Fincqv ol Bsqvieime mef v`c Eo|ck Aoeqvivsvioeq% Jkmahqvoec%

Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq` Kmensmnc2 Eom` cjqvcz =0:0

Km~+ aoggoe% V`c aoggoe km~ iq v`mv ~ìa` fczi|cq ivq lozac mef msvòzivy lzog v`c

sei|czqmk aoeqcev mef iggcgozimk tzmaviac ol v`c tcotkc% Iv `mq ec|cz zcaci|cf v`c

qmeavioe ol v`c kcniqkmvszc+ jy me cptzcqq mav+ ~ìa` iq v`c azivczioe jy ~ ia` iv iq

fiqviensiq`cf+ lzog v`c qvmvsvc km~% Iv `mq ec|cz jcce zcfsacf vo ~zivien%

Jos|icz‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy Cin`v` Cfivioe+ =039

A K



|q% Aoggoe Km~

Iv iq qmif ie v`c otieioe2 M kcmzecf ~zivcz `mq qmif v`mv oec ol v`c fiqviensiqìen

lcmvszcq ol fillczceac jcv~cce v`c ai|ik km~ ol Zogc mef v`c aoggoe km~ ol

Cenkmef iq v`mv v`c ai|ik km~ mavcf tczqoemkky+ ~ìkc v`c aoggoe km~ mavq

vczzivozimkky% V`c ai|ik km~ mttkicf vo c|czy Zogme aivirce ~`czc|cz `c ~mq+

mef oeky m Zogme aivirce aoskf akmig v`c jceclivq ol iv+ c|ce ie Zogc+ ~ìkc

v`c aoggoe km~ otczmvcq oe c|czy tczqoe mef vìen ie v`c vczzivozy+ mef oevòqc oeky%

Aofc ol Mkmjmgm+ =9>3+ |ok 1 vivkc =% Nceczmk Tzo|iqioeq+ ='1'=+:%

Ai|ik km~ fillczceac jcv~cce ai|ik km~ mef aoggoe km~%

Ie Boecq |% @iecq+ =3>Mkm% <:6+ 6>Qo%>19(Mkm% =940)

Bcllczqoe Fm|iq+ Tzcqifcev ol

v`c Aoelcfczmvc Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam+

m Aoeqvivsvioemkircf+ fc bszc emvioe%



V` J vv ^ f M v



Ie =966+ S%Q% Aozt mzzmencf loz v`c IGL(Ievczemvioemk Goecvmzy Lsef+ m lozcine

aoztozmvioe) vo }siv akmig v`c S%Q%

Aoztozmvioe mef sqc v`c S%Q% vzcmqszy mq v`c

IGL‐q fzm~ien maaosev%

Aizam =9662 Fckcnmvcq lzog 66 emvioeq toqcf oe v c km~e ol v`c

Gosev mqìenvoe @ovck ie

Jzcvvoe oofq+ Ec~ @mgtqìzc%

V`c Jzcvvoe ôofq Mnzccgcev



Vìq gcmeq v`mv v`c loz'tzoliv

aoztozmvioe heo~e mq v`c

SEIVCF QVMVCQ iq o~ecf jy

v`c IEVCZEMVIOEMK

GOECVMZY LSEF+ mlozcine o~ecf cevivy%

V`c Ievczemvioemk Goecvmzy Lsef





Qieac v`c oznmeia mef Qvmvc Aoeqvivsvioeq lozjif otczmvien iejsqiecqq ~iv` lozcine aszzceay (Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c Eovcq)+ v`cqvmvcq jcamgc qsj'aoztozmvioeq ol S%Q% Aozt% ‑ ifcevilicf mqv`c QVMVC OL P ie mkk amtivmk kcvvczq% Iggcfimvcky+ v`c

aoztozmvc QVMVCQ jcnme mfotvien S%Q% Aozt% seilozg aofcqmef kiaceqien vo cpczaiqc aoevzok ol v`c tcotkc ‖ eov tczgivvcfsefcz v`c oznmeia Aoeqvivsvioe%

Qsj'Aoztozmvioeq

No|czegcev oeky no|czecf ivqckl mef aoztozmvioeq% Tcotkc ~czc qckl' no|czecf% Qsa` iq v`c emvszc ol v`cAoeqvivsvioemk Zctsjkia%

M Vce Gikc Q}smzc



– Mef jc iv lszv`cz cemavcf + v`mv v`c qmif kcniqkmvi|c mqqcgjky q`mkk

`m|c to~cz vo azcmvc jy nceczmk km~+ gofily+ zctcmk+ oz mgcef+

~ivìe qmif Fiqvziav+ aoztozmvioeq mnnzcnmvc loz zckiniosq+ a`mzivmjkc+

cfsamvioemk+ iefsqvzimk+ oz aoggczaimk tsztoqcq+ mef vo fcliec v`cizto~czq mef kimjikivicq2 Tzo|ifcf + V`mv v`c to~czq ol aoztozmvioeq qo

azcmvcf q`mkk jc kigivcf vo v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim“ (cgt`mqiq

mffcf+ qia%) V`c Mav ol =0>= Qca% :0

M Vce'Gikc Q}smzc

S%Q% Aozt%‐q oziniemk bsziqfiavioe iq v`c vce'gikc'q}smzc ol v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim% Iv `mq

msvòzivy o|cz ivqckl mef ivq azcmvioeq% V`czclozc+

QVMVC OL ^MQ@IENVOE‐q bsziqfiavioe+ mq m

qsj'aoztozmvioe ol S%Q% Aozt%+ iq mkqo v`c vce'

gikc q}smzc ol v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim%



: Fiqvieav Joficq Zcaoneircf Aoeqvivsvioemkky

V`c Aoenzcqq q`mkk `m|c To~cz vo kmy mef aokkcav Vmpcq+ Fsvicq+ Igtoqvq mef Cpaiqcq+ vo tmy

v`c Fcjvq mef tzo|ifc loz v`c aoggoe Fclceqc mef nceczmk ^cklmzc ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq8 Jsv

mkk Fsvicq+ Igtoqvq mef Cpaiqcq q`mkk jc seilozg v`zosnòsv v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq%

Seivcf Qvmvcq Aoeqvivsvioe+ Mzviakc = Qcavioe 0

Kigivmvioeq oe Vmpien Mjikivy ol Aoenzcqq iq |czy akcmz%

V`c Aoenzcqq q`mkk `m|c To~cz vo fiqtoqc ol mef gmhc mkk eccflsk Zskcq mef Zcnskmvioeq

zcqtcavien v`c Vczzivozy oz ov`cz Tzotczvy jckoenien vo v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq%

Seivcf Qvmvcq Aoeqvivsvioe+ Mzviakc I\ Qcavioe 1

V`c Aoeqvivsvioe tkmacq Eo kigivq loz Aoenzcqq oe ivq vmpien mjikivy loz Vczzivozicq oz ov`cz

Tzotczvy jckoenien vo v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq% V`c qc|czmk qvmvcq mzc eov ieaksfcf ~ivìe vìq

Mzviakc+ mef Vivkc :<+ v`c IZQ aofc+ ~mq cemavcf jy Aoenzcqq sefcz vìq mzviakc ol v`c

aoeqvivsvioe% Lszv`czgozc+ v`c IZQ aofc ivqckl maheo~kcfncq v`mv iv iq TZI\MVC KM^ ‑ eov

TSJKIA KM^%



: Qctmzmvc Bsziqfiavioeq

Aoenzcqq iq |czy kigivcf ie ~`mv to~cz iv `mq o|cz v`c seioe ol

Qvmvcq% Aoenzcqq `mq sekigivcf to~cz vo aoevzok vczzivozicq ,

tzotczvy o~ecf jy v`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ%

Goqv km~q tmqqcf jy Aoenzcqq mzc tzi|mvc km~ ‑ zckmvien cpaksqi|cky vo iv.q

vczzivozicq , tzotczvicq% V`cqc km~q `m|c eov ien vo fo ~iv` ~c v`c tcotkc oe v`c

qoik ol v`c Qvmvcq% IZQ aofc iq kiqvcf mq tzi|mvc km~% Tzi|mvc km~q ol v`c Seivcf

Qvmvcq mttky cpaksqi|cky vo vòqc ~ò `m|c m aoevzmav ~iv` v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq oz

oec ol ivq lzmeaìqc QVMVCq%

Z k ^ kf



Zcmk ôzkf oz

VooeVo~e?

Vooevo~e aofcq ameeov vzcqtmqq oe v`c zcmk ~ozkf% Zcmk ôzkfkm~ ameeov vzcqtmqq oe Vooevo~e% V`c km~ ol @cm|ce focq eovmttky ie `ckk% V`c km~ ol `ckk focq eov mttky ie @cm|ce%

^`czc mzc yos???Fo yos amzzy m .fzi|cz kiaceqc+. mef ~`ce mqhcf vo ifcevily yoszqckl tzosfky fiqtkmy m VOOEVOÊ MKK'STTCZ'AMQCemgc+ zc'tzcqcevien yoszqckl mq m liavioe'vooe? Oz fo yos tzcqcev yoszqckl mq m Zcmk~ozkf Gme oz ôgme oe v`c qoik?

Fillczcev Fclieivioeq loz



Fillczcev Fclieivioeq loz

Fillczcev Bsziqfiavioeq1= ALZ 3=%:

(i) No|czeoz gcmeq v`c No|czeoz ol

mey ol v`c 34 Qvmvc no|czegcevq oz

v`c Gmyoz ol v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim%

(o) Qcazcvmzy gcmeq v`c Qcazcvmzy

ol v`c Vzcmqszy%

(}) Qvmvc no|czegcev gcmeq v`c

no|czegcev ol mey ol v`c 34 Qvmvcno|czegcevq oz v`c Fiqvziav ol

Aoksgjim%

1= ALZ 3:%:

(l) No|czeoz gcmeq v`c No|czeoz ol

mey ol v`c 34 qvmvcq mef v`c aìcl

cpcasvi|c olliacz ol v`cAoggoe~cmkv` ol Tsczvo Ziao+ mef

v`c vczzivozicq ol Mgcziame Qmgom+

Nsmg+ mef v`c \iznie Iqkmefq ol v`c

Seivcf Qvmvcq%

(e) Qcazcvmzy gcmeq v`c Qcazcvmzy ol v`c S%Q% Fctmzvgcev ol v`c Vzcmqszy%

(o) Qvmvc no|czegcev gcmeq v`c

no|czegcev ol mey ol v`c 34 qvmvcq%



:: SQA :0<V`c Tzcqifcev iq `czcjy msvòzircf vo maactv gcgjczqìt loz v`c SeivcfQvmvcq ie v`c Ievczemvioemk Goecvmzy Lsef (`czciemlvcz zclczzcf vo mq v`c*Lsef*)+ mef ie v`c Ievczemvioemk Jmeh loz Zcaoeqvzsavioe mef Fc|ckotgcev(`czciemlvcz zclczzcf vo mq v`c *Jmeh*)+ tzo|ifcf loz jy v`c Mzviakcq ol

Mnzccgcev ol v`c Lsef mef v`c Mzviakcq ol Mnzccgcev ol v`c Jmeh mq qcv lozvìe v`c Liemk Mav ol v`c Seivcf Emvioeq Goecvmzy mef Liemeaimk Aoelczceacfmvcf Bsky ::+ =966+ mef fctoqivcf ie v`c mzaì|cq ol v`c Fctmzvgcev ol Qvmvc%

Ame m km~lsk no|czegcev+ kigivcf jy v`c Aoeqvivsvioe+ fo qsa` m vìen?^`mv ~mq maactvcf loz gcgjczqìt ievo v`c IGL ‑ v`c emvioe+ oz m

Aoztozmvc Vczzivozy amkkcf v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq?



Jmeh ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq |% Tkmevczq‐

Jmeh ol Ncoznim :: S%Q% (9 ^`cmv) 946+ < K%Cf% :66 =0:6

Iv iq+ ~c vìeh+ m qosef tzieaitkc+ v`mv ~`ce m no|czegcev jcaogcq m tmzvecz ie

mey vzmfien aogtmey+ iv fi|cqvq ivqckl+ qo lmz mq aoeaczeq v`c vzmeqmavioeq ol v`mvaogtmey+ ol ivq qo|czcine a`mzmavcz+ mef vmhcq v`mv ol m tzi|mvc aivirce… Mq m

gcgjcz ol m aoztozmvioe+ m no|czegcev ec|cz cpczaiqcq ivq qo|czcinevy% Iv mavq

gczcky mq m aoztozmvoz+ mef cpczaiqcq eo ov`cz to~cz ie v`c gmemncgcev ol v`c

mllmizq ol v`c aoztozmvioe+ v`me mzc cptzcqqky ni|ce jy v`c ieaoztozmvien mav…

V`c no|czegcev+ jy jcaogien m aoztozmvoz+ kmyq fo~e ivq qo|czcinevy+ qo lmzmq zcqtcavq v`c vzmeqmavioeq ol v`c aoztozmvioe+ mef cpczaiqcq eo to~cz oz

tzi|ikcnc ~ìa` iq eov fczi|cf lzog v`c a`mzvcz%



Bsziqfiavioe

Bsziq 7 km~

Fiavioe 7 ~ozfq

Mzcm ~`czc qtcailia km~ ~ozfq mttky

Bsziqfiavioe% Mzcmq ol msvòzivy2 v`c nconzmtìa mzcm ie ~ìa` m aoszv `mqto~cz oz vytcq ol amqcq iv `mq to~cz vo `cmz% V`c vczg gmy `m|c fillczcevgcmeienq ie fillczcev aoevcpvq% Gmzvie |% Ksv`cz+ A%M% Ikk%+ <09 L%:f =49+

==6% Jkmah.q Km~ Fiavioemzy+ qipv` cfivioe



Cemavien Akmsqc

@o~ fo yos vckk ~`cv`cz v`c „km~q‐ cemavcf jy Aoenzcqq mttky vo yos il

yos ki|c oe oec ol v`c qc|czmk qvmvcq+ mef eov oe kmef acfcf vo v`c SEIVCF

QVMVCQ NO\CZECGCEV+ ~ìa` oeky `mq bsziqfiavioe o|cz v`c fiqvziav ol

Aoksgjim+ mef vczzivozicq mef tzotczvicq o~ecf jy v`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ?

