Forces of Imperialism Motives: Economic competition for markets & raw materials National pride Racism Missionaries' desire to Christianize & “civilize”

Forces of ImperialismMotives:• Economic competition for markets & raw

materials

• National pride

• Racism

• Missionaries' desire to Christianize & “civilize” non-European peoples

• Superior weapons

• Railroads, cables, steamships

• Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria

Forces of ImperialismTechnological Advantages over Africa:

• Africans’ great diversity of languages and cultures

• Ethnic rivalries

• Lower level of technology, including weapons

Forces of ImperialismFactors Making Africa Vulnerable:

Division of AfricaBerlin Conference of 1884 & 1885:

• Agreement among 14 European nations about how to divide Africa among European countries

• Outcomes:– Random distribution of African ethnic &

linguistic groups among European nations– Transformation of the way of life of Africans

“From Cairo to Cape Town”

• Zulus– Shaka – created large centralized state– Successors unable to keep together against British

superior arms – British invaded 1879– Fell to British control in 1887

• Boers (Dutch) – a.k.a. Afrikaners– 1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa

• British– Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s – clashed with

Boers over British policy regarding land & slaves

Division of AfricaClash in South Africa:

• Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s & 1880s• Boers launched commando raids & used guerilla

tactics• British burned farms & imprisoned women &

children• Britain finally won• Outcome:

– Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa controlled by British

Division of AfricaBoer War (1899-1910):

French Control of IndochinaHow Brought Under Control:• Missionaries were

killed

• French army invaded Vietnam

• Combined it with Laos and Cambodia

• Direct control– French themselves filled all important

positions in gov’t

French Control of IndochinaMethod of Control:

• Discouraged local industry

• Rice became major export crop

French Control of IndochinaEconomic Policies:

• Imposed French culture

• All schools, courts, & businesses followed French models

• ↓ of local industries

• Less food for peasants

French Control of IndochinaColonial Impact:

Japanese in AsiaWar with China (Sino-Japanese War) (1894-1895):

• How it started:– Rebellion broke out against Korea’s king, who asked

China for military help– Chinese troops marched into Korea– Japan protested violation of agreement & sent its

troops to fight the Chinese• Consequences:

– Destruction of Chinese navy– Beginning of Japanese colonial empire– Change to world’s balance of power– Emergence of Russia & Japan as major powers (&

enemies) in Asia

• Annexed Korea – brought under control

• Ruled Korea harshly

• Established very repressive gov’t that denied rights to Korea

• Inspired Korean nationalist movement

Japanese in AsiaOccupation of Korea:

Interaction with WesternersOpium War (China):

• Setting the Stage:– China self-sufficient, little

trade w/ west favorable balance of trade

– Europeans wanted to find product Chinese would buy in large quantities found it in opium

– Many Chinese became addicted

• Causes:– Chinese emperor wanted trade stopped

Britain refused to stop


• Results & Effects:– Chinese defeat & humiliation– Cession of Hong Kong to Britain– Continuation of opium trade– Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens– Chinese resentment against foreigners


• Setting the Stage:– Population provided major challenge growing

30% in only 60 years

Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion (China):

• Causes:– Hunger/starvation caused by inability to feed

enormous population– Increasing opium addiction– Poverty


• Results & Effects:– Rebellion put down– Restoration of Qing to power (with help of

British and French forces)– 20 million people died


• Perry Arrives in Tokyo:– Arrives with letter from U.S. President

Fillmore– Letter politely asked shogun to allow

free trade– Perry gave threat that he would

return with larger fleet in one year to get Japanese reply

– Purpose: shock & frighten Japanese into accepting trade with U.S.

Interaction with WesternersCommodore Matthew Perry (Japan):

• Treaty of Kanagawa (1854):– Japan opened two ports where ships could

take supplies


• Benefits to U.S.A.:– Gained rights to trade at those two ports– Opened door for other W powers


Effects of ImperialismColonization:• Europeans control land and people in

areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America

• Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies

Effects of ImperialismColonial Economics:

• Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia

Effects of ImperialismChristianization:

Documents

Forces of Imperialism Motives: Economic competition for markets & raw materials National pride Racism Missionaries' desire to Christianize & “civilize”