Foe‐v jov`cz ~iv` „aofcq‐ ‑ v`cy mzc ~zivvce ie aofc+ mef mzc eov km~q% Nojmah vo v`c qvmvsvcq mef kooh mv v`ciz cemavien akmsqc+ sqsmkky ~ivìe v`c

fclieivioeq qcavioe% V`c cemavien akmsqc gsqv qvmvc bsziqfiavioemk kigivq2 ~ò iv

mttkicq vo+ ~`czc iv mttkicq vo+ ~`mv tcemkvicq mzc loz |iokmvioe ol v`mv tmzviaskmz

qvmvsvc%

V`c cemavien akmsqc iq v`mv tozvioe ol m qvmvsvc ~ìa` ni|cq iv bsziqfiavioemkifcevivy mef aoeqvivsvioemk msv`ceviaivy%

Boiecz |% Qvmvc+ =33 Q%C%:f 0+ =4 (Nm% =9<>)



–Iqqsc ol tzoacqq jy aoszv ol kigivcf bsziqfiavioe

Eov~iv`qvmefien mey ov`cz tzo|iqioeq ol km~ no|czeien qcz|iac ol tzoacqq ie ai|ik amqcq+ m aoszv ol kigivcf bsziqfiavioe `m|ien

bsziqfiavioe o|cz me mkkcncf vzmllia ielzmavioe gmy iqqsc tzoacqq

mey~`czc ~ivìe v`c qvmvc%“ ZA^ 6<%<1%=14

Aoszv Bsziqfiavioe



‛―Qvmvc‟ gcmeq v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim oz v`c

Aoggoe~cmkv` ol Tsczvo Ziao oz mey qvmvc+

vczzivozy+ toqqcqqioe+ oz ov`cz bsziqfiavioe ol v`c

Seivcf Qvmvcq ov`cz v`me v`c qvmvc ol mqìenvoe‗

ZA^ :3%=3%443 (=:)

Zcgcgjcz+ v`c Mav ol =0>= qvmvcf2 –v`c to~czq ol

aoztozmvioeq qo azcmvcf q`mkk jc kigivcf vo v`c

Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim%“ V`c QVMVC OL

^MQ@IENVOE iq gczcky m qsj'aoztozmvioe ol v`c

SEIVCF QVMVCQ% Eoviac v`mv v`c QVMVC OL

^MQ@IENVOE+ ie ivq o~e aofcq+ (ZA^7

Zc|iqcf Aofc ol ^MQ@IENVOE) mfgivq iv `mq eo

bsziqfiavioe oe oz o|cz v`c – qvmvc ol mqìenvoe+“

v`c Zctsjkia-

.Qvmvc. Fcliecf



V`c .QVMVC OL ^MQ@IENVOE. iq…

– Ie vìq qvmvc“ oz –~ivìe vìq qvmvc“ ieaksfcq mkk lcfczmk mzcmq kyien ~ivìe

v`c cpvczioz josefmzicq ol v`c qvmvc%

' ZA^ 0:%46%:44(Zc|iqcf Aofc ol mqìenvoe)

V`c QVMVC OL ^MQ@IENVOE aoeqiqvq cpaksqi|cky

ol aoztozmvc SEIVCF QVMVCQ acfcf tzotczvy ~ivìe

v`c josefmzicq ol v`c zctsjkia qvmvc ol mqìenvoe%



]scqvioe2 Il qo|czcine gme azcmvcf m no|czegcev jy sqien losefien

foasgcevq v`mv kigivcf v`mv no|czegcev+ ò~ iq iv toqqijkc v`mv eo~ v`cno|czegcev+ mv ~ikk+ a`mencq v`mv foasgcev vo qsiv ivqckl?

Meq~cz2 V`c losefien foasgcevq ame oeky jc a`mencf jy v`c ~ikk ol v`ctcotkc+ oz v`c foasgcev jcien a`mencf iq qigtky m aoztozmvc foasgcev v`mv`mq eo zckmvioe vo osz vzsc zctsjkiame lozg ol no|czegcev%

V`c oziniemk bsziqfiavioe foasgcevq+ mgcefcf jy v`c tcotkc+ `m|c eov a`mencf qieac M%F% =>9=%

@o~ Ame Vìq Jc?



V`c losefien aoztozmvioe foasgcev ol v`c LcfczmkGseiaitmk Aoztozmvioe heo~e mq v`c S%Q% |czy akoqcky

zcqcgjkcq v`c Aoeqvivsvioe loz v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol

Mgcziam+ mef iq amkkcf v`c Aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c Seivcf

Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam% V`c Aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol

Mgcziam+ S%Q% Qcemvc |czqioe+ ^% @iahcy+ >v` Cf%+ Tìkmfcktìm =0>6%

Eovc v`c mkk amtivmk V@C SEIVCF QVMVCQ OL

MGCZIAM oe v`c aoztozmvc aoeqvivsvioe%

V~o Aoeqvivsvioeq



– c v`c Tcotkc ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ ie Ozfcz vo lozg m gozc

tczlcav Seioe+ cqvmjkiq` Bsqviac+ ieqszc fogcqvia Vzme}sikivy+

tzo|ifc loz v`c aoggoe fclceqc+ tzogovc v`c nceczmk ^cklmzc+

mef qcaszc v`c Jkcqqienq ol Kijczvy vo oszqck|cq mef osz Toqvczivy+fo ozfmie mef cqvmjkiq` vìq Aoeqvivsvioe loz v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol

Mgcziam%“

Tzcmgjkc ol v`c oziniemk„Oznmeia‐ Aoeqvivsvioe

i Q i Q M Q



Cemjkien Qvmvsvcq ie QVMVCQ

Gmey QVMVCQ `m|c : fiqvieav cemjkien mavq… oec iq loz v`c aoztozmvc

lzmeaìqc+ oec iq loz v`c zctsjkia%

* c v`c tcotkc ol v`c qvmvc ol Amkilozeim zctzcqcevcf ie qcemvc mef

mqqcgjky+ fo `czcjy cemav…*

*^c v`c tcotkc ol v`c QVMVC OL AMKILOZEIM fo `czcjy cemav… *

Zctzcqcevmvi|c amtmaivy iq cevizcky ogivvcf mef vìq cemavien km~ zclczq votzi|mvc km~ mef tzi|mvc cevcztziqcq% Eo km~ `mq jcce tmqqcf ie Amkilozeim ~iv`

tzotcz zctzcqcevmvi|c amtmaivy qieac =03<%

Fo~ecq |% Jif~ckk



V`c ifcm tzc|mikq ~iv` qogc+ iefccf iv `mq cptzcqqioe ie mznsgcevq mv v`cjmz+ v`mv ~c `m|c ie vìq aosevzy qsjqvmevimkky v~o emvioemk no|czegcevq8 oec vo jcgmievmiecf sefcz v`c Aoeqvivsvioe+ ~iv` mkk ivq zcqvziavioeq8 v`c ov`cz vo jcgmievmiecf jy Aoenzcqq osvqifc mef iefctcefcevky ol v`mv ieqvzsgcev+ jy cpczaiqienqsa` to~czq mq ov`cz emvioeq ol v`c cmzv` mzc maasqvogcf vo… Iv ~ikk jc me c|ik fmyloz Mgcziame Kijczvy il v`c v`cozy ol m no|czegcev osvqifc v`c Qstzcgc Km~ ol v`c

Kmef liefq kofngcev ie osz Aoeqvivsvioemk Bsziqtzsfceac% Eo ìn`cz fsvy zcqvq stoevìq aoszv v`me vo cpczv ivq lskk msvòzivy vo tzc|cev mkk |iokmvioe ol v`c tzieaitkcq ol v`c Aoeqvivsvioe%

@oeozmjkc Qstzcgc Aoszv

Bsqviac Boè @mzkme

ie v`c =94= amqc ol Fo~ecq |%Jif~ckk%

V`c v~o qt`czcq ol tokiviamk no|czegcev FO EOV O\CZKMT-

Fo~ecq |% Jif~ckk=0: S%Q% :66+10= (M%F% =94=)

^`mv iq v`c Fillczceac?



Aoggoe Km~(Zctsjkia)

Loz Gme

Ol+ jy+ loz+ lzog+ vo V@C

TCOTKCTo~cz aogcq lzog v`c tcotkc

Tkmacq kigivmvioeq oe

no|czegcev

99# ameeov vmhc m~my v`cZin`vq ol v`c =#

Zogme Ai|ik Km~(Fcgoazmay)

Lcfczmk

3=# ame vmhc m~my v`c zin`vq

ol 69#^ò fcvczgiecq ~`mv vo tkmac

oe v`c gmbozivy ol mkk gce?

^ò òkfq v`c to~cz? V`c

Lcfq? Mnceaicq? Jszcmsq?Mavq mq il iv `mq eo kigivq

Kcniqkmvcf Jikkq loz Qvmvsvcq

^`mv iq v`c Fillczceac?

Zogme Ai|ik Km~ oz Aoggoe Km~?



Zogme Ai|ik Km~ oz Aoggoe Km~?


Jmqcf stoe Nof‐q km~q mq akcmzky qò~e ie v`cJijkc% Bsfncq gsqv zskc jmqcf stoe amqc ìqvozy%

Aoggoe Km~ iq m qìckf mnmieqv mzjivzmzy

to~cz% V`c Aoggoe Km~ tzovcavq osz zin`vqmef kijczvicq%

–Eo Qvmvc q`mkk%%%gmhc mey Vìen jsv nokf mefqik|cz Aoie m vcefcz ie Tmygcev ol Fcjvq%“

Mzviakc I+ Qcavioe =4 ol v`cAoeqvivsvioe loz v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam

V`c qvykc ol mkk tzoacqq q`mkk jc –V`c Qvmvc ol Ec|mfm“ mef mkk tzoqcasvioeq q`mkk jcaoefsavcf ie v`c emgc mef jy v`c msvòzivy ol v`c qmgc% Xi%c%+ ie v`c emgc ol v`c Tcotkc%W

Aoeqvivsvioe ol Ec|mfm (Oavojcz 1=+ =0<6)+MZVIAKC \I ‖ Bsfiaimk Fctmzvgcev+ Qca% =0


Eo jiefien tzcacfcev% Mv v`c ~ìg ol olliaimkq% Bsfncq ame zskc mey ~my v`cy ~mev%

Jmehq cgiv oeky Lcfczmk Zcqcz|c Eovcq+ i%c+aoggczaimk ecnovimjkc ieqvzsgcevq% Gczc sqcol aoggczaimk tmtcz qsjbcavq mkk sqczq vo v`cS%A%A% mef Aoenzcqq‐ aoggczaimk to~cz%

Mkk tzoacqq mavsmkky zseq ie v`c emgc ol –QVMVC OL EC\MFM+“ fcqtivc v`c

Aoeqvivsvioe ol Ec|mfm%:0 SQA Qcavioe =40

Fcgoazmay oz Zctsjkia?



Fcgoazmay oz Zctsjkia?

Aoggoe Km~(Zctsjkia)V`c –vzsc emgc“ iq –V`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam%“ Iv iq m zctsjkia+ aogjieien Qvmvc mefEmvioemk no|czegcev+ azcmvcf jy c v`cTcotkc+ Aivirceq ol v`c qc|czmk qo|czcine Qvmvcqie Seioe+ jy v`ciz Aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c SeivcfQvmvcq ol Mgcziam+ Gmza` 6+ =>09% VìqAoeqvivsvioe iq Tmzmgosev Km~+ cpczaiqien =>kigivcf cesgczmvcf To~czq fckcnmvcf jy v`ctcotkc%

Fipoe |% Seivcf Qvmvcq+ = Jzoah =>>+>L%Amq%><= (M%F%=0==) ni|ce jy Aìcl Bsqviac

Boè Gmzq`mkk%

–V`c Seivcf Qvmvcq q`mkk nsmzmevcc vo c|czyQvmvc ie vìq Seioe m Zctsjkiame lozg ol No|czegcev%“ Mzviakc I\+ Qcavioe 6 ol v`cAoeqvivsvioe loz v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam


V`c –Seivcf Qvmvcq“ otczmvcq mq m

fcgoazmay sefcz v`c Seivcf QvmvcqAoeqvivsvioe+ m gczc qvmvsvc jy Aoenzcqq oeLcj% :=+ =0>=+ ie me mav vo tzo|ifc m

no|czegcev cpaksqi|c vo v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim%

=< Qvmv% 6=9+ Qca% 16+ tmnc 6:<

–Aoenzcqq q`mkk `m|c To~cz vo fiqtoqc ol mef

gmhc mkk eccflsk Zskcq mef Zcnskmvioeq

zcqtcavien v`c Vczzivozy oz ov`cz Tzotczvy jckoenien vo v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq%“ XVìq To~cz

iq oeky loz SQ vczzivozicq-W

Mzv% I\+ Qca% 1+ Ak% : ol v`c Aoeqvivsvioe

Tzi|ikcncq |q Zin`vq



Tzi|ikcncq |q% Zin`vq


–… mkk gce mzc azcmvcf c}smk+ v`mv v`cy mzccefo~cf jy v`ciz Azcmvoz ~iv` aczvmiesemkicemjkc Zin`vq“

V`c Fcakmzmvioe ol Iefctcefceac+ Bsky 6+ =>><

V`c ~ozf –tcotkc ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq“ mef–aivirceq“ mzc qyeoeygosq vczgq+ mef gcme v`cqmgc vìen% V`cy jov` fcqazijc v`c tokiviamk jofy~ò+ maaozfien vo osz zctsjkiame ieqvivsvioeq+

lozg v`c qo|czcinevy+ mef ~ò òkf v`c to~czmef aoefsav v`c no|czegcev v`zosn` v`cizzctzcqcevmvi|cq% V`cy mzc ~`mv iq lmgikimzkyamkkcf v`c –qo|czcine tcotkc+“ mef c|czy aivirceiq oec ol vìq tcotkc+ mef m aoeqvivscev gcgjcz ol vìq qo|czcinevy%“ Fzcf Qaovv |% Qmelozf% <4S%Q%191+ 643 M%F% =03<


–%%%iv iq c|ifcev v`mv v`cy XS%Q% aivirceqW `m|c eovv`c tokiviamk zin`vq ~ìa` mzc |cqvcf ie aivirceqol v`c Qvmvcq% V`cy mzc eov aoeqvivscevq ol meyaoggseivy ie ~ìa` iq |cqvcf mey qo|czcineto~cz ol no|czegcev% V`ciz toqivioe tmzvmhcqgozc ol v`c a`mzmavcz ol qsjbcavq v`me ol

aivirceq% V`cy mzc qsjbcav vo v`c km~q ol v`cSeivcf Qvmvcq+ jsv `m|c eo |oiac ie ivqgmemncgcev% Il v`cy mzc mkko~cf vo gmhc km~q+v`c |mkifivy ol v`cqc km~q iq fczi|cf lzog v`cqmeavioe ol m No|czegcev ie ~ìa` v`cy mzc eovzctzcqcevcf% Gczc aivirceqìt v`cy gmy `m|c+ jsvv`c tokiviamk zin`vq ol aivirceq v`cy ameeovceboy…“ Tcotkc |% Fc Km Nsczzm+64 Amk% 1==+

16: (M%F% =0>4)

Qvmvcq mzc tzcqsgcf vo jc totskmvcf jy lcfczmkaivirceq+ oz S%Q% aivirceq+ gczcky zcqifien ielcfczmk qvmvcq% V`cy mzc zclczzcf vo mq–mfgieiqvzmvi|c fi|iqioeq“ oe ~~~%aim%no| mefmq –vczzivozicq“ oe ~~~%sqm%no|%+ jov` olliaimkno|czegcev ~cj qivcq%




Qo|czcine Zin`vq

Zin`v2 Bsqv akmig8 kcnmk vivkc8o~eczqìt8 v`c kcnmk to~cz ol cpaksqi|c toqqcqqioe mef ceboygcev8

bsqv akmig jy qo|czcinevy8

msvòzivy8 kcnmk to~cz% Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq` Kmensmnc2 Eom` cjqvcz =0:0

Focq eov eccf „Kiaceqc‐ iqqscf jyielczioz cevivy%

S%Q% AIVIRCE Tzi|ikcncq

Tzi|ikcnc2 M tmzviaskmz mef tcaskimz

jcecliv oz mf|mevmnc ceboycf jy m

tczqoe+ aogtmey oz qoaicvy+ jcyoefv`c aoggoe mf|mevmncq ol ov`czaivirceq% Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq`


Kiaceqc2 vo tczgiv jy nzmev ol

msvòzivy2 vo zcgo|c kcnmk zcqvzmiev jy

m nzmev ol tczgiqqioe % Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq` Kmensmnc2 Eom` cjqvcz

=0:0


SEIVCF QVMVCQ AOZT



SEIVCF QVMVCQ AOZT

zclsqcq vo qcc oz zcaoneirc

meyvìen mjo|c ivqckl%

Zogme Ai|ik Km~ Mfgieiqvzmvi|c Zskcq mef

Zcnskmvioeq

Gikivmzy/Gmzvimk Km~

Aoggoe Km~

To~cz fcazcmqcq ~iv`

cma` qsaacqqi|c qvct fo~e

v`c a`mie Iv iq |czy akcmz



v`c a`mie% Iv iq |czy akcmz

~ìa` aoszvq `m|c

qstczioz bsziqfiavioe

Ikksqioe

–Gmvzip“–Or“

*Jozn*

–Aoztozmvc Liavioeq“

Zcmkivy

Zcgcgjcz v`c to~cz lko~



Zcgcgjcz v`c to~cz lko~ ‑

azcmvcf cevivicq ameeov `m|c gozcto~cz v`me v`ciz azcmvoz-





Fcqtoviqg jy Fcqine

*Cfsamvioe qyqvcgq ol v`c qc|czmk Qvmvcq jzosn`v sefcz ‐cgcznceay’

aoevzok v`zosn` v`c tmqqmnc ol v`c ‐Emvioemk Fclceqc Cfsamvioe Mav’ >:

Qvmv% =304 oe Qctvcgjcz :ef =930+‗ lmaikivmvien gcgozirmvioetzonzmggien mef fiqielozgmvioe… fiavmvcf lzog v`clcfczmk/ievczemvioemk kc|ck8 qcc Bmgcq Gmfiqoe @in` Qaòok+ M Aszziasksg loz Mgcziame Qvsfcevq+ îkkimg B% Jceecvv+ Qcazcvmzy ol v`cSeivcf Qvmvcq Fctmzvgcev ol Cfsamvioe (=90>)%

V`sq+ v`c giqielozgmvioe ol v`c gmqqcq mef ie tmzviaskmz v`c gieozaìkfzce m|ien jcce cllcavi|cky igtkcgcevcf8 v`c v`zcc fiqvieav jzmea`cq2 Cpcasvi|c+ Kcniqkmvi|c mef Bsfiaimk+ `m|c jcce aogtzogiqcf+ao|czvky aoelcfczmvcf+ aoeqokifmvcf+ sqsztcf mef o|czv`zo~e%

ôc vo vòqc ~ò amkk c|ik noof+ mef noof c|ik uIqmim` 32 :4

Mqqigikmvioe



Mqqigikmvioe

Vìq gcmeq v`mv c|czyoec iq jcien mqqigikmvcf ievo v`c aoztozmvc SQ+mef osv ol v`c zctsjkia% c mzc jcien –zc'|cescf %“

‛Zcqiqvmeac iq lsvikc% Yos

~ikk jc mqqigikmvcf%‗

u V`c Jozn Aokkcavi|c+

lzog Qvmz Vzch2 V`c Ecpv

Nceczmvioe

=6v` M f v



=6v` Mgcefgcev

.zctkmacf. v`c Aoeqvivsvioe?

*^ìkc v`c Seioe qsz|i|cf v`c ai|ik ~mz+ v`c Aoeqvivsvioe fif eov% Ie

ivq tkmac mzoqc m ec~+ gozc tzogiqien jmqiq loz bsqviac mef c}smkivy+

v`c =6v` Mgcefgcev+ ceqszien tzovcavioe ol v`c kilc+ kijczvy+ meftzotczvy ol mkk tczqoeq mnmieqv fctzi|mvioeq ~ivòsv fsc tzoacqq+ mef

nsmzmevccien c}smk tzovcavioe ol v`c km~q%*

Zcgmzhq ol V`sznoof Gmzq`mkk+ SQ Qstzcgc Aoszv Bsqviac

Mv V`c Meesmk Qcgiemz ol v`c

QME LZMEAIQAO TMVCEV MEF VZMFCGMZH KM^ MQQOAIMVIOE

Gmsi+ @m~mii Gmy <+ =90>

=6v` Mgcefgcev Aivirceq



V`c (=6v`) mgcefgcev zclczzcf vo qkm|czy% Aoeqc}scevky+ v`c oeky tczqoeq

cgjzmacf jy ivq tzo|iqioeq+ mef loz ~ìa` Aoenzcqq ~mq msvòzircf vo kcniqkmvc ie

v`c gmeecz ~czc vòqc v`ce ie qkm|czy%

Jo~kie |% Aoggoe~cmkv`+ (=0<>)+ <3 Hcev% Zct% 3+ :9%

Mlvcz v`c mfotvioe ol v`c =6v`

Mgcefgcev+ m jikk ~ìa` jcamgcv`c lizqv Ai|ik Zin`vq Mav ~mqievzofsacf ie v`c 19v` Aoenzcqq+v`c gmboz tsztoqc ol ~ìa` ~mq voqcaszc vo v`c zcacevky lzccf Ecnzocq

mkk v`c ai|ik zin`vq qcaszcf vo ~ìvcgce%%% (E)oec ov`cz v`me aivirceq ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ~czc ~ivìe v`ctzo|iqioeq ol v`c Mav%

@mnsc |% A% I% O%+ 14> S% Q% 69<+ 349%

=6 Mgcefgcev Aivirceq

=6v` Mgcefgcev Aivirceq



Mkgoqv c|czyoec ie osz emvioe `mq zcfsacf v`cgqck|cq vo v`c

qvmvsq ol m =6v` mgcefgcev aivirce+ mhm „SQ AIVIRCE+‐ ~iv`

oeky v`c zin`vq mef tzi|ikcncq nzmevcf jy v`c aoztozmvioe mef

qsjbcav vo ivq Zogme ai|ik km~% Zcgcgjcz v`c to~cz lko~?

Aogtmzc v`c toqivioe+ zcqtoeqijikivy+ mef to~cz m qo|czcine

gme `mq vo v`mv ol m =6v` mgcefgcev aivirce ol v`c S%Q% Aozt%

|%

A

Qo|czcine Gme=6v` Mgcefgcev Aivirce

Fillczcev Aivirceqìtq



^c `m|c ie osz tokiviamk qyqvcg m no|czegcev ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq mef m

no|czegcev ol cma` ol v`c qc|czmk qvmvcq% Cma` oec ol v`cqc no|czegcevq

iq fiqvieav lzog v`c ov`czq+ mef cma` `mq aivirceq ol ivq o~e ~ò o~c ivmkkcnimeac+ mef ~òqc zin`vq+ ~ivìe ivq bsziqfiavioe+ iv gsqv tzovcav% V`c

qmgc tczqoe gmy jc mv v`c qmgc vigc m aivirce ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq mef m

aivirce ol m qvmvc+ jsv ìq zin`vq ol aivirceqìt sefcz oec ol v`cqc

no|czegcevq ~ikk jc fillczcev lzog vòqc `c `mq sefcz v`c ov`cz%

S% Q% |% Azsihq`meh+ 9: S%Q% 36: (=0>3)

Fillczcev Aivirceqìtq

Fillczcev Zin`vq

.T .



.Tczqoe.

–Ie ozfiemzy sqmnc ol v`c vczg „ tczqoe‐ focq eov ieaksfc v`c qo|czcine+ mefqvmvsvcq cgtkoyien v`c ~ozf mzc ozfiemziky aoeqvzscf vo cpaksfc iv+“tszqsmev vo2 ikqoe |% Ogm`m Iefime Vzijc 66: S%Q% <31+ <<>8 mef+ –v`c

Foavziec ol Qo|czcine Iggseivy iq oec ol v`c aoggoe km~ iggseivicq mef

fclceqcq v`mv mzc m|mikmjkc vo v`c Qo|czcine%“ Qcc îkk |% Giaìnme Fctv% ol

Qvmvc Tokiac+ 69 S%Q% 30+ =43 K% Cf% :f 63+ =49% Q% Av% :1468 mef+ –v`c tcotkc ol v`c qvmvc+ mq qsaacqqozq ol ivq lozgcz qo|czcine+ mzc cevivkcf vo mkk zin`vq ~ìa`

lozgczky jckoencf vo v`c hien jy ìq o~e tzczonmvi|c%“ Qcc Kmeqien |% Qgiv` 6

^cefckk 9 (E% Y%)



Eo Qsa` Vìen Mq M Aivirce



Ie cpmgieien osz lozg ol no|czegcev+ iv gin`v jc aozzcavky qmif v`mv v`czc iqeo qsa` vìen mq m aivirce ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq…m aivirce ol mey oec ol v`c

Qvmvcq ol v`c Seioe+ iq `ckf vo jc+ mef amkkcf m aivirce ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+mkvòsn` vcaèiamkky mef mjqvzmavky v`czc iq eo qsa` vìen% Vo aoeaci|c maivirce ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ~ò iq eov m aivirce ol qogc oec ol v`c qvmvcq+ iqvovmkky lozcine vo v`c ifcm+ mef ieaoeqiqvcev ~iv` v`c tzotcz aoeqvzsavioe mefaoggoe sefczqvmefien ol v`c cptzcqqioe mq sqcf ie v`c aoeqvivsvioe+ ~ìa`gsqv jc fcfsacf lzog ivq |mziosq ov`cz tzo|iqioeq%

Cp tmzvc Heo~kcq+ 3 Am% 144+ 14: (=033)

Eo Qsa` Vìen Mq M Aivirce

ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq?

Eoezcqifcev Mkice



Eoezcqifcev Mkice(n) Qtcaimk zskcq loz vmptmycz ifcevilyienesgjczq iqqscf vo lozcine tczqoeq ‖

(=) Nceczmk zskc ‖ (i) Qoaimk qcaszivy esgjcz%

M qoaimk qcaszivy esgjcz iq nceczmkky ifcevilicf

ie v`c zcaozfq mef fmvmjmqc ol v`c Ievczemk

Zc|cesc Qcz|iac mq m esgjcz jckoenien vo m

S%Q% aivirce oz zcqifcev mkice iefi|ifsmk% Mtczqoe gmy cqvmjkiq` m fillczcev qvmvsq loz v`c

esgjcz jy tzo|ifien tzool ol lozcine qvmvsq

~iv` v`c Ievczemk Zc|cesc Qcz|iac sefcz qsa`

tzoacfszcq mq v`c Ievczemk Zc|cesc Qcz|iac q`mkk

tzcqazijc+ ieaksfien v`c sqc ol m lozg mq v`c

Ievczemk Zc|cesc Qcz|iac gmy qtcaily% Stoemaactvien me iefi|ifsmk mq m eoezcqifcev mkice

iefi|ifsmk+ v`c Ievczemk Zc|cesc Qcz|iac ~ikk

mqqine v iq qvmvsq vo v`c iefi|ifsmk‐q qoaimk

qcaszivy esgjcz% :< ALZ A` = ® 14=%<=49'=

Eoe'zcqifcev% Oec ~ò focq eovzcqifc ~ivìe bsziqfiavioe ie}scqvioe8 eov me ie`mjivmev ol v`cqvmvc ol v`c lozsg% Qtcaimk zskcqno|cze qcz|iac ol tzoacqq oe eoe'

zcqifcevq8 c%n% Lcf% Z% Ai|ik T% 6(c)%Eoe'zcqifcev mkice% Oec ~ò iqeciv`cz m zcqifcev eoz m aivirce ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq% Aivirceqìt iqfcvczgiecf sefcz v`c lcfczmkigginzmvioe mef emvszmkirmvioe km~q

(S%Q% Aofc Vivkc 0)%Jkmah.q Km~ Fiavioemzy Qipv` Cfivioe





^'0JCEEo IZQ mncev oz cgtkoycc `mq ycv jcce mjkc vo vckk sq ~`mv mzc *qsa`tzoacfszcq mq v`c Ievczemk Zc|cesc Qcz|iac q`mkk tzcqazijc+ ieaksfien v`c sqcol m lozg mq v`c Ievczemk Zc|cesc Qcz|iac gmy qtcaily* vo aoe|czv oec lzogSQ aivirce vo *Eoezcqifcev Mkice%* c fif ò~c|cz+ lief v`c lokko~ien2*Il yos zcaci|c aczvmie vytcq ol ieaogc+ yos gsqv tzo|ifcLozg ^'0JCE vo2 Cqvmjkiq` v`mv yos mzc eov m S%Q% tczqoe%*

`vvt2//~~~%izq%no|/ieqvzsavioeq/i~0jce/a`4=%`vgk

Amsvioe qòskf jc sqcf ~iv` vìq lozg- Il yos mzc tmzvimkky ie v`cAoztozmvioe/Fcgoazmay/Gmvzip/Vooevo~e+ mef tmzvimkky oe v`cZctsjkia+ vìq lozg gmy jc sqcf mnmieqv yos%

S iv f Qv v M v`



V`c =6v` Mgcefgcev azcmvcq mef fcliecq aivirceqìt ol v`cSeivcf Qvmvcq% Iv `mf koen jcce aoevcefcf+ mef `mf jcce `ckfjy gmey kcmzecf msvòzivicq+ mef `mf ec|cz jcce bsfiaimkky

fcaifcf vo v`c aoevzmzy+ v`mv v`czc ~mq eo qsa` vìen mq maivirce ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ cpactv jy lizqv jcaogien m aivirceol qogc qvmvc%

' Seivcf Qvmvcq |% Mevòey (=0>6)+ :6 Lcf% Amq% 0:9 (Eo% =6+639)+ 014%

Seivcf Qvmvcq |% Mevòey

S Q | ôen Hig



V`c =6v` Mgcefgcev iq v`zosnòsv mllizgmvi|c mef fcakmzmvozy+ ievcefcf

vo mkky fosjvq mef vo qcvvkc aoevzo|czqicq ~ìa` `mf mziqce+ mef EOV VO

IGTOQC MEY EC^ ZCQVZIAVIOE STOE AIVIRCEQ@IT (cgt`mqiq

mffcf)%S%Q% | oen Hig Mzh =<9 SQ <69X=090W%<0>+<00

V`c ievcztzcvmvioe ol v`c aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq iq ecacqqmziky

ielksceacf jy v`c lmav v`mv ivq tzo|iqioeq mzc lzmgcf ie v`c kmensmnc ol v`c

Cenkiq` aoggoe km~+ mef mzc vo zcmf ie v`c kin`v ol ivq ìqvozy%S%Q% | oen Hig Mzh =<9 SQ <69X=090W%<0>+<00 mq aivcf ie Aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq

Meeovmvcf+ Meeovmvioeq ol amqcq fcaifcf jy v`c Qstzcgc Aoszv ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq v`zosn` Bmesmzy

=+ =910+ qstczievcefmev ol foasgcevq+ no|czegcev tzievien olliac+ ^mqìenvoe+ F%A

S%Q% |% ôen Hig

Gozc Amqc Km~



V`c tzi|ikcncq mef iggseivicq akmsqc ol v`c =6v` Mgcefgcevtzovcavq |czy lc~ zin`vq jcamsqc iv eciv`cz ieaoztozmvcq v`c Jikk ol

Zin`vq eoz tzovcavq mkk zin`vq ol iefi|ifsmk aivirceq% Ieqvcmf vìq

tzo|iqioe tzovcavq oeky vòqc zin`vq tcaskimz vo jcien m aivirce ol v`c

lcfczmk no|czegcev8 Iv focq eov tzovcav vòqc zin`vq ~ìa` zckmvc vo

qvmvc aivirceqìt%

Boecq |% Vcggcz + 0:9 L% Qstt% =::<

Iv iq akmigcf v`mv v`c tkmievill iq m aivirce ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq mef ol

vìq qvmvc% Sefosjvcfky q`c iq% Iv iq mznscf v`mv q`c jcamgc qsa` jylozac ol v`c lizqv qcavioe ol v`c =6v` Mgcefgcev+ mkzcmfy zcaivcf%

Vìq+ ò~c|cz+ iq m giqvmhc%

\me \mkhcejczn |% Jzo~e (=0>:)+ 61 Amk% Qst% Av% 61+ 6>

SQ AIVIRCEQMq m loz tzoliv aoztozmvioe v`c S Q sqcq „`sgme amtivmk‐ vo nceczmvc tzoliv



Mq m loz tzoliv aoztozmvioe+ v`c S%Q%+ sqcq `sgme amtivmk vo nceczmvc tzoliv+zcnmzfkcqq ol v`c iebsqviac oz fmgmnc iv focq vo v`c tcotkc ol vìq emvioe% Qieac ivq

azcmvioe+ v`c S%Q% `mq sqcf v`c qvzmvcny ol „~`mahien‐ mey tmvziov ~ò fmzcf voqvmef st vo v`c no|czegcev% Vìq ottzcqqioe aogcq ie gmey lozgq2 IZQ msfivq~iv` `snc tcemkvicq8 lzmsfskcev fzsn jsqvq (~iv` tkmevcf fzsnq)8 lzi|okosq mefliaviviosq km~ qsivq v`mv v`c tmvziov ameeov ~ie ~iv` S%Q% Aoztozmvc bsfncq qivvienie bsfngcev o|cz v`cg%

Mffivioemkky+ il v`c S%Q% ameeov

„aoevzok‐ m aczvmie totskmvioe+ ivgmy ckigiemvc v`c „tzojkcg‐ jyqgcmzien v`c nzost oz tcotkc iev`c gcfim+ v`ce fcqvzoyien v`mvnzost% ( mao+ Zsjy Zifnc+ cva%)

V`c LJI ~cj qivc eo~ kiqvq–qo|czcine aivirceq cpvzcgiqvgo|cgcev“ mq m *Fogcqvia vczzozv`zcmv%*`vvt2//~~~%lji%no|/tmnc:/mtzik=4/qo

|czcineaivirceq_46=1=4%`vgk

Tzcqifcev Vmlv.q qtcca` vo



Iv iq eo~ tzotoqcf vo gmhc st v`c fcliaiv jy v`c igtoqivioe ol m nceczmk ieaogc

vmp+ ie v`c lozg mef qsjqvmeac mef mkgoqv cpmavky v`c qmgc a`mzmavcz mq v`mv~ìa`+ ie v`c amqc ol Tokkoah |% Lmzgczq Kome mef Vzsqv Ao ~mq `ckf jy v`cqstzcgc Aoszv vo jc m fizcav vmp+ mef v`czclozc eov ~ivìe v`c to~cz ol v`clcfczmk no|czegcev vo igtoqc sekcqq mttozvioecf mgoen v`c qc|czmk qvmvcqmaaozfien vo totskmvioe%%% I+ v`czclozc+ zcaoggcef me mgcefgcev vo v`c vmzill jikkigtoqien stoe mkk aoztozmvioeq mef boiev qvoah aogtmeicq loz tzoliv+ cpactvemvioemk jmehq ov`cz~iqc vmpcf+ gcmqszcf jy :# oe v`c ecv ieaogc ol qsaàoztozmvioeq% Vìq iq me cpaiqc vmp stoe v`c tzi|ikcnc ol foien jsqiecqq mq me mzviliaimk cevivy mef v`c tzi|ikcnc ol lzccfog lzog m nceczmk tmzveczqìt kimjikivyceboycf jy vòqc ~ò o~e v`c qvoah% Vìq aoszqc iq gsa` vo jc tzclczzcf vo v`ctzotoqmk ol zccemavien m km~ oeac bsfiaimkky fcakmzcf vo jc seaoeqvivsvioemk%

Tzcqifcev Vmlv q qtcca` vo

Aoenzcqq+ Bsec =<v`+ =949

Qv v Q i v



Qvmvc Qo|czcinevy

Tzioz vo v`c mfotvioe ol v`c lcfczmk Aoeqvivsvioe+ qvmvcq

toqqcqqcf sekigivcf mef sezcqvziavcf qo|czcinevy mef

zcvmiecf v`c qmgc c|cz mlvcz~mzf% Stoe cevczien v`c Seioe+v`cy zcvmiecf mkk v`ciz oziniemk to~cz mef qo|czcinevy%

Jkmiz |% Zifncky+ 9> F% :=0+:69+ Q%T%

Losefien Lmv`cz ]sovmvioeq



Losefien Lmv`cz ]sovmvioeq

Iv `mq c|cz jcce v`c qa`cgc ol no|czegcev vo hcct v`c tcotkc ineozmev

ol v`ciz zin`vq u Vògmq Tmiec

V`c no|czegcev vszeq c|czy aoevienceay ievo me cpasqc loz ce`meaien

to~cz ie ivqckl% u Boè Mfmgq

V`c emvszmk tzonzcqq ol vìenq iq loz kijczvy vo yickf mef no|czegcev vo

nmie nzosef% u Vògmq Bcllczqoe

V`c aoevcqv loz mncq `mq jcce vo zcqasc kijczvy lzog v`c nzmqt ol v`c

cpcasvi|c to~cz% u Fmeick cjqvcz

Mav ol



–Mav ol vczzoziqg“ gcmeq me mavi|ivy v`mv ie|ok|cq m |iokcev mav oz me

mav fmenczosq vo `sgme kilc v`mv iq m |iokmvioe ol v`c azigiemk km~q ol

v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq oz ol mey Qvmvc+ oz v`mv ~oskf jc m azigiemk |iokmvioe

il aoggivvcf ~ivìe v`c bsziqfiavioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq oz ol mey

Qvmvc+ mef mttcmzq vo jc ievcefcf ‑ (i) vo ievigifmvc oz aoczac m ai|ikimetotskmvioe%“ Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy+ Qipv` Cfivioe

V`c vytiamk –qo|czcine aivirce“ toqcq eo –vczzoziqv v`zcmv+“

ycv v`c S%Q% NO\CZEGCEV cenmncq ie vczzoziqg oe m fmiky jmqiq%

Mav ol

Vczzoziqg

„\oksevmzy‐ aogtkimeac'v`zosn` lcmz



y t n

V`c Vmp Aofc zctzcqcevq v`c nceisq ol kcnmk liavioe%%% V`c

IZQ `mq ec|cz zcmkky heo~e ~`y tcotkc tmy ieaogc vmpcq%%%

V`c IZQ ceaoszmncq |oksevmzy aogtkimeac+ v`zosn` lcmz%

Bmah ^mzzce ^mfc+ Bz%+Lozgcz IZQ olliacz

M Eovmjkc Toiev2

Bmah mfc+ Bz% ~mq ie a`mznc ol

v`c IZQ emvioe~ifc zc|cescolliacz vzmieien tzonzmg%

Qvmvc+ Aosevy , Gseiaitmk Aoszvq



y t

Liaviviosq tkmievill% M tczqoe (aoztozmvioe) mttcmzien ie v`c ~ziv+ aogtkmiev+ ozzcaozf mq tkmievill ie m qsiv+ jsv ~ò ie zcmkivy focq eov cpiqv+ oz ~ò iq ineozmev ol v`c qsiv mef v`c sqc ol ìq emgc ie iv% Iv iq m aoevcgtv ol aoszv vo qsc ie v`c emgc ol m liaviviosq tmzvy%

Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy Lilv` Cfivioe+ tmnc 3<: (ieqczv mffcf)

Iv iq akcmz+ v`mv mkk Qvmvc+ Aosevy , Gseiaitmk Aoszvq mzc otczmvien mq loz'tzolivaoztozmvioeq+ ~iv` FSEq© esgjczq mef mzc liaviviosq tmzvicq% ^`mv ~oskf `mttce il ~c amkkcf *QVMVC OL MQ@IENVOE* oz *GOSEV \CZEOE GSEIAITMKAOSZV* vo v`c qvmef vo vcqvily?

QVMVC OL MQ@IENVOE+ FSEQ© !4>'9:6'091<+ kiqvcf mq tzi|mvcky o~ecf ~iv` 3>+<39 cgtkoyccq8

BSFIAIMZY AOSZVQ OL V@C QVMVC OL ^MQ@IENVOE+ FSEQ© !>9'431'=363+ kiqvcf mq tzi|mvckyo~ecf+ m|ien *Qmkcq* ol &=1+=0:+=34 tcz meesg8QVMVC TMVZOK ^MQ@IENVOE QVMVC FCTMZVGCEV OL+ FSEQ© !96'3<4'>>1>+ kiqvcf mq tzi|mvcky

o~ecf+ m|ien *Qmkcq* ol &=:+0<9+944 tcz meesg8 MVVOZECY NCECZMK MQ@IENVOE QVMVC OLLIAC OL+ FSEQ© ! <='>3<'91=6 + o~ecf jy

aoztozmvioe ~iv` FSEQ© ! 4>9:6091<+ kiqvcf mq tzi|mvcky o~ecf+ `m|ien *Qmkcq* ol &6+4>0+134 tcz meesg8

^MQ@IENVOE QCEMVC+ FSEQ© ! 04'000':=10+ o~ecf jy aoztozmvioe ~iv` FSEQ© ! 4>9:6091<

kiqvcf mq tzi|mvcky o~ecf

Tzovcavioe Zmahcv



Tzovcavioe Zmahcvq sqcf vo qosef kihc *yos tmy sq qo yos foe.v `m|c m kivvkc

maaifcev%* Eo~ no|czegcev qosefq kihc2

*Tmy vìq vzmllia aivmvioe oz no vo bmik%*

*Tmy yosz ieaogc vmpcq oz no vo bmik%*

*Qsjgiv vo @ogckmef Qcaszivy qameq oz jc jzmefcf m vczzoziqv%* Cva%

Mgcziam `mq gozc tcotkc ie bmik v`me mey ov`cz emvioe oe

cmzv`% = ie 3 Mgcziameq `mqm azigiemk ìqvozy%

Qtcmhien ol Bmik…



V`czc mzc 1 fillczcev hiefq ol tziqoeczq ie osz bmikq vofmy

= Vòqc ~ò `m|c aoggivvcf m |iokcev azigc mef eccf vo jc v`czc% M gieozivy%

: Vòqc lin`vien loz v`ciz zin`vq v`mv `m|c koqv me selmiz jmvvkc mnmieqv m qyqvcg v`mv

iq mnmieqv v`cg% Mgcziam.q seqsen `czocq%

1 V`c zcmqoe v`c gmbozivy ol tcotkc mzc ie bmik iq jcamsqc v`c bsfnc tzolivq%

@czc.q ò~ iv ~ozhq2 Aivmvioe amqc esgjczq mzc aoe|czvcf ievo joefq% Joefq mzc

tsv ievo AZIQ ‑ Aoszv Zcniqvzy Ie|cqvgcev Qyqvcg% Vìq tzoacqq qcaszivircq v`c

joef ieqvzsgcev% Tzolivq ie v`c S%Q% aoszv qyqvcg mzc aszzcevky D &= Jikkioe SQFtcz fmy% Qogc ol vìq goecy nocq ievo v`c bsfncq. tceqioe tkme+ jsv oeky loz

tcotkc v`mv v`mv bsfnc tsvq ievo v`c bmik qyqvcg%

Vìq gcmeq v`mv v`c bsfnc fizcavky tzolivq loz qcefien yos vo bmik-

Il v`czc iq eo |iavig+ v`czc iq eo azigc-Zin`vq ameeov jc aoe|czvcf ievo azigcq%

Vo *Qcz|c mef Tzovcav*



Oz *@mzmqq mef Aokkcav?*

Iv.q mkk mjosv v`c goecy

Goqv *qvmvsvozy aofccelozacgcev olliaczq*

`m|c goev`ky }sovmqv`cy `m|c vo zcma`%

Aoggczaimk Vczgq



Km~lsk no|czegcev iq kigivcf jy v`c Aoeqvivsvioe qo iv.q bsziqfiavioemk josefmzicq mzc ivqckl

mef .tczqoeq+. v`mv iq+ aoggczaimk cevivicq% Qo v`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ mef iv.q lzmeaìqcq ame

zcnskmvc aoggczac ~ivìe iv.q bsziqfiavioemk josefmzicq ol v`c FA mef SQ acfcf kmefq%

V`c mkk'amtivmk emgc v`mv iq qtckkcf kihc yosz emgc iq mqqsgcf vo jc m SQ aivirce mef qsjbcav

vo ivq bsziqfiavioe%

Zcgcgjcz v`mv qo|czcineq mzc eov qsjbcavq

vo v`c vìenq v`mv v`cy mzc qo|czcine o|cz%

Aoggczaimk Vczgq mzc sqcf vo qineily v`mv oec iq ~ivìe v`ciz bsziqfiavioe% Aoggczaimk vczgq

ieaksfc2

Fzi|czq kiaceqc Vzmllia

Govoz \cìakc Tmqqcencz

Fzi|cz Otczmvoz

Zcqifc Zcqifcev

^ò O~eq v`c ^cqv?Lcfczmk Kmef mq m Tczacevmnc ol Vovmk Qvmvc Kmef Mzcm



Lcfczmk Kmef mq m Tczacevmnc ol Vovmk Qvmvc Kmef Mzcm

Qtcaimk tzo|iqioe iq gmfc ie

v`c Aoeqvivsvioe loz v`c acqqioe

ol bsziqfiavioe lzog v`c qvmvcq

o|cz tkmacq ~`czc v`c lcfczmk

no|czegcev q`mkk cqvmjkiq`

lozvq oz ov`cz gikivmzy ~ozh%

Mef iv iq OEKY IE V@CQC

TKMACQ oz ie vczzivozicq ol v`c

Seivcf Qvmvcq+ ~`czc iv amecpczaiqc m nceczmk bsziqfiavioe%

Ec~ Ozkcmeq |% Seivcf Qvmvcq+

13 S%Q% (=4 Tcv%) <<:SQ Aozt `mq sqsztcf kmef v`mv

zin`vlskky jckoenq vo v`c tcotkc-

Fc lmavo Ceazoma`gcev



V`c fc lmavo No|czegcev iq EOV qsjbcav vo v`c aoeqcev ol v`cno|czecf% Zmv`cz+ v`c no|czecf mzc qsjbcav vo v`c ~ìg mef nzccf

ol v`c aoztozmvioe+ ~ìa` `mq qvzcva`cf ivq vcevmakcq jcyoef v`c

vce'gikc q}smzc tmzack ol kmef heo~e mq v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim+

ceazomaìen ievoc|czy qvmvc ol v`c Zctsjkia%

Vìq aoztozmvioe mq

EO km~lsk bsziqfiavioe osvqifc

ol v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim%

V@CY bsqv ~mev yos vo vìeh

v`mv v`cy fo%

S Q Aoenzcqq2



Yos gsqv jc gmfc m~mzc v`mv v`c gcgjczq ol Aoenzcqq fo EOV ~ozh loz yos%Zmv`cz+ v`cy qcz|c v`c no|czegcev ol v`c Aoztozmvioe heo~e mq V@C SEIVCF

QVMVCQ% Vìq iq ~`y ~c ame‐v ncv v`cg vo fo meyvìen oe osz jc`mkl oz vo meq~cz

vo sq'mq ie v`c amqc ~iv` v`c ikkcnmk ieaogc vmp mef @%Z% 60>: @cmkv` Amzc mef

Cfsamvioe Zcaoeaikimvioe Mav ol :4=4+ Tsjkia Km~ Eo2 ==='=3:8 mgoen gmey

ov`cz vìenq% Aoevzmzy vo totskmz jckicl+ v`cy mzc EOV osz ai|ik qcz|mevq% V`cyqcz|c v`c aoztozmvc no|czegcev mef amzzy osv ivq jiffien%

V`cy otczmvc jy aoztozmvc tokiay+ eov km~%

S%Q% Aoenzcqq2

Eov Osz Ai|ik Qcz|mevq

M Gskvi'@cmfcf Goeqvcz



V`c nzcmv esgjcz ol aoggivvccq+mfgieiqvzmvi|c mnceaicq meffctmzvgcevq v`mv v`c Aoenzcqq `mqazcmvcf mkk ~ozh voncv`cz kihc mgskvi'`cmfcf goeqvcz vo o|czqccv`c |mziosq aoztozmvc fctmzvgcevq%

C|czy qienkc oec ol v`cg v`mvotczmvcq osvqifc v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim iq ie |iokmvioe ol v`ckm~% V`c no|czegcev ol v`caoztozmvc SEIVCF QVMVCQ `mq

eo bsziqfiavioe oz msvòzivy ieMEY qvmvc ol v`c Zctsjkia jcyoefv`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim+ sekcqq yos aoevzmav ~iv` v`cg%

^`y focq v`c QVMVC



òkf yosz vivkc?Vivkc2 V`c lozgmk zin`v ol o~eczqìt ol

tzotczvy% Vivkc iq v`c gcmeq ~`czcjy

v`c o~ecz ol kmefq `mq v`c bsqv

toqqcqqioe ol ìq tzotczvy%

' Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy + < v` Cfivioe

Aczviliamvc2 M ~zivvce mqqszmeac+ oz

olliaimk zctzcqcevmvioe+ v`mv qogc mav

`mq oz `mq eov jcce foec+ oz qogc

c|cev oaaszzcf+ oz qogc kcnmk lozgmkivy`mq jcce aogtkicf ~iv`%

' Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy + <v` Cfivioe

Jizv` zcaozfq

sqcf vo jc hctv iev`c Qazitvszcq%

Vìq Qazitvszc

Zcaozf iq tzool ol

yosz jizv` mefaivirceqìt%

^ò‐q Nov O~eczqìt?



V`c aoztozmvc SEIVCF QVMVCQ mkqo òkfqo~eczqìt ol mkk yosz mqqcvq+ yosz tzotczvy+

mef c|ce yosz aìkfzce% Yos ncv m

„aczviliamvc‐ ol vivkc+ eov v`c vivkc ivqckl% i%c%+

„Jizv` aczviliamvc%‐ V`c oeky ~my Aìkf

Tzovcavi|c Qcz|iacq+ me mfgieiqvzmvi|c

mnceay ol v`c S%Q%+ ame vmhc yosz aìkfzce

m~my fcqtivc yosz tzovcqvq iq il v`c QVMVC

o~eq v`c aìkfzce mef eov yos%

V`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ no|czegcev iq m aoztozmvcieqvzsgcev ol v`c ievczemvioemk jmehczq% Vìq gcmeqmkk S%Q% AIVIRCEQ mzc o~ecf jy m lozcineaoztozmvioe lzog jizv` vo fcmv`%

„S%Q% AIVIRCE‐



V`c tczqoe ~ò toqqcqqcq v`c c}sivmjkc zin`v vo tzotczvy mef zcaci|cq zcevq+

iqqscq+ mef tzolivq v`czcol+ v`c kcnmk cqvmvc ol ~ìa` iq |cqvcf ie m vzsqvcc%

Jczemzfq|ikkc Gcvòfiqv Ctiqaotmk A`sza` |% Qcecy+ 03 E% B% C}% :>=+ 9< M% 100+ 1098Goozc |% Qìllkcvv+ =0> Hy% >+ :=< Q% ^% <=6+ <=<%

Jkmah„q Km~ Fiavioemzy+ Vìzf Cfivioe

Acqvi ]sc Vzsqv @c ~ò `mq m zin`v vo m jcecliaimk

ievczcqv ie mef osv ol me cqvmvc v`c kcnmk vivkc vo ~ìa`

iq |cqvcf ie meov`cz%

: ^mq`j% Zcmk Tzot% =<1

@s`?



Vivkc :< Qsjvivkc L A`mtvcz >< Qsja`mtvcz M

® >640% Mavioeq vo ceboie qtcailicf aoefsav zckmvcf vo vmp q`ckvczq mef zctozvmjkc vzmeqmavioeq

(f) Aivirceq mef zcqifcevq osvqifc v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq

Il mey aivirce oz zcqifcev ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq focq eov zcqifc ie+ mef focq eov `m|c ìq tzieaitmk

tkmac ol jsqiecqq ie+ mey Seivcf Qvmvcq bsfiaimk fiqvziav+ qsa` aivirce oz zcqifcev q`mkk jc vzcmvcf

loz tsztoqcq ol vìq qcavioe mq zcqifien ie v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim%

® >>4=% FclieivioeqVivkc :< Qsjvivkc L A`mtvcz >9

(19) Tczqoeq zcqifien osvqifc Seivcf Qvmvcq

Il mey aivirce oz zcqifcev ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq focq eov zcqifc ie (mef iq eov losef ie) mey

Seivcf Qvmvcq bsfiaimk fiqvziav+ qsa` aivirce oz zcqifcev q`mkk jc vzcmvcf mq zcqifien ie v`c Fiqvziav

ol Aoksgjim loz tsztoqcq ol mey tzo|iqioe ol vìq vivkc zckmvien vo ‖

(M) bsziqfiavioe ol aoszvq+ oz

(J) celozacgcev ol qsggoeq%

Il yos mzc m *S%Q% Aivirce+* v`c SQ `mq bsziqfiavioe o|cz yos eo gmvvcz ~`czc yos mzc%

Lszv`cz Aoelsqioe



@o~ iq iv toqqijkc v`mv v`c S%H% `mq v`c msvòzivy vo gmhc kcniqkmvioe aoeaczeien

Qoaimk Qcaszivy ie v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq?

`vvt2//~~~%kcniqkmvioe%no|%sh/shqi/=99>/=>>0/aoevcevq/gmfc

V`c Qoaimk Qcaszivy (Seivcf Qvmvcq ol Mgcziam) Ozfcz =99>

Iv OEKY gmhcq qceqc ~`ce yos zcmkirc v`mv v`c Qoaimk Qcaszivy Mav iqcpaksqi|cky sefcz aoztozmvc SQ bsziqfiavioe ‑ mef iq eov tmzv ol v`cseioe ol zctsjkia qvmvcq%



SEIVCF QVMVCQKm~q mzc mzjivzmzy

Ie v`c mjqceac ol me mttkiamjkc Mav ol Aoenzcqq+ iv iq loz v`c lcfczmk aoszvq vo

lmqìoe v`c no|czeien zskc ol lcfczmk km~

maaozfien vo v`ciz o~e qvmefmzfq%

T% 1=0 S%Q% 1<>% Akcmzlickf Vzsqv Ao% |% Seivcf Qvmvcq Eo% 694+

Mznscf Lcjzsmzy 3+ =961 Fcaifcf Gmza` =+ =961 1=0 S%Q% 1<1ACZVIOZMZI VO V@C AIZASIV AOSZV OL MTTCMKQ

LOZ V@C V@IZF AIZASIV

S%Q% Aoztozmvc bsfnc |q%m qo|czcine aivirce%

Oec gme ~iv` aoszmncgmhcq m gmbozivy%

Mefzc~ Bmahqoe

V`c S Q otczmvcq mq v`c fc lmavo no|czegcev jy fcazccf

S%Q% Aoszvzoogq



V`c S%Q% otczmvcq mq v`c fc lmavo no|czegcev jy fcazccf

cgcznceay+ v`czclozc v`czc iq m qvmvc ol tczgmecev gmzvimk

km~% V`c nokf lziencf Seivcf Qvmvcq lkmn iq m ~mz lkmn ~ìa`

fceovcq gmzvimk km~+ sefcz ~ìa` yos mzc tzcqsgcf nsikvysevik tzo|ce ieeoacev%

MKK S%Q% aoszvq mzc gikivmzy vzijsemkq mqc|ifceacf jy aoszvzoogq fiqtkmyien v`c

nokf gikivmzy lziencf lkmn ol v`c cpcasvi|c%

V`c aoszv lmikq vo qcz|c fsc tzoacqq+ jcamsqc

v`cy mk~myq qsggoe v`c mkk'amtivmk

ZOGME / GIKIVMZY KM^ QVZM^ GME EMGCv`mv qosefq kihc yosz emgc% V`cy `m|c eokm~lsk bsziqfiavioe vo qsggoe mey ki|ienjzcmvìen gme oz ~ogme oe v`c qoik ol vìq emvioe%

Nokf'Lziencf S%Q% Lkmn



V`c bsfnc qivvien sefcz m nokf lziencf lkmn `mq mzjivzmzy to~cz vo gmhc oz ievcztzcv v`c zskcq mq `c ~ikkq% Lcfczmk bsfncq mzc mttoievcf jy v`c Tzcqifcev+ v`c emvioemkgikivmzy aoggmefcz ie aìcl% V`c Qvmvc bsfncq mzcmttoievcf jy v`c No|czeozq+ v`c qvmvc gikivmzy

aoggmefczq% Goqv bsfncq mzc mttoievcf jcamsqc v`caoszvq mzc gikivmzy aoszvq mef ai|ikimeq fo eov nceczmkkyckcav gikivmzy olliaczq%

V`c nokf'lziencf lkmn oeky qvmefq ieqifc gikivmzy aoszvq v`mv qiv ie qsggmzyaoszv gmzvimk tzoaccfienq mnmieqv ai|ikimeq mef qsa` aoszvq mzc no|czecf ietmzv jy koamk zskcq+ jsv gozc cqtcaimkky jy V`c Gmesmk ol Aoszvq Gmzvimk+ S%Q%+

=996 Cf%+ mv Mzv% 99+ (a)(=)(j)+ tn% I\'16+ TIE 4143<>'4444+ S%Q% No|czegcev Tzievien Olliac+ ^mq`%

F%A% V`c fcvmikq ol v`c azigcq v`mv ai|ikimeq ame aoggiv+ v`mv mzc akmqqcf mq .Mavq ol ^mz+. ao|cz =:3

tmncq%

Vzmfien îv` v`c Cecgy Mav



V`c Vzmfien ~iv` v`c Cecgy Mav+ ~iv` ivq

mgcefgcevq+ gmfc mkk =6v` mgcefgcev aivirceq (i%c%+

–S%Q% AIVIRCEQ“) cecgicq ol v`c qvmvc%

V`c aoszvq `m|c st`ckf v`mv QVMVC mef LCFCZMKolliaimkq+ ieaksfien tokiac olliaczq+ ame kic vo yos mef

aoczac yos ievo ma}sicqaceac ~iv` mjqoksvc igtseivy%

Vìq gcmeq v`mv v`cy ~ikk eov `m|c vo meq~cz loz v`ciz

aoczaioe oz kicq vo yos% Zcgcgjcz+ c|czyvìen yos qmy

mef fo ÎKK jc sqcf mnmieqv yos+ ec|cz ie yoszfclceqc%

V`cy mzc eov v`czc *Vo Qcz|c mef Tzovcav%*

n y

S%Q% Aofc Vivkc =3 A` :J ®>0ll



(m) îkklsk |iokmvioeq8 lmkqc mef giqkcmfien qvmvcgcevq Mey tczqoe ~ò~ikklskky |iokmvcq mey tzo|iqioe ol vìq a`mtvcz (ov`cz v`me qcavioe >0ff ‑ = ol vìqvivkc)+ oz mey zskc oz zcnskmvioe v`czcsefcz v`c |iokmvioe ol ~ìa` iq gmfc sekm~lskoz v`c ojqcz|meac ol ~ìa` iq zc}sizcf sefcz v`c vczgq ol vìq a`mtvcz+ oz mey tczqoe~ò ~ikklskky mef heo~ienky gmhcq+ oz amsqcq vo jc gmfc+ mey qvmvcgcev ie meymttkiamvioe+ zctozv+ oz foasgcev zc}sizcf vo jc likcf sefcz vìq a`mtvcz oz mey zskc

oz zcnskmvioe v`czcsefcz oz mey sefczvmhien aoevmiecf ie m zcniqvzmvioe qvmvcgcev mqtzo|ifcf ie qsjqcavioe (f) ol qcavioe >0o ol vìq vivkc+ oz jy mey qckl'zcnskmvozyoznmeirmvioe ie aoeecavioe ~iv` me mttkiamvioe loz gcgjczqìt oz tmzviaitmvioev`czcie oz vo jcaogc mqqoaimvcf ~iv` m gcgjcz v`czcol ~ìa` qvmvcgcev ~mq lmkqcoz giqkcmfien ~iv` zcqtcav vo mey gmvczimk lmav+ q`mkk stoe aoe|iavioe jc liecfeov gozc v`me &3+444+444+ oz igtziqoecf eov gozc v`me :4 ycmzq+ oz jov`+ cpactv

v`mv ~`ce qsa` tczqoe iq m tczqoe ov`cz v`me m emvszmk tczqoe+ m liec eov cpaccfien&:3+444+444 gmy jc igtoqcf8 jsv eo tczqoe q`mkk jc qsjbcav vo igtziqoegcev sefczvìq qcavioe loz v`c |iokmvioe ol mey zskc oz zcnskmvioe il `c tzo|cq v`mv `c `mf eoheo~kcfnc ol qsa` zskc oz zcnskmvioe%

S Q A f Vivk =3 A` :J ®>0ll I ki vi



S%Q% Aofc Vivkc =3 A` :J ®>0ll Igtkiamvioeq

Qieac v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ mef cma` mef c|czy QVMVC lzmeaìqc mzc loz'tzoliv aoztozmvioeq vzmfien qcaszivicq+ v`cy mzc mkk qsjbcav vo vìq tcemkvyakmsqc- Zcgcgjcz v`mv v`c no|czegcev kooqcq qo|czcinevy ~`ce iv cevczq

ievo tzi|mvc jsqiecqq% V`c aoszvq mzc loz'tzoliv aoztozmvioeq+ qo *Olliaczqol v`c Aoszv* i%c%+ tokiacgce mef ìn`~my tmvzokgce+ mzc mkk qsjbcav vovìq akmsqc%

V`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ iq…



S%Q% Aofc Vivkc :0+ 144:2

(=3) –Seivcf Qvmvcq“ gcmeq ‑

(M) M Lcfczmk aoztozmvioe8

(J) Me mnceay+ fctmzvgcev+ aoggiqqioe+ jomzf+ oz ov`cz cevivy ol v`c

Seivcf Qvmvcq8 oz

(A) Me ieqvzsgcevmkivy ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq

Eovc v`mv *m seioe ol v`c Qvmvcq*

iq eov losef ie vìq fclieivioe%

V`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ iq…



S%Q% Aofc Vivkc :<+ >>4=2(9) Seivcf Qvmvcq

V`c vczg –Seivcf Qvmvcq“ ~`ce sqcf ie m nconzmtìamk qceqc ieaksfcq oeky

v`c Qvmvcq mef v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim%

(=4) Qvmvc

V`c vczg –Qvmvc“ q`mkk jc aoeqvzscf vo ieaksfc v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim+~`czc qsa` aoeqvzsavioe iq ecacqqmzy vo amzzy osv tzo|iqioeq ol vìq vivkc%

Zcgcgjcz+ m vczg gcmeq v`c ~ozf oz t`zmqc `mq meov`cz gcmeien v`me

~`mv iq aoggoeky sefczqvoof+ mef „ieaksfc‐ gcmeq „ieaksfcq OEKY %‐

Amzclsk zcmfien zc|cmkq v`mv v`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ aoeqiqvq cpaksqi|cky ol

v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim-

@in`cqv aoszv ol m Qvmvc



(j) Loz v`c tsztoqcq ol vìq qcavioe+ v`c vczg –ìn`cqv aoszv ol m

Qvmvc“ ieaksfcq v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim Aoszv ol Mttcmkq%

S%Q% Aofc Vivkc :0 Tmzv I\ A` 0= Qsjqcavioe =:3>

Zcgcgjcz+ ieaksfcq kigivq v`c fclieivioe-

Iv cpaksfcq c|czyvìen eov kiqvcf%

@in`cqv aoszv ol m Qvmvc

ZA^ :3%=3%443 (=:)



–Qvmvc“ gcmeq v`c Fiqvziav ol Aoksgjim oz v`c Aoggoe~cmkvòl Tsczvo Ziao oz mey qvmvc+ vczzivozy+ toqqcqqioe+ oz ov`cz

bsziqfiavioe ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ov`cz v`me v`c qvmvc ol

^mqìenvoe ZA^ :3%=3%443 (=:)

Tiavszc Kmhc+ ^mqìenvoe+ iq eov tmzv ol v`c QVMVC OL ^MQ@IENVOE%

^mqìenvoe‐q V~o Aoeqvivsvioeq



Mq v`czc iq jov` m aoeqvivsvioe loz v`c Zctsjkia+ mef oec loz v`c aoztozmvcFcgoazmay+ v`czc mzc mkqo v~o aoeqvivsvioeq loz mqìenvoe% Oec ~mq

azcmvcf jy v`c tcotkc+ mef iq loz v`c zctsjkia qvmvc ol ^mqìenvoe+ mef v`c

qcaoef ~mq ieivimvcf jy v`c no|czeoz ol v`c qvmvc mef iq loz v`c QVMVC OL

MQ@IENVOE aoztozmvc Fcgoazmay% V`c lizqv ~mq tzotczky zmvilicf jy v`c

tcotkc oe v`ciz aosevicq% V`c qcaoef aoeqvivsvioe ~mq amkkcf loz jyno|czegcev olliaimkq+ eov v`c tcotkc%

V`c aoztozmvc aoeqvivsvioe ineozcf v`c lizqv aoeqvivsvioe cevizcky% Km~lskky+mq v`c lizqv Aoeqvivsvioe ~mq tzotczky zmvilicf jy v`c tcotkc+ iv ~oskf`m|c vo jc gofilicf jy v`c tcotkc% V`czclozc+ v`c qcaoef aoeqvivsvioe ameoeky jc loz m qctmzmvc cevivy%

`vvt2//~~~%azvl%ozn/lzmsf%`vgk

Qvmvc ol ^mqìenvoe mef

v`c QVMVC ol MQ@IENVOE



v`c QVMVC ol MQ@IENVOEV`c tzcmgjkc ol v`c =009 AOEQVIVSVIOE ol v`c QVMVC ol

MQ@IENVOE jcnieq2

–^c+ v`c tcotkc ol v`c Qvmvc ol mqìenvoe…“

–V`c tcotkc“ v`czcjy maheo~kcfncf v`mv v`cy ~czc mkzcmfy qsjbcavq ol v`c

Qvmvc ol ^mqìenvoe+ mef sefcz v`c =0>0 Aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c Qvmvc ol

mqìenvoe% V`c tsztoqc ol v`c =009 AOEQVIVSVIOE ol v`c QVMVC ol

MQ@IENVOE ~mq vo azcmvc m lzmeaìqc aoztozmvioe vo zskc o|cz qsjbcavq

mef v`mv aoskf ievczmav ~iv` v`c lozcine'o~ecf SEIVCF QVMVCQ%

V`c Qvmvc ol ^mqìenvoe ~mq mfgivvcf ievo v`c Seioe mq m Zctsjkia%

Eozv`~cqv Ozfiemeac



V`c Eozv`~cqv Ozfiemeac nsmzmevccf v`mv v`c tcotkc

~oskf `m|c m aoggoe km~ no|czegcev lozc|cz% Oeky m

aoggoe km~ no|czegcev iq vzsky km~lsk o|cz v`c kmefqv`mv ~czc oziniemkky sefcz v`c Eozv`~cqv Ozfiemeac% M zctsjkia Ol v`c Tcotkc+ Loz v`c Tcotkc+ mef Jy v`c Tcotkczseq sefcz Aoggoe Km~%

Qcc Eozv`~cqv Ozfiemeac2 Bsky =1+ =>0>+ Qcavioe =6 Mzviakc 3

^mqìenvoe iq m Zctsjkia



V`c qvmvc ol ^mqìenvoe ~mqmfgivvcf ievo v`c seioe

mq m Zctsjkia%Tzoakmgmvioe :96 ‑ Mfgiqqioe ol

^mqìenvoe Ievo v`c Seioe+qinecf jy Jcebmgie @mzziqoe oe

Eo|cgjcz ==+ =009

Jcebmgie @mzziqoe

^mqìenvoe iq m Zctsjkia

Fillczcev Aoeqvivsvioeq+



V`c tcotkc ol v`c qvmvc+ ie v`ciz zin`v ol qo|czcinevy+ mzc fcakmzcf

vo toqqcqq v`c skvigmvc tzotczvy ie mef vo mkk kmefq ~ivìe v`c

bsziqfiavioe ol v`c qvmvc%

V`c Aoeqvivsvioe ol v`c Qvmvc ol mqìenvoe+ M%F% =0>0+ Qcavioe 1

Tzi|mvc tzotczvy q`mkk eov jc vmhce loz tzi|mvc sqc+ cpactv loz… mef…

mef… mef… mef…“

V`c AOEQVIVSVIOE ol v`c QVMVC OL ^MQ@IENVOE+ M%F% =009+ Mzviakc =+ Qcavioe =<

Fillczcev Ievcevq

Kmef sefcz

Tzotczvy sefcz

Tzotczvy oz Kmef?



Aoggoe Km~ (Zctsjkia)

–Mey nzosef+ qoik+ oz cmzv`

~`mvqoc|cz%“Jkmah‐q Km~ Fiavioemzy Qipv` Cfivioe

–Cmzv`+ oz v`c qokif gmvvcz ~ìa`

aoeqvivsvcq v`c lipcf tmzv ol v`c

qszlmac ol v`c nkojc%“Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq`


Zogme Ai|ik Km~ (Fcgoazmay)

–Me mnnzcnmvc ol zin`vq ~ìa` mzcnsmzmevccf mef tzovcavcf jy v`cno|czegcev% V`mv zin`v ~ìa` oec `mq vokmefq oz vcecgcevq+ noofq oz a`mvvckq+~ìa` eo ~my fctcefq oe meov`cz gme‐qaoszvcqy%


–V`c vczg –kmef “ gmy jc sqcfievcza`mencmjky ~iv` –tzotczvy%“


V`c cpaksqi|c zin`v ol toqqcqqien+ ceboyienmef fiqtoqien ol m vìen2 o~eczqìt%Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c

Cenkiq`


Qo|czcinevy



Qo|czcinevy

V`c tcotkc ol vìq qvmvc fo eov yickf v`ciz qo|czcinevy vo v`c mnceaicq v`mv qcz|c v`cg% V`c tcotkc+ ie fckcnmvien msvòzivy+ fo eov ni|c v`ciz tsjkia qcz|mevq v`c zin`v vo fcaifc ~`mv iq noof loz v`c tcotkc vo heo~mef ~`mv iq eov noof loz v`cg vo heo~% V`c tcotkc ieqiqv oe zcgmieienielozgcf qo v`mv v`cy gmy gmievmie aoevzok o|cz v`c ieqvzsgcevq v`mv v`cy`m|c azcmvcf% Vìq a`mtvcz q`mkk jc kijczmkky aoeqvzscf mef ivq cpcgtvioeqemzzo~ky aoeqvzscf vo tzogovc vìq tsjkia tokiay mef vo mqqszc v`mv v`ctsjkia ievczcqv ~ikk jc lskky tzovcavcf% Ie v`c c|cev ol aoelkiav jcv~cce v`ctzo|iqioeq ol vìq a`mtvcz mef mey ov`cz mav+ v`c tzo|iqioeq ol vìq a`mtvczq`mkk no|cze%

ZA^ 6:%3<%414

A` i vi N i N l v` QVMVC

No|czeoz ol ^MQ@IENVOE



A`ziqviec Nzcnoizc+ No|czeoz ol v`c QVMVC

OL MQ@IENVOE+ qinecf m gcmqszc voqsqtcef v`c vmp'kigivien aoeqvzmievq tkmacfoe km~gmhczq jy m |ovcz'mttzo|cfieivimvi|c% V`cy eo koencz c|ce tzcvcef vo

kiqvce vo v`c |oiac ol v`c tcotkc%

Vìq aoztozmvc mavioe iq

`mttceien mkk o|cz vìq emvioe%

A@ZIQVIEC NZCNOIZC

`vvt2//qcmvvkcvigcq%e~qoszac%aog/ vgk/koamkec~q/:4===>>903_9<4qineien:3g%`vgk





Ie c|czy qvmnc ol v`cqc Ottzcqqioeq ^c `m|c Tcvivioecf

loz Zcfzcqq ie v`c goqv `sgjkc vczgq% Osz zctcmvcfTcvivioeq `m|c jcce meq~czcf oeky jy zctcmvcf iebszy% M XaoztozmvioeW ~òqc a`mzmavcz iq v`sq gmzhcf jy c|czy mav ~ìa` gmy fcliec m Vyzmev+ iq seliv vo jc v`c zskcz ol mlzcc tcotkc%

^`czc Iq Yosz Mkkcnimeac?



@m|c yos tkcfncfmkkcnimeac vo v`c

Zctsjkia+ oz

vo v`c Fcgoazmay?

Iq osz Emvioe v`c cgjofigcev ol „kijczvy mef bsqviac loz mkk ?‐

Seivcf Qvmvcq Omv` ol Mkkcnimeac



n

I `czcjy fcakmzc+ oe omv`+ v`mv I mjqoksvcky mef cevizcky zceoseac mef mjbszcmkk mkkcnimeac mef lifckivy vo mey lozcine tzieac+ tovcevmvc+ qvmvc+ ozqo|czcinevy ol ~òg oz ~ìa` I `m|c `czcvolozc jcce m qsjbcav oz aivirce8

v`mv I ~ikk qsttozv mef fclcef v`c Aoeqvivsvioe mef km~q ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ol

Mgcziam mnmieqv mkk cecgicq+ lozcine mef fogcqvia8 v`mv I ~ikk jcmz vzsc lmiv`mef mkkcnimeac vo v`c qmgc8 v`mv I ~ikk jcmz mzgq oe jc`mkl ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq

~`ce zc}sizcf jy v`c km~8 v`mv I ~ikk tczlozg eoeaogjmvmev qcz|iac ie v`c

Mzgcf Lozacq ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq ~`ce zc}sizcf jy v`c km~8 v`mv I ~ikk tczlozg

~ozh ol emvioemk igtozvmeac sefcz ai|ikime fizcavioe ~`ce zc}sizcf jy v`c km~8

mef v`mv I vmhc vìq ojkinmvioe lzccky ~ivòsv mey gcevmk zcqcz|mvioe oz tsztoqc

ol c|mqioe8 qo `ckt gc Nof%

Vìq omv` gsqv jc vmhce jy mkk igginzmevq ~ò ~iq` vo jcaogc SeivcfQvmvcq Aivirceq+ mef qstczaccfcq osz mkkcnimeac vo Nof%

Mkkcnimeac



Mkkcnimeac iq zc}sizcf loz yos vo jc m aivirce ol v`c SEIVCF QVMVCQ+ mef

qsjbcav vo ivq km~q mef qvmvsvcq%

V`c cqqceac ol osz lzcc no|czegcev iq2 kcm|c vo ki|c jy eo gme‐q kcm|c sefcz

v`c km~% =911 mz To~czq Mav (Qcemvc zctozv 91369)

Mkkcnimeac fcvczgiecq ~ò yos jo~ v`c hecc vo mef jcaogc ojcficev vo%

^`ce v`c aoszvq igtoqc Zogme Ai|ik Km~ oe yos+ v`cy mzc zc'mkkcnimeaien

yos ievo v`ciz qyqvcg% Iq yosz mkkcnimeac vo v`c aoztozmvioe+ oz vo Nof? ^òfo yos jo~ v`c hecc vo? Fo yos ollcz vzijsvc oz qmaziliac c|czy Mtzik =3v`?

Mzc yos zcefczien vo *Amcqmz* v`mv ~ìa` jckoenq vo Nof?

^c `m|c jcaogc me ifokmvzosq emvioe%

Mvvoze



Mvvoze% Vo vsze o|cz8 vo vzmeqlcz vo meov`cz goecyoz noofq8 vo mqqine vo qogc tmzviaskmz sqc oz

qcz|iac% Vo aoeqcev vo v`c vzmeqlcz… vo mnzcc vo%

Jkmah.q Km~ Fiavioemzy qipv` cfivioe

Mvvoze% Vo vsze+ oz vzmeqlcz ògmnc mef

qcz|iac lzog oec kozf vo meov`cz% Vìq iq v`c mav

ol lcsfmvozicq+ |mqqmkq oz vcemevq+ stoe v`c

mkicemvioe ol v`c cqvmvc% Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol

v`c Cenkiq` Kmensmnc2 Eom` ^cjqvcz =0:0

^`mv fo yos vìeh `mttceq ~`ce yos aoevzmav ~iv` me mvvozecy? Mvvozecyq mzc

eov kiaceqcf% V`cy mzc mfgivvcf vo v`c Jmz+ mef acmqc vo jc Mgcziameq% V`cy

mzc zc'mkkicnmeacf vo v`c Jziviq` Maazcfivmvioe Zcniqvzy%

*Kmef ol v`c Lzcc+



@ogc ol v`c Jzm|c?*V`c aoztozmvc SQ `mq jcce fccfcf o|cz vo v`c IGL%

V`c IGL iq o~ecf jy v`c Seivcf Emvioeq%

Mvvozecyq `m|c zc'mkkcnimeacf v`cgqck|cq vo v`c JMZ%

V`c Jziviq` no|czegcev fcaifcq SQ tokiay (i%c%+ Qoaimk Qcaszivy)%

V`cqc mavq mzc mkk tmzv ol m loz'tzoliv aoztozmvioe qcchien vo aokkcav lsefq vo aszc

v`ciz fiqòeoz ie aoggczac/jmehzstvay% Eo aoztozmvioe ie jmehzstvay ame

ki}sifmvc mey mqqcvq jsv iv.q o~e% V`c SQ aoztozmvioe `mq EO JSQIECQQmvvcgtvien vo ki}sifmvc osz mqqcvq vo tmy iv.q jmehzstvay%

Vìq aoztozmvioe iq lozcine vo ~c v`c Tcotkc%

Qvmvc | A`mefkcz : Fck 331 333'3< (=01>)



Qvmvc |% A`mefkcz+ : Fck 331+ 333'3< (=01>)

V`c cvczemk tzieaitkcq ol emvszmk zckinioe mzc tmzv ol v`c

aoggoe km~8 v`c cqqcevimk tzieaitkcq ol zc|cmkcf

zckinioe mzc tmzv ol v`c aoggoe km~8 qo v`mv mey tczqoe

zc|ikien+ qsj|czvien+ oz zifiaskien v`cg+ gmy jc

tzoqcasvcf mv aoggoe km~…*

Qvmvc |% A`mefkcz+ : Fck 331+ 333'3< (=01>)

Vivkc =0 Tv I A` = ® 6



Vivkc =0 Tv I A` = ® 6

Giqtziqioe ol Lckoey2

^òc|cz+ `m|ien heo~kcfnc ol v`c mavsmk aoggiqqioe ol m lckoey aoneirmjkcjy m aoszv ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ aoeacmkq mef focq eov mq qooe mq toqqijkc gmhc

heo~e v`c qmgc vo qogc bsfnc oz ov`cz tczqoe ie ai|ik oz gikivmzy msvòzivy

sefcz v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ q`mkk jc liecf sefcz vìq vivkc oz igtziqoecf eov gozc

v`me v`zcc ycmzq+ oz jov`%

^`mv mzc yos foien mjosv vìq?

*V` G i i E V`

^`czc iq yosz loasq?



*V`c Gmvzip iq m qyqvcg+ Eco% V`mvqyqvcg iq osz cecgy% Jsv ~`ce yos.zcieqifc+ yos kooh mzosef+ ~`mv fo yosqcc? Jsqiecqqgce+ vcma`czq+ km~yczq+amztcevczq% V`c |czy giefq ol v`ctcotkc ~c mzc vzyien vo qm|c% Jsvsevik ~c fo+ v`cqc tcotkc mzc qvikk mtmzv ol v`mv qyqvcg%%% Yos `m|c vosefczqvmef+ goqv ol v`cqc tcotkc mzceov zcmfy vo jc setksnncf% Mef gmeyol v`cg mzc qo ieczv+ qo òtckcqqkyfctcefcev oe v`c qyqvcg+ v`mv v`cy

~ikk lin`v vo tzovcav iv%* Gozt`csq+ V`c Gmvzip (=999)

Lzon Joikien Vigc



V`c tzcgiqc iq v`mv il m lzon iq

tkmacf ie joikien ~mvcz+ iv ~ikk bsgt

osv+ jsv il iv iq tkmacf ie aokf ~mvcz v`mv

iq qko~ky `cmvcf+ iv ~ikk eov tczaci|c

v`c fmencz mef ~ikk jc aoohcf vo fcmv`%

Vìq iq m gcvmtòz ol v`c iemjikivy ol

tcotkc vo zcmav vo qineiliamev a`mencq

v`mv oaasz nzmfsmkky%

V`c ~mvcz ol vìq emvioe iqmjosv vo joik+ mef iv‐q vigc vo ncv

osv ol v`c gmvzip-



Vo zctcev lzog ecnkcavien ojkinmvioeq vo qckl'no|cze Vo tcmaclskky gme v`c olliacq ol km~lsk ai|ikime no|czegcev

Vo kcm|c zcaozfq ol ~ò+ ~`mv+ ~`ce+ ~`czc mef ò~ v`c

Zctsjkia cpiqvq

Vo tzctmzc vòqc ~ò aogc jcìef vo amzzy oe v`c zctsjkia

Vo tzo|ifc zcgcfy loz v`c tzc|mkcev iebsqviac

Vo m~mhce vòqc qvikk ie v`c gmvzip

GCLozgcf jy

NofL v Ji v`

Fcazcc yosz tokiviamk ~ikkOeky yos ame fcaifc ~ò mef ~`mv yos mzc



EO

Lzcc mv Jizv`

CPTMVZIMVIOE vo S%Q% Mzviliaimk Aoztozmvc Cevivy

Ifcevilicf jy gy emgc ieAMTIVMKQ QVZM^GME

YCQ ZcmqqczvQo|czcinevy

M Qo|czcineNo|czecf jy Aoggoe Km~

Lzcc lzog Lzmeaìqcq

M Qsjbcav No|czecf jyTsjkia (aoztozmvc) TokiayV`zosn` Lzmeaìqcq

=6v` Mgcefgcev

Qkm|c (a`mvvck) ol v`cAoztozmvc SeivcfQvmvcq

V`c TSJKIAVZSQV

:< S%Q%A 144:(=3)(m)

©:440 gia`mck'foemkf8 Mkk Zin`vq Zcqcz|cf

YCQ

EO

JizvÀczviliamvc

Qinecf

Aòoqc Tokiviamk ikkmef qazitvszc zcaozf

Zcmk+ ki|ien+ jzcmvìen qosk ol Nof

y y y

M Lzcc Qo|czcineoe v`c

^mqìenvoe zctsjkiamef v`c

Aoeqvivsvioemk VzsqvV`c seivcf Qvmvcq ol

Mgcziam+ mq mgcefcf+ M%F% =>9=

Heo~ ~`mv yos mzc Eov



Mq m ki|ien gme (oz ~ogme) oe v`c aosevy ol Hien+ I `m|c eo heo~e gcgozy ol2

• mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo mav ie v`c emgc ol m liavioe8 oz • mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo mav osvqifc gy qvmvsq ol m tzi|mvc ai|ikime8 oz • mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo mav ie vìq qvmvc oz ~ivìe vìq qvmvc mq m lcfczmk |cesc8 oz+• mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo aoefsav mey aoggczaimk mavi|ivicq ie me mzviliaimk tmzvy8 oz+• mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo mav mq m liavioe ie lcfczmk aoggczac8 oz • mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo mav mq m .tczqoe8. oz • mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo mav mq tsjkia tzotczvy8 oz • mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo mav ie vìq qvmvc mq m Tczqoe qsjbcav vo v`c fiqvziavq ie

v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq8 oz• mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo zcqifc8 oz • mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo mav mq m zcqifcev ie m lcfczmk |cesc8 oz

• mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy ol aoefsavien mey kcnmk zckmvioeq sefcz v`c lcfczmk lkmn ol cpcasvi|c ozfcz8 oz

• mey heo~e kcnmk fsvy vo mav oz otczmvc ie m fcgoazmay mq m vzsqvcc mq m SQ tczqoe%

Heo~ ^ò



I mg mv mkk vigcq ie gcgozy m

jcecliaimzy oe v`c qc|czmk qvmvcq oe m

bsfiaimk fiqvziav oe v`c aosevy ol

Hien% Mq m tzi|mvc ai|ikime+ ki|ien

gme oe v`c aosevy ol Hien+ I mg eov

ckinijkc loz mey jceclivq ie m

tsztozvcf lcfczmk |cesc% Mq m tzi|mvc

ai|ikime+ ki|ien gme oe v`c aosevy ol

Hien+ I mg eov ckinijkc loz mey

tsztozvcf jceclivq ie vìq qvmvc oz~ivìe vìq qvmvc mq m lcfczmk |cesc%

Gy oeky kimjikivy+ m jcecliaimzy oe

v`c qc|czmk qvmvcq oe m bsfiaimk

fiqvziav oe v`c aosevy ol Hien%

Yos Mzc

Secesgczmvcf Zin`vq



Secesgczmvc Zin`q mzc ni|ce vo sq jy Nof% V`c Aoeqvivsvioe

zcaoneircq secesgczmvcf zin`vq% V`cqc mzc qigtky zin`vq v`mv

mzc zcaoneircf+ jsv eov ~zivvce% V`cqc ieaksfc%%

V`c zin`v vo km~lsk tzoacqqV`c zin`v vo km~lsk cpa`menc ‑ tmzivy-

V`c zin`v vo km~lsk goecy (eov fcjv EOVCQ)

V`c zin`v vo lief yosz ~my oe tsjkia zomf~myq

V`c zin`v vo tzovcav yoszqckl

Jikk ol Zin`vq Mzviakc IP *V`c cesgczmvioe ie v`c Aoeqvivsvioe+ ol aczvmie zin`vq+

q`mkk eov jc aoeqvzscf vo fcey oz fiqtmzmnc ov`czq zcvmiecf jy v`c tcotkc%*

Qvmvsvozy Km~q



Qvmvsvozy Km~q

Qvmvsvozy km~q `m|c EO CLLCAV oz bsziqfiavioe oe emvszmk

zin`vq% Emvszmk zin`vq mzc izzc|oamjkc% Qvmvsvozy km~q mzc oeky

o|cz tczqoeq ‑ fcmf cevivicq% .Mv km~. gcmeq qvmvsvc bsziqfiavioe%

Vìq iq cpaksqi|cky aoggczaimk+ Zogme ai|ik+ mfgizmkvy km~%

Aoggoe Km~ Aoszvq



Mq ~c mqqcgjkc+ ~c mzc zc'cqvmjkiqìen v`c zctsjkia qvmvcq+ mef ~c mzc

aoe|ceien aoggoe km~ aoszvq% V`c zskienq mzc maaozfien vo aoggoekm~+ mef ameeov jc o|czvszecf oz zc'vzicf jy v`c aoztozmvc aoszvq v`mvmjosef ie vìq kmef% Aoztozmvc aoszvq mzc me mfgieiqvzmvi|c lozsgfcqinecf vo azcmvc tzoliv% V`cy fo eov otczmvc maaozfien vo AoggoeKm~% Il yos mzc eov ie aoevzmav ~iv` v`cg (mf`cqioe aoevzmavq-)+ v`cyfo eov `m|c bsziqfiavioe vo vzy yos ie v`ciz aoszvq%

Mzviakc \II ol v`c Jikk ol Zin`vq qvmvcq2

*Ie qsivq mv aoggoe km~+ ~`czc v`c |mksc ie aoevzo|czqy q`mkk cpaccf v~cevyfokkmzq+ v`c zin`v ol vzimk jy bszy q`mkk jc tzcqcz|cf+ mef eo lmav vzicf jy m

bszy q`mkk jc ov`cz~iqc zc'cpmgiecf ie mey Aoszv ol v`c Seivcf Qvmvcq+ v`memaaozfien vo v`c zskcq ol aoggoe km~%

Tokiviamk îkk



Eo oec ckqc iq mjkc vo qvmef st loz ~ò mef ~`mv yos mzc ‑ oeky yos `m|c v`cto~cz mef zcqtoeqijikivy vo fo qo% Mkk Tokiviamk To~cz iq ie`czcev ie v`ctcotkc% Iv iq tzcqsgcf v`mv yos mzc mkzcmfy m =6v` mgcefgcev aivirce+ mef vìq

iq yosz ottozvseivy vo zcjsv v`mv tzcqsgtvioe%

Yos mzc iebszcf v`zosn` aoggczaimklzmsf% ^`ce yos czcav m tokiviamk ~mkkjcv~cce yos mef vòqc ~ò cenmncyos ie aoggczaimk aoevzo|czqy+ yosazcmvc m jmzzicz jcv~cce yos mefv`cg/iv v`mv v`cy mzc eov km~lskky

tczgivvcf vo azoqq%

Vìq iq m qtizivsmk jmvvkc tzovcavcf jy

M Qtizivsmk Jmvvkc



Vìq iq m qtizivsmk jmvvkc tzovcavcf jy

@iq ao|cemev+ v`mv ameeov jc ~oe ~ivàoe|cevioemk gcvòfq oz fzottien osvol v`c qyqvcg mef qvmyien sefcz v`c

zmfmz%

Qo|czcineq+ mq hienq+ gsqv seivcsefcz v`c Hien ol hienq ~iv`

vzsv` vo km~lskky mef

tcmaclskky mqqcgjkc mef

zctotskmvc v`c Zctsjkia%Yos ameeov ~ie vìq jmvvkc

qvmefien mkoec%

Qsttozvien Qazitvszc



–^`czclozc aogc osv lzog mgoen v`cg+ mef jc yc qctmzmvc+ qmiv` v`c

Kozf… : Aozievìmeq <2=>+ HB\

–Qvmef lmqv v`czclozc ie v`c kijczvy ~`czc~iv` A`ziqv `mv` gmfc sq lzcc+

mef jc eov cevmenkcf mnmie ~iv` v`c yohc ol joefmnc%“Nmkmvimeq 32=+ HB\

Mef yc q`mkk heo~ v`c vzsv`+ mef v`c vzsv` q`mkk gmhc yos lzcc%

Boè 021:+ HB\

V`c A`ziqvime lmiv` iq m ao|cemev

~iv` ie`czcev ao|cemevmk ojkinmvioeq

Qsttozvien Qazitvszc



Loz ~c ~zcqvkc eov mnmieqv lkcq` mef jkoof+ jsv mnmieqvtzieaitmkivicq+ mnmieqv to~czq+ mnmieqv v`c zskczq ol v`c fmzhecqq ol

vìq ~ozkf+ mnmieqv qtizivsmk ~iahcfecqq ie ìn` tkmacq%

Ct`cqimeq <2=:+ HB\

V`c fc lmavo+ lozcine'o~ecf

aoztozmvc loz'tzoliv no|czegcev iq

eov osz vzsc no|czegcev% Iv iq m

sqsztcz% ^c v`c tcotkc o~c eovìen

vo vìq ―Amcqmz‟ v`mv iq qcchien vo

ceqkm|c sq% Osz vzsc no|czegcev iq*Ol v`c tcotkc+ Loz v`c tcotkc+ mef

Jy v`c tcotkc%*

Lcmz ol v`c



Loz v`c kmqv `sefzcf ycmzq ~c `m|c jcce mavien kihc

Nifcoe+ v`zmqìen ìq ~`cmv ie m ~iectzcqq (Bsfncq

a`mtvcz <%) Tcotkc mzc qo qamzcf ol v`c fc lmavo mnceaicq

v`mv ~c m|oif fmencz zmv`cz v`me qvmefien st loz ~`mv iq zin`v+ tsvvien osz

lmiv` ie v`c ikksqioe ol qmlcvy%

A`ziqvimeq vofmy lcmzlskky m|oif tokiviamk iqqscq mef ieqvcmf jkiefky ojcy

~`mv v`c aoztozmvc tokiay gmhczq qmy% Mq m emvioe+ ~c `m|c mjfiamvcf osz

qo|czcinevy mef `m|c zcvszecf vo qkm|czy% Qivvien oe v`c qifckiecq `mefq

Qmvme m |iavozy'yosz aìkfzce ~ikk cef st vovmkky ceqkm|cf%

fc lmavo

^`czc



^`czc

mzc yos?

Yos ameeov qiv oe v`c lceac ie vìq jmvvkc% Qikceac iq ma}sicqaceac+v`mv iq+ yosz aoeqcev vo v`c sekm~lsk mavioe(q) oaaszzien mzosef yos%

Qikceac qsttozvq v`c qyqvcg v`mv `mq sqsztcf v`c zin`vq ol ~c v`ctcotkc% Aoeviescf qsttozv ol v`c ~zoenq mzc v`c oeky zcmqoe v`c ~zoenq aoeviesc% ^`ce yos heo~ qogcvìen iq ~zoen+ mef yos gmhc eo go|c vo qvot v`mv ~zoen+ yos jcaogc nsikvy ol v`mv ~zoen%

Km~ Lozg



V`c Qazitvszcq mzc sqcf ie Aoggoe Km~ aoszvq% Osz emvioe‐q losefien

foasgcevq mzc Aoggoe Km~ foasgcevq%

V`c aozc tzieaitkcq mzc2

=% ^c mzc zcqtoeqijkc loz osz mavioeq%

:% Il v`czc iq eo |iavig+ v`czc iq eo azigc-

Qo|czcine Gme `mq Ao|cemevmk Ojkinmvioeq



@c iq zcqtoeqijkc loz ìq mavioeq

@iq ~ozf iq ìq joef

@c tzovcavq v`c ~cmh

@c ottzcqqcq eo oec

@c ko|cq Nof mef ecin`joz

@c ie|ivcq mkk vo cevcz ao|cemev

@c qvc~mzfq ìq zcqoszacq mq Vzsqvcc

sefcz Nof

@oeoz iq…Gce ~ò lcmz Nof



Gce ol vzsv`Vòqc ~ò `mvc fiqòecqv nmie

Cpofsq =02:=

@oeoz… Foien ^`mv‐q Zin`v



Eov Ecacqqmziky ^`mv‐q Cmqy



Aoztozmvc liavioeq mzc eov yosz no|czegcev+ v`cy mzc tzi|mvc+ loz'tzoliv lozcine

aoztozmvioeq% V`cy mzc eov yoszq% ^`y ~mqvc vigc vzyien vo lip v`cg? Qigtky

zctotskmvc v`c oziniemk bsziqfiavioe Zctsjkia oe ~ìa` yos qvmef% Vìq iq ~`y ~c

mqqcgjkc% ^c v`c tcotkc+ oe v`c qoik ol osz aosevy+ mzc zc'cqvmjkiqìen v`c km~lsk

ai|ikime no|czegcev% Vìq no|czegcev iq qstczioz vo mef `mq bsziqfiavioe o|cz v`cgmzvimk km~ gikivmzy no|czegcev v`mv iq aszzcevky .zseeien. osz emvioe% Aoztozmvioeq

oeky `m|c km~lsk bsziqfiavioe o|cz fcmf cevivicq+ eov ki|ien gce mef ~ogce%

Fo yos `m|c mey heo~e fsvy

vo mav mq m kcnmk liavioe?

Aoztozmvc Liavioeq

Qckl'Fcqvzsavioe



^c v`c tcotkc fo eov eccf vo mvvmah oz vzy vo a`menc

v`c aoztozmvioe v`mv iq v`c fc lmavo no|czegcev ie vìq

emvioe zin`v eo~% Iv iq fcqvzoyien ivqckl%

V`c Zctsjkia Iq v`c Zcgcf y



^c òtc+ mef goqv ol mkk+ ~c tzmy v`mv ^c+ v`c qo|czcine Tcotkc+ ~ikk

~ozh voncv`cz ie m qtiziv ol aootczmvioe mq v`c =1 oziniemk aokoeicq

fcgoeqvzmvcf% V`c kijczvy v`mv osz meacqvozq losn`v qo `mzf vo ni|c sq

iq osz aìkfzce‐q zin`vlsk kcnmay% c ame eo koencz jc qikcev vìehien

~c mzc lzcc% c qvmef mq Oec Qo|czcine Tcotkc akmigien ~`mv `mq

jcce qvokce lzog v`c òsqc ol v`c Zctsjkia%

Mqqcgjky



y

Aoggoe km~ kicq ~iv` v`c tcotkc ie mqqcgjky% c mzc mao|cemev tcotkc ~iv` Nof% Vìq iq @iq jmvvkc+ jsv ~c gsqv tkmyosz zokc% Yos ~ikk eov lief bsqviac ie mey aoztozmvc aoszv%

Mavq =9210'19 *Il v`czclozc Fcgcvzisq mef v`c azmlvqgce ~iv` ìg `m|cm aogtkmiev mnmieqv meyoec+ v`c aoszvq mzc otce+ mef v`czc mzctzoaoeqskq% Kcv v`cg jzien a`mzncq mnmieqv oec meov`cz% Jsv il yosqcch meyv ien lszv`cz+ iv q`mkk jc qcvvkcf ie v`c zcnskmz mqqcgjky%*

Jikk ol Zin`vq Mzviakc I *Aoenzcqq q`mkk gmhc eo km~ zcqtcavien(tczvmieien vo)…v`c zin`v ol v`c tcotkc tcmacmjky vo mqqcgjkc*

A`sza`



V`c ~ozf mqqcgjky iq qogcvigcq vzmeqkmvcf a`sza`% V~o fclieivioeq ol a`sza`

mzc2

*M tmzviaskmz esgjcz ol A`ziqvimeq+ seivcf sefcz oec lozg ol caakcqimqviamk

no|czegcev+ ie oec azccf+ mef sqien v`c qmgc zivsmk mef aczcgoeicq…

Me mqqcgjky ol qmazcf zskczq aoe|cecf ie A`ziqv.q emgc vo cpcasvc iq km~q%*

Mgcziame Fiavioemzy ol v`c Cenkiq` Kmensmnc2 Eom` cjqvcz =0:0

V`c a`mzmavcz ol fcactvioe iq v`mv yos foe.v heo~ v`mv yos mzcfcaci|cf+ sevik yos mzc aoelzoevcf ~iv` v`c vzsv` mef mjkc vo `cmz iv%

: A`zoeiakcq >2=6



Il gy tcotkc ~ò mzc amkkcf jy gy emgc `sgjkc v`cgqck|cq+

mef tzmy mef qcch y lmac mef vsze lzog v`ciz ~iahcf ~myq+

v`ce I ~ikk `cmz lzog `cm|ce mef ~ikk lozni|c v`ciz qie mef`cmk v`ciz kmef%

Ncvvien Qvmzvcf



= Boie oz qvmzv me mqqcgjky oe yosz aosevy loz v`ctsztoqc ol cqvmjkiqìen v`c km~lsk+ qckl'no|czecf+

ai|ikime no|czegcev%

: Cfsamvc yoszqckl sqien v`c zcqoszacq losef mv

~~~%mqqcgjkytoqv%aog1 Kcmze o~ vo ieqskmvc yoszqckl lzog mf`cqioe

aoevzmavq%

6 Il yos aszzcevky ~ozh loz mey no|czegcevmk

aoztozmvc cevivy+ lief ~myq vo qcz|c mef tzovcav v`c qo|czcine gce mef ~ogce oe v`c Zctsjkia%

`vvt2//nzostq%ymòo%aog/nzost/mqqcgjkyec~q

V`c msvòzq ~iq` vo v`meh mkk

Osz V`mehq



V`c msvòzq ~iq` vo v`meh mkkol v`c |oksevccz cfivozq ol vìqtzcqcevmvioe mef v`c gce mef~ogce oe v`c qc|czmk aosevicqol v`c qc|czmk qvmvcq loz yoszfcfiamvioe mef mqqiqvmeac% ^cmzc mkqo |czy mttzcaimvi|c ol v`c

oenoien qsttozv ol oszlmgikicq%

Aoenzmvskmvioeq vo yos lozkcmzeien mef òkfien lmqv vo v`cvzsv`+ qvcttien loz~mzf+ mef

qvmefien st loz yosz Nof'ni|cezin`vq%



Mf i i v vi T

Documents

Foundations of Freedom 20110124